Vaccum Cleaneer

SCRAP COLLECTING MACHINE
ABSTRACT
The intention of this mechanical engineering project is to
fabricate a scrap collecting robot. Since complete automation is
very complex and even research facilities havent come up with
one, the design is operated via a remote control which is either
wireless or not. This is a working project and as usual requires the
help of electronics for the control systems. The automatic scrap
collecting machine is designed to remove iron o any scraps from
the work station to the disposal area with the help of rotary
grabber and a rail. The use of this automated vehicle system
reduces human efforts and the chances of hazard.
In Industries, The collecting work station consists of the work

room, two conveyors and iron shattering machine. The big iron
scraps from the work area is collected by a conveyor and is
brought to a iron shattering machine to reduce its size. This
shattered iron scraps are brought away from the machine to the
rail module through a conveyor for disposal.
In domestic Use it can be used anywhere to clean floor so; as

majority of the population is in need of cleaners this project
represents the fabrication of scrap collecting machine.
BACKGROUND HISTORY
Scrap metal originates both in business and residential
environments. Typically a "scrapper" will advertise their services
to conveniently remove scrap metal for people who don't need it.
Scrap is often taken to a wrecking yard (also known as a

scrapyard, junkyard, or breaker's yard), where it is processed for
later melting into new products. A wrecking yard, depending on
its location, may allow customers to browse their lot and purchase
items before they are sent to the smelters, although many scrap
yards that deal in large quantities of scrap usually do not, often
selling entire units such as engines or machinery by weight with
no regard to their functional status. Customers are typically
required to supply all of their own tools and labor to extract parts,
and some scrapyards may first require waiving liability for
personal injury before entering. Many scrapyards also sell bulk
metals (stainless steel, etc.) by weight, often at prices
substantially below the retail purchasing costs of similar pieces.
In contrast to wrecking yards, scrapyards typically sell everything

by weight, rather than by item. To the scrapyard, the primary
value of the scrap is what the smelter will give them for it, rather
than the value of whatever shape the metal may be in. An auto
wrecker, on the other hand, would price exactly the same scrap
based on what the item does, regardless of what it weighs.

Typically, if a wrecker cannot sell something above the value of
the metal in it, they would then take it to the scrapyard and sell it
by weight. Equipment containing parts of various metals can
Often be purchased at a price below that of either of the metals,
due to saving the scrapyard the labor of separating the metals
before shipping them to be recycled.
According to research conducted by the US Environmental
Protection Agency, recycling scrap metals can be quite beneficial
to the environment. Using recycled scrap metal in place of virgin
iron ore can yield.
75% savings in energy.

90% savings in raw materials used.
86% reduction in air pollution.
40% reduction in water use.
76% reduction in water pollution.
97% reduction in mining wastes.
Every ton of new steel made from scrap steel saves:
1,115 kg of iron ore.

625 kg of coal.
53 kg of limestone.
Energy savings from other metals include:
Aluminium savings of 95% energy.

Copper savings of 85% energy.

Lead savings of 65% energy.
Zinc savings of 60% energy.
INTRODUCTION
Scrap collecting machine is very much useful in cleaning floors in

hospitals, houses, auditorium, shops, computer centers etc; it is
very simple in construction and easy to operate. Anybody can
operate this machine easily. It consist of moisture cotton brush,
the brush cleans the floor and dried with aid of small rotary
brush. Hence it is very useful in hospitals, houses, ground cellars,
etc. The time taken for cleaning is very less and the cost is also
very less. Maintenance cost is less. Much type of machines is
widely used for this purpose. But they are working under
different principles and the cost is also very high. Good well-
maintained entrance matting can dramatically reduce the need
for cleaning. For public and office buildings about 80 to 90% of
the dirt is tracked in from outside. Installing a total of 15 feet of
matting consisting of both indoor and outdoor sections will
remove about 80%of this. Thus about two-thirds of the dirt can be
removed at the entrance
Reasons for cleaning floors

The principal reasons for floor cleaning are:
To prevent injuries due to tripping or slipping. Injuries due to slips

and trips on level floors are a major cause of accidental injury or
death. Bad practice in floor cleaning is itself a major cause of
accidents.
To beautify the floor.
To remove stains, dirt, litterand obstructions.
To remove grit and sandwhich scratch and wear down the surface.
To remove allergens, in particular dust.
To prevent wear to the surface (e.g. by using a floor waxor
protective sealant).
To make the environment sanitary (e.g. in kitchens).
To maintain an optimum traction(e.g. for dance floors).
Methods of floor cleaning
The treatment needed for different types of floors is very
different. For safety it is mostimportant to ensure the floor is not
left even slightly wet after cleaning or mopping up.Sawdust is
used on some floors to absorb any liquids that fall rather than
trying to preventthem being spilt. The sawdust is swept up and
replaced each day. This was common in the pastin pubsand is still
used in some butchers and fishmongers. It used to be common to
use tea leaves to collect dirt from carpets and remove
odours. Nowadays it is sill quite common to usediatomaceous
earth, or in fact anycat littertypematerial, to remove infestations
from floors.There are also a wide variety of floor cleaning
machines available today such as floor buffers, automatic floor
scrubbers and sweepers, and carpetextractors that can deep
clean almostany type of hard floor or carpeted flooring surface in

much less time than it would take using atraditional cleaning
method.
Wood flooring
Wood flooring should be treated completely differently depending
on whether it waxed oroiled, or whether it has a polyurethane
coating. It is important to determine the type of finish of awood
floor and always treat it the appropriate way, for instance it is
difficult to clear wood floorwax from a polyurethane floor. Simple
cleaning instructions:1.
Clear the floor of any furnature that's easy to move.2.
Sweep or vacuum all loose dirt and debris.3.
Mop the floor, going along with the grain. If your floors are
polyurethaned, dampen amop with water and a few drops of
dishwashing liquid. Be sure to ring out the mopthoroughly before
using it on the floor. Run the mop back and forth, going with the
grain
of the wood in smooth strokes. If your floors are lacquered or
shellacked, dont use water,
which can stain the wood and cause buckling.4.
Buff the floor with a soft cloth to remove any soapy residue. Cloth
diapers work well for
buffing, because theyre very soft and absorbent.
Tile and stone floors

Nowadays many modern kitchens, stairs, and bathrooms have til
e flooring that can becleaned in three simple steps:1.
Dirt or dust should first be removed with a vacuum cleaner or a

broom.2.
Have a floor cleaning solution or spray bottle for the appropriate

floor. If you are cleaning stone floors
(marble, granite, travertine, etc.), make sure the cleaning agent
states that it is for stones. An acidic tile cleaning solution can be
used on ceramic and porcelain floors3.
After spraying the tile or stone floors in a small area, use a mop to
clean and scrub floors.
Reducing the need for cleaning

Good well-maintained entrancemattingcan dramatically reduce
the need for cleaning.For public and office buildings about 80 to
90% of the dirt is tracked in from outside. Installing atotal of 15
feet of matting consisting of both indoor and outdoor sections will
remove about 80%of this. Thus about two-thirds of the dirt can be
removed at the entrance.
SCRAP COLLECTING MACHINES

TYPES AND USES
There are many various types of cleaning machines or equipment
on the market today
for both commercial and residential use. This is a brief overview o
f the type, power sources anduses for floor cleaning equipment.
For effective cleaning results of any floor or surface, there arefour
basic and simple principles to follow.1.
Time2.
Agitation3.
Chemical4.
TemperatureUsing these four simple principles will allow anyone
to end up with good cleaning results.Relative to this topic floor
cleaning machines, we will be discussing the second
principle;agitation. Most floor cleaning machines and equipment
are designed to provide the agitationneeded to perform the
cleaning procedure. Prior to machines, agitation was
accomplished withelbow grease. However, manual agitation is
burdensome to the person cleaning and increaseslabor.
The introduction of cleaning machines made the janitors life
easier and increased cleaning
efficiency while dramatically reducing the labor of the task.The
following is an overview of the primary pieces of floor cleaning
machines and does notcover each one. But the ones discussed in
this article will cover over 90% of all floor cleaningequipment

designed to clean hard floors. When we state the cleaning of hard
floors; we meandaily or normal cleaning. Although, some of the
floor cleaning machines outlined in this article can also provide
periodic or project type cleaning functions as well. We will be
covering machines to clean carpeting and specialty cleaning
machines in future articles.
FLOOR CLEANING MACHINES
COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL TYPES

Types and Uses
1.
Single Disc Floor Machines
Commercial & Residential
: Electric Plug Powered equipment. These machines operate by a
single motor that turns a pad driver installed on the bottom of
the machine. Either brushes or floor cleaning pads are installed. It
is the brushes or pads that provide the agitation while the motor
provides a circular motion. These machines were some of the first
on the market and run between 175 to 350 RPM. These same
machines were also used to spray buff floors. This versatile
machine could be used to clean all hard floors (resilient and non-
resilient) as well as carpeting.
2.
Automatic Scrubbers
Commercial
: Battery or Electric Plug Powered, these machines normal run

between 110 to 175 RPM. Units with slightly higher RPM are on
the market. This equipment combines to include several steps in
one operation.
Application of the cleaning solution
The agitation principle utilizing either pads or brushes
Pick up of the cleaning solution This equipment made the life of
the janitor even easier because it accomplishes several steps in
one operation and further reduced the labor factor of cleaning
floors. To our understanding the very first automatic scrubber was
first introduced 1905 by Finnell System, Inc. Finnell is no longer in
business but received many patents during its corporate life.
These early machines were
nothing like todays automatic scrubbers. It was made with inch
plate steel,
extremely heavy and was somewhat difficult to maneuver and
operate mechanically.
Nevertheless, it evolutionized the floor cleaning industry from its
first introductio
Todays
machines are state of the art with computerized controls,
advanced battery technology, high grade lightweight plastics, etc.
They are simple to use and still a labor saver. This versatile
machine could be used to clean all hard floors
Wet/Dry Vacuums
Commercial & Residential

:While this simple and effective machine may not be classified as
a cleaning floormachine, it does provide increased efficiency for
manual floor cleaning and Single Disc FloorMachines. This
equipment picks up cleaning solution from the floor. Speeding up
the cleaningoperation. These units are normally electric plug
powered but there are some available inmechanical operation (no
power source required
Aztecs Guzzler) and battery power. These

units are also great to use in hard to reach and smaller areas
being cleaned. This versatilemachine could be used to clean all
hard floors(resilient and non-resilient).
Specialty
Grout Cleaning Machines
Commercial:
These units are normally Electric plug powered and the most
effective performance unitsemploy a cylinder brush system that
allows the brush bristles to get into the grout lines of thefloor.
These units are used on all types of Non-Resilient tile floors that
use grout lines.
Specialty
Steam Cleaning Machines

Residential:
These units generate steam or hot water to provide the cleaning
action to the floors. Theyare primarily used in the residences and
provide principle number 4
Temperature to clean thefloor instead of agitation. They

are lightweight, relatively inexpensive and built for the soil
levelsfound in the residential market. This versatile machine that
could be used to clean all hard floors.
FLOOR SCRUBBER
Floor scrubber is a floor cleaning device. It can be simple tools
such asfloor mopsandfloor brushes, or in a form of walk-behind or
ride-on machines to clean larger floor areas byinjecting water with
cleaning solution, scrubbing, and lifting the residuals off the floor.
With theadvancement in robotics, autonomousfloor-scrubbing
robots are available as well.
Automatic floor scrubbers
Automaticfloor scrubbers, also known as auto scrubbers, are a
type offloorcleaningmachinethat are used to scrub a floor clean of
light debris, dust, oil, greaseor floor marks. Thesemachines have
eitherrotary(disk) orcylindricalscrubbing head and an automated
system fordispensing cleaning solutionand then vacuuming it up.
So, in one pass over the floor, a user candispensecleaning, scrub
it into the floor, thenvacuumit all up with an

autoscrubber squeegeeattachment at the back of the machine.
Auto scrubbers have a separate dispensing(solution tank)tankand
a collection(recovery tank) tank to keep your clean waterfrom
your dirty water and can be categorized into one of two main
types: walk behind or riding.Floor Scrubbers are a more hygienic
alternative to traditional cleaning methods such as amop and
bucket. Environmentally safe soaps can be used in conjunction
with a reduced watersystem to save on both the amount of
chemicals released into the environment as well as theamount of
gray water produced. Some floor scrubbers are even capable of
cleaning without awater and chemical system at all.Most
autoscrubbers can't reach edges, corners, clean under
obstructions such as drinkingfountains, and can't fit into alcoves.
Therefore, mopping is needed to clean areas theautoscrubber
can't reach.
Modern floor scrubbers have a pre-sweep option that removes the

need to sweep the floor before scrubbing. The pre-
sweep brush head is placed in front of the vacuum system
to collectdust and debris before it can block the vacuum system.
In the past it was important to sweep thefloor before scrubbing to
remove any debris and dust that could clog the vacuum hose or
buildup in the vacuum motor, which can decrease performance. If
this happens, the vac hose mayneed to be removed to clear the
obstruction and/or the vac motor may need to be blown out

withcompressed air.Stripping Solution should never be used as it
can cause damage to the solution dispensingsystem, but can still
be vacuumed up by the machine without harm. Occasionally, the
solutionsystem should be flushed with water mixed with vinegar
to remove any soap and calciumdeposits that could build in
the solution system.After each use, the dispensing(solution) and
especially the collection(recovery)tanksshould be emptied and
rinsed out to prevent dirt build up. Also, the pads/brushes, vac
hose, andsqueegee should also be rinsed to prevent dirt build up.
The vac motor should be run for severalminutes afterwards to
remove any moisture that could be present in the vac motor to
reducechances of corrosion that could damage the vac motor.
Failure do to this maintenance couldcause in a loss of vacuum
airflow and increase in costly repairs.When storing an
autoscrubber, the solution and recovery tanks should be left open
toallow ventilation and to prevent odors from building up Before
charging battery-poweredmachines, check to make sure the water
in the battery cells is covering the lead plates beforecharging. If
the water level is low enough to expose the plates, Fill the cell
with just enoughwater until the plates are covered. If batteries are
discharged, never add water if the electrolyte isvisible above the
plates. When charging, the battery compartment should be left
open forventilation as hydrogen gases are emitted from the
charging process. After charging, check the battery cells again.
The water level should be 1/8 below the bottom of the fill well. If
the level islow fill until it is 1/8 below the bottom of the fill well. If
a battery is overfilled, the water canoverflow which can damage
the battery and make a mess.
When maintaining deep cycle batteries, distilled water is highly

recommended. Never use waterwith high mineral content.
Floor buffers and polishers
When floor scrubbing machines became more available to many
types of facilities, therewas a need to cover a different type
of flooring. Floor buffers were invented to scrub and polishthe
floor with linoleumsurface. The machines use rotary brushes with
soft material to clean andmake the floor shine. For marble and
wood floors, floor polishers may be used to apply protective
coating to floor.
Floor-scrubbing robots
With the advancement in technologies used in autonomous
robots, floor-scrubbing robotswere created by combining the
features of automatic floor scrubbers with self-control
operationswithout an operator. Non-residential models such as
HydroBot by Intellibot Robotics are suitablefor education, retail,
healthcare and manufacturing facilities. These commercial floor
cleaningmachines can clean 10,000-square-foot (930 m2) area in
one hour.In the residential applications, floor-scrubbing robots are
available using the
same principle of operation as in the commercial applications, but
with much smaller machines.Scooba by iRobotis an example of

such robots
How to Operate a Floor Scrubber
Floor scrubbers clean your floor better, and leave it dryer, than
you can do yourself with amop and bucket. They come in many
sizes and styles and can thoroughly clean just about anykind of
floor surface. The principle is the same for most models: a water-
and-cleaner solution issprayed onto the floor, scrubbed in with a
vibrating or rotating brush, then vacuumed up into anoutflow
tank. They're especially good for hard tiles like ceramic, as well as
linoleum. For homeuse, you can buy or rent small models about
the size of standard vacuum cleaners.
Instructions
1.
Sweep the floor thoroughly. If you use your scrubber on a floor

that has a lot of loose dirtor dust on it, the scrubber could press
the dirt into the lines between tiles or spread itaround the floor.2.
Fill your intake tank with very warm water, leaving a few inches at
the top. Add in theconcentrated cleaner. Don't add the cleaner
first, and don't shake or splash it, as you wantto avoid stirring up
suds.3.
Position the scrubber at the wall furthest from the door. If your
scrubber model requiresyou to pull it backward, start with the
machine facing in the corner; if it's a forward-moving model, start
with your back to the corner and the machine facing out into
theroom.4.
Turn on the various parts of the machine. On most models, the

different functions of thescrubber will be controlled by three
different switches. Turn on the water pump first, thenthe vacuum
and finally the scrubber. Begin moving the machine in the
direction it'ssupposed to go (forward or backward). Work in slow,
steady rows, watching the outflowtank as you go to judge how
soon you have to stop and replace the water.5.
Empty the outflow tank as soon as it is full. Refill the intake tank
with warm water andcleaning solution. You may have to do this
several times depending on the size of thescrubber and the
amount of floor you are cleaning
Along with vacuum cleaners, rotary cleaning machines are the

most common machinesused by cleaning operatives throughout
the industry. They could be accurately described
as theworkhorses of the industry, given the range of tasks they
can be used to perform.Although they may all look similar, the
specifications of the different types of machinewill dictate their
suitability for certain tasks. For instance, machines that rotate at

slower speedsare more suitable for scrubbing tasks, whereas the
faster machines are more suited to floor polishing procedures
The Principles of Rotary Cleaning

Therefore, it is crucial that the correct machine is chosen to carry
out any given taskefficiently. The most common varieties of
machine used have a single rotating head, onto whichcan be
attached brushes, pads, bonnet mops, sanding discs and
scarifying assemblies (more onthese later).The head itself is
driven by an electric motor or, in the case of non-electric
versions, propane and petrol. The power is transmitted to the
rotating head in one of the following ways:
Direct drive
where the motor is situated directly above the head with the
power beingtransmitted by means of a gear box.
Belt drive
- where the motor is situated off centre or the rear of the rotating
head with the headitself being driven by a drive belt.
The Range of Tasks Performed
Scrubbing
Impacted soil deposits can be removed from hard floors by
scrubbing, which requires theuse of a suitable cleaning solution in
conjunction with the machine. Brushes or a suitably
gradedabrasive pad can be used to dislodge the soil once it has

been softened by the cleaning solution.
Burnishing
The tips of a rotary brush or the surface of an abrasive pad will
scratch and cut at thefloor surface to create a smooth surface
with a gloss finish. If this process is used on a floor thathas had
polish applied, it will lead to the removal of the surface layer of
polish to achieve thesame results.
Spray Cleaning
Again, like scrubbing, the machine is used in conjunction with a
cleaning solution. Itdiffers from scrubbing in that a buffable
detergent is used and it is applied using a trigger sprayor pump
up bottle spray in the form of a fine mist, which, when subjected
the action of the
machine, will leave a gloss film on the surface of the floor. This
process can be used to maintainunpolished floors or to maintain
the appearance of floor treated with polish.
Buffing
A soft grade abrasive pad is used to create a gloss finish on the
floor. If a floor has beenrecently treated with wax, emulsion or
seal finish, buffing will enhance the appearance of thefloor by
generating heat on the surface which will harden waxes and
resins present in the newlylaid polish.
Spray Burnishing
In essence, this is very similar to spray cleaning but the term is

applied to themaintenance procedures required of floors where a
buffable polish has been applied and theabrasive pad will remove
soil along with the surface layer of polish to leave a glossy
finish.Waxes and resins present in the product applied form part
of the eventual finish, furtherenhancing the appearance of the
floor.
Scarifying
This is the most aggressive way of removing impacted soil from a
surface. A scarifyingattachment is fitted to the machine that
incorporates a series of sharp cutting tools that willremove soil
deposits by means of a chisel like action.
Light Sanding
This can be done with the use of abrasive mesh discs used in
conjunction with a slowspeed machine. They can be used to
lightly sand an uneven or damaged surface or strip backmultiple
layers of polish that cannot be removed by conventional stripping.
Bonnet Mopping
A cleaning process for carpets or hard floors using a standard
speed rotary machine fittedwith the appropriate bonnet mop.
Each surface has its own particular technique and involves
asurface-specific bonnet mop.
Carpet
A carpet bonnet is manufactured from a mixture of polyester and
viscose and is anextremely effective cleaning technique. For best
results the carpet should first be vacuum cleanedand pre- sprayed

to tackle any heavy soiling. A solution of the appropriate
detergent is used to pre-
soak the bonnet mop which is then wrung out before being used
to buff the ca
rpet.
Hard Floors
With hard floor bonnet cleaning the rotary machine should have a
centre feed facility and be fitted with a solution tank A hard floors
bonnet is manufactured from a mixture of nylon andhigh tensile
nylon which ensures that it is hard wearing and the mop does not
hold too muchwater. To distinguish it from carpet bonnets the
hard surface bonnet generally contains easilyidentified coloured
fleck, and has a mesh centre to allow water to feed through to the
bonnet.The cleaning technique here is different to carpets. The
bonnet is put onto the drive boardin a dry state, and dampened
by feeding water through from the solution tank. Only
sufficientcleaning solution should be fed to the bonnet, and as the
bonnet dries out more solution can befed through. If done
correctly the floor should be air dried in two or three minutes
Types of Machine
As previously stated, although the machines may look similar,
they do perform a numberof separate tasks, depending on their
individual properties. In this section we will look at
thevarious types of machines available.
Single Brush Machines
Single brush machines have, as the name implies, a single

rotating drive pulley
driven, powered by an electric motor. The drive pulley itself can b
e driven via a belt linking it to therotor of the motor or through a
gearbox.All machines apart from the Ultra High Speed machines
are designed to be used inconjunction with drive brushes,
abrasive pads and a wide range of other accessories
andassemblies. Ultra High Speed machines, due to their speed
configuration tend to be fitted with afixed drive board which is not
removed after use.The working width of these machines can vary
from 28 to 60 cm and the speed at whichit is driven falls into one
of the following categories:
Slow or Standard Speed
120
250 rpm
High Speed
260
360 rpm
Super
Speed 370
490 rpm
Ultra High Speed
500
2000+ rpmAs a general rule, machines in the Standard, High and

Super Speed categories, will tendto be swing machines which are
operated in a side to side motion. They will have a head weighton
the floor of anything between 20 to 45 kilos, depending on
working diameter, size and weightof motor and general
construction of the machine. The machines operate on the
principal that at a point of equ
ilibrium or in a horizontal position to the floor the machine will
hover in the same
spot. By gently raising the handle the machine will move to the
right, and by gently lowering thehandle the machine will move to
the left. It is a combination of this slight upward and
downwardmovement on the handle that allows the machine to
swing in a side to side action.
With Ultra High Speed machines, these are known as divided

weight machines and tendto be operated in a straight line
method. In order to facilitate these higher speeds the rear
wheelswill be in contact with the floor when in use and possibly
the machine will also have a front orcentral castor wheel to give
further ease of mobility. Ultra High Speed machines usually have
a pad pressure of between 3 to 9 kilos, depending on
the diameter and speed of the machine. Thisis why they are
particularly effective in polishing or burnishing hard floor surfaces,
but cannot beused for more aggressive cleaning methods such as

scrubbing or stripping.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1.
A.C Motor2.
Pulley3.
Brushes4.
Belt5.
Cleaning liquid6.
Water7.
Battery
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
PULLEY
A pulley is awheelon anaxlethat is designed to support
movement and change ofdirection of a cable or belt along its
circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to liftloads,
apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical contexts, the
assembly of wheel, axle, andsupporting shell is referred to as a
"block."A pulley is also called asheaveor drum and may have
agroove between twoflangesaround itscircumference. The drive

element of a pulley system can be arope, cable, belt, orchainthat
runs over the pulley inside the groove.Hero of Alexandriaidentified
the pulley as one of sixsimple machinesused to liftweights. Pulleys
are assembled to form a block and tacklein order to
providemechanicaladvantageto apply large forces. Pulleys are
also assembled as part of beltandchain drivesinorder to transmit
power from one rotating shaft to another.
Various ways of rigging a tackle.
A set of pulleys assembled so that they rotate independently on

the same axle form a block. Two blocks with a rope attached
to one of the blocks and threaded through the two sets of pulleys
form a block and tackle. A block and tackleis assembled so one
block is attached to fixed mounting point and theother is attached
to the moving load. The mechanical advantageof the block and
tackle is equalto the number of parts of the rope that support the
moving block
A hoist using the compound pulley system yielding an advantage

of 4. The single fixed pulley is installed on the hoist (device). The
two movable pulleys (joined together) are attachedto
the hook. One end of the rope is attached to the crane frame,
another to the winch.A rope and pulley system -- that is, a block
and tackle-- is characterised by the use of asingle continuous rope
to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or
move aload
the rope may be a light line or a strong cable. This system is

included in the list of simplemachinesidentified by Renaissance
scientists.If the rope and pulley system does not dissipate or store
energy, then itsmechanicaladvantageis the number of parts of the
rope that act on the load. This can be shown as follows
Consider the set of pulleys that form the moving block and the
parts of the rope that support this block. If there are p of these
parts of the rope supporting the load W, then a force balance
on themoving block shows that the tension in each of the parts of
the rope must be W/p. This means theinput force on the rope is
T=W/p. Thus, the block and tackle reduces the input force by the
factor p.
A gun tackle has a single pulley in both the fixed and moving
blocks with two rope partssupporting the load W.
Separation of the pulleys in the gun tackle show the force balance
that results in a ropetension of W/2.
A double tackle has two pulleys in both the fixed and moving
blocks with four rope partssupporting the load W. separation of
the pulleys in the double tackle show the force balance that
results in a ropetension of W/4.
How it works
The simplest theory of operation for a pulley system assumes that
the pulleys and linesare weightless, and that there is no energy
loss due to friction. It is also assumed that the lines donot
stretch.In equilibrium, the forces on the moving block must sum

to zero. In addition the tensionin the rope must be the same for
each of its parts. This means that the two parts of the
ropesupporting the moving block must each support half the load
Fixed pulley
The load F on the moving pulley is balanced by the tension in two
parts of the ropesupporting the pulley.
Movable pulley
Diagram 2: A movable pulley lifting the load W is supported by

two rope parts with tension W/2.These are different types of
pulley systems:
Fixed:
A fixed pulley has an axle mounted in bearings attached to a

supporting structure. Afixed pulley changes the direction of the
force on a rope or belt that moves along itscircumference.
Mechanical advantage is gained by combining a fixed pulley with
a movable pulley or another fixed pulley of a different diameter.
Movable:
A movable pulley has an axle in a movable block. A single

movable pulley issupported by two parts of the same rope and
has a mechanical advantage of two.
Compound:
A combination of fixed and a movable pulleys forms

a block and tackle. A block and tackle can have several pulleys m
ounted on the fixed and moving axles, furtherincreasing the
mechanical advantage.
Diagram 3: The gun tackle "rove to advantage" has the rope

attached to the moving pulley. Thetension in the rope is W/3
yielding an advantage of three.Diagram 3a: The Luff tackle adds a
fixed pulley "rove to disadvantage." The tension in the
roperemains W/3 yielding an advantage of three.The mechanical
advantage of the gun tackle can be increased by interchanging
the fixedand moving blocks so the rope is attached to the moving
block and the rope is pulled in thedirection of the lifted load. In
this case the block and tackleis said to be "rove to advantage
Free body diagrams
The mechanical advantageof a pulley system can be analyzed

using free body diagramswhich balance thetension forcein the
rope with theforce of gravityon the load. In an idealsystem, the
massless and frictionless pulleys do not dissipate energy and
allow for a change ofdirection of a rope that does not stretch or
wear. In this case, a force balance on a free body thatincludes the
load, W, and n supporting sections of a rope with tension T, yields:
The ratio of the load to the input tension force is the mechanical
advantage MA of the pulleysystemThus, the mechanical
advantage of the system is equal to the number of sections of
ropesupporting the load.
Belt and pulley systems
Flat belt on a belt pulleyBelt and pulley systemA belt and pulley
system is characterised by two or more pulleys in common to
a belt. This allows for mechanical power, torque, and speedto be
transmitted across axles. If the pulleysare of differing diameters,
a mechanical advantage is realised.
A belt drive is analogous to that of a chain drive, however a belt

sheave may be smooth(devoid of discrete interlocking members
as would be found on a chain sprocket,spur gear, ortiming belt) so
that the mechanical advantage is approximately given by the
ratio of the pitchdiameter of the sheaves only, not fixed exactly
by the ratio of teeth as with gears and sprockets.In the case of a
drum-style pulley, without a groove or flanges, the pulley often is
slightlyconvex to keep theflat beltcentred. It is sometimes
referred to as a crowned pulley. Thoughonce widely used on
factoryline shafts, this type of pulley is still found driving the

rotating brush in upright vacuum cleaners, in belt
sandersand bandsaws. Agricultural tractors built up tothe early
1950s generally had a belt pulley for a flat belt (which is what Belt
Pulleymagazinewas named after). It has been replaced by other
mechanisms with more flexibility in methods ofuse, such as power
take-offand hydraulics.
A.C. MOTOR
An electric motor is used for the conversion of electrical energy

into mechanical energy.This conversion of electrical power to
mechanical energy takes place in the rotating part of themotor. A
D.C. Motor is called as Conduction motor, but an A.C. Motor is
called as InductionMotor.
Induction Motor Design Principle
We all know that an electric motor is used for the conversion of

electrical energy intomechanical energy. This mechanical energy
may be used for the pumping of liquid from one place to other by
using pumps or even to blow air by blowers or ceiling fans.
The conversion ofelectrical power to mechanical energy takes
place in the rotating part of the motor. In D.C.Motors, the electric
power is conducted directly to the armature (the rotating part)
through brushes & commutator. Thus we can say a D.C. Motor as
a conduction motor. But in case of anA.C. Motor, the rotor does
not receive electric power by conduction, but by Induction. Thus
theyare called as induction motors. This can be compared with
the secondary winding of atransformer. These induction motors

are also called as rotating transformers. Of all motors, it
isgenerally a 3-phase or a poly-phase induction motor is used in
a larger extent in many industries
The Direction of rotation of an Electric motor is given by Fleming's

Left Hand rule:
It shows the relation between the direction of "thrust" on a

conductor carrying a "current"in a "magnetic field".
Keep the Thumb, Index finger & the Middle finger of the left hand
at right angles to eachother.The First finger or the index finger
indicates the direction of the Field.
The seCond finger or the middle finger represents the direction of

the Current.
The THumb represents the direction of the THrust or the direction

of motion of theconductor.Also other important Law is the
Faraday's Law Of Electro Magnetic Induction.There are 3important
rules/laws of electro magnetic induction.They are as follows:1. An
EMF is induced in a coil whenever the flux through the coil
changes with time.2. The magnitude of induced EMF is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux.3. The direction of the
EMF is such as to oppose the change in flux
4. The control gear for the starting purpose of these motors is

minimum and thus simple andreliable operation.
Disadvantages of A.C. Induction Motors:

1. The speed control of these motors is not easy without some

loss in efficiency.2. As the load on the motor increases, the speed
decreases.3. The starting torque is inferior when compared to
D.C. Motors.
BATTERY
Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells

that convert storedchemical energy into electrical energy. Since
the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile")in 1800 by
Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved
Daniel cell in 1836, batteries have become a common power
source for many household and industrial applications.The Lead
Acid battery is made up of plates, lead, and lead oxide (various
other elementsare used to change density, hardness, porosity,
etc.) with a 35% sulfuric acid and 65% watersolution. This solution
is called electrolyte, which causes a chemical reaction that
produceelectrons. When you test a battery with a hydrometer,
you are measuring the amount of sulfuricacid in the electrolyte. If
your reading is low, that means the chemistry that makes
electrons islacking. So where did the sulfur go? It is resting on the
battery plates and when you recharge the battery, the sulfur
returns to the electrolyte.Basically there are two types of lead
acid batteries (along with 3 sub categories);The twomain types
are Starting (cranking), and Deep Cycle (marine/golf cart). The
starting battery (SLIstarting lights ignition) is designed to deliver
quick bursts of energy (such as starting engines)and therefore has
a greater plate count. The plates are thinner and have somewhat
differentmaterial composition. The deep cycle battery has less

instant energy, but greater long-termenergy delivery. Deep cycle
batteries have thicker plates and can survive a number of
dischargecycles. Starting batteries should not be used for deep
cycle applications because the
thinner plates are more prone to warping and pitting when dischar
ged. Dual Purpose Battery is acompromise between the two types
of batteries, though it is better to be more specific if possible.
Wet Cell (flooded), Gel Cell, and Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) are
various versions of thelead acid battery. The Wet cell comes in
two styles; Serviceable and Maintenance free. Both arefilled with
electrolyte and are basicly the same. I prefer one that I can add
water to and check thespecific gravity of the electrolyte with a
hydrometer. The Gel Cell and the AGM batteries arespecialty
batteries that typically cost twice as much as a premium wet cell.
However they storevery well and do not tend to sulfate or
degrade as easily as wet cell. There is little chance of ahydrogen
gas explosion or corrosion when using these batteries; these are
the safest lead acid batteries you can use. Gel Cell and some AGM
batteries may require a special charging rate. Ifyou want the
best,most versatile type, consideration should be given to the
AGM battery forapplications such as Marine, RV, Solar, Audio,
Power Sports and Stand-By Power just to name afew. If you don't
use or operate your equipment daily, AGM batteries will hold their
charge better that other types. If you must depend on top-notch b
attery performance, spend the extramoney. Gel Cell batteries still

are being sold but AGM batteries are replacing them in most
applications. There is a some common confusion regarding AGM
batteries because different manufactures call them by different
names; some of the more common names are "sealed regulated
valve", "dry cell", "non spillable", and "Valve Regulated Lead Acid"
batteries. In mostcases AGM batteries will give greater life span
and greater cycle life than a wet cell battery. SPECIAL NOTE about
Gel Batteries: It is very common for individuals to use the term
GELCELL when referring to sealed, maintenance free batteries,
much like one would use Kleenex when referring to facial tissue or
"Xerox machine" when referring to a copy machine. Be very
careful when specifying a battery charger, many times we are told
by customer they are requiring a charger for a Gel Cell battery
and in fact the battery is not a Gel Cell.
AGM:
The Absorbed Glass Matt construction allows the electrolyte to be

suspended in
close proximity with the plates active material. In theory, this enh
ances both the discharge andrecharge efficiency. Common
manufacturer applications include high performance
enginestarting, power sports, deep cycle, solar and storage
battery.
The larger AGM batteries we sellare typically good deep cycle

batteries and the deliver their best life performance if
recharged before allowed to drop below the 50% discharge rate. T
heScorpion motorcycle batterieswe
carry are a nice upgrade from your stock flooded battery, and the
Odyssey branded batteries arefantastic for holding their static
charge over long periods of non use. When Deep Cycle
AGM batteries are discharged to a rate of no less than 60% the cy
cle life will be 300 plus cycles.
GEL:
The Gel Cell is similar to the AGM style because the electrolyte is
suspended, butdifferent because technically the AGM battery is
still considered to be a wet cell. The electrolytein a Gel Cell has a
silica additive that causes it to set up or stiffen. The recharge
voltage on thistype of cell is lower than the other styles of lead
acid battery. This is probably the most sensitivecell in terms of
adverse reactions to over-voltage charging. Gel Batteries are best
used in VERYDEEP cycle application and may last a bit longer in
hot weather applications. If the incorrect battery charger is used
on a Gel Cell battery poor performance.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The cleaning liquid is mixed in proper proportion and it is poured
into the reservoir through the top way. The cleaning liquid is
poured until the tanks are filled. Actuating the lever opens the
valve. Cleaning liquid from the tank spills on the brush. After the
required amount is delivered, the lever is released and the
machine is switched ON. The brush gets drive from motor through
pulleys and belts. The brush applies pressure on the floor, when
the adjuster rods unscrewed and the handle is moved in the
required direction to clean the sufficient area. Again the lever
is operated to supply cleaning liquid whenever required. This
process is repeated, so floor is cleaned well. The cotton brush
prevents the damages on the mosaic, marble floors and gives
smooth surface finish and shining.
ADVANTAGES
Manual effort is reduced.
Operating time is less.
Cleaning and polishing can be done at same time.
It consumes less cleaning liquid.
Power consumption is less.
Design is very simple.
Easy fabrication.
It occupies less floor area.
Net weight is less.

Maintenance cost less.
Easy control of cleaning solution supply.
It can be used in various floors.
Smoother operation.
By further modification the drive or movement can be made
automatic.
APPLICATION
Domestic purpose
Hospitals
Computer centers
Auditoriums
Cultural centers
Schools
Colleges
Large scale industries
Medium scale industries
Theatres
Educational institutions
CONCLUSION
Thus in our project we have designed the Automatic floor cleaning
machine with the help of A.C Motor and belt transmission. The
machine is designed in order to enable easy operation and to
reduce the effort of human beings. Even children and aged people
can handle this machine, no critical operations is needed in this
machine. The ultimate need of this project is satisfied and with
the help of this machine we can clean the floor easily.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Woodbank Communications Ltd. (n.d.). (2005). State of Charge

(SOC) Determination.Retrieved from
http://www.mpoweruk.com/soc.htm2.
North Arizona Wind & Sun. (n.d.). (2009). Deep Cycle Battery
FAQ. Retrievedfrom
http://www.windsun.com/Batteries/Battery_FAQ.htm3.
http://www.medicaljobsireland.ie/tag/hospital-hygiene-audit-
results/4.
http://www.hmi.ie/Documents/february_2009/cover_story_hygiene
_report%20hm_Feb_09_p12.pdf5.
http://www.mrsainfection.org/mrsa-in-ireland.php6.
http://www.wsh.nhs.uk/InfectionControl/MRSA.htmChen & Schelin

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SCRAP COLLECTING MACHINE

In Industries, The collecting work station consists of the work

In domestic Use it can be used anywhere to clean floor so; as

Scrap is often taken to a wrecking yard (also known as a

In contrast to wrecking yards, scrapyards typically sell everything

based on what the item does, regardless of what it weighs.

75% savings in energy.

1,115 kg of iron ore.

Aluminium savings of 95% energy.

Copper savings of 85% energy.

Scrap collecting machine is very much useful in cleaning floors in

Reasons for cleaning floors

To prevent injuries due to tripping or slipping. Injuries due to slips

clean almostany type of hard floor or carpeted flooring surface in

Clear the floor of any furnature that's easy to move.2.

Sweep or vacuum all loose dirt and debris.3.

buffing, because theyre very soft and absorbent.

Tile and stone floors

Dirt or dust should first be removed with a vacuum cleaner or a

Have a floor cleaning solution or spray bottle for the appropriate

Reducing the need for cleaning

SCRAP COLLECTING MACHINES

this article will cover over 90% of all floor cleaningequipment

COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL TYPES

: Battery or Electric Plug Powered, these machines normal run

SCRAP COLLECTING MACHINE

Commercial & Residential

Aztecs Guzzler) and battery power. These

Grout Cleaning Machines

Steam Cleaning Machines

Temperature to clean thefloor instead of agitation. They

it into the floor, thenvacuumit all up with an

Modern floor scrubbers have a pre-sweep option that removes the

obstruction and/or the vac motor may need to be blown out

When maintaining deep cycle batteries, distilled water is highly

with much smaller machines.Scooba by iRobotis an example of

How to Operate a Floor Scrubber

Sweep the floor thoroughly. If you use your scrubber on a floor

Turn on the various parts of the machine. On most models, the

Along with vacuum cleaners, rotary cleaning machines are the

suitability for certain tasks. For instance, machines that rotate at

The Principles of Rotary Cleaning

gradedabrasive pad can be used to dislodge the soil once it has

In essence, this is very similar to spray cleaning but the term is

results the carpet should first be vacuum cleanedand pre- sprayed

Single brush machines have, as the name implies, a single

2000+ rpmAs a general rule, machines in the Standard, High and

With Ultra High Speed machines, these are known as divided

but cannot beused for more aggressive cleaning methods such as

agroove between twoflangesaround itscircumference. The drive

A set of pulleys assembled so that they rotate independently on

A hoist using the compound pulley system yielding an advantage

the rope may be a light line or a strong cable. This system is

stretch.In equilibrium, the forces on the moving block must sum

Diagram 2: A movable pulley lifting the load W is supported by

A fixed pulley has an axle mounted in bearings attached to a

A movable pulley has an axle in a movable block. A single

A combination of fixed and a movable pulleys forms

Diagram 3: The gun tackle "rove to advantage" has the rope

Free body diagrams

The mechanical advantageof a pulley system can be analyzed

Belt and pulley systems

A belt drive is analogous to that of a chain drive, however a belt

factoryline shafts, this type of pulley is still found driving the