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xz-cross section
z = fm (x, y) = (x2 + y2 )2 + mx
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Remarks. (a) One can replace the condition on the domain by a simple but
more restrictive one, such as, the domain consists of the points on and within a
simple closed curve.
(b) The proof of this theorem requires Heine-Borel cover theorem.
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Definition. A simple closed curve is a parameterized continuous curve r(t) for
t [a, b], such that (i) r(a) = r(b), and the vectors r(t) are different from each
.other except when t = a and t = b.
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Let D be consist of points on and within a simple and closed curve. One can
prove that (i) the points in D that are not on the curve are interior points; and
.(ii) those that are on the curve called boundary points.
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The theorem gives only a necessary condition for existence of a local extreme
point provided that all the first order partial derivatives exist. It can happen that
at a local extreme point, some of the first partial derivatives do not exist.
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Definition. A point P in the domain of f is called a critical point of f , if (i) all first
order partial derivatives of f at P exist and are equal to 0, or (ii) at least a first
.order partial derivatives of f does not exist.
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Solution. As f is a polynomial, it follows from the law of limits that its first order
partial derivatives exist on R2 . For interior critical point, we have
f (x, y) = (0, 0) if and only if (0, 0) = (fx (x, y), fy (x, y)) = (y 1, x 1), i.e.
(x, y) = (1, 1). In this case, the point (1, 1) does not lie in the disc D. So both
maximum and minimum values occur at the boundary points of D, which is the
unit circle C. Then we parameterize C : r(t) = (cos t, sin t) for 0 t 2.
Define the function g(t) = f r(t) = f (cos t, sin t) = sin t cos t sin t cos t + 3,
which is a differentiable function of one variable on the closed interval [0, 2 ].
One can use derivative test of one variable to find the maximum and minimum
value of g, and hence that of f .
Remark. Here we skip the details for the sake of time. We will work out this
problem again in Lagrange multiplier.
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Remark. Though we can not give a very concise definition of differential of a
scalar function f in this course, but one should compare it with the linear
approximation of f in the later section. In this case, the local variation of f can
.be described linearly in terms of variation dxi of position changes.
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Solution. f (x, y) = (12x 6x2 , 3y2 + 6y), f (x, y) = (0, 0) if and only
0 = 6x(x + 2) and 0 = 2y(y + 2), it follows that
(x, y) = (0, 0), (2, 0), (0, 2), (2, 2) are the critical points of f . Then n = 4.
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T P(x, y, z)
3 x
Remark. In the figure, we draw a straight line instead a curve in the xy-plane.
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S S x S y S z
(ii) u = x u + y u + z u
= 3x2 v + 2y 1 + 1 v1 = 3(uv)2 v + 2(u + v) 1 + 1 1v .
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