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Ex riments in Fluids
9 Springer-Verlag 1991
E Di Felice
C.I.R.A (Italian Aerospace Research Center) Via Maiorise, 81043, Capua Italy
Abstract. A new configuration for the transmitting optics of a laser large Reynolds number and for small turbulent intensity as
Doppler anemometer has been developed in order to measure the shown by Lin (1953). Several researchers have studied this
velocity at two different points at the same time. From the simulta-
neous measurements at two points along the mean flow direction it problem for jets (Fisher and Davies 1964) and boundary
is possible to evaluate the spatial correlations and to compare them layers (Favre et al. 1953; 1958), but for different kinds of
with the temporal correlation to verify the validity limits of Taylor's flows the limit of this hypothesis is still not clear.
hypothesis also known as the frozen turbulence hypothesis. The In the past, in order to experimentally verify Taylor's
transfer function between the velocity signals at two different points hypothesis, the measurement of spatial correlation was
has been introduced to better explain the differences between Tay-
lot's hypothesis and non frozen flow. The analysis is carried out in made with hot wire anemometry. In this case, when the wires
a flow with high turbulence levels. are placed in the mean flow direction, the wake generated by
the upstream wire substantially alters the downstream flow
field, especially for small distances despite the use of probes
of extremely small dimensions: for these reasons the data
1 Introduction must be corrected. Corrsin and Comte-Bellot (1966) have
shown that when using a hot wire the error due to the wake
In the analysis of turbulent phenomena, the evaluation of the of the upstream probe can be reduced by placing the down-
Eulerian correlation in time and space assumes particular steam probe outside the disturbance cone. The misalignment
relevance. F r o m these correlations the quantities character- with the mean flow direction is about 3 ~ 5 ~. The value of the
izing the turbulent flow may be determined (integral scales, spatial correlation can be extrapolated from the measure-
dissipation scales, Reynolds stresses, power spectra .... ). ment outside the wake transversally to the mean flow direc-
The time correlation, in the case of steady flow and with tion. These corrections, that are very important in obtaining
the hypothesis of ergodic phenomenon, is evaluated by the the exact values of the spatial correlation, are complicated
time average of two velocity components measured at the and are subject to criticism. In fact, the differences between
same point. These correlations can be successfully evaluated the spatial correlation measured with the downstream wire
also for complex flows with recirculation zones, using a laser directly behind the upstream wire and the other obtained by
Doppler system which allows the simultaneous acquisition extrapolation, can reach 15%.
of two velocity components with two orthogonal fringe sys- The aim of this work is to verify experimentally Taylor's
tems of different colours (Durst et al. 1976; Drain 1980). hypothesis in a pipe with a rectangular cross section, where
The spatial correlations are connected with the evalua- high and different levels of turbulence intensity are obtained
tion of energy transfer through wave numbers by means of using a non-intrusive laser Doppler anemometer. It is possi-
the Lin equation. It is possible to obtain the spatial correla- ble to measure simultaneously the velocity at two different
tions from the time correlations by means of Taylor's or points with a new configuration of the transmitting optics.
frozen turbulence hypothesis (Taylor 1938). According to Two couples of beams are focused with two half-lenses and
this hypothesis, in a homogeneous turbulent flow field, the the relative movement of the measurement volumes is con-
velocity fluctuations in time at a point are the same as the trolled with micrometric screws.
instantaneous distribution of spatial fluctuations in the
mean flow direction.
The validity of this hypothesis has been verified theoreti- 2 Taylor's hypothesis
cally, numerically and experimentally (Lumley 1965; Cham-
pagne et al. 1970; Piomelli et al. 1989). This hypothesis is In a steady turbulent flow field with a mean velocity
valid particularly in the case of isotropic turbulence for a U= (U1,0, 0) in the x 1 direction, Taylor's hypothesis allows
352 Experiments in Fluids 11 (1991)
Taylor's hypothesis direction, r=(U1 r, 0, 0), while the one between P(0; f ) and
.............................
3 Experimental set up
Beam splitter
Cyan J Beam splitter
~ ~ Doubl.e Bragg's celt
~ _ - ~ . : ~ Beam translator
~ L ~ - = ~ ~--~..._.J Beam expander
~ - ~ X 3
,, { U / u ' ) 2
x 1/h =4
9 (U/v') 2
10-2 ''....
A~
A ~...
"U
10 2 10"z,
A N
9 N
o~
\.
m
n
\
0
10-6
\
a
104 II
101100 t , , , , , ,,I , , , , , ,, I I I I
101 10 2
Xl/h
Fig. 3. Decay of normalized turbulent intensity of the streamwise
and transversal velocity components along the duct; U1 is the flow
mean velocity, h is the duct height 10 0 '"1 ' ' '""1
I I I I
=
It
x~ / h =1/.,
9 - .......
10-2
Reynolds number of 4,800. The turbulent intensity, u'~/U 1 , at "-,..
turbulence intensity, as well as in the power spectra of the 10-1 10 0 101 102
streamwise velocity component at the beginning and at the
end of the test section. The first power spectrum shows a Fig. 4 a and b. Power spectra of the streamwise velocity component
at the beginning (xl/h=4) and at the end (xt/h=14) of the test
large frequency interval with slope - 5/3, while in the second section; the frequency is non-dimensionalized with the height of the
one observes a change of the slope, from - 5 / 3 to - 1 , that section h and with the mean flow velocity U~. The sampling frequen-
is common to wall flows (Fig. 4). cy is 3,500 Hz
354 Experiments in Fluids 11 (1991)
5 i i i i i i i i i
~/=
-5 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
5 i i 1 i t i ; i i ) i i i I i i i I I I I I I I I I I
,?N
1.o F-.~
p \o
. . . . . . . .
xl/h :7 ~ 1
X 1/h = 10
i i i i i i i
9 El
9 El
0.2
b
' ' ' 0.3
' ' ' ' ' 0.6 0 ' ' ' ' 'o.
"3 ' ' ' 0.6 0 ' ' ' ' "o.3 ' ' ' ' 0.6
G/h ), rI/h -~ q/h ~-
Fig. 6 a - e . Comparison between the streamwise velocity component autocorrelation coefficient (continuous line) and space-correlation
coefficient (dots) for positive and negative displacements at different normalized distances xl/h from the inlet; the autocorrelation is calculated
from the measured data
1.0 I r i I i i I i I i i i i i ) i i i i i r i I i I
I 0.6
& 0.4
0.2
El I~l
a I! El
I I I I I I I I I I I I I : ml I I I
' ' ~ ~ 013 ' ' ~ ~ 0.6 0.3 0.6 0 03 0.6
q/h q/h q/h ),
Fig. 7 a - c . Comparison between the transverse velocity component autocorrelation coefficient (continuous line) and space-correlation
coefficient (dots) for positive displacements at different normalized distances xl/h from the inlet; the auto-correlation is calculated from the
measured data.
A. Cenedese et al.: Experimental testing of Taylor's hypothesis by L.D.A. in highly turbulent flow 355
4 Results
u'~(x~-rl, x~, x3)>u'~(x~ +r~, x~, x3), (7) The relation (13) states that the space-time correlation can
be obtained, in the case of frozen flow and only for
and with Eq. (6): r = (U1 z, 0, 0), by shifting in time the autocorrelation R(0; ~);
Eq. (13) explains also the connection in the diagramm of
~ ( - r l , 0, 0; 0)<0~1 (r~, 0, 0; 0). (8)
Smol'yakov (Fig. 1).
With the frozen hypothesis, the space-time correlation The space-time correlation coefficients Q22(r~, 0, 0; z) are
R(r; z) can be obtained from the autocorrelation R(0; z). In shown in Fig. 8. The maximum in these space time correla-
356 Experiments in Fluids 11 (1991)
Re
Re
-1 -1
Re Re
x ,,,~,exi? Im
-1./, - , - . '
o 1.1. -1.1.
Fig. 9. Real vs Imaginary ~art of the transfer function for increasing frequencies; the arrow shows the direction of higher frequencies. The
data for Taylor's hypothesis (continuous lines) are calculated from spectral measurements in the first point, while the real data (dots) are
measured in two points. Four different separation distances are considered
tions is obtained when r i = Ul z and decreases with increas- B = (x i + r 1 , x2, X3), and Pii (0, 0, 0; f ) is the power spectrum
ing r 1 . The decreasing of this maximum is not considered by of the i component in A. Another useful definition of the
Taylor's hypothesis, since it does not consider the deformation transfer function, equivalent to the previous one (Bendat and
of the velocity fluctuation field moving downstream with the Piersol 1971), is the following:
mean velocity. The quantities 1 - - m a x [ ~ , ( h , 0, 0; z)] can
be assumed to be the measurement of the velocity deforma- H q (rl, 0, 0; f ) = ~ (X1 At-/'1' X2' X3; t)]
tion. OJ[UI(Xl, XZ, X3; t] ' (15)
1.2 I I 30 ~ , , , j , , / , ,
-- To.y[or's h y p o t h e s i s /
, . . ,_ ,
r1 / h = 0.05
24 . /h,o15 // /
r
9~. -- Taylor's hypothesis o
13-
5-
Taylor's hypothesis transfer function is an ideal phase shifter: In fact the Kolmogorov time microscale is for the considered
the modulus is constant in frequency while the phase is linear experiment:
in frequency. Equation (17) represents a circle in the plane
Imaginary part I m versus Real part Re, while eq. (18) is a Zk = = 7.5 m s , (20)
straight line in the plane ~ versus f . When the turbulence is
not frozen, this is not true. The transfer function where v is the kinematic viscosity and e is the energy dissipa-
Hz2 (r 1, 0, 0; f ) is shown in Fig. 9 for different separation tion evaluated using the hypothesis of isotropic turbulence
distances, in the plane real part versus imaginary part with (Hinze 1975):
a frequency spacing A f . h/Ul=O.163. Figures 10 and 11
show, with a frequency resolution four times smaller than ~= 15 vu'2/2g. (21)
the resolution of Fig. 9, the modulus and the phase of the
transfer function, and these are compared with the case of In the dimensionless frequency f~. h the Kolmogorov mi-
Taylor's hypothesis. The transfer function is a useful way to croscale is about 11. z k is the time for the smaller struc-
give evidence of the energy transfer from the low frequencies tures to be destroyed. For separation distances larger than
to the higher ones (energy cascade), since it represents the r l / h > U~zk/h~0.2 the smallest structures are replaced by
amount of information that from the point A is transfered to others that have no correlation with the previous ones, due
the point B. The quantity to the phenomenon of the energy cascade. For this phe-
nomenon the energy destroyed at the frequency of Kol-
T(r0= ~ IHij (r~, O, 0; f)l df (19) m o g o r o v is replaced by the energy coming from the lower
0 frequencies; with increasing r 1 also the velocity fluctuations
h
can be assumed to be related to the amount of energy trans- at a frequency lower of z ~ - ' begin to have less correlation.
ferred from A to B. The transport mechanism of turbulent
For these reasons the cut-off frequency of H22 (rl, 0, 0; f ) as
velocity fluctuations between the upstream point A and the well as T(r~) are monotonically decreasing functions of the
downstream B is like a low pass filter with the cut-off separation distance, r~, as shown by Fig. 10.
frequency that is a function of the separation distance rt.
In the frozen flow all the eddies travel at the mean velocity
Figures 10 and 11 point out that the frequencies higher than
U~, so a linear law between phase and frequency can be
the one connected to the Kolmogorov time microscale Zk, are
written:
destroyed, also for small separation distances, and only for
low frequencies Taylor's hypothesis can be considered valid. f . ~ = f . r l / U 1 = qS. (22)
358 Experiments in Fluids 11 (1991)