Canadian National Vimy Memorial

The Canadian National Vimy Memorial is a war directions.[2][3]

memorial site in France dedicated to the memory of
Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed during the
First World War. It also serves as the place of commemo- 1.2 Early conicts on site
ration for Canadian soldiers of the First World War killed
or presumed dead in France who have no known grave.
The monument is the centrepiece of a 100-hectare (250-
acre) preserved battleeld park that encompasses a por-
tion of the ground over which the Canadian Corps made
their assault during the initial Battle of Vimy Ridge of-
fensive of the Battle of Arras.
The Battle of Vimy Ridge was the rst occasion on which
all four divisions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force
participated in a battle as a cohesive formation, and it
became a Canadian national symbol of achievement and
sacrice. France ceded to Canada perpetual use of a
portion of land on Vimy Ridge on the understanding
that Canada use the land to establish a battleeld park
and memorial. Wartime tunnels, trenches, craters, and
unexploded munitions still honeycomb the grounds of the
site, which remains largely closed o for reasons of public
safety. Along with preserved trench lines, several other
memorials and cemeteries are contained within the park.
The project took designer Walter Seymour Allward
eleven years to see built. King Edward VIII unveiled it on
26 July 1936 in the presence of French President Albert
Lebrun and a crowd of over 50,000 people, including
6,200 attendees from Canada. Following an extensive
multi-year restoration, Queen Elizabeth II re-dedicated
the monument on 9 April 2007 at a ceremony commemo-
rating the 90th anniversary of the battle. The site is main-
tained by Veterans Aairs Canada. The Vimy Memorial
is one of only two National Historic Sites of Canada lo-
cated outside the country.

Victoria Cross recipient Lieutenant Richard Jones

1 Background The ridge fell under German control in October 1914,

1.1 Topography
Vimy Ridge is a gradually rising escarpment on the west-
ern edge of the Douai Plains, eight kilometres northeast
of Arras. The ridge gradually rises on its western side,
dropping more quickly on the eastern side.[2] The ridge
is approximately seven kilometres in length, 700 metres
(2,300 ft) wide at its narrowest point, and culminates at
an elevation of 145 metres (476 ft) above sea level, or
60 metres (200 ft) above the Douai Plains, providing a
natural unobstructed view for tens of kilometres in all
during the Race to the Sea, as the Franco-British and Ger-
man forces continually attempted to outank each other
through northeastern France.[4] The French Tenth Army
attempted to dislodge the Germans from the region dur-
ing the Second Battle of Artois in May 1915 by attack-
ing their positions at Vimy Ridge and Notre Dame de
Lorette. During the attack, the French 1st Moroccan Di-
vision briey captured the height of the ridge, where the
Vimy memorial is currently located, but was unable to
hold it owing to a lack of reinforcements.[5] The French
made another attempt during the Third Battle of Artois
in September 1915, but were once again unsuccessful in

1
2 1 BACKGROUND

capturing the top of the ridge.[6] The French suered ap-

proximately 150,000 casualties in their attempts to gain
control of Vimy Ridge and surrounding territory.[7]
The British XVII Corps relieved the French Tenth Army
from the sector in February 1916.[8] On 21 May 1916,
the German infantry attacked the British lines along
a 1,800-metre (2,000 yd) front in an eort to force
them from positions along the base of the ridge.[9] The
Germans captured several British-controlled tunnels and
mine craters before halting their advance and entrenching
their positions.[9][Note 2] Temporary Lieutenant Richard
Basil Brandram Jones was posthumously awarded the
Victoria Cross for his ultimately unsuccessful defence of
the Broadmarsh Crater during the attack.[11][Note 3] British
counter-attacks on 22 May did not manage to change the
situation.[9] The Canadian Corps relieved the British IV
Corps stationed along the western slopes of Vimy Ridge
in October 1916.[2]

1.3 Battle of Vimy Ridge

Main article: Battle of Vimy Ridge

The Battle of Vimy Ridge was the rst instance in
which all four Canadian divisions participated in a bat-
tle together, as a cohesive formation.[12] The nature and
size of the planned Canadian Corps assault necessi-
tated support and resources beyond its normal operational
capabilities.[13] Consequently, the British 5th Infantry Di-
vision and supplementary artillery, engineer and labour
units reinforced the four Canadian divisions already in
place. The 24th British Division of I Corps supported
the Canadian Corps along its northern ank while the
XVII Corps did so to the south.[14] The ad hoc Gruppe
Vimy formation, based under I Bavarian Reserve Corps
commander General der Infanterie Karl Ritter von Fas-
bender, was the principal defending formation with three
divisions responsible for manning the frontline defences
opposite the Canadian Corps.[15]
The attack began at 5:30 am on Easter Monday, 9 April
1917. Light eld guns laid down a barrage that ad-
vanced in predetermined increments, often 91 metres
(100 yd) every three minutes, while medium and heavy
howitzers established a series of standing barrages against
known defensive systems further ahead. [16] The 1st, 2nd,
and 3rd Canadian Divisions quickly captured their rst
objectives.[17] The 4th Canadian Division encountered a
great deal of trouble during its advance and was unable to
complete its rst objective until some hours later.[17] The
1st, 2nd, and 3rd Canadian Divisions captured their sec-
ond objective by approximately 7:30 am.[18][19][20] The
failure of the 4th Canadian Division to capture the top
of the ridge delayed further advances and forced the 3rd
Canadian Division to expend resources establishing a de-
fensive line to its north.[21] Reserve units from the 4th
Canadian Division renewed the attack on the German po-
The Canadian Corps plan of attack outlining the four objective
lines Black, Red, Blue, and Brown
sitions on the top of the ridge and eventually forced the
German troops holding the southwestern portion of Hill
145 to withdraw.[22][Note 4]
On the morning of 10 April, Canadian Corps comman-
der Lieutenant-General Julian Byng moved up three fresh
brigades to support the continued advance.[24] The fresh
units leapfrogged units already in place and captured the
third objective line, including Hill 135 and the town
of Thlus, by 11:00 am.[25] By 2:00 pm both the 1st
and 2nd Canadian Divisions reported capturing their -
nal objectives.[26] By this point the Pimple, a heav-
ily defended knoll west of the town of Givenchy-en-
Gohelle, was the only German position remaining on
Vimy Ridge.[22] On 12 April, the 10th Canadian Brigade
attacked and quickly overcame the hastily entrenched
German troops, with the support of artillery and the 24th
British Division.[27] By nightfall on 12 April, the Cana-
dian Corps was in rm control of the ridge.[27] The Cana-
dian Corps suered 10,602 casualties: 3,598 killed and
7,004 wounded.[28] The German Sixth Army suered an
unknown number of casualties, and around 4,000 men
became prisoners of war.[29]
Although the battle is not generally considered Canadas
greatest military achievement, the image of national
unity and achievement imbued the battle with consider-
able national signicance for Canada.[30][31] According
to Pierce, the historical reality of the battle has been re-
worked and reinterpreted in a conscious attempt to give
purpose and meaning to an event that came to symbol-
2.1 Selection 3

ize Canadas coming of age as a nation.[32] The idea that

October 1921, the commission formally selected the sub-
Canadas identity and nationhood were born out of themission of Toronto sculptor and designer Walter Seymour
battle is an opinion that is widely held in military and gen-
Allward as the winner of the competition; The design sub-
eral histories of Canada.[33][34] mitted by Frederick Chapman Clemesha was selected as
runner-up.[37] The complexity of Allwards design pre-
cluded the possibility of duplicating the design at each
2 History site.[41] The approach of selecting one primary memorial
ran counter to the recommendation of Canadian Battle-
elds Memorials Commission architectural advisor Percy
2.1 Selection Erskine Nobbs, who had consistently expressed his pref-
erence for a series of smaller monuments.[42] The con-
See also: Canadian Battleelds Memorials Commission sensus went in Allwards favour, his design receiving both
In 1920, the Government of Canada announced that the public and critical approval.[42][Note 6] The commission re-
vised its initial plans and decided to build two distinc-
tive memorialsthose of Allward and Clemeshaand
six smaller identical memorials.[41]

Design competition submissions A design model of the memorial

Imperial War Graves Commission had awarded Canada
eight sitesve in France and three in Belgium
on which to erect memorials.[35][Note 5] Each site rep-
resented a signicant Canadian engagement, and the
Canadian government initially decided that each battle-
eld be treated equally and commemorated with iden-
tical monuments.[35] In September 1920, the Canadian
government formed the Canadian Battleelds Memori-
als Commission to discuss the process and conditions
for holding a memorial competition for the sites in
Europe.[37] The commission held its rst meeting on 26
November 1920 and during this meeting decided that
the architectural design competition would be open to all
Canadian architects, designers, sculptors, and artists.[36]
The jury consisted of Charles Herbert Reilly representing
the Royal Institute of British Architects, Paul Philippe
Cret representing the Socit centrale des architectes
franais and Frank Darling representing the Royal Archi-
tectural Institute of Canada.[38] Each jury member was a
leader in the architectural eld; Reilly was training stu-
dents in design and development of war memorials, and
Cret had been selected by the United States to design na-
tional monuments in Europe.[38] Interested parties sub-
mitted 160 design drawings, and the jury selected 17 sub-
missions for consideration, commissioning each nalist to
produce a plaster maquette of their respective design.[39]
The jury recommended in a 10 September 1921 report to
the commission that two of the designs be executed.[40] In
At the outset, members of the commission debated where
to build Allwards winning design.[37] The jurys assess-
ment was that Allwards submission was best suited to
a low hill rather than to a continuous and lofty blu
or cli like Vimy Ridge.[40][38] The commission com-
mittee initially recommended placing the monument in
Belgium on Hill 62, near the location of the Battle of
Mont Sorrel, as the site provided an imposing view.[32][43]
This ran counter to the desires of Prime Minister William
Lyon Mackenzie King who, while speaking in the House
of Commons of Canada in May 1922, argued in favour
of placing the memorial at Vimy Ridge.[40] Kings posi-
tion received the unanimous support of the House and,
in the end, the commission selected Vimy Ridge as the
preferred site.[44] The government announced its desire
to acquire a more considerable tract of land along the
ridge after the commission selected Vimy Ridge as the
preferred location for Allwards design.[45] In the inter-
val between the 1st and 2nd session of the 14th Canadian
Parliament, Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons
Rodolphe Lemieux went to France to negotiate the acqui-
sition of more land.[45] On 5 December 1922, Lemieux
concluded an agreement with France in which France
granted Canada freely and for all time the use of 100
hectares (250 acres) of land on Vimy Ridge, inclusive of
Hill 145, in recognition of Canadas war eort.[46] The
only condition placed on the donation was that Canada
use the land to erect a monument commemorating Cana-
4 2 HISTORY

dian soldiers killed during the First World War and as- site.[51][47] Allward moved to Paris in 1925 to supervise
sume the responsibility for the maintenance of the memo- construction and the carving of the sculptures.[52] Con-
rial and the surrounding battleeld park.[46] struction commenced in 1925 and took eleven years to
complete.[53] The Imperial War Graves Commission con-
currently employed French and British veterans to carry
2.2 Memorial construction out the necessary roadwork and site landscaping.[52]
While awaiting the rst delivery of stone, Simson noticed
that the battleeld landscape features were beginning to
deteriorate.[47] Seeing an opportunity to not only preserve
a portion of the battleeld but also keep his sta occu-
pied, Simson decided to preserve a short section of trench
line and make the Grange Subway more accessible.[47]
Labourers rebuilt and preserved sections of sandbagged
trench wall, on both the Canadian and German sides of
the Grange crater group, in concrete.[47] The workforce
also built a new concrete entrance for the Grange Sub-
way and, after excavating a portion of the tunnel system,
installed electric lighting.[47]

Laying the foundation of the memorial

Following the competition, Allward spent the remainder

of 1921 and the spring of 1922 preparing for his move
to Europe.[40] After selling his home and studio, All-
ward nally departed for Belgium on 6 June 1922[40] and
spent several months seeking a suitable studio in Belgium
and then Paris, though he eventually set up a studio in
London.[40]
Allward had initially hoped to use white marble for the
memorials facing stone,[38] but Percy Nobbs suggested
this would be a mistake because marble was unlikely to
weather well in northern France and the memorial would
have a ghost like appearance.[38] Allward undertook a
tour of almost two years to nd stone of the right colour,
texture, and luminosity.[47] He found it in the ruins of
Diocletians Palace at Split, Croatia; he observed that the
palace had not weathered over the years, which Allward
took as evidence of the stones durability.[47] His choice
Seget limestonecame from an ancient Roman quarry
located near Seget, Croatia.[48] The diculties with the
quarrying process, coupled with complicated transporta-
tion logistics, delayed delivery of the limestone and thus
construction of the memorial.[47] The rst shipment did
not arrive at the site until 1927, and the larger blocks, in-
tended for the human gures, did not begin to arrive until
1931.[47]
On Allwards urging the Canadian Battleelds Memorials
Commission hired Oscar Faber, a Danish structural en-
gineer, in 1924 to prepare foundation plans and provide
general supervision of the foundation work.[49][50] Faber
had recently designed the substructure for the Menin Gate
at Ypres, and he selected a design that employed cast-in-
place reinforced concrete to which the facing stone would
be bonded.[50] Major Unwin Simson served as the prin-
cipal Canadian engineer during the construction of the
memorial and oversaw much of the daily operations at the
Statue carving in progress
Allward chose a relatively new construction method for
the monument: limestone bonded to a cast concrete
frame. A foundation bed of 11,000 tonnes of con-
crete, reinforced with hundreds of tonnes of steel, served
as the support bed for the memorial. The memorial
base and twin pylons contained almost 6,000 tonnes
of Seget limestone.[54] Sculptors carved the 20 approx-
imately double life-sized human gures on site from
large blocks of stone.[55] The carvers used half-size plas-
ter models produced by Allward in his studio, now on
display at the Canadian War Museum, and an instru-
ment called a pantograph to reproduce the gures at
the proper scale.[56] The carvers conducted their work
year-round inside temporary studios built around each
gure.[57] The inclusion of the names of those killed in
France with no known grave was not part of the origi-
nal design, and Allward was unhappy when the govern-
ment asked him to include them.[58][Note 7] Allward ar-
gued that the inclusion of names was not part of the origi-
nal commissioning.[58] Through a letter to Canadian Bat-
tleelds Memorials Commission in October 1927, All-
ward indicated his intention to relegate the names of the
missing to pavement stones around the monument.[58][59]
The collective dismay and uproar of the commission
2.3 Pilgrimage and unveiling
forced Allward to relent and incorporate the names of
the missing on the memorial walls.[58] The task of in-
scribing the names did not begin until the early 1930s
and employed a typeface that Allward designed for the
monument.[47]
2.3 Pilgrimage and unveiling
Special passport issued by Canada for the 1936 Vimy pilgrimage
In 1919, the year after the war ended, around 60,000
British tourists and mourners made pilgrimages to the
Western Front.[60] The transatlantic voyage was longer
and more expensive from Canada; many attempts to or-
ganize large pilgrimages failed, and journeys overseas
were largely made individually or in small, unocial
groups.[60] The delegates of the 1928 national conven-
tion of the Canadian Legion passed a unanimous reso-
lution asking that a pilgrimage be organized to the West-
ern Front battleelds. A plan began to take form wherein
the Legion aimed to coordinate the pilgrimage with the
unveiling of the Vimy memorial, which at the time was
expected to be completed in 1931 or 1932.[60] Due to
construction delays with the memorial, it was not until
July 1934 that the Canadian Legion announced a pilgrim-
age to former battleeld sites in conjunction with the un-
veiling of the memorial. Although the exact date of the
memorial unveiling was still not set, the Legion invited
former service members to make tentative reservations
with their headquarters in Ottawa.[60] The response from
veterans and their families was enthusiastic1,200 in-
5
quiries by November 1934.[61] The Legion presumptu-
ously announced that the memorial would be unveiled on
Dominion Day, 1 July 1936, even though the government
still did not know when it would be completed.[61]
For event planning purposes, the Legion and the gov-
ernment established areas for which each was responsi-
ble. The government was responsible for selection of
the ocial delegation and the program for the ocial
unveiling of the memorial. The Legion was responsi-
ble for the more challenging task of organizing the pil-
grimage. For the Legion this included planning meals,
accommodations and transportation for what was at the
time the largest single peacetime movement of people
from Canada to Europe.[62] The Legion took the posi-
tion that the pilgrimage would be funded by its members
without subsidies or nancial aid from Canadian taxpay-
ers, and by early 1935 they had established that the price
of the 3-week trip, inclusive of all meals, accommo-
dation, health insurance, and sea and land transportation
would be CA$160 per person ($2,779.18 as of 2016).
Indirect assistance came in a number of forms. The gov-
ernment waived passport fees and made a special Vimy
passport available to pilgrims at no extra cost.[63] The gov-
ernment and private sector also provided paid leave for
their participating employees.[61] It was not until April
1936 that the government was prepared to publicly com-
mit to an unveiling date, 26 July 1936.[61] On 16 July, the
ve transatlantic liners, escorted by HMCS Champlain
and HMCS Saguenay, departed the Port of Montreal with
approximately 6,200 passengers and arrived in Le Havre
on 24 and 25 July.[Note 8][64][65] The limited accommoda-
tion made it necessary for the Legion to lodge pilgrims in
nine cities throughout northern France and Belgium and
employ 235 buses to move the pilgrims between various
locations.[64]
King Edward VIII unveiling the gure Canada Bereft on the Vimy
Ridge Memorial
On 26 July, the day of the ceremony, pilgrims spent
the morning and early afternoon exploring the landscape
of the memorial park before congregating at the monu-
ment. For the ceremony, sailors from HMCS Saguenay
6 2 HISTORY

provided the guard of honour. Also present were The

Royal Canadian Horse Artillery Band, French army en-
gineers, and French-Moroccan cavalry who had fought
on the site during the Second Battle of Artois.[67] The
ceremony itself was broadcast live by the Canadian Ra-
dio Broadcasting Commission over shortwave radio, with
facilities of the British Broadcasting Corporation trans-
mitting the ceremony to Canada.[67] Senior Canadian,
British, and European ocials, including French Presi-
dent Albert Lebrun, and a crowd of over 50,000 attended
the event.[68][69][70] Absent, though, was Canadian Prime
Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, it being well un-
derstood that he was generally not comfortable around
veterans and felt it more appropriate for a war veteran
in Cabinet to act as minister in attendance.[61]
Before the ceremony began, King Edward VIII, present
in his capacity as king of Canada, inspected the guard of
honour, was introduced to the honoured guests, and spent
approximately half an hour speaking with veterans in the
crowd.[71] Two Royal Air Force and two French Air Force
squadrons ew over the monument and dipped their wings
in salute.[67] The ceremony itself began with prayers from
chaplains representing the Church of England, the United Hitler touring the Vimy Memorial in 1940
Church of Canada, and the Roman Catholic Church.[71]
Ernest Lapointe, Canadian Minister of Justice, spoke ing the ghting or at the hands of the Germans, was
rst,[71] followed by Edward VIII who, in both French widely reported in Canada and the United Kingdom.[79]
and English, thanked France for its generosity and as- The rumours led the German Ministry of Public Enlight-
sured those assembled that Canada would never forget its enment and Propaganda to formally deny accusations that
war missing and dead. The King then pulled the Royal Germany had damaged or desecrated the memorial.[80]
Union Flag from the central gure of Canada Bereft and To demonstrate the memorial had not been desecrated,
the military band played the Last Post.[72][71][73] The cer- Adolf Hitler, who reportedly admired the memorial for
emony was one of the Kings few ocial duties before its peaceful nature, was photographed by the press while
he abdicated the throne.[74] The pilgrimage continued, personally touring it and the preserved trenches on 2 June
and most participants toured Ypres before being taken to 1940.[81] The undamaged state of the memorial was not
London to be hosted by the British Legion.[75] One-third conrmed until September 1944 when British troops of
of the pilgrims left from London for Canada on 1 Au- the 2nd Battalion, Welsh Guards of the Guards Armoured
gust, while the majority returned to France as guests of Division recaptured Vimy Ridge.[82]
the government for another week of touring before going
home.[76]
2.5 Post-war years
2.4 Second World War Immediately following the Second World War, very lit-
tle attention was paid to the Battle of Vimy Ridge or the
In 1939, the increased threat of conict with Nazi Ger- Vimy Memorial.[83] The Winnipeg Free Press and The
many amplied the Canadian governments level of con- Legionary, the magazine of the Royal Canadian Legion,
cern for the general safety of the memorial. Canada were the only publications to note the 35th anniversary
could do little more than protect the sculptures and the of the battle in 1952.[84] The 40th anniversary in 1957
bases of the pylons with sandbags and await develop- received even less notice, with only the Halifax Herald
ments. When war did break out in September 1939, the making any mention.[85] Interest in commemoration re-
British Expeditionary Force (BEF) deployed to France mained low in the early 1960s but increased in 1967
and assumed responsibility for the Arras sector, which in- with the 50th anniversary of the battle, paired with the
cluded Vimy.[51] In late May 1940, following the British Canadian Centennial.[85] A heavily attended ceremony
retreat to Dunkirk after the Battle of Arras, the status at the memorial in April 1967 was broadcast live on
and condition of the memorial became unknown to Allied television.[86] Commemoration of the battle decreased
forces.[77] The Germans took control of the site and held once again throughout the 1970s and only returned in
the sites caretaker, George Stubbs, in an Ilag internment force with the 125th anniversary of Canadian Confeder-
camp for Allied civilians in St. Denis, France.[78] The ation and the widely covered 75th anniversary of the bat-
rumoured destruction of the Vimy Memorial, either dur- tle in 1992.[86] The 1992 ceremony at the memorial was
2.7 Centennial commemoration
attended by Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney
and at least 5,000 people.[86][87][88] Subsequent smaller-
scale ceremonies were held at the memorial in 1997 and
2002.[89][90]
2.6 Restoration and rededication
A name panel on the memorial damaged by mineral deposits
By the end of the century, the many repairs under-
taken since the memorials construction had left a patch-
work of materials and colours, and a disconcerting pat-
tern of damage from water intrusion at the joints.[91]
In May 2001, the Government of Canada announced
the Canadian Battleeld Memorials Restoration Project,
a major C$30 million restoration project to restore
Canadas memorial sites in France and Belgium, in order
to maintain and present them in a respectful and digni-
ed manner.[92][93] In 2005, the Vimy memorial closed
for major restoration work. Veterans Aairs Canada di-
rected the restoration of the memorial in cooperation with
other Canadian departments, the Commonwealth War
Graves Commission, consultants and specialists in mil-
itary history.[92]
Time, wear, and severe weather conditions led to many
identied problems, the single most pervasive being water
damage.[92] In building a memorial made of cast con-
crete covered in stone, Allward had failed to take into
account how these materials would shift over time.[93]
The builders and designer failed to incorporate sucient
space between the concrete and stones, which resulted
in water inltrating the structure[93] through its walls and
platforms, dissolving lime in the concrete foundation and
masonry.[92] As the water exited, it deposited the lime
on exterior surfaces, obscuring many of the names in-
scribed thereon.[93] Poor drainage and water ows o the
monument also caused signicant deterioration of the
platform, terrace, and stairs.[92] The restoration project
intended to address the root causes of damage and in-
cluded repairs to the stone, walkways, walls, terraces, Trenches preserved in concrete
stairs, and platforms.[92] In order to respect Allwards ini-
tial vision of a seamless structure, the restoration team The Canadian National Vimy Memorial site is located ap-
were required to remove all foreign materials employed proximately eight kilometres north of Arras, France, near
7
in patchwork repairs, replace damaged stones with ma-
terial from the original quarry in Croatia, and correct
all minor displacement of stones caused by the freeze-
thaw activity.[91] Underlying structural aws were also
corrected.[94]
Queen Elizabeth II, escorted by Prince Philip, Duke of
Edinburgh, rededicated the restored memorial on 9 April
2007 in a ceremony commemorating the 90th anniversary
of the battle.[95] Other senior Canadian ocials, includ-
ing Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and senior French
representatives, Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin
among them, attended the event, along with thousands
of Canadian students, veterans of the Second World War
and of more recent conicts, and descendants of those
who fought at Vimy.[96] The crowd attending the reded-
ication ceremony was the largest crowd on the site since
the 1936 dedication.[96]
2.7 Centennial commemoration
The centennial commemoration of the Battle of Vimy
Ridge at the memorial is scheduled to take place on 9
April 2017. The ceremony is anticipated to be attended
by as many as 30,000 people.[97] Attending dignitaries
will include Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau,
Governor General David Johnston as representative of
the Monarchy of Canada, Prince Charles as represen-
tative of the Monarchy of the United Kingdom, Prince
William, Duke of Cambridge, Prince Harry, the Presi-
dent of France Franois Hollande, and the Prime Minister
of France Bernard Cazeneuve.[98][99] Two postage stamps
are being released jointly by Canada Post and Frances La
Poste featuring the memorial, one designed by each coun-
try, to commemorate the centennial of the Battle of Vimy
Ridge.[100]
3 Site
8 3
the towns of Vimy and Neuville-Saint-Vaast. The site is
one of the few places on the former Western Front where
a visitor can see the trench lines of a First World War
battleeld and the related terrain in a preserved natural
state.[101][102] The total area of the site is 100 hectares
(250 acres), much of which is forested and o limits to
visitors to ensure public safety. The sites rough terrain
and buried unexploded munitions make the task of grass
cutting too dangerous for human operators.[103] Instead,
sheep graze the open meadows of the site.[104]
The site was established to honour the memory of the
Canadian Corps, but it also contains other memorials.
These are dedicated to the French Moroccan Division,
Lions Club International, and Lieutenant-Colonel Mike
Watkins. There are also two Commonwealth War Graves
Commission cemeteries on site: Canadian Cemetery No.
2 and Givenchy Road Canadian Cemetery.[105][106] Be-
yond being a popular location for battleeld tours, the
site is also an important location in the burgeoning eld
of First World War battleeld archaeology, because of its
preserved and largely undisturbed state.[107] The sites in-
terpretive centre helps visitors fully understand the Vimy
Memorial, the preserved battleeld park, and the history
of the Battle of Vimy within the context of Canadas
participation in the First World War.[108] The Canadian
National Vimy Memorial and Beaumont-Hamel New-
foundland Memorial sites comprise close to 80 percent
of conserved First World War battleelds in existence
and between them receive over one million visitors each
year.[109]
3.1 Vimy memorial
Left-front view showing an entire aspect of the Memorial
Allward constructed the memorial on the vantage point of
Hill 145, the highest point on the ridge.[110] The memorial
contains many stylized features, including 20 human g-
ures, which help the viewer in contemplating the structure
as a whole. The front wall, normally mistaken for the rear,
is 7.3 metres (24 ft) high and represents an impenetrable
wall of defence.[52] There is a group of gures at each
end of the front wall, next to the base of the steps.[111]
SITE
The Breaking of the Sword is located at the southern cor-
ner of the front wall while Sympathy of the Canadians for
the Helpless is located at the northern corner.[112] Collec-
tively, the two groups are The Defenders and represent
the ideals for which Canadians gave their lives during the
war.[112] There is a cannon barrel draped in laurel and
olive branches carved into the wall above each group,
to symbolize victory and peace.[111][113] In Breaking of
the Sword, three young men are present, one of whom is
crouching and breaking his sword.[112] This statue repre-
sents the defeat of militarism and the general desire for
peace.[114] This grouping of gures is the most overt im-
age to pacism in the monument, the breaking of a sword
being extremely uncommon in war memorials.[115] The
original plan for the sculpture included one gure crush-
ing a German helmet with his foot.[52] It was later de-
cided to dismiss this feature because of its overtly mili-
taristic imagery.[52] In Sympathy of the Canadians for the
Helpless, one man stands erect while three other gures,
stricken by hunger or disease, are crouched and kneeling
around him. The standing man represents Canadas sym-
pathy for the weak and oppressed.[116]
The gure of a cloaked young woman stands on top and
at the centre of the front wall and overlooks the Douai
Plains. She has her head bowed, her eyes cast down, and
her chin resting in one hand. Below her at ground level
is a sarcophagus, bearing a Brodie helmet and a sword,
and draped in laurel branches.[112] The saddened gure
of Canada Bereft, also known as Mother Canada, is a
national personication of the young nation of Canada,
mourning her dead.[112][Note 9] The statue, a reference to
traditional images of the Mater Dolorosa and presented
in a similar style to that of Michelangelo's Piet, faces
eastward looking out to the dawn of the new day.[117]
Unlike the other statues on the monument, stonemasons
carved Canada Bereft from a single 30 tonne block of
stone.[117] The statue is the largest single piece in the mon-
ument and serves as a focal point.[117] The area in front of
the memorial was turned into a grassed space, which All-
ward referred to as the amphitheatre, that fanned out from
the monuments front wall for a distance of 270 feet (82
m) while the battle-damaged landscape around the sides
and back of the monument were left untouched.[118]
The twin pylons rise to a height 30 metres above the
memorials stone platform; one bears the maple leaf for
Canada and the other the eur-de-lis for France, and both
symbolize the unity and sacrice of the two countries.[111]
At the top of the pylons is a grouping of gures known
collectively as the Chorus.[92] The most senior gures rep-
resent Justice and Peace;[119] Peace stands with a torch up-
raised, making it the highest point in the region.[120] The
pair is in a style similar to Allwards previously commis-
sioned statues of Truth and Justice, located outside the
Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa.[121] The remainder
of the Chorus is located directly below the senior gures:
Faith, Hope and Truth on the eastern pylon; and Honour,
Charity and Knowledge on the western pylon.[122] Around
3.2 Moroccan Division Memorial 9

3.2 Moroccan Division Memorial

Main articles: Moroccan Division (France) and Marching

Regiment of the Foreign Legion
The Moroccan Division Memorial is dedicated to

Layout map of the memorial

The Moroccan Division Memorial

the memory of the French and Foreign members of

these gures are shields of Canada, Britain, and France. the Moroccan Division, killed during the Second Bat-
Large crosses adorn the outside of each pylon.[113] The tle of Artois in May 1915.[5] The monument was
First World War battle honours of the Canadian regi- raised by veterans of the division and inaugurated on
ments, and a dedicatory message to Canadas war dead 14 June 1925, having been built without planning
in both French and English are located at the base of the permission.[124][125][126] Excluding the various commem-
pylons. The Spirit of Sacrice is located at the base be- orative plaques at the bottom front facade of the memo-
tween the two pylons.[117] In the display, a young dying rial, campaign battles are inscribed on the left- and right-
soldier is gazing upward in a crucixion-like pose, having hand side corner view of the memorial. The veterans of
thrown his torch to a comrade who holds it aloft behind the division later funded the April 1987 installation of a
him.[117] In a lightly veiled reference to the poem In Flan- marble plaque that identied the Moroccan Division as
ders Fields by John McCrae, the torch is passed from one the only division where all subordinate units had been
comrade to another in an eort to keep alive the memory awarded the Legion of Honour.[127]
of the war dead.[120] The Moroccan Division was initially raised as the
Marching Division of Morocco. The division comprised
The Mourning Parents, one male and one female gure,
are reclining on either side of the western steps on the re- units of varying origins and although the name would
verse side of the monument. They represent the mourn- indicate otherwise, it did not in fact contain any units
ing mothers and fathers of the nation and are likely pat- originating from Morocco.[128] Moroccans were part of
terned on the four statues by Michelangelo on the Medici the Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion which
Tomb in Florence.[121] Inscribed on the outside wall of was formed from the merger of the 2nd Marching Regi-
the monument are the names of the 11,285 Canadians ment of the 1st Foreign Regiment with the 2nd Marching
killed in France whose nal resting place is unknown.[47] Regiment of the 2nd Foreign Regiment, both also part
Most Commonwealth War Graves Commission memo- of the Moroccan Division Brigades. The division con-
rials present names in a descending list format in a man- tained Tirailleurs and Zouaves, of principally Tunisian
ner that permits the modication of panels as remains are and Algerian origin, and most notably Legionnaires from
found and identied. Allward instead sought to present the 2nd Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment
[128][124]
the names as a seamless list and decided to do so by and the 7th Algerian Tirailleurs Regiment. The
inscribing the names in continuous bands, across both French Legionnaires came, as attested to by a plaque in-
vertical and horizontal seams, around the base of the stalled on the memorial, from 52 dierent countries and
monument.[92][59] As a consequence, as remains were dis- included amongst them American, Polish, Russian, Ital-
covered it was not possible to remove commemorated ian, Greek, German, Czech, Swedish[129][128] and Swiss volun-
names without interrupting the seamless list, and as a con- teers, such as writer Blaise Cendrars.
sequence there are individuals who have a known grave In the battle, General Victor d'Urbal, commander of the
but are commemorated on the memorial. The memorial French Tenth Army, sought to dislodge the Germans
contains the names of four posthumous Victoria Cross from the region by attacking their positions at Vimy Ridge
recipients; Robert Grierson Combe, Frederick Hobson, and Notre Dame de Lorette.[130] When the attack began
William Johnstone Milne, and Robert Spall.[123] on 9 May 1915, the French XXXIII Army Corps made
10 4 SOCIOCULTURAL INFLUENCE

signicant territorial gains.[130] The Moroccan Division, in the successful disarming of 3 tonnes of deteriorated
which was part of the XXXIII Army Corps, quickly ammonal explosives located under a road intersection on
moved through the German defences and advanced 4 the site.[136]
kilometres (4,400 yd) into German lines in two hours.[131]
The division managed to capture the height of the ridge,
with small parties even reaching the far side of the ridge, 3.5 Visitors centre
before retreating due to a lack of reinforcements.[5] Even
after German counter-attacks, the division managed to The site has a visitors centre, staed by Canadian stu-
hold a territorial gain of 2,100 metres (2,300 yd).[131] The dent guides, which is open seven days a week.[137] Dur-
division did however suer heavy casualties. Those killed ing the memorial restoration, the original visitors centre
in the battle and commemorated on the memorial include near the monument was closed and replaced with a tem-
both of the divisions brigade commanders, Colonels porary one, which remains in use today.[138] The visitors
Gaston Cros and Louis Augustus Theodore Pein.[132] centre is now near the preserved forward trench lines,
close to many of the craters created by underground min-
ing during the war and near the entrance of the Grange
3.3 Grange Subway Subway.[139] Construction of a new educational visitors
centre is expected to be completed by April 2017, in ad-
The First World Wars Western Front included an ex- vance of the 100th anniversary of the battle.[140] The new
tensive system of underground tunnels, subways, and CA$10 million visitor centre is a public-private partner-
dugouts. The Grange Subway is a tunnel system that is ship between government and the Vimy Foundation.[141]
approximately 800 metres (870 yd) in length and once In order to raise funds the Vimy Foundation granted nam-
connected the reserve lines to the front line. This permit- ing rights in various halls of the visitor centre to sponsors,
ted soldiers to advance to the front quickly, securely, and an approach which has met some level of controversy due
unseen.[133] A portion of this tunnel system is open to the to the site being a memorial park.[141]
public through regular guided tours provided by Canadian
student guides.[134]
The Arras-Vimy sector was conducive to tunnel excava-
tion owing to the soft, porous yet extremely stable nature
4 Sociocultural inuence
of the chalk underground.[133] As a result, pronounced
underground warfare had been a feature of the Vimy
sector since 1915.[133] In preparation for the Battle of
Vimy Ridge, ve British tunnelling companies excavated
12 subways along the Canadian Corps front, the longest
of which was 1.2 kilometres (1,300 yd) in length.[135]
The tunnellers excavated the subways at a depth of 10
metres to ensure protection from large calibre howitzer
shellre.[135] The subways were often dug at a pace of four
metres a day and were often two metres tall and one metre
wide.[133] This underground network often incorporated
or included concealed light rail lines, hospitals, command
posts, water reservoirs, ammunition stores, mortar and
machine gun posts, and communication centres.[135]

3.4 Lieutenant-Colonel Mike Watkins

memorial

Near the Canadian side of the restored trenches is a small

memorial plaque dedicated to Lieutenant-Colonel Mike
Watkins MBE. Watkins was head of Explosive Ordnance
Disposal at the Directorate of Land Service Ammunition,
Royal Logistic Corps, and a leading British explosive ord-
nance disposal expert.[136] In August 1998, he died in a
roof collapse near a tunnel entrance while undertaking a
detailed investigative survey of the British tunnel system
on the grounds of the Canadian National Vimy Memo-
rial site.[136] Watkins was no stranger to the tunnel system The Vimy Memorial displayed in a Canadian World War II re-
at Vimy Ridge. Earlier the same year, he participated cruitment posters

The Canadian National Vimy Memorial site has consider-
able sociocultural signicance for Canada. The idea that
Canadas national identity and nationhood were born out
of the Battle of Vimy Ridge is an opinion that is widely re-
peated in military and general histories of Canada.[33][34]
Historian Denise Thomson suggests that the construc-
tion of the Vimy memorial represents the culmination
of an increasingly assertive nationalism that developed in
Canada during the interwar period.[142] Hucker suggests
that the memorial transcends the Battle of Vimy Ridge
and now serves as an enduring image of the whole First
World War, while expressing the enormous impact of war
in general,[143] and also considers that the 2005 restora-
tion project serves as evidence of a new generations de-
termination to remember Canadas contribution and sac-
rice during the First World War.[143]
The Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada rec-
ognized the importance of the site by recommending
its designation as one of the National Historic Sites of
Canada; it was so designated in 1996, and is one of only
two outside of Canada.[144] The other is the Beaumont-
Hamel Newfoundland Memorial, also in France. Re-
membrance has also taken other forms: the Vimy Foun-
dation, having been established to preserve and promote
Canadas First World War legacy as symbolized by the
victory at the Battle of Vimy Ridge, and Vimy Ridge
Day, to commemorate the deaths and casualties during
the battle.[145] Local Vimy resident Georges Devloo spent
13 years until his death in 2009 oering car rides to Cana-
dian tourists to and from the memorial at no charge, as
a way of paying tribute to the Canadians who fought at
Vimy.[146][147]
The memorial is not without its critics. Alana Vincent
has argued that constituent parts of the monument are in
conict, and as a result the message conveyed by the mon-
ument is not unied.[148] Visually, Vincent argues there is
a dichotomy between the triumphant pose of the gures
at the top of the pylons and the mourning posture of those
gures at the base. Textually, she argues the inscription
text celebrating the victory at the Battle of Vimy Ridge
strikes a very dierent tone to the list of names of the
missing at the base of the monument.[149]
Ghosts of Vimy Ridge by Will Longsta
The memorial is regularly the subject or inspiration of
other artistic projects. In 1931, Will Longsta painted
Ghosts of Vimy Ridge, depicting ghosts of men from the
11
Canadian Corps on Vimy Ridge surrounding the memo-
rial, though the memorial was still several years away
from completion.[150] The memorial has been the subject
of stamps in both France and Canada, including a French
series in 1936 and a Canadian series on the 50th anniver-
sary of the Armistice of 11 November 1918.[151] The
Canadian Unknown Soldier was selected from a cemetery
in the vicinity of the Canadian National Vimy Memo-
rial, and the design of the Canadian Tomb of the Un-
known Soldier is based upon the stone sarcophagus at
the base of the Vimy memorial.[152] The Never Forgot-
ten National Memorial was intended to be a 24-metre
(79 ft) statue inspired by the Canada Bereft statue on the
memorial, before the project was cancelled in February
2016.[153] A 2001 Canadian historical novel The Stone
Carvers by Jane Urquhart involves the characters in the
design and creation of the memorial.[154] In 2007, the
memorial was a short-listed selection for the Seven Won-
ders of Canada.[155] The Royal Canadian Mint released
commemorative coins featuring the memorial on several
occasions, including a 5 cent sterling silver coin in 2002
and a 30 dollar sterling silver coin in 2007. The Sacrice
Medal, a Canadian military decoration created in 2008,
features the image of Mother Canada on the reverse side
of the medal.[156] A permanent bas relief sculpted image
of the memorial is presented in the gallery of the grand
hall of the Embassy of France in Canada to symbolize the
close relations between the two countries.[157] The memo-
rial is featured on the reverse of the Frontier Series Cana-
dian polymer $20 banknote, which was released by the
Bank of Canada on 7 November 2012.[158]
5 See also
World War I memorials
6 Notes
[1] It is not possible to remove the names of those whose
bodies have been discovered or identied since the con-
struction of the memorial. As a result, several individ-
uals are commemorated on both the memorial and by
a headstone.[1] Although 11,285 names appear on the
memorial, only 11,169 are commemorated as missing.
[2] The Germans grew uneasy about the proximity of the
British positions to the top of the ridge, particularly af-
ter the increase in British tunnelling and counter mining
activities.[9][10]
[3] The Broadmarsh Crater remains visible and is located
within the grounds of the Canadian National Vimy Memo-
rial Park.
[4] German records indicate that the defending German units
withdrew because they had fully run out of ammunition,
mortar rounds, and grenades.[23]
12 7 CITATIONS

[5] The eight sites were Vimy, Bourlon Wood, Le Quesnel, [23] Sheldon 2008, p. 309.
Dury, and Courcelette in France and St. Julien, Hill 62
(Sanctuary Wood), and Passchendaele in Belgium.[36] [24] Campbell 2007, p. 179.

[6] Critical approval included Group of Seven artist A. Y. [25] Campbell 2007, pp. 179181.
Jackson providing a supporting position in a letter pub-
[26] Campbell 2007, p. 182.
lished by Canadian Forum.[42]
[27] Nicholson 1962, p. 263.
[7] The government was acting on behalf of a request by the
Imperial War Graves Commission which was tasked with [28] Moran 2007, p. 139.
commemorating all killed and missing Commonwealth
soldiers and was, as a result, prepared to share in the cost [29] Gibbs, Philip (11 April 1917). All of Vimy Ridge
of the memorial.[58] Cleared of Germans (PDF). The New York Times. The
New York Times Company. Retrieved 14 November
[8] The ships were SS Montrose, SS Montcalm, SS Antonia, 2009.
SS Ascania and SS Duchess of Bedford.[61]
[30] Inglis 1995, p. 1.
[9] Dancer turned model Edna Moynihan served as the
model with the statue itself being carved by Italian Luigi [31] Vance 1997, p. 233.
Rigamonti.[47]
[32] Pierce 1992, p. 5.

[33] Inglis 1995, p. 2.

7 Citations [34] Humphries 2007, p. 66.

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[5] Boire 2007, p. 56. [38] Hucker 2008, p. 42.

[6] Tucker 1996, p. 68. [39] Design Competition. Veteran Aairs Canada. 25
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[41] Vance 1997, p. 67.
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[42] Borestad 2008, p. 32.
[10] Sheldon 2008, p. 149.
[43] Hucker 2007, p. 283.
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9 External links
Ocial website

The Vimy Foundation Canadian educational char-

ity

Radio recording of King Edward VIIIs speech at the

dedication ceremony from CBC Archives
Vimy Memorial and casualty records at
Commonwealth War Graves Commission
Canadian National Vimy Memorial at Find a Grave

Canadians at Vimy Ridge in 1940, news reel from

British Path

Return to Vimy, including video clip of the 1936

unveiling (Archives of Ontario)
18 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text
Canadian National Vimy Memorial Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Vimy_Memorial?oldid=774583266
Contributors: Olivier, Dcljr, Jll, Rawr, Indefatigable, Oaktree b, Denelson83, Bearcat, Dale Arnett, Radagast, Michael Devore, Ja-
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PoccilScript, Carcharoth, Wakemp, GraemeLeggett, Thirty-seven, Mandarax, GeorgeTheCar, Ted Wilkes, Rjwilmsi, Lockley, CalJW,
PierceCheng, Bgwhite, Evan G, Themepark, Kafziel, RealMontrealer, Hydrargyrum, Keithonearth, Welsh, Lexicon, Pyrotec, Brian Craw-
ford, Old64mb, EverettColdwell, Ospalh, Gadget850, Elkman, Jkelly, Alarob, Bdell555, Nikkimaria, Teryx, Bravado01, SmackBot, Bur-
tonpe, Roger Davies, Skeezix1000, Sue Anne, 0x6adb015, Verne Equinox, Michael Dorosh, Commander Keane bot, Ian Rose, Skizzik,
Canuck85, Chris the speller, Reaper X, Pt1234, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Fishhead64, Gerolsteiner, Labattblueboy, Scotsboyuk,
Leoboudv, S ellinson, Ozdaren, Curly Turkey, Ohconfucius, Syrcatbot, BillFlis, Mr Stephen, Spi666, Neddyseagoon, Anger22, Adam sk,
VoxLuna, BeenAroundAWhile, IntrigueBlue, Melicans, Pseudo-Richard, Lee-Lee 44, Cydebot, Comar4, NicoV, Mike Christie, North-
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ien, Mesnenor, Askari Mark, Ling.Nut, Whiskymack, Rettetast, CommonsDelinker, DrKay, Troyesegy, Longbranch, McSly, Notreally-
david, Mjb1981, Dividing, KylieTastic, Banjodog, G2bambino, TreasuryTag, Yoho2001, Philip Trueman, DoorsAjar, Vanished user iki-
jeirw34iuaeolaseric, Mr. Absurd, Nedrutland, Eubulides, Peter K Burian, Steve Smith, WereSpielChequers, LeadSongDog, Zzyzx11 the
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John of Reading, Werieth, ZroBot, Lolnob, Josve05a, Dhirun4, Dondervogel 2, Gavbadger, H3llBot, Hazard-Bot, QuantumSquirrel, Char-
lieEchoTango, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, CaroleHenson, Helpful Pixie Bot, Aizalbebeh, Regulov, Hamish59, BattyBot, Cloptonson, Skeptical-
Raptor, Cyberbot II, SD5bot, Belovedsarniacherie, Qexigator, Mogism, AznsInvasions, TFA Protector Bot, Citobun, OJOM, Bunkyray5,
Filedelinkerbot, Ikhwanreza, KH-1, Llammakey, Darrend1967, FACBot, Alexanders Hood, InternetArchiveBot, Historchivist, GreenC
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10.2 Images
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File:HM_King_Edward_VIII_unveiling_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg Source: https:
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File:Hitler_touring_Vimy_Memorial_in_June_1940.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a0/Hitler_touring_
Vimy_Memorial_in_June_1940.jpg License: ? Contributors:
Deutsches Nachrichtenbro, approx 2-5 June 1940
Facts in Review, German Library of Information, 10 June 1940
The Legionary, Royal Canadian Legion, 1964
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10.3 Content license 19

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