Socialization-is a long complicated

process of social interaction by which

one learns the physical, intellectual,
and social skills he or she needs to
function as members of society.

Socialization is the process that teaches

the norms, values, and other aspects of
a culture to new group members.

Personality- a stable, configuration of

feelings, ideas, behaviors that
characterize a person.
The Nature VS Nurture Viewpoint
How much of what we are is a product
of nature?
How much is a product of nurture?

The publication of Charles Darwins Origin of Species in 1859 pushed the NATURE
viewpoint into the forefront of 19th century thinking.
We are what we are because of evolution not of Divine creation.
Human beings are governed by biological instincts and drives.
Inspired by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov and led by America psychologists John
Watson and B.F. Skinner, increasing number of people came to believe that almost all
human behavior is the product of learning.

Inspired by Russian physiologist Ivan

Pavlov and led by America
psychologists John Watson and B.F.
Skinner, increasing number of people
came to believe that almost all human
behavior is the product of learning.
Classical Conditioning
experiment of Pavlov proved that even
salivation, which appeared to be an
automatic reflex can be shaped by
learning.
Nature viewpoint states that the genes we get from our parents at conception are the
primary causes of human behaviors.
Nurture viewpoint states that our environment influences the way we think, feel, and
behave.

Socialization is vital to personality

 A study by Rene Spitz on
hospitalism indicates that infants must
have social contact with caregivers as
well as physical care from them in
order to develop normally.
He revealed that children who
received little attention or without
human contact become physically,
mentally and socially retarded.

Case 1: Spitz studied in an

institutional setting children who
received adequate physical care like
food, cloth, clean bedding, adequate
toilet facilities, etc., but did not have
caregivers who handled and cuddled or
talked to them.
The children not only lagged
behind others of their age in
intellectual development but also
suffered impaired physical health,
apparently because of their lack of
social contact.

Case 2: Anna was found by

Pennsylvanian authorities in 1938.
Anna was about 6 yrs. old, was sickly,
could not talk nor walk. She neither
washed nor bathed, she did nothing
but stare on the floor. Her face was
expressionless. She was kept in the
attic and fed just enough to keep her
alive. She had been skin and bones like
a skeleton. Eventually, under care and
training, she learned to do simple
things like walking, feeding herself,
brushing her teeth, and doing other
simple things
Agent of socialization- any
person/institution that shapes a
persons values and behavior is an
agent of socialization.

Agents of Socialization- any person or

institution that shapes a persons
 values and behavior is an agent of
socialization.
1. Family
2. Peer group
3. School
4. Media
5. Workplace
6. Church

1. Family- the basic unit of any

society; it serves as the primary agent
of socialization.
Parents serve as the first
socializing individuals to whom a child
is exposed.
Parents wield an enormous power and influence on their children. The culture is
internalized into the mind of the infant through parental education. Characteristics
of parents as social agents.
a. The parents are the first socializing individuals tow whom a child is exposed.

b. Parents at least for the first few years are the primary world to children.

- they are the mirror in which children begin to see themselves and the source of
ideas on what is important and is not important.
c. Parents wield an enormous power and influence on their children.
- the culture is internalized into the mind of the young through parental
education. Parents attempt to teach their children what they believe is required for
success later on in their childrens lives.
Diana Baumrind theorized on different types of parenting
a. Permissive Style- parents who are high or low in warmth but low in control.

They may be warm and responsive but exert little effort on their children. They
are noncontrolling, nondemanding, and nonthreathening (permissive-indulgent
b. Authoritarian Style- Parents who are low in warmth but high in control. They tend to
value control and absolute obedience. They give unquestioning standards and they view
children as subordinates, have little room for negotiation or do not encourage verbal give-
and take.
c. Authoritative Style- Parents who are both high in warmth and control. They
demonstrate firm but reasonable parenting, are warm, nurturing, loving. They are
consistent, demanding, and respectful of childrens dependent decisions. They encourage
verbal give-and-take.

2.Peer group- It is only one of the

forces outside the home that may
moderate or reinforce family
influences or afflict the values and
 attitudes parents bring to their child
rearing.
Peer group gives children their first
opportunity to compare themselves
with other their own age through social
comparison.

3.School- the primary agent for

weaning the child from home and
introducing them to the larger society.
- it represents the formal
process of transmitting the culture of
the group.
-life in school is different from
life at home.
- hidden curriculum lessons
taught in school that are unrelated to
academic learning.

Teachers serve as models of ethical or unethical

behavior (Sanger, 2008). Classroom rules and peer
relations at school transmit attitudes about cheating,
lying, stealing, and consideration for others.

4.Media- The broadcast media-

television, radio, movies, music, as well
as print media- books, magazines,
newspapers- play a very important role
in the process of socialization. They
transmit stories, values, and attitudes
and their influence on culture is
inescapable.

- The purpose is to inform,

entertain and educate.
- The form of media to which the
child is exposed will certainly influence
his personality, values and belief
system.
- There are
some programs which are very helpful with lots of
information for the
children.
There are also television programs that affect
children negatively.
 Zombie effect
Social Networking
Cyber Games

5.Workplace- one of the most

important fundamental tasks in
making a successful transition from
youth to adulthood means finding
some sort of adult employment.
- finding employment is
fundamentally important to who and
what we are.

Purposes of Work:
a. economic purpose
b. it provides opportunities for
social interaction and development of
friendships.
c. it develops confidence and self-
esteem.
d. it provides people with status
and responsibility
e. it gives the reason for feeling
important and wanted.

6. Church- The church to which an

individual is introduced will certainly
affect his being. The religious belief, as
well as practices will surely influence
the individuals belief system and value
judgments.
-The church introduces us to our
God and help us acquire virtues for
right living.

Erving Goffman- The Presentation of

Self in Everyday Life. (society serves
as stage and all individuals are actors).

Mask- concept you have formed

about yourself which one wears in
consciously playing a role or the role
one is to live up.
 Front- expressive equipment
intentionally employed by the
individual during the performance,
which includes gestures, clothing,
jewelry, posture, make-up, speech
pattern.

Performance- refers to all the

activities of an individual during a
period marked by his continuous
presence before a set of observers.

According to Mead, the self develops

in three stages:
1. Imitation stage- (birth-2 yrs. )
Infants respond to others only through
imitation.
They dont attribute meaning to their
actions, nor do they understand the
implications of their behavior.

2. Play stage- (2-4 yrs.) Children

play roles and begin to take on the
characteristics of important people
around them. By playing roles,
children see others as separate from
themselves. They understand that their
actions can affect others people, and
vice versa.

3. Game stage a stage that never

ends. It is the game stage that we
begin to understand that others have
expectations and demands placed upon
them. Mead used the term
generalized other to refer to the
general cultural norms and values
shared by us and others that we use as
a point of reference in evaluating
ourselves.

- As we learn a way of life, we begin

to incorporate norms and values into
the self.
 Filipino Values

Horacio de la Costa
1. Self- reliance(Pagsasarili)- This refers to the
Filipinos sense of developing oneself to be a
responsible human being.

2. Sharing with ones fellowmen (Pakikisama)- This

refers to the Filipinos ideals of giving and receiving
as members living together as a family.
3. National Unity(Pagkakaisa)- This values is
achieved through a process of free discussion and
understanding in order to bring about a strong sense
of unity.
4. Heroism(Pagkabayani)- This Filipino value refers
to the dedication of ones life for the common good of
the country whether it is an individuals own life or
that of a group.

Virgilio Enriquez (1992)

Kapwa- shared inner self of the unity of the self and
others, as the very core concept in the interpersonal
relationships among Filipinos.
Identified the following values that are indigenous to
Filipinos.

1. Pakikipagkapwa (Shared Identity)- This refers to how each individual treats his
fellow human being. It implies accepting and dealing with a person as an equal.
2. Kagandahang-loob (shared inner mobility)- which is shown in the act of
generosity displayed spontaneously on account of the goodness of heart (kabaitan)
and inherent graciousness.
3. Kalayaan (Freedom)- This refers to the important value of freedom. It is valued
so highly that is is embedded deeply into the essence of life and death.
4. Katotohanan(Truth )- This value is very much related to reason, peace, and
unity. Honesty is another value related to truth.
Other Values in Philippine Culture
Smooth Interpersonal Relationship (SIR)- This refers to mechanism or facility of
getting with others in order to avoid outward signs of conflict or avoidance of
potential situations that may result to hiya (shame or loss of face).
Reciprocity (Utang na Loob)- This value is very much related SIR. It is an
obligation to repay a person from whom one has received a favor.
Bahala Na- This is used to express the fatalistic outlook of the Filipino. Bahala na
rests on a belief that one can leave matters as they are by following the line of
least resistance, as the supernatural spirits will take care of him.
 It is the let come what may attitude.