CHAPTER 2.

THE FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS
(CLOSED SYSTEM)

PREPAREDBY
SITIAFIFAHMUDA
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
OBJECTIVES (Closed System)

Studentshouldbeableto
Definetheprincipleofthefirstlawof
thermodynamicsforclosedsystem.
Analyzetheconceptofenergybalanceinclosed
system.

CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS

 The First Law of Thermodynamics
OUTLINE (Closed System)

IntroductiontoFirstLawofThermodynamics
Closedsystem
Definition
Analysisofclosedsystem

CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS

 The First Law of Thermodynamics
INTRODUCTION
(Closed System)

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

9 Energycanbeneithercreatednordestroyedduringaprocessbut
canonlychangeforms
9 AlsoknownasConservation of Energy Principle

Thenetchange(increaseordecrease)inthetotalenergyofthe
systemduringaprocessisequaltothedifference betweenthe
totalenergyenteringandthetotalenergyleavingthesystem
duringthatprocess:

Total energy Total energy Net change in the total

=
entering the system leaving the system energy of the system
Ein Eout = Esystem

9 Thisrelationisapplicabletoanykindofsystemundergoinganykind
ofprocess.

CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS

 ENERGY BALANCE
FOR ANY SYSTEM
ENERGY BALANCE FOR A SYSTEM
E in E out
 

Energy tra nsfer of a system
Energy transfer are
recognized at the system
boundary as they cross it
represent the energy gained
or lost by a system during a
process.
Energy can be transferred to
or from a system in three
forms: heat, work and mass
flow.
Only two forms of energy
transfer associated with a
closed system which are heat
transfer and work.
CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS
The First Law of Thermodynamics
(Closed System)
= E system
Energy change of a system
Energy change of a system during a
process = difference of the energy of the
system at the beginning and at the end of
the process:
Esystem=Efinal-Einitial =E2-E1
Energy is a property the value of a
property does not change unless the state
of the system changes the energy change
of a system is zero if the state of the system
does not change during the process.
The change in the total energy of a system
during a process is the sum of the changes
in its internal, kinetic, and potential
energies:
E system= U + KE + PE
 ENERGY BALANCE The First Law of Thermodynamics
FOR CLOSED SYSTEM (Closed System)
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEM

CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS

 ENERGY BALANCE The First Law of Thermodynamics
FOR CLOSED SYSTEM (Closed System)
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEM
Ein Eout = Esystem
 


Net energy transfer by Change in kinetic, potetial,

work, heat & mass internal, etc. energies

For closed systems, only Q and The change in the total energy =
W involved. sum of the changes in its
internal, kinetic and potential
By using the sign convention of
energies:
heat and work, heat to be
transferred into the system (heat E = U + KE + PE
input) in the amount of Q and
with, U = m(u2 u1 )
work to be done by the system
(work output) in the amount of W: (
KE = 12 m v22 v12 )
Q-W=E PE = mg (z 2 z1 )

Overall 1st Law

Qnet, in Wnet, out = U + KE + PE of thermodynamics
for closed systems
CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS
 ENERGY BALANCE The First Law of Thermodynamics
FOR CLOSED SYSTEM (Closed System)
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEM

CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS

 ENERGY BALANCE The First Law of Thermodynamics
FOR CLOSED SYSTEM (Closed System)
ENERGY BALANCE FOR CLOSED SYSTEM

Qnet, in Wnet, out = U + KE + PE

STATIONARY SYSTEMS (KE=PE=0)

Qnet, in Wnet, out = U

CONSTANT VOLUME PROCESS CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS

/ ISOCHORIC PROCESS (V=0) / ISOBARIC PROCESS (P=0)

RIGID TANK / PISTON- PISTON-CYLINDER DEVICE (W=Wb)

CYLINDER DEVICE
Q W b = U
V=0 Wb=0
Q = U + W b
Qnet.in=U
Q = + P

U V
Entalphy definition

Q net , in = H
CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
(Closed System)

Abodyhasaheatcapacity
Forconstantvolumeprocess:
u
du = CV (T ) dT u = u2 u1 = CV (T ) dT = CV ,ave (T2 T1 )
2
Cv = integration

T v 1

Energybalanceforconstantvolumeprocess:
Q=u=CvT (kJ/kg)
Forconstantpressureprocess:
h
dh = CP (T ) dT h = h2 h1 = CP (T ) dT = CP,ave (T2 T1 )
2
CP = integration

T P 1

Energybalanceforconstantpressureprocess:
Q=h=CpT (kJ/kg)
CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
EXAMPLE (Closed System)

CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS

 The First Law of Thermodynamics
EXAMPLE (Closed System)

Example 1
A 0.5 m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant134a initially
at 160 kPa and 40% quality. Heat is now transfer to
the refrigerant until the final pressure reaches
700kPa. Determine
a) The mass of the refrigerant in tank
b) The amount of heat transferred

CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS

 The First Law of Thermodynamics
(Closed System)

CLD 20302 THERMODYNAMICS