Teknologi

Komposit
Class info
Credits : 3
Semester : 6
ELO : students are able to explain composite
materials, process and applications, calculate the mechanical and
physical properties using Rule of Mixture, and understand the
mechanical aspect of laminate composite
Grading Systems : Homework, In Class Assgn., Midtest
Textbook :
Hull, D., An Introduction to Composite Materials. 1981
Matthew, F.L. and R.D. Rawlings, Composites Materials: Engineering and
Science. 1993
Bryan Harris, Engineering Composites Materials. 1999
Gibson R.F., Principle of Composites Materials Mechanics. 1994
 Class Schedule
Date Subject Note
WNP 08/09 Feb 2017 SAP. Class Introduction. Definition & classification of composites
WNP 15/16 Feb 2017 Classification and function of matrix and reinforcement.
WNP 22/23 Feb 2017 Types of particle and fiber reinforcement
WNP 01/02 Maret 2017 Interfaces, interphases, contact angle In Class Assignment
WNP 08/09 Maret 2017 Adsoprtion and wetting, interdiffusion bonding, electrostatic
attraction, mechanical interlocking, bonding strength
WNP 15/16 Maret 2017 Effect of fiber length and orientation, effect of loading direction, Homework
matrix and fiber loading ratio
WNP 22/23 Maret 2017 Rule of mixture calculation
29/30 Maret 2017 Mid Test
AZ 05/06 April 2017 Metal matrix composites
AZ 12/13 April 2017 Ceramic matrix composites
AZ 19/20 April 2017 Polymer matrix composites
AZ 26/27 April 2017 Nano composites
AZ 03/04 Mei 2017 Composites laminates
AZ 10/11 Mei 2017 Laminate analysis, strength of laminate
17/18 Mei 2017 Final Test
Class Rules
Attendance is important but not mandatory
No sleep in class
Candies and drinks are allowed
Late arrival is acceptable
Dont be noisy
Homework submission
Submit electronically
Minus 10 points per day for late submission
No plagiarism, no copy-paste
Mid test & Final test
No cheating, no cell-phone, no restroom-break
Your answer-book will not be returned
Any complaint, please come to my office directly
THE WORLD OF MATERIALS
THE WORLD OF MATERIALS
 TUJUAN PENGAJARAN

Definitions in composite materials

Dispersed phase, matrix

Structure of composites
Particle-reinforced
Fiber reinforced
Structural composites
 PENGERTIAN KOMPOSIT
Komposit merupakan kombinasi dari dua material atau lebih yang
memiliki fasa yang berbeda menjadi suatu material baru yang
memiliki properti lebih baik dari keduanya.

Jika kombinasi ini terjadi dalam skala makroskopis maka disebut

sebagai komposit.

Jika kombinasi ini terjadi secara mikoroskopis (molekular level)

maka disebut sebagai alloy atau paduan.
 PENGERTIAN KOMPOSIT
Composites are formed from two or more types of materials.
Examples include polymer/ceramic and metal/ceramic composites.

Composites are used because overall properties of the composites

are superior to those of the individual components. For example:
polymer/ceramic composites have a greater modulus than the
polymer component, but aren't as brittle as ceramics.
 DEFINISI KOMPOSIT
Multiphase material
Usually exhibits properties of both phases
Usually improves performance over either individual phase

Composites have already been discussed

Multiphase metal alloys, or ceramics or polymers
Example, pearlitic steels, alt. Layers a + fe3c

There are also composites spanning materials classes (e.g. ceramic

and metals)
 JENIS KOMPOSIT

Fiber Reinforced Composite Particle Reinforced Composite

 JENIS KOMPOSIT
Particle reinforced composites support higher tensile, compressive
and shears stresses

Examples for particle reinforced

composites. (spheroidized steel
and automobile tire)
 APLIKASI KOMPOSIT
Engineering applications often require unusual combinations of
properties
esp. aerospace, underwater, and transportation
cant be achieved with a single material
e.g. - aerospace requires strong, stiff, light, and abrasion
resistant material
most strong, stiff materials are dense and heavy
most light materials are not abrasion resistant

Solution is in composite materials

 CONTOH KOMPOSIT
Natural
Wood flexible cellulose fibers held together with stiff lignin
Bone strong protein collagen and hard, brittle apatite

Artificial (man-made)
Constituent phases are chemically distinct
KLASIFIKASI KOMPOSIT BUATAN
 SIFAT KOMPOSIT

Depends on:
Constituent phases
Relative amounts
Geometry of dispersed phase
Size, shape, etc.
 PARAMETER KOMPOSIT

For a given matrix/dispersed phase system:

Concentration
Size
Shape
Distribution
Orientation
PARAMETER KOMPOSIT
KLASIFIKASI KOMPOSIT BUATAN
 PARTICULATE REINFORCED
COMPOSITES
Divided into two classes
(based on strengthening mechanism)

Large particle
interaction between particles and matrix are not on the atomic or
molecular level
particle/matrix interface strength is critical

Dispersion strengthened
0.01-0.1 mm particles
inhibit dislocation motion
 PARTICULATE COMPOSITE

Large particle
Interaksi antara partikel dan matrik terjadi tidak dalam skala atomik
atau molekular
Partikel seharusnya kecil dan terdistribusi merata
Contoh dari large particle composit: cement dengan sand atau gravel,
cement sebagai matriks dan sand sebagai partikel
 LARGE PARTICLE
COMPOSITES - MATERIALS
All three material types
Metals, ceramics, and polymers

CERMET (ceramic-metal composite)

Cemented carbide (WC, TiC embedded in Cu or Ni)
Cutting tools (ceramic hard particles to cut, but a ductile metal matrix
to withstand stresses)
Large volume fractions are used (up to 90%!)
LARGE PARTICLE COMPOSITES

CERMET Cutting Tool

Light phase - Matrix (Cobalt)

Dark phase- Particulate (WC)
 LARGE PARTICLE COMPOSITES

Examples:
Some polymers with added fillers are really large particle
composites

Concrete (cement with sand or gravel)

cement is matrix, sand is particulate
LARGE PARTICLE COMPOSITES - CONCRETE

Concrete is not cement)

Concrete is the composite of cement and an aggregate (fine sand or
coarse gravel)

Reinforced concrete
a composite (large particle composite) - with a matrix which is a
composite
Steel rods, wires, bars (rebar, sometimes stretched elastically while
concrete dries to put system in compression)
 LARGE PARTICLE COMPOSITES

Desired Characteristics

Particles should be approximately equiaxed

Particles should be small and evenly distributed

Volume fraction dependent on desired properties

 VOLUME FRACTION
IN LARGE PARTICLE COMPOSITES
Elastic modulus is dependent on the volume fraction
Rule of mixtures equation
E- elastic modulus, V- volume fraction, m- matrix, p- particulate

upper bound

Ec EmVm EpVp
lower bound
Em E p
Ec
Ep Vm EmVp
RULE OF MIXTURES
 DISPERSION STRENGTHENED
COMPOSITES
Metals and metal alloys
Hardened by uniform dispersion of fine particles of a very hard material
(usually ceramic)

Strengthening occurs through the interactions of dislocations and

the particulates

Examples
Thoria in Ni
Al/Al2O3 sintered aluminum powder SAP
GP zones in Al
KLASIFIKASI KOMPOSIT BUATAN
FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES

Fiber yang digunakan harus:

Mempunyai diameter yang lebih kecil dari diameter bulknya
(matriksnya) namun harus lebih kuat dari bulknya

Harus mempunyai tensile strength yang tinggi

FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES

Matriks yang dipadukan dengan fiber berfungsi sebagai :

Penjepit fiber

Melindungi fiber dari kerusakan permukaan

Pemisah antara fiber dan juga mencegah timbulnya perambatan

crack dari suatu fiber ke fiber lain

Berfungsi sebagai medium dimana eksternal stress yang

diaplikasikan ke komposit, ditransmisikan dan didistribusikan ke
fiber.
FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Matriks yang digunakan harus :
Ductility tinggi

Memiliki modulus elastisitans lebih rendah daripada fiber

Mempunyai ikatan yang bagus antara matriks dan fiber

Biasanya secara umum yang digunakan adalah polimer dan logam

FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES
 GLASS FIBERS
Fibers Glass
Sangat umun digunakan, fiber yang murah adalah glass fiber yang
sering digunakan untuk reinforcement dalam matrik polimer

Komposisi umum adalah 50 60 % SiO2 dan paduan lain yaitu Al,

Ca, Mg, Na, dll.

Moisture dapat mengurangi kekuatan dari glass fiber

Glass fiber sangat rentan mengalami static fatik

Biasanya digunakan untuk: piping, tanks, boats, alat-alat olah raga

 GLASS FIBERS
Sifat-Sifatnya
Densitynya cukup rendah ( sekitar 2.55 g/cc)

Tensile strengthnya cukup tinggi (sekitar 1.8 GPa)

Biasanya stiffnessnya rendah (70GPa)

Stabilitas dimensinya baik

Resisten terhadap panas

Resisten terhadap dingin

Tahan korosi
 GLASS FIBERS
Keuntungan :
Biaya murah
Tahan korosi
Biayanya relative lebih rendah dari komposit lainnya

Kerugian
Kekuatannya relative rendah
Elongasi tinggi
Keuatan dan beratnya sedang (moderate)

Jenis-jenisnya antara lain :

E-Glass - electrical, cheaper
S-Glass - high strength
 ARAMID FIBERS
Fibers - Aramid (kevlar, Twaron)
Biasanya digunakan untuk : Armor, protective clothing, industrial,
sporting goods

Keuntungan :kekutannya cukup tinggi, dan lebih ductile dari carbon

 CARBON FIBERS
Carbon Fibers
Densitas karbon cukup ringan yaitu sekitar 2.3 g/cc

Struktur grafit yang digunakan untuk membuat fiber berbentuk seperti

kristal intan.

Karakteristik komposit dengan serat karbon :

ringan;
kekuatan yang sangat tinggi;
kekakuan (modulus elastisitas) tinggi.

Diproduksi dari poliakrilonitril (PAN), melalui tiga tahap proses :

Stabilisasi = peregangan dan oksidasi;
Karbonisasi= pemanasan untuk mengurangi O, H, N;
Grafitisasi = meningkatkan modulus elastisitas
KLASIFIKASI KOMPOSIT BUATAN
 STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES

Definition
Composed of both homogeneous and composite materials
Properties depend on constituent materials and on geometrical design
of the elements

Types
Laminar composites
Sandwich panels
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES
 KOMPOSIT LAMINAR
Two dimensional sheets or panels
with a preferred high-strength
direction
Q. What is a natural example of this?
A. Wood
Q. What is a man made example
A. Plywood - Layers are stacked and
subsequently bonded together so that the
high strength direction varies
 KOMPOSIT SANDWICH
Two strong outer sheets (called faces) separated by a layer of
less dense material or core (which has lower E and lower
strength)

Core
Separates faces
Resists deformation perpendicular to the faces
Often honeycomb structures

Used in roofs, walls, wings

KOMPOSIT SANDWICH