Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
61
381
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00391 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Pt. 61 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
382
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00392 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 61, SFAR 73
61.407 What aeronautical knowledge must I specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section is
have to apply for a flight instructor cer- completed and the persons logbook has been
tificate with a sport pilot rating? endorsed by a certified flight instructor au-
61.409 What flight proficiency requirements thorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this sec-
must I meet to apply for a flight instruc- tion.
tor certificate with a sport pilot rating? (2) A person who holds a rotorcraft cat-
61.411 What aeronautical experience must I egory and helicopter class rating on that
have to apply for a flight instructor cer- persons pilot certificate and meets the expe-
tificate with a sport pilot rating? rience requirements of paragraph (b)(1) or
61.413 What are the privileges of my flight paragraph (b)(2) of this section may not ma-
instructor certificate with a sport pilot nipulate the controls of a Robinson model R
rating? 22 or R44 helicopter for the purpose of flight
61.415 What are the limits of a flight in- after April 26, 1995, unless the awareness
structor certificate with a sport pilot training specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this
rating? section is completed and the persons log-
61.417 Will my flight instructor certificate book has been endorsed by a certified flight
with a sport pilot rating list aircraft cat- instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5)
egory and class ratings? of this section.
61.419 How do I obtain privileges to provide (3) Awareness training must be conducted
training in an additional category or by a certified flight instructor who has been
class of light-sport aircraft? endorsed under paragraph (b)(5) of this sec-
61.421 May I give myself an endorsement? tion and consists of instruction in the fol-
61.423 What are the recordkeeping require- lowing general subject areas:
ments for a flight instructor with a sport (i) Energy management;
pilot rating? (ii) Mast bumping;
61.425 How do I renew my flight instructor (iii) Low rotor RPM (blade stall);
certificate? (iv) Low G hazards; and
61.427 What must I do if my flight instruc- (v) Rotor RPM decay.
tor certificate with a sport pilot rating (4) A person who can show satisfactory
expires? completion of the manufacturers safety
61.429 May I exercise the privileges of a course after January 1, 1994, may obtain an
flight instructor certificate with a sport endorsement from an FAA aviation safety
pilot rating if I hold a flight instructor inspector in lieu of completing the aware-
certificate with another rating? ness training required in paragraphs (a)(1)
AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701 and (a)(2) of this section.
44703, 44707, 4470944711, 4510245103, 45301 (b) Aeronautical Experience:
45302. (1) No person may act as pilot in command
of a Robinson model R22 unless that person:
SOURCE: Docket No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr.
(i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in heli-
4, 1997, unless otherwise noted.
copters, at least 50 flight hours of which
were in the Robinson R22; or
SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION (ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruc-
NO. 73ROBINSON R22/R44 SPECIAL tion in the Robinson R22 and has received
TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE REQUIRE- an endorsement from a certified flight in-
MENTS structor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of
this section that the individual has been
Sections given the training required by this para-
1. Applicability. graph and is proficient to act as pilot in
2. Required training, aeronautical experi- command of an R22. Beginning 12 calendar
ence, endorsements, and flight review. months after the date of the endorsement,
3. Expiration date. the individual may not act as pilot in com-
1. Applicability. Under the procedures pre- mand unless the individual has completed a
scribed herein, this SFAR applies to all per- flight review in an R22 within the preceding
sons who seek to manipulate the controls or 12 calendar months and obtained an endorse-
act as pilot in command of a Robinson model ment for that flight review. The dual in-
R22 or R44 helicopter. The requirements struction must include at least the following
stated in this SFAR are in addition to the abnormal and emergency procedures flight
current requirements of part 61. training:
2. Required training, aeronautical experi- (A) Enhanced training in autorotation pro-
ence, endorsements, and flight review. cedures,
(a) Awareness Training: (B) Engine rotor RPM control without the
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of use of the governor,
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
this section, no person may manipulate the (C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov-
controls of a Robinson model R22 or R44 ery, and
helicopter after March 27, 1995, for the pur- (D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper
pose of flight unless the awareness training recovery procedures.
383
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00393 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Pt. 61, SFAR 73 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(2) No person may act as pilot in command dures, and the instructor has found the ap-
of a Robinson R44 unless that person plicant proficient to solo a Robinson R44.
(i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in heli- This endorsement is valid for a period of 90
copters, at least 50 flight hours of which days. The dual instruction must include at
were in the Robinson R44. The pilot in com- least the following abnormal and emergency
mand may credit up to 25 flight hours in the procedures flight training:
Robinson R22 toward the 50 hour require- (i) Enhanced training in autorotation pro-
ment in the Robinson R44; or cedures,
(ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruc- (ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the
tion in a Robinson helicopter, at least 5 use of the governor,
hours of which must have been accomplished (iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov-
in the Robinson R44 helicopter and has re- ery, and
ceived an endorsement from a certified flight (iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper
instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) recovery procedures.
of this section that the individual has been (5) No certificated flight instructor may
given the training required by this para- provide instruction or conduct a flight re-
graph and is proficient to act as pilot in view in a Robinson R22 or R44 unless that
command of an R44. Beginning 12 calendar instructor
months after the date of the endorsement, (i) Completes the awareness training in
the individual may not act as pilot in com- paragraph 2(a) of this SFAR.
mand unless the individual has completed a (ii) For the Robinson R22, has had at least
flight review in a Robinson R44 within the 200 flight hours in helicopters, at least 50
preceding 12 calendar months and obtained flight hours of which were in the Robinson
an endorsement for that flight review. The R22, or for the Robinson R44, has had at
dual instruction must include at least the least 200 flight hours in helicopters, 50 flight
following abnormal and emergency proce- hours of which were in Robinson helicopters.
dures flight training Up to 25 flight hours of Robinson R22 flight
(A) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- time may be credited toward the 50 hour re-
cedures; quirement.
(B) Engine rotor RPM control without the (iii) Has completed flight training in a
use of the governor; Robinson R22, R44, or both, on the fol-
(C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- lowing abnormal and emergency proce-
ery; and dures
(D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper (A) Enhanced training in autorotation pro-
recovery procedures. cedures;
(3) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft (B) Engine rotor RPM control without the
category and helicopter class rating must use of the governor;
have had at least 20 hours of dual instruction (C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov-
in a Robinson R22 helicopter prior to oper- ery; and
ating it in solo flight. In addition, the person (D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper
must obtain an endorsement from a certified recovery procedures.
flight instructor authorized under paragraph (iv) Has been authorized by endorsement
(b)(5) of this section that instruction has from an FAA aviation safety inspector or au-
been given in those maneuvers and proce- thorized designated examiner that the in-
dures, and the instructor has found the ap- structor has completed the appropriate
plicant proficient to solo a Robinson R22. training, meets the experience requirements
This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 and has satisfactorily demonstrated an abil-
days. The dual instruction must include at ity to provide instruction on the general sub-
least the following abnormal and emergency ject areas of paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR,
procedures flight training: and the flight training identified in para-
(i) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- graph 2(b)(5)(iii) of this SFAR.
cedures, (c) Flight Review:
(ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the (1) No flight review completed to satisfy
use of the governor, 61.56 by an individual after becoming eligi-
(iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- ble to function as pilot in command in a
ery, and Robinson R22 helicopter shall be valid for
(iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper the operation of R22 helicopter unless that
recovery procedures. flight review was taken in an R22.
(4) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft (2) No flight review completed to satisfy
category and helicopter class rating must 61.56 by individual after becoming eligible
have had at least 20 hours of dual instruction to function as pilot in command in a Robin-
in a Robinson R44 helicopter prior to oper- son R44 helicopter shall be valid for the op-
ating it in solo flight. In addition, the person eration of R44 helicopter unless that flight
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
must obtain an endorsement from a certified review was taken in the R44.
flight instructor authorized under paragraph (3) The flight review will include a review
(b)(5) of this section that instruction has of the awareness training subject areas of
been given in those maneuvers and proce- paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR and the flight
384
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00394 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 61, SFAR 1002
training identified in paragraph 2(b) of this for qualification in September 2001 you will
SFAR. be due for qualification September 2002, re-
(d) Currency Requirements: No person may gardless of this extension for 2001.
act as pilot in command of a Robinson model 4. Termination Date. This Special Federal
R22 or R44 helicopter carrying passengers Aviation Regulation expires November 30,
unless the pilot in command has met the 2001.
recency of flight experience requirements of
61.57 in an R22 or R44, as appropriate. [Doc. No. FAA200110797, 66 FR 52279, Oct.
3. Expiration date. This SFAR No. 73 shall 12, 2001]
remain in effect until it is revised or re-
scinded. SFAR NO. 1002RELIEF FOR U.S. MILI-
TARY AND CIVILIAN PERSONNEL WHO
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as
ARE ASSIGNED OUTSIDE THE UNITED
amended by SFAR 731, 63 FR 666, Jan. 7,
1998; 68 FR 43, Jan. 2, 2003; Amdt. 61120, 73 STATES IN SUPPORT OF U.S. ARMED
FR 17246, Apr. 1, 2008; Amdt. SFAR 732, 74 FORCES OPERATIONS
FR 25650, May 29, 2009]
1. Applicability. Flight Standards District
SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION Offices are authorized to accept from an eli-
gible person, as described in paragraph 2 of
NO. 93TEMPORARY EXTENSION OF
this SFAR, the following:
TIME TO ALLOW FOR CERTAIN TRAIN- (a) An expired flight instructor certificate
ING AND TESTING to show eligibility for renewal of a flight in-
1. Applicability. This SFAR applies to all structor certificate under 61.197, or an ex-
part 121 and 135 check airmen (simulator) pired written test report to show eligibility
and flight instructors (simulator), part 121 under part 61 to take a practical test;
aircraft dispatchers, and part 142 training (b) An expired written test report to show
center instructors who were required to com- eligibility under 63.33 and 63.57 to take a
plete qualification requirements, an inflight practical test; and
line observation program, or operating fa- (c) An expired written test report to show
miliarization in September 2001 to become eligibility to take a practical test required
qualified, or remain qualified, to perform under part 65 or an expired inspection au-
their assigned duties. It also applies to per- thorization to show eligibility for renewal
sons who have satisfactorily accomplished under 65.93.
the part 61 aeronautical knowledge test or 2. Eligibility. A person is eligible for the re-
the part 63 written test, either one of which lief described in paragraph 1 of this SFAR if:
has an expiration date of September 2001 for (a) The person served in a U.S. military or
pilot, flight instructor, or flight engineer civilian capacity outside the United States
certification. in support of the U.S. Armed Forces oper-
2. Special Qualification Requirements. The ation during some period of time from Sep-
sections of 14 CFR that prescribes these re- tember 11, 2001, to termination of SFAR 100
quirements are sections 61.39(a)(1); 63.35(d); 2;
121.411(f); 121.412(f); 121.463(a)(2); 121.463(c); (b) The persons flight instructor certifi-
135.337(f); 135.338(f); 142.53(b)(2) and (b)(3). cate, airman written test report, or inspec-
3. Extension of Time to Fulfill Certain Quali- tion authorization expired some time be-
fication Requirements. Persons identified in tween September 11, 2001, and 6 calendar
paragraph 1 of this SFAR who had until the months after returning to the United States
end of September 2001 to complete the speci- or termination of SFAR 1002, whichever is
fied qualification requirements in September earlier; and
2001 will be deemed to have completed those (c) The person complies with 61.197 or
requirements in September 2001 provided 65.93 of this chapter, as appropriate, or com-
they satisfactorily complete those require- pletes the appropriate practical test within 6
ments by November 30, 2001. For those per- calendar months after returning to the
sons identified in paragraph 1, who are quali- United States, or upon termination of SFAR
fying for the first time to be a check airmen 1002, whichever is earlier.
(simulator), flight instructor (simulator), 3. Required documents. The person must
aircraft dispatcher, or training center in- send the Airman Certificate and/or Rating
structor, they must fulfill the applicable Application (FAA Form 87101) to the appro-
qualification requirements before they may priate Flight Standards District Office. The
serve as a check airmen (simulator), flight person must include with the application one
instructor (simulator), aircraft dispatcher, of the following documents, which must
or training center instructor, as appropriate. show the date of assignment outside the
This extension does not change the 12-cal- United States and the date of return to the
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
385
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00395 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.1 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
official duty for the U.S. Government out- (i) A person who holds a ground in-
side the United States and was assigned to a structor certificate issued under part
U.S. Armed Forces operation some time be- 61 of this chapter and is in compliance
tween September 11, 2001, to termination of
SFAR 1002;
with 61.217, when conducting ground
(b) Military orders showing the person was training in accordance with the privi-
assigned to duty outside the United States leges and limitations of his or her
and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces op- ground instructor certificate;
eration some time between September 11, (ii) A person who holds a flight in-
2001, to termination of SFAR 1002 ; or structor certificate issued under part
(c) A letter from the persons military 61 of this chapter and is in compliance
commander or civilian supervisor providing
the dates during which the person served
with 61.197, when conducting ground
outside the United States and was assigned training or flight training in accord-
to a U.S. Armed Forces operation some time ance with the privileges and limita-
between September 11, 2001, to termination tions of his or her flight instructor cer-
of SFAR 1002. tificate; or
4. Expiration date. This Special Federal (iii) A person authorized by the Ad-
Aviation Regulation No. 1002 is effective ministrator to provide ground training
until further notice.
or flight training under SFAR No. 58,
[Doc. No. FAA20090923, 75 FR 9766, Mar. 4, or part 61, 121, 135, or 142 of this chap-
2010] ter when conducting ground training or
flight training in accordance with that
SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION
authority.
NO. 108
(3) Cross-country time means
NOTE: For the text of SFAR No. 108, see (i) Except as provided in paragraphs
part 91 of this chapter. (b)(3)(ii) through (b)(3)(vi) of this sec-
tion, time acquired during flight
Subpart AGeneral (A) Conducted by a person who holds
a pilot certificate;
61.1 Applicability and definitions. (B) Conducted in an aircraft;
(a) This part prescribes: (C) That includes a landing at a point
(1) The requirements for issuing other than the point of departure; and
pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- (D) That involves the use of dead
structor certificates and ratings; the reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga-
conditions under which those certifi- tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga-
cates and ratings are necessary; and tion systems to navigate to the landing
the privileges and limitations of those point.
certificates and ratings. (ii) For the purpose of meeting the
(2) The requirements for issuing aeronautical experience requirements
pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- (except for a rotorcraft category rat-
structor authorizations; the conditions ing), for a private pilot certificate (ex-
under which those authorizations are cept for a powered parachute category
necessary; and the privileges and limi- rating), a commercial pilot certificate,
tations of those authorizations. or an instrument rating, or for the pur-
(3) The requirements for issuing pose of exercising recreational pilot
pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- privileges (except in a rotorcraft)
structor certificates and ratings for under 61.101 (c), time acquired during
persons who have taken courses ap- a flight
proved by the Administrator under (A) Conducted in an appropriate air-
other parts of this chapter. craft;
(b) For the purpose of this part: (B) That includes a point of landing
(1) Aeronautical experience means that was at least a straight-line dis-
pilot time obtained in an aircraft, tance of more than 50 nautical miles
flight simulator, or flight training de- from the original point of departure;
vice for meeting the appropriate train- and
ing and flight time requirements for an (C) That involves the use of dead
airman certificate, rating, flight re- reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
view, or recency of flight experience re- tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga-
quirements of this part. tion systems to navigate to the landing
(2) Authorized instructor means point.
386
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00396 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.1
(iii) For the purpose of meeting the (B) That is at least a straight-line
aeronautical experience requirements distance of more than 50 nautical miles
for a sport pilot certificate (except for from the original point of departure;
powered parachute privileges), time ac- and
quired during a flight conducted in an (C) That involves the use of dead
appropriate aircraft that reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga-
(A) Includes a point of landing at tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga-
least a straight line distance of more tion systems.
than 25 nautical miles from the origi- (vii) For a military pilot who quali-
nal point of departure; and fies for a commercial pilot certificate
(B) Involves, as applicable, the use of (except with a rotorcraft category rat-
dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic ing) under 61.73 of this part, time ac-
navigation aids; radio aids; or other quired during a flight
navigation systems to navigate to the (A) Conducted in an appropriate air-
landing point. craft;
(iv) For the purpose of meeting the (B) That is at least a straight-line
aeronautical experience requirements distance of more than 50 nautical miles
for a sport pilot certificate with pow- from the original point of departure;
ered parachute privileges or a private and
pilot certificate with a powered para- (C) That involves the use of dead
chute category rating, time acquired reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga-
during a flight conducted in an appro- tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga-
priate aircraft that tion systems.
(A) Includes a point of landing at (4) Examiner means any person who is
least a straight line distance of more authorized by the Administrator to
than 15 nautical miles from the origi- conduct a pilot proficiency test or a
nal point of departure; and practical test for an airman certificate
(B) Involves, as applicable, the use of or rating issued under this part, or a
dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic person who is authorized to conduct a
navigation aids; radio aids; or other knowledge test under this part.
navigation systems to navigate to the (5) Flight simulator means a device
landing point. that
(v) For the purpose of meeting the (i) Is a full-size aircraft cockpit rep-
aeronautical experience requirements lica of a specific type of aircraft, or
for any pilot certificate with a rotor- make, model, and series of aircraft;
craft category rating or an instrument- (ii) Includes the hardware and soft-
helicopter rating, or for the purpose of ware necessary to represent the air-
exercising recreational pilot privileges, craft in ground operations and flight
in a rotorcraft, under 61.101(c), time operations;
acquired during a flight (iii) Uses a force cueing system that
(A) Conducted in an appropriate air- provides cues at least equivalent to
craft; those cues provided by a 3 degree free-
(B) That includes a point of landing dom of motion system;
that was at least a straight-line dis- (iv) Uses a visual system that pro-
tance of more than 25 nautical miles vides at least a 45 degree horizontal
from the original point of departure; field of view and a 30 degree vertical
and field of view simultaneously for each
(C) That involves the use of dead pilot; and
reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- (v) Has been evaluated, qualified, and
tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- approved by the Administrator.
tion systems to navigate to the landing (6) Flight training means that train-
point. ing, other than ground training, re-
(vi) For the purpose of meeting the ceived from an authorized instructor in
aeronautical experience requirements flight in an aircraft.
for an airline transport pilot certifi- (7) Flight training device means a de-
cate (except with a rotorcraft category vice that
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
rating), time acquired during a flight (i) Is a full-size replica of the instru-
(A) Conducted in an appropriate air- ments, equipment, panels, and controls
craft; of an aircraft, or set of aircraft, in an
387
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00397 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.2 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
open flight deck area or in an enclosed number and type of propulsion sys-
cockpit, including the hardware and tems.
software for the systems installed, that (17) Student pilot seeking a sport pilot
is necessary to simulate the aircraft in certificate means a person who has re-
ground and flight operations; ceived an endorsement
(ii) Need not have a force (motion) (i) To exercise student pilot privi-
cueing or visual system; and leges from a certificated flight instruc-
(iii) Has been evaluated, qualified, tor with a sport pilot rating; or
and approved by the Administrator. (ii) That includes a limitation for the
(8) Ground training means that train- operation of a light-sport aircraft spec-
ing, other than flight training, received ified in 61.89(c) issued by a certifi-
from an authorized instructor. cated flight instructor with other than
(9) Instrument approach means an ap- a sport pilot rating.
proach procedure defined in part 97 of (18) Training time means training re-
this chapter. ceived
(10) Instrument training means that (i) In flight from an authorized in-
time in which instrument training is structor;
received from an authorized instructor (ii) On the ground from an authorized
under actual or simulated instrument instructor; or
conditions. (iii) In a flight simulator or flight
(11) Knowledge test means a test on training device from an authorized in-
the aeronautical knowledge areas re- structor.
quired for an airman certificate or rat-
ing that can be administered in written [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
form or by a computer. Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40893, July 30, 1997;
(12) Night vision goggles means an ap- Amdt. 61110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004;
Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009]
pliance worn by a pilot that enhances
the pilots ability to maintain visual 61.2 Exercise of Privilege.
surface reference at night.
(13) Night vision goggle operation (a) Validity. No person may:
means the portion of a flight that oc- (1) Exercise privileges of a certifi-
curs during the time period from 1 hour cate, rating, endorsement, or author-
after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise ization issued under this part if the
where the pilot maintains visual sur- certificate, rating or authorization is
face reference using night vision gog- surrendered, suspended, revoked or ex-
gles in an aircraft that is approved for pired.
such an operation. (2) Exercise privileges of a flight in-
(14) Pilot time means that time in structor certificate if that flight in-
which a person structor certificate is surrendered, sus-
(i) Serves as a required pilot flight pended, revoked or expired.
crewmember; (3) Exercise privileges of a foreign
(ii) Receives training from an author- pilot certificate to operate an aircraft
ized instructor in an aircraft, flight of foreign registry under 61.3(b) if the
simulator, or flight training device; or certificate is surrendered, suspended,
(iii) Gives training as an authorized revoked or expired.
instructor in an aircraft, flight simu- (4) Exercise privileges of a pilot cer-
lator, or flight training device. tificate issued under 61.75, or an au-
(15) Practical test means a test on the thorization issued under 61.77, if the
areas of operations for an airman cer- foreign pilot certificate relied upon for
tificate, rating, or authorization that the issuance of the U.S. pilot certifi-
is conducted by having the applicant cate or authorization is surrendered,
respond to questions and demonstrate suspended, revoked or expired.
maneuvers in flight, in a flight simu- (5) Exercise privileges of a medical
lator, or in a flight training device. certificate issued under part 67 to meet
(16) Set of aircraft means aircraft that any requirements of part 61 if the med-
share similar performance characteris- ical certificate is surrendered, sus-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
tics, such as similar airspeed and alti- pended, revoked or expired according
tude operating envelopes, similar han- to the duration standards set forth in
dling characteristics, and the same 61.23(d).
388
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00398 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.3
(iii) U.S. Armed Forces identifica- sport pilot certificate with other than
tion card; glider or balloon privileges and holds a
(iv) Official passport; U.S. drivers license. A person who has
389
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00399 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.3 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
390
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00400 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.3
(e) Instrument rating. No person may (i) Holds a Category III pilot author-
act as pilot in command of a civil air- ization for that category or class of
craft under IFR or in weather condi- aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if ap-
tions less than the minimums pre- plicable; or
scribed for VFR flight unless that per- (ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of
son holds: foreign registry, is authorized by the
(1) The appropriate aircraft category, country of registry to act as pilot in
class, type (if required), and instru- command of that aircraft in Category
ment rating on that persons pilot cer- III operations.
tificate for any airplane, helicopter, or (2) Act as second in command of a
powered-lift being flown; civil aircraft during Category III oper-
(2) An airline transport pilot certifi- ations unless that person
cate with the appropriate aircraft cat-
(i) Holds a pilot certificate with cat-
egory, class, and type rating (if re-
egory and class ratings for that air-
quired) for the aircraft being flown;
craft and an instrument rating for that
(3) For a glider, a pilot certificate
category aircraft;
with a glider category rating and an
airplane instrument rating; or (ii) Holds an airline transport pilot
(4) For an airship, a commercial pilot certificate with category and class rat-
certificate with a lighter-than-air cat- ings for that aircraft; or
egory rating and airship class rating. (iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of
(f) Category II pilot authorization. Ex- foreign registry, is authorized by the
cept for a pilot conducting Category II country of registry to act as second in
operations under part 121 or part 135, a command of that aircraft during Cat-
person may not: egory III operations.
(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil (h) Category A aircraft pilot authoriza-
aircraft during Category II operations tion. The Administrator may issue a
unless that person certificate of authorization for a Cat-
(i) Holds a Category II pilot author- egory II or Category III operation to
ization for that category or class of the pilot of a small aircraft that is a
aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if ap- Category A aircraft, as identified in
plicable; or 97.3(b)(1) of this chapter if:
(ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of (1) The Administrator determines
foreign registry, is authorized by the that the Category II or Category III op-
country of registry to act as pilot in eration can be performed safely by that
command of that aircraft in Category pilot under the terms of the certificate
II operations. of authorization; and
(2) Act as second in command of a (2) The Category II or Category III
civil aircraft during Category II oper- operation does not involve the carriage
ations unless that person of persons or property for compensa-
(i) Holds a pilot certificate with cat- tion or hire.
egory and class ratings for that air-
(i) Ground instructor certificate. (1)
craft and an instrument rating for that
Each person who holds a ground in-
category aircraft;
structor certificate issued under this
(ii) Holds an airline transport pilot
certificate with category and class rat- part or part 143 must have that certifi-
ings for that aircraft; or cate in that persons physical posses-
(iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of sion or immediately accessible when
foreign registry, is authorized by the exercising the privileges of that certifi-
country of registry to act as second in cate.
command of that aircraft during Cat- (2) Except as provided in paragraph
egory II operations. (i)(3) of this section, no person other
(g) Category III pilot authorization. Ex- than the holder of a ground instructor
cept for a pilot conducting Category III certificate, issued under this part or
operations under part 121 or part 135, a part 143, with the appropriate rating on
person may not: that certificate may
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(1) Act as pilot in command of a civil (i) Give ground training required to
aircraft during Category III operations qualify a person for solo flight and solo
unless that person cross-country flight;
391
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00401 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.3 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
392
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00402 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.5
(3) Any Federal, State, or local law training and certification requirements
enforcement officer; or for the certificate sought:
(4) An authorized representative of (1) Pilot certificates
the Transportation Security Adminis- (i) Student pilot.
tration. (ii) Sport pilot.
(iii) Recreational pilot.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (iv) Private pilot.
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40894, July 30, 1997;
Amdt. 61111, 67 FR 65861, Oct. 28, 2002; Amdt.
(v) Commercial pilot.
61110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61 (vi) Airline transport pilot.
123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61124, 74 (2) Flight instructor certificates.
FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61124A, 74 FR (3) Ground instructor certificates.
53644, Oct. 20, 2009] (b) The following ratings are placed
on a pilot certificate (other than stu-
61.4 Qualification and approval of dent pilot) when an applicant satisfac-
flight simulators and flight training torily accomplishes the training and
devices. certification requirements for the rat-
(a) Except as specified in paragraph ing sought:
(b) or (c) of this section, each flight (1) Aircraft category ratings
simulator and flight training device (i) Airplane.
used for training, and for which an air- (ii) Rotorcraft.
man is to receive credit to satisfy any (iii) Glider.
training, testing, or checking require- (iv) Lighter-than-air.
ment under this chapter, must be (v) Powered-lift.
qualified and approved by the Adminis- (vi) Powered parachute.
trator for (vii) Weight-shift-control aircraft.
(1) The training, testing, and check- (2) Airplane class ratings
ing for which it is used; (i) Single-engine land.
(2) Each particular maneuver, proce- (ii) Multiengine land.
dure, or crewmember function per- (iii) Single-engine sea.
formed; and (iv) Multiengine sea.
(3) The representation of the specific (3) Rotorcraft class ratings
category and class of aircraft, type of (i) Helicopter.
aircraft, particular variation within (ii) Gyroplane.
the type of aircraft, or set of aircraft (4) Lighter-than-air class ratings
for certain flight training devices. (i) Airship.
(b) Any device used for flight train- (ii) Balloon.
ing, testing, or checking that has been (5) Weight-shift-control aircraft class
determined to be acceptable to or ap- ratings
proved by the Administrator prior to (i) Weight-shift-control aircraft land.
August 1, 1996, which can be shown to (ii) Weight-shift-control aircraft sea.
function as originally designed, is con- (6) Powered parachute class ratings
sidered to be a flight training device, (i) Powered parachute land.
provided it is used for the same pur- (ii) Powered parachute sea.
poses for which it was originally ac- (7) Aircraft type ratings
cepted or approved and only to the ex- (i) Large aircraft other than lighter-
tent of such acceptance or approval. than-air.
(c) The Administrator may approve a (ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes.
device other than a flight simulator or (iii) Other aircraft type ratings speci-
flight training device for specific pur- fied by the Administrator through the
poses. aircraft type certification procedures.
(iv) Second-in-command pilot type
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; rating for aircraft that is certificated
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997] for operations with a minimum crew of
at least two pilots.
61.5 Certificates and ratings issued (8) Instrument ratings (on private
under this part. and commercial pilot certificates
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
393
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00403 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.7 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
pilot certificate or rating may act as (ii) May be refused issuance of any
pilot in command or as a required pilot U.S. airman certificate, rating, or au-
flight crewmember of an aircraft of the thorization by the Administrator.
394
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00404 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.15
of the sixth preceding month, the hold- tificate, rating, or authorization issued
er has made three Category II ILS ap- under this part for a period of up to 1
proaches with a 150-foot decision year after the date of that act; or
395
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00405 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.16 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(2) Suspension or revocation of any (4) The State that holds the record of
certificate, rating, or authorization conviction or administrative action;
issued under this part. and
(c) For the purposes of paragraphs (5) A statement of whether the motor
(d), (e), and (f) of this section, a motor vehicle action resulted from the same
vehicle action means: incident or arose out of the same fac-
(1) A conviction after November 29, tual circumstances related to a pre-
1990, for the violation of any Federal or viously reported motor vehicle action.
State statute relating to the operation (f) Failure to comply with paragraph
of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by (e) of this section is grounds for:
alcohol or a drug, while impaired by al- (1) Denial of an application for any
cohol or a drug, or while under the in- certificate, rating, or authorization
fluence of alcohol or a drug; issued under this part for a period of up
(2) The cancellation, suspension, or to 1 year after the date of the motor
revocation of a license to operate a vehicle action; or
motor vehicle after November 29, 1990, (2) Suspension or revocation of any
for a cause related to the operation of certificate, rating, or authorization
a motor vehicle while intoxicated by issued under this part.
alcohol or a drug, while impaired by al-
cohol or a drug, or while under the in- 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol
fluence of alcohol or a drug; or test or to furnish test results.
(3) The denial after November 29, A refusal to submit to a test to indi-
1990, of an application for a license to cate the percentage by weight of alco-
operate a motor vehicle for a cause re- hol in the blood, when requested by a
lated to the operation of a motor vehi- law enforcement officer in accordance
cle while intoxicated by alcohol or a with 91.17(c) of this chapter, or a re-
drug, while impaired by alcohol or a fusal to furnish or authorize the re-
drug, or while under the influence of lease of the test results requested by
alcohol or a drug. the Administrator in accordance with
(d) Except for a motor vehicle action 91.17(c) or (d) of this chapter, is
that results from the same incident or grounds for:
arises out of the same factual cir-
(a) Denial of an application for any
cumstances, a motor vehicle action oc-
certificate, rating, or authorization
curring within 3 years of a previous
issued under this part for a period of up
motor vehicle action is grounds for:
to 1 year after the date of that refusal;
(1) Denial of an application for any
or
certificate, rating, or authorization
(b) Suspension or revocation of any
issued under this part for a period of up
certificate, rating, or authorization
to 1 year after the date of the last
issued under this part.
motor vehicle action; or
(2) Suspension or revocation of any 61.17 Temporary certificate.
certificate, rating, or authorization
issued under this part. (a) A temporary pilot, flight instruc-
(e) Each person holding a certificate tor, or ground instructor certificate or
issued under this part shall provide a rating is issued for up to 120 days, at
written report of each motor vehicle which time a permanent certificate
action to the FAA, Civil Aviation Se- will be issued to a person whom the Ad-
curity Division (AMC700), P.O. Box ministrator finds qualified under this
25810, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, not part.
later than 60 days after the motor vehi- (b) A temporary pilot, flight instruc-
cle action. The report must include: tor, or ground instructor certificate or
(1) The persons name, address, date rating expires:
of birth, and airman certificate num- (1) On the expiration date shown on
ber; the certificate;
(2) The type of violation that re- (2) Upon receipt of the permanent
sulted in the conviction or the admin- certificate; or
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
396
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00406 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.21
397
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00407 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.23 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(c) A Category II or Category III pilot (vii) When performing the duties as
authorization for a specific type air- an Examiner in an aircraft when ad-
craft for which an authorization is held ministering a practical test or pro-
will not be renewed beyond 12 calendar ficiency check for an airman certifi-
months from the month the practical cate, rating, or authorization.
test was accomplished in that type air- (b) Operations not requiring a medical
craft. certificate. A person is not required to
(d) If the holder of a Category II or hold a medical certificate
Category III pilot authorization passes (1) When exercising the privileges of
the practical test for a renewal in the a student pilot certificate while seek-
month before the authorization ex- ing
pires, the holder is considered to have (i) A sport pilot certificate with glid-
passed it during the month the author- er or balloon privileges; or
ization expired. (ii) A pilot certificate with a glider
category rating or balloon class rating;
61.23 Medical certificates: Require-
ment and duration. (2) When exercising the privileges of
a sport pilot certificate with privileges
(a) Operations requiring a medical cer- in a glider or balloon;
tificate. Except as provided in para- (3) When exercising the privileges of
graphs (b) and (c) of this section, a per- a pilot certificate with a glider cat-
son egory rating or balloon class rating in
(1) Must hold a first-class medical a glider or a balloon, as appropriate;
certificate:
(4) When exercising the privileges of
(i) When exercising the privileges of
a flight instructor certificate with
an airline transport pilot certificate; or
(i) A sport pilot rating in a glider or
(ii) If that person has reached his or
balloon; or
her 60th birthday and serves as a pilot
in 14 CFR part 121 operations. Notwith- (ii) A glider category rating;
standing the provisions of (5) When exercising the privileges of
61.23(d)(1)(iii), that persons first-class a flight instructor certificate if the
medical certificate expires, for 14 CFR person is not acting as pilot in com-
part 121 operations, at the end of the mand or serving as a required pilot
last day of the 6th month after the flight crewmember;
month of the date of examination (6) When exercising the privileges of
shown on the medical certificate. a ground instructor certificate;
(2) Must hold at least a second-class (7) When serving as an Examiner or
medical certificate when exercising the check airman and administering a
privileges of a commercial pilot certifi- practical test or proficiency check for
cate; or an airman certificate, rating, or au-
(3) Must hold at least a third-class thorization conducted in a glider, bal-
medical certificate loon, flight simulator, or flight train-
(i) When exercising the privileges of a ing device;
private pilot certificate; (8) When taking a practical test or a
(ii) When exercising the privileges of proficiency check for a certificate, rat-
a recreational pilot certificate; ing, authorization or operating privi-
(iii) When exercising the privileges of lege conducted in a glider, balloon,
a student pilot certificate; flight simulator, or flight training de-
(iv) When exercising the privileges of vice; or
a flight instructor certificate and act- (9) When a military pilot of the U.S.
ing as the pilot in command; Armed Forces can show evidence of an
(v) When exercising the privileges of up-to-date medical examination au-
a flight instructor certificate and serv- thorizing pilot flight status issued by
ing as a required pilot flight crew- the U.S. Armed Forces and
member; (i) The flight does not require higher
(vi) When taking a practical test in than a third-class medical certificate;
an aircraft for a recreational pilot, pri- and
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
vate pilot, commercial pilot, or airline (ii) The flight conducted is a domes-
transport pilot certificate, or for a tic flight operation within U.S. air-
flight instructor certificate; or space.
398
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00408 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.23
(c) Operations requiring either a med- U.S. drivers license and any judicial or
ical certificate or U.S. drivers license. (1) administrative order applying to the
A person must hold and possess either operation of a motor vehicle;
a medical certificate issued under part (ii) Have been found eligible for the
67 of this chapter or a U.S. drivers li- issuance of at least a third-class air-
cense when exercising the privileges man medical certificate at the time of
of his or her most recent application (if
(i) A student pilot certificate while the person has applied for a medical
seeking sport pilot privileges in a
certificate);
light-sport aircraft other than a glider
or balloon; (iii) Not have had his or her most re-
(ii) A sport pilot certificate in a cently issued medical certificate (if the
light-sport aircraft other than a glider person has held a medical certificate)
or balloon; or suspended or revoked or most recent
(iii) A flight instructor certificate Authorization for a Special Issuance of
with a sport pilot rating while acting a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and
as pilot in command or serving as a re- (iv) Not know or have reason to know
quired flight crewmember of a light- of any medical condition that would
sport aircraft other than a glider or make that person unable to operate a
balloon. light-sport aircraft in a safe manner.
(2) A person using a U.S. drivers li- (d) Duration of a medical certificate.
cense to meet the requirements of this Use the following table to determine
paragraph must duration for each class of medical cer-
(i) Comply with each restriction and tificate:
limitation imposed by that persons
And on the
date of
examination And you are conducting an operation Then your medical certificate expires, for that
If you hold for your most requiring operation, at the end of the last day of the
recent med-
ical certificate
you were
(1) A first-class (i) Under age an airline transport pilot certificate .................. 12th month after the month of the date of ex-
medical cer- 40. amination shown on the medical certificate.
tificate.
(ii) Age 40 or an airline transport pilot certificate .................. 6th month after the month of the date of ex-
older. amination shown on the medical certificate.
(iii) Any age .. a commercial pilot certificate or an air traffic 12th month after the month of the date of ex-
control tower operator certificate. amination shown on the medical certificate.
(iv) Under a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex-
age 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.
(when acting as pilot in command or a re-
quired pilot flight crewmember in operations
other than glider or balloon), a student pilot
certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when
not using a U.S. drivers license as medical
qualification).
(v) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex-
older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.
(when acting as pilot in command or a re-
quired pilot flight crewmember in operations
other than glider or balloon), a student pilot
certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when
not using a U.S. drivers license as medical
qualification).
(2) A second- (i) Any age ... a commercial pilot certificate or an air traffic 12th month after the month of the date of ex-
class med- control tower operator certificate. amination shown on the medical certificate.
ical certifi-
cate.
(ii) Under age a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex-
40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.
(when acting as pilot in command or a re-
quired pilot flight crewmember in operations
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
399
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00409 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.25 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
And on the
date of
examination And you are conducting an operation Then your medical certificate expires, for that
If you hold for your most requiring operation, at the end of the last day of the
recent med-
ical certificate
you were
(iii) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex-
older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.
(when acting as pilot in command or a re-
quired pilot flight crewmember in operations
other than glider or balloon), a student pilot
certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when
not using a U.S. drivers license as medical
qualification).
(3) A third- (i) Under age a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex-
class med- 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.
ical certifi- (when acting as pilot in command or a re-
cate. quired pilot flight crewmember in operations
other than glider or balloon), a student pilot
certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when
not using a U.S. drivers license as medical
qualification).
(ii) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex-
older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.
(when acting as pilot in command or a re-
quired pilot flight crewmember in operations
other than glider or balloon), a student pilot
certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when
not using a U.S. drivers license as medical
qualification).
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (3) Another certificate with specific
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997; ratings deleted.
Amdt. 61110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004, as
(b) Any request made under para-
amended by Amdt. 61121, 73 FR 43064, July
24, 2008; Amdt. 61121, 73 FR 48125, Aug. 18, graph (a) of this section must include
2008; Amdt. 61123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; the following signed statement or its
Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, 2009] equivalent: This request is made for
my own reasons, with full knowledge
61.25 Change of name. that my (insert name of certificate or
(a) An application to change the rating, as appropriate) may not be re-
name on a certificate issued under this issued to me unless I again pass the
part must be accompanied by the appli- tests prescribed for its issuance.
cants:
(1) Airman certificate; and 61.29 Replacement of a lost or de-
(2) A copy of the marriage license, stroyed airman or medical certifi-
court order, or other document cate or knowledge test report.
verifying the name change. (a) A request for the replacement of a
(b) The documents in paragraph (a) of lost or destroyed airman certificate
this section will be returned to the ap- issued under this part must be made by
plicant after inspection. letter to the Department of Transpor-
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as tation, FAA, Airman Certification
amended by Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City,
21, 2009] OK 73125, and must be accompanied by
a check or money order for the appro-
61.27 Voluntary surrender or ex- priate fee payable to the FAA.
change of certificate. (b) A request for the replacement of a
(a) The holder of a certificate issued lost or destroyed medical certificate
under this part may voluntarily sur- must be made by letter to the Depart-
render it for: ment of Transportation, FAA, Aero-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
400
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00410 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.31
check or money order for the appro- 61.31 Type rating requirements, addi-
priate fee payable to the FAA. tional training, and authorization
(c) A request for the replacement of a requirements.
lost or destroyed knowledge test report (a) Type ratings required. A person
must be made by letter to the Depart- who acts as a pilot in command of any
ment of Transportation, FAA, Airman of the following aircraft must hold a
Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, type rating for that aircraft:
Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be (1) Large aircraft (except lighter-
accompanied by a check or money than-air).
order for the appropriate fee payable to (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes.
the FAA.
(3) Other aircraft specified by the Ad-
(d) The letter requesting replacement
ministrator through aircraft type cer-
of a lost or destroyed airman certifi-
tificate procedures.
cate, medical certificate, or knowledge
(b) Authorization in lieu of a type rat-
test report must state:
ing. A person may be authorized to op-
(1) The name of the person;
erate without a type rating for up to 60
(2) The permanent mailing address
days an aircraft requiring a type rat-
(including ZIP code), or if the perma-
ing, provided
nent mailing address includes a post of-
fice box number, then the persons cur- (1) The Administrator has authorized
rent residential address; the flight or series of flights;
(3) The certificate holders date and (2) The Administrator has deter-
place of birth; and mined that an equivalent level of safe-
(4) Any information regarding the ty can be achieved through the oper-
(i) Grade, number, and date of ating limitations on the authorization;
issuance of the airman certificate and (3) The person shows that compliance
ratings, if appropriate; with paragraph (a) of this section is
(ii) Class of medical certificate, the impracticable for the flight or series of
place and date of the medical exam, flights; and
name of the Airman Medical Examiner (4) The flight
(AME), and the circumstances con- (i) Involves only a ferry flight, train-
cerning the loss of the original medical ing flight, test flight, or practical test
certificate, as appropriate; and for a pilot certificate or rating;
(iii) Date the knowledge test was (ii) Is within the United States;
taken, if appropriate. (iii) Does not involve operations for
(e) A person who has lost an airman compensation or hire unless the com-
certificate, medical certificate, or pensation or hire involves payment for
knowledge test report may obtain a the use of the aircraft for training or
facsimile from the FAA Aeromedical taking a practical test; and
Certification Branch or the Airman (iv) Involves only the carriage of
Certification Branch, as appropriate, flight crewmembers considered essen-
confirming that it was issued and the: tial for the flight.
(1) Facsimile may be carried as an (5) If the flight or series of flights
airman certificate, medical certificate, cannot be accomplished within the
or knowledge test report, as appro- time limit of the authorization, the
priate, for up to 60 days pending the Administrator may authorize an addi-
persons receipt of a duplicate under tional period of up to 60 days to accom-
paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, plish the flight or series of flights.
unless the person has been notified (c) Aircraft category, class, and type
that the certificate has been suspended ratings: Limitations on the carriage of
or revoked. persons, or operating for compensation or
(2) Request for such a facsimile must hire. Unless a person holds a category,
include the date on which a duplicate class, and type rating (if a class and
certificate or knowledge test report type rating is required) that applies to
was previously requested. the aircraft, that person may not act
as pilot in command of an aircraft that
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
401
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00411 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.31 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
command of that aircraft for com- (i) Received and logged ground and
pensation or hire. flight training from an authorized in-
(d) Aircraft category, class, and type structor in a high-performance air-
ratings: Limitations on operating an air- plane, or in a flight simulator or flight
craft as the pilot in command. To serve training device that is representative
as the pilot in command of an aircraft, of a high-performance airplane, and has
a person must been found proficient in the operation
(1) Hold the appropriate category, and systems of the airplane; and
class, and type rating (if a class or type (ii) Received a one-time endorsement
rating is required) for the aircraft to be in the pilots logbook from an author-
flown; or ized instructor who certifies the person
(2) Have received training required by is proficient to operate a high-perform-
this part that is appropriate to the ance airplane.
pilot certification level, aircraft cat- (2) The training and endorsement re-
egory, class, and type rating (if a class quired by paragraph (f)(1) of this sec-
or type rating is required) for the air- tion is not required if the person has
craft to be flown, and have received an logged flight time as pilot in command
endorsement for solo flight in that air- of a high-performance airplane, or in a
craft from an authorized instructor. flight simulator or flight training de-
vice that is representative of a high-
(e) Additional training required for op-
performance airplane prior to August 4,
erating complex airplanes. (1) Except as
1997.
provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this sec-
(g) Additional training required for op-
tion, no person may act as pilot in
erating pressurized aircraft capable of op-
command of a complex airplane (an erating at high altitudes. (1) Except as
airplane that has a retractable landing provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this sec-
gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch tion, no person may act as pilot in
propeller; or, in the case of a seaplane, command of a pressurized aircraft (an
flaps and a controllable pitch pro- aircraft that has a service ceiling or
peller), unless the person has maximum operating altitude, which-
(i) Received and logged ground and ever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL),
flight training from an authorized in- unless that person has received and
structor in a complex airplane, or in a logged ground training from an author-
flight simulator or flight training de- ized instructor and obtained an en-
vice that is representative of a complex dorsement in the persons logbook or
airplane, and has been found proficient training record from an authorized in-
in the operation and systems of the air- structor who certifies the person has
plane; and satisfactorily accomplished the ground
(ii) Received a one-time endorsement training. The ground training must in-
in the pilots logbook from an author- clude at least the following subjects:
ized instructor who certifies the person (i) High-altitude aerodynamics and
is proficient to operate a complex air- meteorology;
plane. (ii) Respiration;
(2) The training and endorsement re- (iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of
quired by paragraph (e)(1) of this sec- hypoxia and any other high-altitude
tion is not required if the person has sickness;
logged flight time as pilot in command (iv) Duration of consciousness with-
of a complex airplane, or in a flight out supplemental oxygen;
simulator or flight training device that (v) Effects of prolonged usage of sup-
is representative of a complex airplane plemental oxygen;
prior to August 4, 1997. (vi) Causes and effects of gas expan-
(f) Additional training required for op- sion and gas bubble formation;
erating high-performance airplanes. (1) (vii) Preventive measures for elimi-
Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) nating gas expansion, gas bubble for-
of this section, no person may act as mation, and high-altitude sickness;
pilot in command of a high-perform- (viii) Physical phenomena and inci-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
402
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00412 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.31
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (i) Additional training required for op-
(g)(3) of this section, no person may act erating tailwheel airplanes. (1) Except as
as pilot in command of a pressurized provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this sec-
aircraft unless that person has received tion, no person may act as pilot in
and logged training from an authorized command of a tailwheel airplane unless
instructor in a pressurized aircraft, or that person has received and logged
in a flight simulator or flight training flight training from an authorized in-
device that is representative of a pres- structor in a tailwheel airplane and re-
surized aircraft, and obtained an en- ceived an endorsement in the persons
dorsement in the persons logbook or logbook from an authorized instructor
training record from an authorized in- who found the person proficient in the
structor who found the person pro- operation of a tailwheel airplane. The
ficient in the operation of a pressurized flight training must include at least
aircraft. The flight training must in- the following maneuvers and proce-
clude at least the following subjects: dures:
(i) Normal cruise flight operations (i) Normal and crosswind takeoffs
while operating above 25,000 feet MSL; and landings;
(ii) Proper emergency procedures for (ii) Wheel landings (unless the manu-
simulated rapid decompression without facturer has recommended against such
actually depressurizing the aircraft; landings); and
and
(iii) Go-around procedures.
(iii) Emergency descent procedures.
(2) The training and endorsement re-
(3) The training and endorsement re-
quired by paragraph (i)(1) of this sec-
quired by paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2) of
this section are not required if that tion is not required if the person logged
person can document satisfactory ac- pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel
complishment of any of the following airplane before April 15, 1991.
in a pressurized aircraft, or in a flight (j) Additional training required for op-
simulator or flight training device that erating a glider. (1) No person may act
is representative of a pressurized air- as pilot in command of a glider
craft: (i) Using ground-tow procedures, un-
(i) Serving as pilot in command be- less that person has satisfactorily ac-
fore April 15, 1991; complished ground and flight training
(ii) Completing a pilot proficiency on ground-tow procedures and oper-
check for a pilot certificate or rating ations, and has received an endorse-
before April 15, 1991; ment from an authorized instructor
(iii) Completing an official pilot-in- who certifies in that pilots logbook
command check conducted by the mili- that the pilot has been found proficient
tary services of the United States; or in ground-tow procedures and oper-
(iv) Completing a pilot-in-command ations;
proficiency check under part 121, 125, (ii) Using aerotow procedures, unless
or 135 of this chapter conducted by the that person has satisfactorily accom-
Administrator or by an approved pilot plished ground and flight training on
check airman. aerotow procedures and operations, and
(h) Additional aircraft type-specific has received an endorsement from an
training. No person may serve as pilot authorized instructor who certifies in
in command of an aircraft that the Ad- that pilots logbook that the pilot has
ministrator has determined requires been found proficient in aerotow proce-
aircraft type-specific training unless dures and operations; or
that person has (iii) Using self-launch procedures, un-
(1) Received and logged type-specific less that person has satisfactorily ac-
training in the aircraft, or in a flight complished ground and flight training
simulator or flight training device that on self-launch procedures and oper-
is representative of that type of air- ations, and has received an endorse-
craft; and ment from an authorized instructor
(2) Received a logbook endorsement who certifies in that pilots logbook
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
from an authorized instructor who has that the pilot has been found proficient
found the person proficient in the oper- in self-launch procedures and oper-
ation of the aircraft and its systems. ations.
403
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00413 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.31 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(2) The holder of a glider rating (iii) Proper piloting techniques when
issued prior to August 4, 1997, is consid- using night vision goggles during the
ered to be in compliance with the takeoff, climb, enroute, descent, and
training and logbook endorsement re- landing phases of flight; and
quirements of this paragraph for the (iv) Normal, abnormal, and emer-
specific operating privilege for which gency flight operations using night vi-
the holder is already qualified. sion goggles.
(k) Additional training required for (3) The requirements under para-
night vision goggle operations. (1) Except graphs (k)(1) and (2) of this section do
as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of not apply if a person can document sat-
this section, a person may act as pilot isfactory completion of any of the fol-
in command of an aircraft using night lowing pilot proficiency checks using
vision goggles only if that person re- night vision goggles in an aircraft:
ceives and logs ground training from (i) A pilot proficiency check on night
an authorized instructor and obtains a vision goggle operations conducted by
logbook or training record endorse- the U.S. Armed Forces.
ment from an authorized instructor (ii) A pilot proficiency check on
who certifies the person completed the night vision goggle operations under
ground training. The ground training part 135 of this chapter conducted by
must include the following subjects: an Examiner or Check Airman.
(i) Applicable portions of this chapter (iii) A pilot proficiency check on
that relate to night vision goggle limi- night vision goggle operations con-
tations and flight operations; ducted by a night vision goggle manu-
(ii) Aeromedical factors related to facturer or authorized instructor, when
the use of night vision goggles, includ- the pilot
ing how to protect night vision, how (A) Is employed by a Federal, State,
the eyes adapt to night, self-imposed county, or municipal law enforcement
stresses that affect night vision, effects agency; and
of lighting on night vision, cues used to
(B) Has logged at least 20 hours as
estimate distance and depth perception
pilot in command in night vision gog-
at night, and visual illusions;
gle operations.
(iii) Normal, abnormal, and emer-
(l) Exceptions. (1) This section does
gency operations of night vision goggle
equipment; not require a category and class rating
for aircraft not type-certificated as air-
(iv) Night vision goggle performance
planes, rotorcraft, gliders, lighter-
and scene interpretation; and
than-air aircraft, powered-lifts, pow-
(v) Night vision goggle operation ered parachutes, or weight-shift-con-
flight planning, including night terrain trol aircraft.
interpretation and factors affecting
(2) The rating limitations of this sec-
terrain interpretation.
tion do not apply to
(2) Except as provided under para-
(i) An applicant when taking a prac-
graph (k)(3) of this section, a person
tical test given by an examiner;
may act as pilot in command of an air-
craft using night vision goggles only if (ii) The holder of a student pilot cer-
that person receives and logs flight tificate;
training from an authorized instructor (iii) The holder of a pilot certificate
and obtains a logbook or training when operating an aircraft under the
record endorsement from an authorized authority of
instructor who found the person pro- (A) A provisional type certificate; or
ficient in the use of night vision gog- (B) An experimental certificate, un-
gles. The flight training must include less the operation involves carrying a
the following tasks: passenger;
(i) Preflight and use of internal and (iv) The holder of a pilot certificate
external aircraft lighting systems for with a lighter-than-air category rating
night vision goggle operations; when operating a balloon;
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(ii) Preflight preparation of night vi- (v) The holder of a recreational pilot
sion goggles for night vision goggle op- certificate operating under the provi-
erations; sions of 61.101(h); or
404
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00414 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.39
(vi) The holder of a sport pilot cer- (3) Give assistance on, or receive as-
tificate when operating a light-sport sistance on, a knowledge test during
aircraft. the period that test is being given;
(4) Take any part of a knowledge test
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 61104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. on behalf of another person;
23, 1998; Amdt. 61110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, (5) Be represented by, or represent,
2004; Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009] another person for a knowledge test;
(6) Use any material or aid during the
61.33 Tests: General procedure. period that the test is being given, un-
Tests prescribed by or under this part less specifically authorized to do so by
are given at times and places, and by the Administrator; and
persons designated by the Adminis- (7) Intentionally cause, assist, or par-
trator. ticipate in any act prohibited by this
paragraph.
61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites (b) An applicant who the Adminis-
and passing grades. trator finds has committed an act pro-
hibited by paragraph (a) of this section
(a) An applicant for a knowledge test
is prohibited, for 1 year after the date
must have:
of committing that act, from:
(1) Received an endorsement, if re-
(1) Applying for any certificate, rat-
quired by this part, from an authorized
ing, or authorization issued under this
instructor certifying that the applicant
chapter; and
accomplished the appropriate ground-
(2) Applying for and taking any test
training or a home-study course re-
under this chapter.
quired by this part for the certificate
(c) Any certificate or rating held by
or rating sought and is prepared for the
an applicant may be suspended or re-
knowledge test; and
voked if the Administrator finds that
(2) Proper identification at the time
person has committed an act prohib-
of application that contains the appli-
ited by paragraph (a) of this section.
cants
(i) Photograph; 61.39 Prerequisites for practical
(ii) Signature; tests.
(iii) Date of birth, which shows the (a) Except as provided in paragraphs
applicant meets or will meet the age (b) and (c) of this section, to be eligible
requirements of this part for the cer- for a practical test for a certificate or
tificate sought before the expiration rating issued under this part, an appli-
date of the airman knowledge test re- cant must:
port; and (1) Pass the required knowledge test
(iv) If the permanent mailing is a within the 24-calendar-month period
post office box number, then the appli- preceding the month the applicant
cant must provide a current residential completes the practical test, if a
address. knowledge test is required;
(b) The Administrator shall specify (2) Present the knowledge test report
the minimum passing grade for the at the time of application for the prac-
knowledge test. tical test, if a knowledge test is re-
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as quired;
amended by Amdt. 61104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. (3) Have satisfactorily accomplished
23, 1998; Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, the required training and obtained the
2009] aeronautical experience prescribed by
this part for the certificate or rating
61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or sought;
other unauthorized conduct. (4) Hold at least a third-class medical
(a) An applicant for a knowledge test certificate, if a medical certificate is
may not: required;
(1) Copy or intentionally remove any (5) Meet the prescribed age require-
knowledge test; ment of this part for the issuance of
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
405
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00415 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.41 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
or training record that has been signed quire an aircraft type rating practical
by an authorized instructor who cer- test.
tifies that the applicant (d) If all increments of the practical
(i) Has received and logged training test for a certificate or rating are not
time within 2 calendar months pre- completed on the same date, then all
ceding the month of application in the remaining increments of the test
preparation for the practical test; must be completed within 2 calendar
(ii) Is prepared for the required prac- months after the month the applicant
tical test; and began the test.
(iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory (e) If all increments of the practical
knowledge of the subject areas in test for a certificate or rating are not
which the applicant was deficient on completed within 2 calendar months
the airman knowledge test; and after the month the applicant began
(7) Have a completed and signed ap- the test, the applicant must retake the
plication form. entire practical test.
(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section, Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997, as
an applicant for an airline transport amended by Amdt. 61104, 63 FR 20286, Apr.
pilot certificate or an additional rating 23, 1998; Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21,
to an airline transport certificate may 2009]
take the practical test for that certifi-
cate or rating with an expired knowl- 61.41 Flight training received from
edge test report, provided that the ap- flight instructors not certificated by
plicant: the FAA.
(1) Is employed as a flight crew- (a) A person may credit flight train-
member by a certificate holder under ing toward the requirements of a pilot
part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter at certificate or rating issued under this
the time of the practical test and has part, if that person received the train-
satisfactorily accomplished that opera- ing from:
tors approved (1) A flight instructor of an Armed
(i) Pilot in command aircraft quali- Force in a program for training mili-
fication training program that is ap- tary pilots of either
propriate to the certificate and rating (i) The United States; or
sought; and (ii) A foreign contracting State to
(ii) Qualification training require- the Convention on International Civil
ments appropriate to the certificate Aviation.
and rating sought; or (2) A flight instructor who is author-
(2) Is employed by the U.S. Armed ized to give such training by the licens-
Forces as a flight crewmember in U.S. ing authority of a foreign contracting
military air transport operations at State to the Convention on Inter-
the time of the practical test and has national Civil Aviation, and the flight
completed the pilot in command air- training is given outside the United
craft qualification training program States.
that is appropriate to the pilot certifi- (b) A flight instructor described in
cate and rating sought. paragraph (a) of this section is only au-
(c) A person is not required to com- thorized to give endorsements to show
ply with the provisions of paragraph training given.
(a)(6) of this section if that person:
(1) Holds a foreign pilot license issued 61.43 Practical tests: General proce-
by a contracting State to the Conven- dures.
tion on International Civil Aviation (a) Completion of the practical test
that authorizes at least the privileges for a certificate or rating consists of
of the pilot certificate sought; (1) Performing the tasks specified in
(2) Is only applying for a type rating; the areas of operation for the airman
or certificate or rating sought within the
(3) Is applying for an airline trans- approved practical test standards;
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
406
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00416 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.45
(3) Demonstrating proficiency and the date the practical test was discon-
competency within the approved stand- tinued;
ards; and (2) Presents to the examiner for the
(4) Demonstrating sound judgment. retest the original notice of dis-
(b) The pilot flight crew complement approval form or the letter of dis-
required during the practical test is continuance form, as appropriate;
based on one of the following require- (3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any
ments that applies to the aircraft being additional training needed and obtains
used on the practical test: the appropriate instructor endorse-
(1) If the aircrafts FAA-approved ments, if additional training is re-
flight manual requires the pilot flight quired; and
crew complement be a single pilot, (4) Presents to the examiner for the
then the applicant must demonstrate retest a properly completed and signed
single pilot proficiency on the prac- application.
tical test. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as
(2) If the aircrafts type certification amended by Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42549, Aug.
data sheet requires the pilot flight 21, 2009]
crew complement be a single pilot,
then the applicant must demonstrate 61.45 Practical tests: Required air-
single pilot proficiency on the prac- craft and equipment.
tical test. (a) General. Except as provided in
(3) If the FAA Flight Standardization paragraph (a)(2) of this section or when
Board report, FAA-approved aircraft permitted to accomplish the entire
flight manual, or aircraft type certifi- flight increment of the practical test
cation data sheet allows the pilot in a flight simulator or a flight train-
flight crew complement to be either a ing device, an applicant for a certifi-
single pilot, or a pilot and a copilot, cate or rating issued under this part
then the applicant may demonstrate must furnish:
single pilot proficiency or have a copi- (1) An aircraft of U.S. registry for
lot on the practical test. If the appli- each required test that
cant performs the practical test with a (i) Is of the category, class, and type,
copilot, the limitation of Second in if applicable, for which the applicant is
Command Required will be placed on applying for a certificate or rating; and
the applicants pilot certificate. The (ii) Has a standard airworthiness cer-
limitation may be removed if the appli- tificate or special airworthiness certifi-
cant passes the practical test by dem- cate in the limited, primary, or light-
onstrating single-pilot proficiency in sport category.
the aircraft in which single-pilot privi- (2) At the discretion of the examiner
leges are sought. who administers the practical test, the
(c) If an applicant fails any area of applicant may furnish
operation, that applicant fails the (i) An aircraft that has an airworthi-
practical test. ness certificate other than a standard
(d) An applicant is not eligible for a airworthiness certificate or special air-
certificate or rating sought until all worthiness certificate in the limited,
the areas of operation are passed. primary, or light-sport category, but
(e) The examiner or the applicant that otherwise meets the requirements
may discontinue a practical test at any of paragraph (a)(1) of this section;
time: (ii) An aircraft of the same category,
(1) When the applicant fails one or class, and type, if applicable, of foreign
more of the areas of operation; or registry that is properly certificated by
(2) Due to inclement weather condi- the country of registry; or
tions, aircraft airworthiness, or any (iii) A military aircraft of the same
other safety-of-flight concern. category, class, and type, if aircraft
(f) If a practical test is discontinued, class and type are appropriate, for
the applicant is entitled credit for which the applicant is applying for a
those areas of operation that were certificate or rating, and provided
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
passed, but only if the applicant: (A) The aircraft is under the direct
(1) Passes the remainder of the prac- operational control of the U.S. Armed
tical test within the 60-day period after Forces;
407
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00417 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.47 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
side the aircraft, but does not prevent craft used during the practical test, the
the examiner from having visual ref- applicant and the examiner (and any
erence outside the aircraft, and is oth- other occupants authorized to be on
408
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00418 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.51
board by the examiner) are not subject (ii) Total flight time or lesson time.
to the requirements or limitations for (iii) Location where the aircraft de-
the carriage of passengers that are parted and arrived, or for lessons in a
specified in this chapter. flight simulator or flight training de-
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; vice, the location where the lesson oc-
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997] curred.
(iv) Type and identification of air-
61.49 Retesting after failure. craft, flight simulator, flight training
(a) An applicant for a knowledge or device, or aviation training device, as
practical test who fails that test may appropriate.
reapply for the test only after the ap- (v) The name of a safety pilot, if re-
plicant has received: quired by 91.109(b) of this chapter.
(1) The necessary training from an (2) Type of pilot experience or train-
authorized instructor who has deter- ing
mined that the applicant is proficient (i) Solo.
to pass the test; and (ii) Pilot in command.
(2) An endorsement from an author- (iii) Second in command.
ized instructor who gave the applicant (iv) Flight and ground training re-
the additional training. ceived from an authorized instructor.
(b) An applicant for a flight instruc- (v) Training received in a flight sim-
tor certificate with an airplane cat- ulator, flight training device, or avia-
egory rating or, for a flight instructor tion training device from an authorized
certificate with a glider category rat- instructor.
ing, who has failed the practical test (3) Conditions of flight
due to deficiencies in instructional pro-
(i) Day or night.
ficiency on stall awareness, spin entry,
(ii) Actual instrument.
spins, or spin recovery must:
(1) Comply with the requirements of (iii) Simulated instrument conditions
paragraph (a) of this section before in flight, a flight simulator, flight
being retested; training device, or aviation training
(2) Bring an aircraft to the retest device.
that is of the appropriate aircraft cat- (iv) Use of night vision goggles in an
egory for the rating sought and is cer- aircraft in flight, in a flight simulator,
tificated for spins; and or in a flight training device.
(3) Demonstrate satisfactory instruc- (c) Logging of pilot time. The pilot
tional proficiency on stall awareness, time described in this section may be
spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to used to:
an examiner during the retest. (1) Apply for a certificate or rating
issued under this part or a privilege au-
61.51 Pilot logbooks. thorized under this part; or
(a) Training time and aeronautical ex- (2) Satisfy the recent flight experi-
perience. Each person must document ence requirements of this part.
and record the following time in a (d) Logging of solo flight time. Except
manner acceptable to the Adminis- for a student pilot performing the du-
trator: ties of pilot in command of an airship
(1) Training and aeronautical experi- requiring more than one pilot flight
ence used to meet the requirements for crewmember, a pilot may log as solo
a certificate, rating, or flight review of flight time only that flight time when
this part. the pilot is the sole occupant of the
(2) The aeronautical experience re- aircraft.
quired for meeting the recent flight ex- (e) Logging pilot-in-command flight
perience requirements of this part. time. (1) A sport, recreational, private,
(b) Logbook entries. For the purposes commercial, or airline transport pilot
of meeting the requirements of para- may log pilot in command flight time
graph (a) of this section, each person for flights-
must enter the following information (i) When the pilot is the sole manipu-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
for each flight or lesson logged: lator of the controls of an aircraft for
(1) General which the pilot is rated, or has sport
(i) Date. pilot privileges for that category and
409
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00419 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.51 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
class of aircraft, if the aircraft class (2) If rated to act as pilot in com-
rating is appropriate; mand of the aircraft, an airline trans-
(ii) When the pilot is the sole occu- port pilot may log all flight time while
pant in the aircraft; acting as pilot in command of an oper-
(iii) When the pilot, except for a ation requiring an airline transport
holder of a sport or recreational pilot pilot certificate.
certificate, acts as pilot in command of (3) A certificated flight instructor
an aircraft for which more than one may log pilot in command flight time
pilot is required under the type certifi- for all flight time while serving as the
cation of the aircraft or the regula- authorized instructor in an operation if
tions under which the flight is con- the instructor is rated to act as pilot in
ducted; or command of that aircraft.
(iv) When the pilot performs the du- (4) A student pilot may log pilot-in-
ties of pilot in command while under command time only when the student
the supervision of a qualified pilot in pilot
command provided (i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft
(A) The pilot performing the duties of or is performing the duties of pilot of
pilot in command holds a commercial command of an airship requiring more
or airline transport pilot certificate than one pilot flight crewmember;
and aircraft rating that is appropriate (ii) Has a solo flight endorsement as
to the category and class of aircraft required under 61.87 of this part; and
being flown, if a class rating is appro- (iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot
priate; certificate or rating.
(B) The pilot performing the duties of (f) Logging second-in-command flight
pilot in command is undergoing an ap- time. A person may log second-in-com-
proved pilot in command training pro- mand time only for that flight time
gram that includes ground and flight during which that person:
training on the following areas of oper- (1) Is qualified in accordance with the
ation second-in-command requirements of
(1) Preflight preparation; 61.55 of this part, and occupies a crew-
(2) Preflight procedures; member station in an aircraft that re-
(3) Takeoff and departure; quires more than one pilot by the air-
(4) In-flight maneuvers; crafts type certificate; or
(5) Instrument procedures; (2) Holds the appropriate category,
(6) Landings and approaches to land- class, and instrument rating (if an in-
ings; strument rating is required for the
(7) Normal and abnormal procedures; flight) for the aircraft being flown, and
(8) Emergency procedures; and more than one pilot is required under
(9) Postflight procedures; the type certification of the aircraft or
(C) The supervising pilot in command the regulations under which the flight
holds is being conducted.
(1) A commercial pilot certificate and (g) Logging instrument time. (1) A per-
flight instructor certificate, and air- son may log instrument time only for
craft rating that is appropriate to the that flight time when the person oper-
category, class, and type of aircraft ates the aircraft solely by reference to
being flown, if a class or type rating is instruments under actual or simulated
required; or instrument flight conditions.
(2) An airline transport pilot certifi- (2) An authorized instructor may log
cate and aircraft rating that is appro- instrument time when conducting in-
priate to the category, class, and type strument flight instruction in actual
of aircraft being flown, if a class or instrument flight conditions.
type rating is required; and (3) For the purposes of logging in-
(D) The supervising pilot in command strument time to meet the recent in-
logs the pilot in command training in strument experience requirements of
the pilots logbook, certifies the pilot 61.57(c) of this part, the following in-
in command training in the pilots log- formation must be recorded in the per-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
410
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00420 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.51
(ii) The name of the safety pilot, if (ii) Within airspace that requires
required. communication with air traffic con-
(4) A person can use time in a flight trol;
simulator, flight training device, or (iii) Conducted between sunset and
aviation training device for acquiring sunrise; or
instrument aeronautical experience for (iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot
a pilot certificate, rating, or instru- does not hold an appropriate category
ment recency experience, provided an or class rating.
authorized instructor is present to ob- (5) A flight instructor with a sport
serve that time and signs the persons pilot rating must carry his or her log-
logbook or training record to verify the book or other evidence of required au-
time and the content of the training thorized instructor endorsements on
session. all flights when providing flight train-
(h) Logging training time. (1) A person ing.
may log training time when that per- (j) Aircraft requirements for logging
son receives training from an author- flight time. For a person to log flight
ized instructor in an aircraft, flight time, the time must be acquired in an
simulator, or flight training device. aircraft that is identified as an aircraft
(2) The training time must be logged under 61.5(b), and is
in a logbook and must: (1) An aircraft of U.S. registry with
(i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by either a standard or special airworthi-
the authorized instructor; and ness certificate;
(ii) Include a description of the train- (2) An aircraft of foreign registry
ing given, the length of the training with an airworthiness certificate that
lesson, and the authorized instructors is approved by the aviation authority
signature, certificate number, and cer- of a foreign country that is a Member
tificate expiration date. State to the Convention on Inter-
(i) Presentation of required documents. national Civil Aviation Organization;
(1) Persons must present their pilot (3) A military aircraft under the di-
certificate, medical certificate, log- rect operational control of the U.S.
book, or any other record required by Armed Forces; or
this part for inspection upon a reason- (4) A public aircraft under the direct
able request by operational control of a Federal, State,
(i) The Administrator; county, or municipal law enforcement
(ii) An authorized representative agency, if the flight time was acquired
from the National Transportation Safe- by the pilot while engaged on an offi-
ty Board; or cial law enforcement flight for a Fed-
(iii) Any Federal, State, or local law eral, State, County, or Municipal law
enforcement officer. enforcement agency.
(2) A student pilot must carry the (k) Logging night vision goggle time. (1)
following items in the aircraft on all A person may log night vision goggle
solo cross-country flights as evidence time only for the time the person uses
of the required authorized instructor night vision goggles as the primary vis-
clearances and endorsements ual reference of the surface and oper-
(i) Pilot logbook; ates:
(ii) Student pilot certificate; and (i) An aircraft during a night vision
(iii) Any other record required by goggle operation; or
this section. (ii) A flight simulator or flight train-
(3) A sport pilot must carry his or her ing device with the lighting system ad-
logbook or other evidence of required justed to represent the period begin-
authorized instructor endorsements on ning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1
all flights. hour before sunrise.
(4) A recreational pilot must carry (2) An authorized instructor may log
his or her logbook with the required night vision goggle time when that per-
authorized instructor endorsements on son conducts training using night vi-
all solo flights sion goggles as the primary visual ref-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(i) That exceed 50 nautical miles erence of the surface and operates:
from the airport at which training was (i) An aircraft during a night goggle
received; operation; or
411
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00421 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.52 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
412
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00422 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.55
(c) If a person complies with the re- present the application to an FAA
quirements in paragraph (b) of this sec- Flight Standards District Office or to
tion in the calendar month before or an Examiner.
413
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00423 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.55 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(5) The person who provided the craft], relevant to the duties and re-
ground and flight training to the appli- sponsibilities of a second in command.
cant must sign the Instructors Rec- (3) If the applicants flight experience
ommendation section of the Airman and/or training records are in an elec-
Certificate and/or Rating Application, tronic form, the applicant must pro-
FAA Form 87101. In lieu of the trainer, vide a paper copy of those records con-
it is permissible for a qualified man- taining the signature of the trainer or
agement official within the organiza- qualified management official to an
tion to sign the applicants FAA Form FAA Flight Standards District Office,
87101. an Examiner, or an Aircrew Program
(6) The applicant must appear in per- Designee.
son at a FAA Flight Standards District (4) The applicant must complete and
Office or to an Examiner with his or sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rat-
her logbook/training records and with ing Application, FAA Form 87101, and
the completed and signed FAA Form present the application to an FAA
87101. Flight Standards District Office or to
(7) There is no practical test required an Examiner or to an authorized Air-
for the issuance of the SIC Privileges crew Program Designee.
Only pilot type rating. (5) The person who provided the
(e) A person may receive a second-in- ground and flight training to the appli-
command pilot type rating for the type cant must sign the Instructors Rec-
of aircraft after satisfactorily com- ommendation section of the Airman
pleting an approved second-in-com- Certificate and/or Rating Application,
mand training program, proficiency FAA Form 87101. In lieu of the trainer,
check, or competency check under sub- it is permissible for a qualified man-
part K of part 91, part 121, part 125, or agement official within the organiza-
part 135, as appropriate, in that type of tion to sign the applicants FAA Form
aircraft provided the training was com- 87101.
pleted within the 12 calendar months (6) The applicant must appear in per-
before the month of application for the son at an FAA Flight Standards Dis-
SIC pilot type rating. The person must trict Office or to an Examiner or to an
comply with the following application authorized Aircrew Program Designee
and pilot certification procedures: with his or her logbook/training
(1) The person who provided the records and with the completed and
training must sign the applicants log- signed FAA Form 87101.
book or training record after each les- (7) There is no practical test required
son in accordance with 61.51(h)(2) of for the issuance of the SIC Privileges
this part. In lieu of the trainer, it is Only pilot type rating.
permissible for a qualified management (f) The familiarization training re-
official within the organization to sign quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec-
the applicants training records or log- tion do not apply to a person who is:
book and make the required endorse- (1) Designated and qualified as pilot
ment. The qualified management offi- in command under subpart K of part 91,
cial must hold the position of Chief part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in
Pilot, Director of Training, Director of that specific type of aircraft;
Operations, or another comparable (2) Designated as the second in com-
management position within the orga- mand under subpart K of part 91, part
nization that provided the training and 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that
must be in a position to verify the ap- specific type of aircraft;
plicants training records and that the (3) Designated as the second in com-
training was given. mand in that specific type of aircraft
(2) The trainer or qualified manage- for the purpose of receiving flight
ment official must make an endorse- training required by this section, and
ment in the applicants logbook that no passengers or cargo are carried on
states [Applicants Name and Pilot the aircraft; or
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
414
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00424 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.56
(g) The holder of a commercial or air- of flight training and 1 hour of ground
line transport pilot certificate with the training. The review must include:
appropriate category and class rating (1) A review of the current general
is not required to meet the require- operating and flight rules of part 91 of
ments of paragraph (b)(2) of this sec- this chapter; and
tion, provided the pilot: (2) A review of those maneuvers and
(1) Is conducting a ferry flight, air- procedures that, at the discretion of
craft flight test, or evaluation flight of the person giving the review, are nec-
an aircrafts equipment; and essary for the pilot to demonstrate the
(2) Is not carrying any person or safe exercise of the privileges of the
property on board the aircraft, other pilot certificate.
than necessary for conduct of the (b) Glider pilots may substitute a
flight. minimum of three instructional flights
(h) For the purpose of meeting the re- in a glider, each of which includes a
quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec- flight to traffic pattern altitude, in
tion, a person may serve as second in lieu of the 1 hour of flight training re-
command in that specific type aircraft, quired in paragraph (a) of this section.
provided: (c) Except as provided in paragraphs
(1) The flight is conducted under day (d), (e), and (g) of this section, no per-
VFR or day IFR; and son may act as pilot in command of an
(2) No person or property is carried aircraft unless, since the beginning of
on board the aircraft, other than nec- the 24th calendar month before the
essary for conduct of the flight. month in which that pilot acts as pilot
(i) The training under paragraphs (b) in command, that person has
and (d) of this section and the training, (1) Accomplished a flight review
proficiency check, and competency given in an aircraft for which that
check under paragraph (e) of this sec- pilot is rated by an authorized instruc-
tion may be accomplished in a flight tor and
simulator that is used in accordance (2) A logbook endorsed from an au-
with an approved training course con- thorized instructor who gave the re-
ducted by a training center certificated view certifying that the person has sat-
under part 142 of this chapter or under isfactorily completed the review.
subpart K of part 91, part 121 or part 135 (d) A person who has, within the pe-
of this chapter. riod specified in paragraph (c) of this
(j) When an applicant for an initial section, passed a pilot proficiency
second-in-command qualification for a check conducted by an examiner, an
particular type of aircraft receives all approved pilot check airman, or a U.S.
the training in a flight simulator, that Armed Force, for a pilot certificate,
applicant must satisfactorily complete rating, or operating privilege need not
one takeoff and one landing in an air- accomplish the flight review required
craft of the same type for which the by this section.
qualification is sought. This require- (e) A person who has, within the pe-
ment does not apply to an applicant riod specified in paragraph (c) of this
who completes a proficiency check section, satisfactorily accomplished
under part 121 or competency check one or more phases of an FAA-spon-
under subpart K, part 91, part 125, or sored pilot proficiency award program
part 135 for the particular type of air- need not accomplish the flight review
craft. required by this section.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
(f) A person who holds a flight in-
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; structor certificate and who has, with-
Amdt. 61109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003; in the period specified in paragraph (c)
Amdt. 61113, 70 FR 45271, Aug. 4, 2005; Amdt. of this section, satisfactorily com-
61109, 70 FR 61890, Oct. 27, 2005; Amdt. 61124, pleted a renewal of a flight instructor
74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009] certificate under the provisions in
61.197 need not accomplish the one
61.56 Flight review. hour of ground training specified in
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
415
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00425 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.57 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
section provided the student pilot is (2) For the purpose of meeting the re-
undergoing training for a certificate quirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this
and has a current solo flight endorse- section, a person may act as a pilot in
ment as required under 61.87 of this command of an aircraft under day VFR
part. or day IFR, provided no persons or
(h) The requirements of this section property are carried on board the air-
may be accomplished in combination craft, other than those necessary for
with the requirements of 61.57 and the conduct of the flight.
other applicable recent experience re- (3) The takeoffs and landings re-
quirements at the discretion of the au- quired by paragraph (a)(1) of this sec-
thorized instructor conducting the tion may be accomplished in a flight
flight review. simulator or flight training device that
(i) A flight simulator or flight train- is
ing device may be used to meet the (i) Approved by the Administrator for
flight review requirements of this sec- landings; and
tion subject to the following condi- (ii) Used in accordance with an ap-
tions: proved course conducted by a training
(1) The flight simulator or flight center certificated under part 142 of
training device must be used in accord- this chapter.
ance with an approved course con- (b) Night takeoff and landing experi-
ducted by a training center certificated ence. (1) Except as provided in para-
under part 142 of this chapter. graph (e) of this section, no person may
(2) Unless the flight review is under- act as pilot in command of an aircraft
taken in a flight simulator that is ap- carrying passengers during the period
proved for landings, the applicant must beginning 1 hour after sunset and end-
meet the takeoff and landing require- ing 1 hour before sunrise, unless within
ments of 61.57(a) or 61.57(b) of this the preceding 90 days that person has
part. made at least three takeoffs and three
landings to a full stop during the pe-
(3) The flight simulator or flight
riod beginning 1 hour after sunset and
training device used must represent an
ending 1 hour before sunrise, and
aircraft or set of aircraft for which the
(i) That person acted as sole manipu-
pilot is rated.
lator of the flight controls; and
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (ii) The required takeoffs and land-
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; ings were performed in an aircraft of
Amdt. 61104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. the same category, class, and type (if a
61124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009] type rating is required).
(2) The takeoffs and landings re-
61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot
in command. quired by paragraph (b)(1) of this sec-
tion may be accomplished in a flight
(a) General experience. (1) Except as simulator that is
provided in paragraph (e) of this sec- (i) Approved by the Administrator for
tion, no person may act as a pilot in takeoffs and landings, if the visual sys-
command of an aircraft carrying pas- tem is adjusted to represent the period
sengers or of an aircraft certificated described in paragraph (b)(1) of this
for more than one pilot flight crew- section; and
member unless that person has made at (ii) Used in accordance with an ap-
least three takeoffs and three landings proved course conducted by a training
within the preceding 90 days, and center certificated under part 142 of
(i) The person acted as the sole ma- this chapter.
nipulator of the flight controls; and (c) Instrument experience. Except as
(ii) The required takeoffs and land- provided in paragraph (e) of this sec-
ings were performed in an aircraft of tion, a person may act as pilot in com-
the same category, class, and type (if a mand under IFR or weather conditions
type rating is required), and, if the air- less than the minimums prescribed for
craft to be flown is an airplane with a VFR only if:
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
tailwheel, the takeoffs and landings (1) Use of an airplane, powered-lift, hel-
must have been made to a full stop in icopter, or airship for maintaining instru-
an airplane with a tailwheel. ment experience. Within the 6 calendar
416
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00426 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.57
flight simulator, flight training device, a flight simulator or flight training de-
and aviation training device. A person vice that represents the category of
who elects to complete the instrument aircraft for the instrument rating
417
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00427 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.57 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
preceding the month of the flight. under this alternative, that pilot must
(B) Use a view-limiting-device while have accomplished and logged the day-
practicing performance maneuvers, time takeoff and landing recent flight
418
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00428 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.57
the pilot must have performed, at least ments of paragraphs (f)(1) or (f)(2) of
6 takeoffs and 6 landings to a full stop this section or pass a night vision gog-
as the sole manipulator of the controls gle proficiency check to act as pilot in
419
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00429 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.58 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
command using night vision goggles. type certificated for more than one re-
The proficiency check must be per- quired pilot flight crewmember; and
formed in the category of aircraft that (2) Within the preceding 24 calendar
is appropriate to the night vision gog- months, complete a pilot-in-command
gle operation for which the person is proficiency check in the particular
seeking the night vision goggle privi- type of aircraft in which that person
lege or in a flight simulator or flight will serve as pilot in command.
training device that is representative (b) This section does not apply to
of that category of aircraft. The check persons conducting operations under
must consist of the tasks listed in subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, 133,
61.31(k), and the check must be per- 135, or 137 of this chapter, or persons
formed by: maintaining continuing qualification
(1) An Examiner who is qualified to under an Advanced Qualification pro-
perform night vision goggle operations gram approved under subpart Y of part
in that same aircraft category and 121 of this chapter.
class; (c) The pilot-in-command proficiency
(2) A person who is authorized by the check given in accordance with the
U.S. Armed Forces to perform night vi- provisions of subpart K of part 91, part
sion goggle proficiency checks, pro- 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter may be
vided the person being administered used to satisfy the requirements of this
the check is also a member of the U.S. section.
Armed Forces; (d) The pilot-in-command proficiency
check required by paragraph (a) of this
(3) A company check pilot who is au-
section may be accomplished by satis-
thorized to perform night vision goggle
factory completion of one of the fol-
proficiency checks under parts 121, 125,
lowing:
or 135 of this chapter, provided that
(1) A pilot-in-command proficiency
both the check pilot and the pilot
check conducted by a person author-
being tested are employees of that op-
ized by the Administrator, consisting
erator;
of the maneuvers and procedures re-
(4) An authorized flight instructor quired for a type rating, in an aircraft
who is qualified to perform night vision type certificated for more than one re-
goggle operations in that same aircraft quired pilot flight crewmember;
category and class; (2) The practical test required for a
(5) A person who is qualified as pilot type rating, in an aircraft type certifi-
in command for night vision goggle op- cated for more than one required pilot
erations in accordance with paragraph flight crewmember;
(f) of this section; or (3) The initial or periodic practical
(6) A person approved by the FAA to test required for the issuance of a pilot
perform night vision goggle proficiency examiner or check airman designation,
checks. in an aircraft type certificated for
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
more than one required pilot flight
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; crewmember; or
Amdt. 61106, 64 FR 23529, Apr. 30, 1999; Amdt. (4) A military flight check required
61109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61 for a pilot in command with instru-
124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009] ment privileges, in an aircraft that the
military requires to be operated by
61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency more than one pilot flight crew-
check: Operation of aircraft requir- member.
ing more than one pilot flight crew- (e) A check or test described in para-
member.
graphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this sec-
(a) Except as otherwise provided in tion may be accomplished in a flight
this section, to serve as pilot in com- simulator under part 142 of this chap-
mand of an aircraft that is type certifi- ter, subject to the following:
cated for more than one required pilot (1) Except as provided for in para-
flight crewmember, a person must graphs (e)(2) and (e)(3) of this section,
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
420
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00430 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.60
qualified and approved for a specific re- considered to have taken it in the
quired maneuver month in which it was due for the pur-
(i) The training center must anno- pose of computing when the next pilot-
tate, in the applicants training record, in-command proficiency check is due.
the maneuver or maneuvers omitted;
and [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40899, July 30, 1997, as
(ii) Prior to acting as pilot in com- amended by Amdt. 61109, 68 FR 54559, Sept.
mand, the pilot must demonstrate pro- 17, 2003; Amdt. 61112, 70 FR 54814, Sept. 16,
2005]
ficiency in each omitted maneuver in
an aircraft or flight simulator qualified 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or
and approved for each omitted maneu- alteration of applications, certifi-
ver. cates, logbooks, reports, or records.
(2) If the flight simulator used pursu-
ant to paragraph (e) of this section is (a) No person may make or cause to
not qualified and approved for circling be made:
approaches (1) Any fraudulent or intentionally
(i) The applicants record must in- false statement on any application for
clude the statement, Proficiency in a certificate, rating, authorization, or
circling approaches not demonstrated; duplicate thereof, issued under this
and part;
(ii) The applicant may not perform (2) Any fraudulent or intentionally
circling approaches as pilot in com- false entry in any logbook, record, or
mand when weather conditions are less report that is required to be kept,
than the basic VFR conditions de- made, or used to show compliance with
scribed in 91.155 of this chapter, until
any requirement for the issuance or ex-
proficiency in circling approaches has
ercise of the privileges of any certifi-
been successfully demonstrated in a
flight simulator qualified and approved cate, rating, or authorization under
for circling approaches or in an aircraft this part;
to a person authorized by the Adminis- (3) Any reproduction for fraudulent
trator to conduct the check required purpose of any certificate, rating, or
by this section. authorization, under this part; or
(3) If the flight simulator used pursu- (4) Any alteration of any certificate,
ant to paragraph (e) of this section is rating, or authorization under this
not qualified and approved for land- part.
ings, the applicant must (b) The commission of an act prohib-
(i) Hold a type rating in the airplane ited under paragraph (a) of this section
represented by the simulator; and is a basis for suspending or revoking
(ii) Have completed within the pre- any airman certificate, rating, or au-
ceding 90 days at least three takeoffs thorization held by that person.
and three landings (one to a full stop)
as the sole manipulator of the flight 61.60 Change of address.
controls in the type airplane for which
the pilot-in-command proficiency The holder of a pilot, flight instruc-
check is sought. tor, or ground instructor certificate
(f) For the purpose of meeting the who has made a change in permanent
pilot-in-command proficiency check re- mailing address may not, after 30 days
quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec- from that date, exercise the privileges
tion, a person may act as pilot in com- of the certificate unless the holder has
mand of a flight under day VFR condi- notified in writing the FAA, Airman
tions or day IFR conditions if no per- Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082,
son or property is carried, other than Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of the new
as necessary to demonstrate compli- permanent mailing address, or if the
ance with this part. permanent mailing address includes a
(g) If a pilot takes the pilot-in-com- post office box number, then the hold-
mand proficiency check required by
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
421
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00431 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.61 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
Subpart BAircraft Ratings and airship class rating, then that person
Pilot Authorizations must receive the specified training
time requirements and possess the ap-
61.61 Applicability. propriate aeronautical experience.
This subpart prescribes the require- (4) Need not take an additional
ments for the issuance of additional knowledge test, provided the applicant
aircraft ratings after a pilot certificate holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-
is issued, and the requirements for and lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, pow-
limitations of pilot authorizations ered parachute, or airship rating at
issued by the Administrator. that pilot certificate level.
(d) Additional aircraft type rating. Ex-
61.63 Additional aircraft ratings cept as provided under paragraph (d)(6)
(other than for ratings at the air- of this section, a person who applies for
line transport pilot certification an aircraft type rating or an aircraft
level). type rating to be completed concur-
(a) General. For an additional aircraft rently with an aircraft category or
rating on a pilot certificate, other than class rating
for an airline transport pilot certifi- (1) Must hold or concurrently obtain
cate, a person must meet the require- an appropriate instrument rating, ex-
ments of this section appropriate to cept as provided in paragraph (e) of
the additional aircraft rating sought. this section.
(b) Additional aircraft category rating. (2) Must have a logbook or training
A person who applies to add a category record endorsement from an authorized
rating to a pilot certificate: instructor attesting that the person is
(1) Must complete the training and competent in the appropriate aero-
have the applicable aeronautical expe- nautical knowledge areas and pro-
rience. ficient in the appropriate areas of oper-
(2) Must have a logbook or training ation at the airline transport pilot cer-
record endorsement from an authorized tification level.
instructor attesting that the person (3) Must pass the practical test at the
was found competent in the appro- airline transport pilot certification
priate aeronautical knowledge areas level.
and proficient in the appropriate areas (4) Must perform the practical test in
of operation. actual or simulated instrument condi-
(3) Must pass the practical test. tions, except as provided in paragraph
(4) Need not take an additional (e) of this section.
knowledge test, provided the applicant (5) Need not take an additional
holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered- knowledge test if the applicant holds
lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, pow- an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or
ered parachute, or airship rating at airship rating on the pilot certificate.
that pilot certificate level. (6) In the case of a pilot employee of
(c) Additional aircraft class rating. A a part 121 or part 135 certificate holder
person who applies for an additional or of a fractional ownership program
class rating on a pilot certificate: manager under subpart K of part 91 of
(1) Must have a logbook or training this chapter, the pilot must
record endorsement from an authorized (i) Meet the appropriate require-
instructor attesting that the person ments under paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(3),
was found competent in the appro- and (d)(4) of this section; and
priate aeronautical knowledge areas (ii) Receive a flight training record
and proficient in the appropriate areas endorsement from the certificate hold-
of operation. er attesting that the person completed
(2) Must pass the practical test. the certificate holders approved
(3) Need not meet the specified train- ground and flight training program.
ing time requirements prescribed by (e) Aircraft not capable of instrument
this part that apply to the pilot certifi- maneuvers and procedures. (1) An appli-
cate for the aircraft class rating cant for a type rating or a type rating
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
sought; unless, the person only holds a in addition to an aircraft category and/
lighter-than-air category rating with a or class rating who provides an aircraft
balloon class rating and is seeking an that is not capable of the instrument
422
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00432 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.64
maneuvers and procedures required on (1) The person logged 5 hours flight
the practical test: time while acting as pilot in command
(i) May apply for the type rating, but in the same category, class, make, and
the rating will be limited to VFR model of aircraft.
only. (2) The person received a logbook en-
(ii) May have the VFR only limita- dorsement from an authorized instruc-
tion removed for that aircraft type tor who determined the pilots pro-
after the applicant: ficiency to act as pilot in command of
(A) Passes a practical test in that the same category, class, make, and
type of aircraft in actual or simulated model of aircraft.
instrument conditions; (3) The flight time specified under
(B) Passes a practical test in that paragraph (h)(1) of this section was
type of aircraft on the appropriate in- logged between September 1, 2004 and
strument maneuvers and procedures in August 31, 2005.
61.157; or (i) Waiver authority. An Examiner
(C) Becomes qualified under 61.73(d) who conducts a practical test may
for that type of aircraft. waive any task for which the FAA has
(2) When an instrument rating is provided waiver authority.
issued to a person who holds one or [Doc. No. FAA200626661, 74 FR 42552, Aug.
more type ratings, the amended pilot 21, 2009, as amended by Amdt. 61125, 75 FR
certificate must bear the VFR only 5220, Feb. 1, 2010]
limitation for each aircraft type rating
that the person did not demonstrate in- 61.64 Use of a flight simulator and
strument competency. flight training device.
(f) Multiengine airplane with a single- (a) Use of a flight simulator for the air-
pilot station. An applicant for a type plane rating. If an applicant uses a
rating, at other than the ATP certifi- flight simulator for training or the
cation level, in a multiengine airplane practical test for an airplane category,
with a single-pilot station must per- class, or type rating
form the practical test in the multi- (1) The flight simulator
seat version of that airplane, or the (i) Must represent the category,
practical test may be performed in the class, and type of airplane rating (if a
single-seat version of that airplane if type rating is applicable) for the rating
the Examiner is in a position to ob- sought;
serve the applicant during the prac- (ii) Must be used in accordance with
tical test and there is no multi-seat an approved course of training under
version of that multiengine airplane. part 141 or part 142 of this chapter; or
(g) Single engine airplane with a single- under part 121 or part 135 of this chap-
pilot station. An applicant for a type ter, provided the applicant is a pilot
rating, at other than the ATP certifi- employee of that air carrier operator;
cation level, in a single engine airplane (iii) At a minimum, must be qualified
with a single-pilot station must per- and approved as a Level C flight simu-
form the practical test in the multi- lator if the applicant performs the en-
seat version of that single engine air- tire practical test in a flight simulator;
plane, or the practical test may be per- and
formed in the single-seat version of (iv) At a minimum, must be qualified
that airplane if the Examiner is in a and approved as a Level A flight simu-
position to observe the applicant dur- lator if the applicant uses the flight
ing the practical test and there is no simulator for any training;
multi-seat version of that single engine (2) If the type rating is for a turbojet
airplane. airplane, the applicant must
(h) Aircraft category and class rating (i) Hold a type rating in a turbojet
for the operation of aircraft with an ex- airplane of the same class of airplane,
perimental certificate. A person holding and that type rating may not contain a
a recreational, private, or commercial supervised operating experience limita-
pilot certificate may apply for a cat- tion;
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
egory and class rating limited to a spe- (ii) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in
cific make and model of experimental two different turbojet airplanes of the
aircraft, provided same class of airplane;
423
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00433 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.64 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(iii) Have been appointed by the U.S. be removed from the applicants pilot
Armed Forces as pilot in command in a certificate if the applicant
turbojet airplane of the same class of (A) Logs 25 hours of flight time in the
airplane; category and class of airplane for the
(iv) Have 500 hours of flight time in rating sought, and if a type rating is
the same type of airplane; or being sought, the flight time must be
(v) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of performed in the same type of airplane
flight time, of which 500 hours were in for the type rating sought;
turbine-powered airplanes of the same (B) Performs 25 hours of flight time
class of airplane for which the type rat- under the direct observation of the
ing is sought. pilot in command who holds the appro-
(3) If the type rating is for a turbo priate airplane category, class, and
propeller airplane, the applicant type rating, without limitations, in the
must same category, class, and type of air-
(i) Hold a type rating in a turbo-pro- plane rating, if a type rating is applica-
peller airplane of the same class of air- ble;
plane, and that type rating may not (C) Logs each flight and the pilot in
contain a supervised operating experi- command who observed the flight at-
ence limitation; tests to each flight;
(ii) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in (D) Obtains the flight time while in
two different turbo-propeller airplanes the pilot in command seat of the appro-
of the same class of airplane; priate airplane category, class, and
(iii) Have been appointed by the U.S. type, if a type rating is appropriate;
Armed Forces as pilot in command in a and
turbo-propeller airplane of the same (E) Has an Examiner review the pilot
class of airplane; logbook and endorse that logbook, at-
(iv) Have 500 hours of flight time in testing to compliance with the re-
the same type of airplane; or quired supervised operating experience.
(v) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of (b) Use of a flight training device for
flight time, of which 500 hours were in the airplane rating. If an applicant uses
turbine-powered airplanes of the same a flight training device for training for
class of airplane for which the type rat- the airplane category, class, or type
ing is sought. rating, the applicant must meet the re-
(4) If the applicant does not meet the quirements of paragraph (a)(2), (a)(3) or
requirements of paragraph (a)(2) or (a)(4) of this section, and the flight
(a)(3) of this section as appropriate, training device
then (1) Must represent the category,
(i) The applicant must complete the class, and type of airplane rating (if a
following tasks on the practical test in type rating is applicable) for the rat-
the airplane of the category, class, and ing.
type of airplane rating (if a type rating (2) Must be used in accordance with
is applicable) for which the airplane an approved course of training under
rating applies: preflight inspection, part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or
normal takeoff, normal instrument under part 121 or part 135 of this chap-
landing system approach, missed ap- ter, provided the applicant is a pilot
proach, and normal landing; or employee of that air carrier operator.
(ii) The applicants pilot certificate (3) Must be qualified and approved at
will be issued with a limitation that or above a Level 2 flight training de-
states: vice if the applicant completes the en-
The [name the category, class, and type of tire practical test in the airplane.
airplane rating (if a type rating is applica- (4) Must be qualified and approved at
ble)] is subject to additional pilot in com- or above a Level 5 flight training de-
mand limitations, and the applicant is re- vice if the applicant uses a flight simu-
stricted from serving as pilot in command in lator for any portion of the practical
that category, class, and type of airplane test.
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
424
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00434 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.64
practical test for the helicopter class the applicant complies with the fol-
or type rating, lowing
(1) The flight simulator (A) Logs 25 hours of flight time in the
(i) Must represent the class and type class of helicopter for the rating
of helicopter rating (if a type rating is sought, if the person applied for a type
applicable) for the rating; rating, the flight time must be per-
(ii) Must be used in accordance with formed in the same type of helicopter
an approved course of training under for the type rating sought;
part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or (B) Performs the 25 hours of flight
under part 135 of this chapter, provided time under the direct observation of
the applicant is a pilot employee of the pilot in command who holds the ap-
that part 135 operator; propriate class and type of helicopter
(iii) At a minimum, must be qualified rating (if a type rating is applicable),
and approved as a Level C flight simu- without limitations, in the same class,
lator if the applicant performs the en- and type of helicopter rating, if a type
tire practical test in a flight simulator; rating is applicable;
and (C) Logs each flight and the pilot in
(iv) At a minimum, must be qualified command who observed the flight at-
and approved as a Level A flight simu- tests to each flight;
lator if the applicant uses a flight sim- (D) Performs the flight time while in
ulator for any training. the pilot in command seat of the appro-
priate class and type of helicopter rat-
(2) The applicant must meet one of
ing, if a type rating is appropriate; and
the following requirements
(E) Has an Examiner review the pilot
(i) Hold a type rating in a helicopter
logbook and endorse that logbook, at-
and that type rating may not contain
testing to compliance with the re-
the supervised operating experience
quired supervised operating experience.
limitation;
(d) Use of a flight training device for
(ii) Have been appointed by the U.S. the helicopter rating. If an applicant
Armed Forces as pilot in command of a uses a flight training device for train-
helicopter; ing for the helicopter class or type rat-
(iii) Have 500 hours of flight time in ing, the applicant must meet the re-
the type of helicopter; or quirements of either paragraph (c)(2) or
(iv) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in (3) of this section and the flight train-
two different types of helicopters. ing device
(3) If the applicant does not meet any (1) Must represent the class and type
of the requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of helicopter rating (if a type rating is
of this section, then applicable) for the rating.
(i) The applicant must complete the (2) Must be used in accordance with
following tasks on the practical test in an approved course of training under
the helicopter class and type rating (if part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or
a type rating is applicable) for which under part 135 of this chapter, provided
the rating applies: preflight inspection, the applicant is a pilot employee of
normal takeoff, normal instrument that part 135 operator.
landing system approach, missed ap- (3) Must be qualified and approved at
proach, and normal landing; or or above a Level 2 flight training de-
(ii) The applicants pilot certificate vice if the applicant completes the en-
will be issued with a limitation that tire practical test in the helicopter.
states: The [name the helicopter class (4) Must be qualified and approved at
and type of helicopter rating (if a type or above a Level 5 flight training de-
rating is applicable)] is subject to addi- vice if the applicant uses a flight simu-
tional pilot in command limitations, lator for any portion of the practical
and the applicant is restricted from test.
serving as pilot in command in that (e) Use of a flight simulator for the
helicopter class and type of helicopter powered-lift rating. If an applicant uses
rating (if a type rating is applicable). a flight simulator for training or the
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(iii) The limitation described under practical test for the powered-lift cat-
paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section may egory or type rating
be removed from the pilot certificate if (1) The flight simulator
425
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00435 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.64 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(i) Must represent the category and sought, and if a type rating is being
type of powered-lift rating (if a type sought, the flight time must be per-
rating is applicable) for the rating; formed in the same type of powered-lift
(ii) Must be used in accordance with for the type rating sought;
an approved course of training under (B) Performs the 25 hours flight time
part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or under the direct observation of the
under part 121 or part 135 of this chap- pilot in command who holds the cat-
ter, provided the applicant is a pilot egory and type of powered-lift rating
employee of that air carrier operator; (if a type rating is applicable), without
(iii) At a minimum, must be qualified limitations, in the same category and
and approved as a Level C flight simu- type of powered-lift rating, if a type
lator if the applicant performs the en- rating is applicable;
tire practical test in a flight simulator; (C) Logs each flight and the pilot in
and command who observed the flight at-
(iv) At a minimum, must be qualified tests to each flight;
and approved as a Level A flight simu- (D) Performs the flight time while in
lator if the applicant uses a flight sim- the pilot in command seat of the appro-
ulator for any training. priate category and type of powered-
(2) The applicant must meet one of lift rating, if a type rating is appro-
the following requirements priate; and
(i) Hold a type rating in a powered- (E) Has an Examiner review the pilot
lift without a supervised operating ex- logbook and endorse that logbook, at-
perience limitation; testing to compliance with the re-
(ii) Have been appointed by the U.S. quired supervised operating experience.
Armed Forces as pilot in command of a (f) Use of a flight training device for the
powered-lift; powered-lift rating. Whenever an appli-
(iii) Have 500 hours of flight time in cant uses a flight training device for
the type of powered-lift; or training for the powered-lift category
(iv) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in or type rating, the flight training de-
two different types of powered-lifts. vice must meet the following require-
(3) If the applicant does not meet any ments, and the applicant must meet
of the requirements of paragraph (e)(2) the requirements of either paragraph
of this section, then (e)(2) or (e)(3) of this section.
(i) The applicant must complete the (1) The flight training device must
following tasks on the practical test in represent the class and type of pow-
the powered-lift of the category and ered-lift rating (if a type rating is ap-
type of powered-lift rating (if a type plicable) for the rating.
rating is applicable) for which the rat- (2) The flight training device must be
ing applies: preflight inspection, nor- used in accordance with an approved
mal takeoff, normal instrument land- course of training under part 141 or
ing system approach, missed approach, part 142 of this chapter; or under part
and normal landing; or 121 or part 135 of this chapter, provided
(ii) The applicants pilot certificate the applicant is a pilot employee of
will be issued with a limitation that that air carrier operator.
states: The [name of the category and (3) If the applicant completes the en-
powered-lift rating (if a type rating is tire practical test in the powered-lift,
applicable)] is subject to additional the flight training device used for
pilot in command limitations, and the training must be qualified and ap-
applicant is restricted from serving as proved at or above a Level 2 flight
pilot in command in that category and training device.
type of powered-lift rating (if a type (4) If an applicant uses a flight simu-
rating is applicable). lator for any portion of the practical
(iii) The limitation described under test, the flight training device used for
paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section may training must be qualified and ap-
be removed from the pilot certificate if proved at or above a Level 5 flight
the applicant complies with the fol- training device.
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
426
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00436 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.65
427
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00437 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.65 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
428
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00438 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.67
429
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00439 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.67 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
operations only if conducted in a flight (2) Flight increment. The following re-
simulator or flight training device; and quirements apply to the flight incre-
(v) Must be accomplished in an air- ment of the practical test:
craft of the same category and class, (i) The flight increment must be con-
and type, as applicable, as the aircraft ducted in an aircraft of the same cat-
in which the practical test is to be con- egory, class, and type, as applicable, as
ducted or in a flight simulator that the aircraft in which the authorization
(A) Represents an aircraft of the is sought or in a flight simulator
same category and class, and type, as that
applicable, as the aircraft in which the
(A) Represents an aircraft of the
authorization is sought; and
same category and class, and type, as
(B) Is used in accordance with an ap-
proved course conducted by a training applicable, as the aircraft in which the
center certificated under part 142 of authorization is sought; and
this chapter. (B) Is used in accordance with an ap-
(4) The flight time acquired in meet- proved course conducted by a training
ing the requirements of paragraph center certificated under part 142 of
(c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used this chapter.
to meet the requirements of paragraph (ii) The flight increment must con-
(c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section. sist of at least two ILS approaches to
(d) Practical test procedures. The prac- 100 feet AGL including at least one
tical test consists of an oral increment landing and one missed approach.
and a flight increment. (iii) All approaches performed during
(1) Oral increment. In the oral incre- the flight increment must be made
ment of the practical test an applicant with the use of an approved flight con-
must demonstrate knowledge of the trol guidance system, except if an ap-
following: proved auto approach coupler is in-
(i) Required landing distance; stalled, at least one approach must be
(ii) Recognition of the decision hand flown using flight director com-
height;
mands.
(iii) Missed approach procedures and
techniques using computed or fixed at- (iv) If a multiengine airplane with
titude guidance displays; the performance capability to execute
(iv) Use and limitations of RVR; a missed approach with one engine in-
(v) Use of visual clues, their avail- operative is used for the practical test,
ability or limitations, and altitude at the flight increment must include the
which they are normally discernible at performance of one missed approach
reduced RVR readings; with an engine, which shall be the
(vi) Procedures and techniques re- most critical engine, if applicable, set
lated to transition from nonvisual to at idle or zero thrust before reaching
visual flight during a final approach the middle marker.
under reduced RVR; (v) If a multiengine flight simulator
(vii) Effects of vertical and hori- or multiengine flight training device is
zontal windshear; used for the practical test, the appli-
(viii) Characteristics and limitations cant must execute a missed approach
of the ILS and runway lighting system; with the most critical engine, if appli-
(ix) Characteristics and limitations cable, failed.
of the flight director system, auto ap- (vi) For an authorization for an air-
proach coupler (including split axis craft that requires a type rating, the
type if equipped), auto throttle system practical test must be performed in co-
(if equipped), and other required Cat- ordination with a second in command
egory II equipment; who holds a type rating in the aircraft
(x) Assigned duties of the second in in which the authorization is sought.
command during Category II ap-
(vii) Oral questioning may be con-
proaches, unless the aircraft for which
ducted at any time during a practical
authorization is sought does not re-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
test.
quire a second in command; and
(xi) Instrument and equipment fail- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
ure warning systems. Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997]
430
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00440 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.68
61.68 Category III pilot authorization proaches must have been conducted
requirements. without the use of an approach coupler.
(a) General. A person who applies for (3) The approaches specified in para-
a Category III pilot authorization must graph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section
hold: (i) Must be conducted under actual or
(1) At least a private pilot certificate simulated instrument flight condi-
or commercial pilot certificate with an tions;
instrument rating or an airline trans- (ii) Must be conducted to the alert
port pilot certificate; height or decision height for the ILS
(2) A type rating for the aircraft for approach in the type aircraft in which
which the authorization is sought if the practical test is to be conducted;
that aircraft requires a type rating; (iii) Need not be conducted to the de-
and cision height authorized for Category
(3) A category and class rating for III operations;
the aircraft for which the authoriza- (iv) Must be conducted to the alert
tion is sought. height or decision height, as applica-
(b) Experience requirements. An appli- ble, authorized for Category III oper-
cant for a Category III pilot authoriza- ations only if conducted in a flight
tion must have at least simulator or flight training device; and
(1) 50 hours of night flight time as (v) Must be accomplished in an air-
pilot in command. craft of the same category and class,
(2) 75 hours of instrument flight time and type, as applicable, as the aircraft
during actual or simulated instrument in which the practical test is to be con-
conditions that may include not more ducted or in a flight simulator that
than (A) Represents an aircraft of the
(i) A combination of 25 hours of simu- same category and class, and type, as
lated instrument flight time in a flight applicable, as the aircraft for which the
simulator or flight training device; or authorization is sought; and
(ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument (B) Is used in accordance with an ap-
flight time if accomplished in an ap- proved course conducted by a training
proved course conducted by an appro- center certificated under part 142 of
priately rated training center certifi- this chapter.
cated under part 142 of this chapter.
(4) The flight time acquired in meet-
(3) 250 hours of cross-country flight
ing the requirements of paragraph
time as pilot in command.
(c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used
(c) Practical test requirements. (1) A
to meet the requirements of paragraph
practical test must be passed by a per-
(c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.
son who applies for
(i) Issuance or renewal of a Category (d) Practical test procedures. The prac-
III pilot authorization; and tical test consists of an oral increment
(ii) The addition of another type of and a flight increment.
aircraft to the applicants Category III (1) Oral increment. In the oral incre-
pilot authorization. ment of the practical test an applicant
(2) To be eligible for the practical must demonstrate knowledge of the
test for an authorization under this following:
section, an applicant must (i) Required landing distance;
(i) Meet the requirements of para- (ii) Determination and recognition of
graphs (a) and (b) of this section; and the alert height or decision height, as
(ii) If the applicant has not passed a applicable, including use of a radar al-
practical test for this authorization timeter;
during the 12 calendar months pre- (iii) Recognition of and proper reac-
ceding the month of the test, then that tion to significant failures encountered
person must prior to and after reaching the alert
(A) Meet the requirements of height or decision height, as applica-
61.57(c); and ble;
(B) Have performed at least six ILS (iv) Missed approach procedures and
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
431
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00441 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.68 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
432
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00442 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.71
(D) In weather conditions anticipated by a qualified pilot who meets the re-
in Category IIIb operations. quirements of this section; or
(ii) Made at least three flights as
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997]
pilot in command of a glider or
unpowered ultralight vehicle towed by
61.69 Glider and unpowered ultra- an aircraft.
light vehicle towing: Experience (b) Any person who, before May 17,
and training requirements. 1967, has made and logged 10 or more
(a) No person may act as pilot in flights as pilot in command of an air-
command for towing a glider or craft towing a glider or unpowered
unpowered ultralight vehicle unless ultralight vehicle in accordance with a
that person certificate of waiver need not comply
with paragraphs (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this
(1) Holds a private, commercial or
section.
airline transport pilot certificate with
(c) The pilot, described in paragraph
a category rating for powered aircraft;
(a)(4) of this section, who endorses the
(2) Has logged at least 100 hours of
logbook of a person seeking towing
pilot-in-command time in the aircraft
privileges must have
category, class and type, if required,
(1) Met the requirements of this sec-
that the pilot is using to tow a glider
tion prior to endorsing the logbook of
or unpowered ultralight vehicle;
the person seeking towing privileges;
(3) Has a logbook endorsement from and
an authorized instructor who certifies (2) Logged at least 10 flights as pilot
that the person has received ground in command of an aircraft while towing
and flight training in gliders or a glider or unpowered ultralight vehi-
unpowered ultralight vehicles and is cle.
proficient in (d) If the pilot described in paragraph
(i) The techniques and procedures es- (a)(4) of this section holds only a pri-
sential to the safe towing of gliders or vate pilot certificate, then that pilot
unpowered ultralight vehicles, includ- must have
ing airspeed limitations; (1) Logged at least 100 hours of pilot-
(ii) Emergency procedures; in-command time in airplanes, or 200
(iii) Signals used; and hours of pilot-in-command time in a
(iv) Maximum angles of bank. combination of powered and other-
(4) Except as provided in paragraph than-powered aircraft; and
(b) of this section, has logged at least (2) Performed and logged at least
three flights as the sole manipulator of three flights within the 12 calendar
the controls of an aircraft while towing months preceding the month that pilot
a glider or unpowered ultralight vehi- accompanies or endorses the logbook of
cle, or has simulated towing flight pro- a person seeking towing privileges
cedures in an aircraft while accom- (i) In an aircraft while towing a glid-
panied by a pilot who meets the re- er or unpowered ultralight vehicle ac-
quirements of paragraphs (c) and (d) of companied by another pilot who meets
this section. the requirements of this section; or
(5) Except as provided in paragraph (ii) As pilot in command of a glider
(b) of this section, has received a log- or unpowered ultralight vehicle being
book endorsement from the pilot, de- towed by another aircraft.
scribed in paragraph (a)(4) of this sec- [Doc. No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44866, July
tion, certifying that the person has ac- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61124, 74 FR
complished at least 3 flights in an air- 42555, Aug. 21, 2009]
craft while towing a glider or
unpowered ultralight vehicle, or while 61.71 Graduates of an approved
simulating towing flight procedures; training program other than under
and this part: Special rules.
(6) Within 24 calendar months before (a) A person who graduates from an
the flight has approved training program under part
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(i) Made at least three actual or sim- 141 or part 142 of this chapter is consid-
ulated tows of a glider or unpowered ered to have met the applicable aero-
ultralight vehicle while accompanied nautical experience, aeronautical
433
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00443 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.73 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
knowledge, and areas of operation re- (2) Has passed the military com-
quirements of this part if that person petency aeronautical knowledge test
presents the graduation certificate and on the appropriate parts of this chapter
passes the required practical test with- for commercial pilot privileges and
in the 60-day period after the date of limitations, air traffic and general op-
graduation. erating rules, and accident reporting
(b) A person may apply for an airline rules.
transport pilot certificate, type rating, (3) Presents official U.S. military
or both under this part, and will be records that show compliance with one
considered to have met the applicable of the following requirements
requirements under 61.157 of this part (i) Before the date of the application,
for that certificate and rating, if that passing an official U.S. military pilot
person has: and instrument proficiency check in a
(1) Satisfactorily accomplished an military aircraft of the kind of aircraft
approved training program and the category, class, and type, if class or
pilot-in-command proficiency check for type of aircraft is applicable, for the
that airplane type, in accordance with ratings sought; or
the pilot-in-command requirements (ii) Before the date of application,
under subparts N and O of part 121 of logging 10 hours of pilot time as a mili-
this chapter; and tary pilot in a U.S. military aircraft in
(2) Applied for the airline transport the kind of aircraft category, class, and
pilot certificate, type rating, or both type, if a class rating or type rating is
within the 60-day period from the date applicable, for the aircraft rating
the person satisfactorily accomplished sought.
the approved training program and (c) A military pilot in the Armed Forces
pilot-in-command proficiency check for of a foreign contracting State to the Con-
that airplane type. vention on International Civil Aviation. A
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; person who is a military pilot in the
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997] Armed Forces of a foreign contracting
State to the Convention on Inter-
61.73 Military pilots or former mili- national Civil Aviation and is assigned
tary pilots: Special rules. to pilot duties in the U.S. Armed
(a) General. Except for a person who Forces, for purposes other than receiv-
has been removed from flying status ing flight training, may apply for a
for lack of proficiency or because of a commercial pilot certificate and rat-
disciplinary action involving aircraft ings under paragraph (a) of this sec-
operations, a U.S. military pilot or tion, provided that person
former military pilot who meets the re- (1) Presents evidentiary documents
quirements of this section may apply, described under paragraph (h)(4) of this
on the basis of his or her military pilot section that show the person is a mili-
qualifications, for: tary pilot in the Armed Forces of a for-
(1) A commercial pilot certificate eign contracting State to the Conven-
with the appropriate aircraft category tion on International Civil Aviation,
and class rating. and is assigned to pilot duties in the
(2) An instrument rating with the ap- U.S. Armed Forces, for purposes other
propriate aircraft rating. than receiving flight training.
(3) A type rating. (2) Has passed the military com-
(b) Military pilots and former military petency aeronautical knowledge test
pilots in the U.S. Armed Forces. A person on the appropriate parts of this chapter
who qualifies as a military pilot or for commercial pilot privileges and
former military pilot in the U.S. limitations, air traffic and general op-
Armed Forces may apply for a pilot erating rules, and accident reporting
certificate and ratings under paragraph rules.
(a) of this section if that person (3) Presents official U.S. military
(1) Presents evidentiary documents records that show compliance with one
described under paragraphs (h)(1), (2), of the following requirements:
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
and (3) of this section that show the (i) Before the date of the application,
persons status in the U.S. Armed passed an official U.S. military pilot
Forces. and instrument proficiency check in a
434
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00444 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.73
military aircraft of the kind of aircraft propriate aircraft category and class
category, class, or type, if class or type rating, if a class rating is appropriate,
of aircraft is applicable, for the rat- for the flight instructor rating sought;
ings; or (2) Holds an instrument rating, or has
(ii) Before the date of the applica- instrument privileges, on the pilot cer-
tion, logged 10 hours of pilot time as a tificate that is appropriate to the
military pilot in a U.S. military air- flight instructor rating sought; and
craft of the kind of category, class, and (3) Presents the following documents:
type of aircraft, if a class rating or (i) A knowledge test report that
type rating is applicable, for the air- shows the person passed a knowledge
craft rating. test on the aeronautical knowledge
(d) Instrument rating. A person who is areas listed under 61.185(a) appro-
qualified as a U.S. military pilot or priate to the flight instructor rating
former military pilot may apply for an sought and the knowledge test was
instrument rating to be added to a passed within the preceding 24 calendar
pilot certificate if that person months prior to the month of applica-
(1) Has passed an instrument pro- tion. If the U.S. military instructor
ficiency check in the U.S. Armed pilot or pilot examiner already holds a
Forces in the aircraft category for the flight instructor certificate, holding of
instrument rating sought; and a flight instructor certificate suffices
(2) Has an official U.S. Armed Forces for the knowledge test report.
record that shows the person is instru- (ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces
ment pilot qualified by the U.S. Armed record or order that shows the person
Forces to conduct instrument flying on is or was qualified as a U.S. Armed
Federal airways in that aircraft cat- Forces military instructor pilot or
egory and class for the instrument rat- pilot examiner for the flight instructor
ing sought. rating sought.
(e) Aircraft type rating. An aircraft (iii) An official U.S. Armed Forces
type rating may only be issued for a record or order that shows the person
type of aircraft that has a comparable completed a U.S. Armed Forces in-
civilian type designation by the Ad- structor pilot or pilot examiner train-
ministrator. ing course and received an aircraft rat-
(f) Aircraft type rating placed on an ing qualification as a military instruc-
airline transport pilot certificate. A per- tor pilot or pilot examiner that is ap-
son who is a military pilot or former propriate to the flight instructor rat-
military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces ing sought.
and requests an aircraft type rating to (iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces
be placed on an existing U.S. airline record or order that shows the person
transport pilot certificate may be passed a U.S. Armed Forces instructor
issued the rating at the airline trans- pilot or pilot examiner proficiency
port pilot certification level, provided check in an aircraft as a military in-
that person: structor pilot or pilot examiner that is
(1) Holds a category and class rating appropriate to the flight instructor
for that type of aircraft at the airline rating sought.
transport pilot certification level; and (h) Documents for qualifying for a pilot
(2) Has passed an official U.S. mili- certificate and rating. The following doc-
tary pilot check and instrument pro- uments are required for a person to
ficiency check in that type of aircraft. apply for a pilot certificate and rating:
(g) Flight instructor certificate and rat- (1) An official U.S. Armed Forces
ings. A person who can show official record that shows the person is or was
U.S. military documentation of being a a military pilot.
U.S. military instructor pilot or U.S. (2) An official U.S. Armed Forces
military pilot examiner, or a former record that shows the person graduated
instructor pilot or pilot examiner may from a U.S. Armed Forces under-
apply for and be issued a flight instruc- graduate pilot training school and re-
tor certificate with the appropriate ceived a rating qualification as a mili-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
435
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00445 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.75 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
pilot proficiency check and instrument (1) Meets the requirements of this
proficiency check in an aircraft as a section;
military pilot. (2) Holds a foreign pilot license, at
(4) If a person is a military pilot in the private pilot license level or high-
the Armed Forces from a foreign con- er, that does not contain a limitation
tracting State to the Convention on stating that the applicant has not met
International Civil Aviation and is ap- all of the standards of ICAO for that li-
plying for a pilot certificate and rat- cense;
ing, that person must present the fol- (3) Does not hold a U.S. pilot certifi-
lowing: cate other than a U.S. student pilot
(i) An official U.S. Armed Forces certificate;
record that shows the person is a mili- (4) Holds a medical certificate issued
tary pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces; under part 67 of this chapter or a med-
(ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces ical license issued by the country that
record that shows the person is as- issued the persons foreign pilot li-
signed as a military pilot in the U.S. cense; and
Armed Forces for purposes other than (5) Is able to read, speak, write, and
receiving flight training; understand the English language. If the
(iii) An official record that shows the applicant is unable to meet one of
person graduated from a military un- these requirements due to medical rea-
dergraduate pilot training school from sons, then the Administrator may
the Armed Forces from a foreign con- place such operating limitations on
tracting State to the Convention on that applicants pilot certificate as are
International Civil Aviation or from necessary for the safe operation of the
the U.S. Armed Forces, and received a aircraft.
qualification as a military pilot; and (c) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft
(iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces ratings listed on a persons foreign
record that shows that the person pilot license, in addition to any issued
passed a pilot proficiency check and in- after testing under the provisions of
strument proficiency check in an air- this part, may be placed on that per-
craft as a military pilot in the U.S. sons U.S. pilot certificate for private
Armed Forces. pilot privileges only.
[Doc. No. FAA200626661, 74 FR 42555, Aug. (d) Instrument ratings issued. A person
21, 2009] who holds an instrument rating on the
foreign pilot license issued by a con-
61.75 Private pilot certificate issued tracting State to the Convention on
on the basis of a foreign pilot li- International Civil Aviation may be
cense. issued an instrument rating on a U.S.
(a) General. A person who holds a for- pilot certificate provided:
eign pilot license at the private pilot (1) The persons foreign pilot license
level or higher that was issued by a authorizes instrument privileges;
contracting State to the Convention on (2) Within 24 months preceding the
International Civil Aviation may apply month in which the person applies for
for and be issued a U.S. private pilot the instrument rating, the person
certificate with the appropriate ratings passes the appropriate knowledge test;
if the foreign pilot license meets the and
requirements of this section. (3) The person is able to read, speak,
(b) Certificate issued. A U.S. private write, and understand the English lan-
pilot certificate issued under this sec- guage. If the applicant is unable to
tion must specify the persons foreign meet one of these requirements due to
license number and country of medical reasons, then the Adminis-
issuance. A person who holds a foreign trator may place such operating limi-
pilot license issued by a contracting tations on that applicants pilot cer-
State to the Convention on Inter- tificate as are necessary for the safe
national Civil Aviation may be issued a operation of the aircraft.
U.S. private pilot certificate based on (e) Operating privileges and limitations.
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
the foreign pilot license without any A person who receives a U.S. private
further showing of proficiency, pro- pilot certificate that has been issued
vided the applicant: under the provisions of this section:
436
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00446 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.77
(1) May act as pilot in command of a (i) Scheduled international air serv-
civil aircraft of the United States in ices in turbojet-powered airplanes of
accordance with the pilot privileges U.S. registry;
authorized by this part and the limita- (ii) Scheduled international air serv-
tions placed on that U.S. pilot certifi- ices in airplanes of U.S. registry having
cate; a configuration of more than nine pas-
(2) Is limited to the privileges placed senger seats, excluding crewmember
on the certificate by the Adminis- seats;
trator; (iii) Nonscheduled international air
(3) Is subject to the limitations and transportation in airplanes of U.S. reg-
restrictions on the persons U.S. cer- istry having a configuration of more
tificate and foreign pilot license when than 30 passenger seats, excluding
exercising the privileges of that U.S. crewmember seats; or
pilot certificate in an aircraft of U.S. (iv) Scheduled international air serv-
registry operating within or outside ices, or nonscheduled international air
the United States; and transportation, in airplanes of U.S.
(f) Limitation on licenses used as the registry having a payload capacity of
basis for a U.S. certificate. A person may more than 7,500 pounds.
use only one foreign pilot license as a (b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the
basis for the issuance of a U.S. pilot issuance or renewal of a special pur-
certificate. The foreign pilot license pose pilot authorization, an applicant
and medical certification used as a must present the following to an FAA
basis for issuing a U.S. pilot certificate Flight Standards District Office:
under this section must be written in (1) A foreign pilot license issued by
English or accompanied by an English the aeronautical authority of a con-
transcription that has been signed by tracting State to the Convention on
an official or representative of the for- International Civil Aviation that con-
eign aviation authority that issued the tains the appropriate aircraft category,
foreign pilot license. class, type rating, if appropriate, and
(g) Limitation placed on a U.S. pilot instrument rating for the aircraft to be
certificate. A U.S. pilot certificate flown;
issued under this section can only be (2) A certification by the lessee of the
exercised when the pilot has the for- aircraft
eign pilot license, upon which the (i) Stating that the applicant is em-
issuance of the U.S. pilot certificate ployed by the lessee;
was based, in the holders possession or (ii) Specifying the aircraft type on
readily accessible in the aircraft. which the applicant will perform pilot
duties; and
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as
amended by Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42556, Aug. (iii) Stating that the applicant has
21, 2009] received ground and flight instruction
that qualifies the applicant to perform
61.77 Special purpose pilot author- the duties to be assigned on the air-
ization: Operation of a civil aircraft craft.
of the United States and leased by a (3) Documentation showing when the
non-U.S. citizen. applicant will reach the age of 65 years
(a) General. The holder of a foreign (an official copy of the applicants
pilot license issued by a contracting birth certificate or other official docu-
State to the Convention on Inter- mentation);
national Civil Aviation who meets the (4) Documentation the applicant
requirements of this section may be meets the medical standards for the
issued a special purpose pilot author- issuance of the foreign pilot license
ization by the Administrator for the from the aeronautical authority of
purpose of performing pilot duties that contracting State to the Conven-
(1) On a civil aircraft of U.S. registry tion on International Civil Aviation;
that is leased to a person who is not a and
citizen of the United States, and (5) A statement that the applicant
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(2) For carrying persons or property does not already hold a special purpose
for compensation or hire for operations pilot authorization; however, if the ap-
in plicant already holds a special purpose
437
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00447 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.77 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
pilot authorization, then that special (2) Scheduled international air serv-
purpose pilot authorization must be ices carrying passengers in airplanes
surrendered to either the FAA Flight having a passenger-seat configuration
Standards District Office that issued of more than nine passenger seats, ex-
it, or the FAA Flight Standards Dis- cluding each crewmember seat;
trict Office processing the application (3) Nonscheduled international air
for the authorization, prior to being transportation for compensation or
issued another special purpose pilot au- hire in airplanes having a passenger-
thorization. seat configuration of more than 30 pas-
(c) Privileges. A person issued a spe- senger seats, excluding each crew-
cial purpose pilot authorization under member seat; or
this section (4) Scheduled international air serv-
(1) May exercise the privileges pre- ices, or nonscheduled international air
scribed on the special purpose pilot au- transportation for compensation or
thorization; and hire, in airplanes having a payload ca-
(2) Must comply with the limitations pacity of more than 7,500 pounds.
specified in this section and any addi- (f) Definitions. (1) International air
tional limitations specified on the spe- service, as used in paragraph (e) of this
cial purpose pilot authorization. section, means scheduled air service
(d) General limitations. A special pur- performed in airplanes for the public
pose pilot authorization may be used transport of passengers, mail, or cargo,
only in which the service passes through the
(1) For flights between foreign coun- air space over the territory of more
tries or for flights in foreign air com- than one country.
merce within the time period allotted (2) International air transportation, as
on the authorization. used in paragraph (e) of this section,
(2) If the foreign pilot license re- means air transportation performed in
quired by paragraph (b)(1) of this sec- airplanes for the public transport of
tion, the medical documentation re- passengers, mail, or cargo, in which
quired by paragraph (b)(4) of this sec- service passes through the air space
tion, and the special purpose pilot au-
over the territory of more than one
thorization issued under this section
country.
are in the holders physical possession
or immediately accessible in the air- (g) Age Pairing Requirement. No per-
craft. son who has attained the age of 60 but
who has not attained the age of 65 may
(3) While the holder is employed by
serve as a pilot in command in any of
the person to whom the aircraft de-
scribed in the certification required by the operations described in 61.3(j)(1)(i)
paragraph (b)(2) of this section is through (iv) unless there is another
leased. pilot in the flight deck crew who has
not yet attained 60 years of age.
(4) While the holder is performing
pilot duties on the U.S.-registered air- (h) Expiration date. Each special pur-
craft described in the certification re- pose pilot authorization issued under
quired by paragraph (b)(2) of this sec- this section expires
tion. (1) 60 calendar months from the
(5) If the holder has only one special month it was issued, unless sooner sus-
purpose pilot authorization as provided pended or revoked;
in paragraph (b)(5) of this section. (2) When the lease agreement for the
(e) Age limitation. No person who aircraft expires or the lessee termi-
holds a special purpose pilot authoriza- nates the employment of the person
tion issued under this part, may serve who holds the special purpose pilot au-
as a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S. thorization;
registry if the person has reached his (3) Whenever the persons foreign
or her 65th birthday, in the following pilot license has been suspended, re-
operations: voked, or is no longer valid; or
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(1) Scheduled international air serv- (4) When the person no longer meets
ices carrying passengers in turbojet- the medical standards for the issuance
powered airplanes; of the foreign pilot license.
438
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00448 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.87
aminer if applying for an FAA medical solo flight training in a single-engine air-
certificate under part 67 of this chap- plane. A student pilot who is receiving
ter; training for a single-engine airplane
439
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00449 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.87 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
rating or privileges must receive and (8) Descents, with and without turns,
log flight training for the following using high and low drag configurations;
maneuvers and procedures: (9) Flight at various airspeeds from
(1) Proper flight preparation proce- cruise to slow flight;
dures, including preflight planning and (10) Stall entries from various flight
preparation, powerplant operation, and attitudes and power combinations with
aircraft systems; recovery initiated at the first indica-
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- tion of a stall, and recovery from a full
cluding runups; stall;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including (11) Emergency procedures and equip-
normal and crosswind; ment malfunctions;
(4) Straight and level flight, and (12) Ground reference maneuvers;
turns in both directions; (13) Approaches to a landing area
(5) Climbs and climbing turns; with simulated engine malfunctions;
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including and
entry and departure procedures; (14) Go-arounds.
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear (f) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-
avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- solo flight training in a helicopter. A stu-
ance; dent pilot who is receiving training for
(8) Descents, with and without turns, a helicopter rating must receive and
using high and low drag configurations; log flight training for the following
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from maneuvers and procedures:
cruise to slow flight; (1) Proper flight preparation proce-
(10) Stall entries from various flight dures, including preflight planning and
attitudes and power combinations with preparation, powerplant operation, and
recovery initiated at the first indica- aircraft systems;
tion of a stall, and recovery from a full (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-
stall; cluding runups;
(11) Emergency procedures and equip- (3) Takeoffs and landings, including
ment malfunctions; normal and crosswind;
(12) Ground reference maneuvers; (4) Straight and level flight, and
(13) Approaches to a landing area turns in both directions;
with simulated engine malfunctions; (5) Climbs and climbing turns;
(14) Slips to a landing; and (6) Airport traffic patterns, including
(15) Go-arounds. entry and departure procedures;
(e) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear
solo flight training in a multiengine air- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-
plane. A student pilot who is receiving ance;
training for a multiengine airplane rat- (8) Descents with and without turns;
ing must receive and log flight training (9) Flight at various airspeeds;
for the following maneuvers and proce- (10) Emergency procedures and equip-
dures: ment malfunctions;
(1) Proper flight preparation proce- (11) Ground reference maneuvers;
dures, including preflight planning and (12) Approaches to the landing area;
preparation, powerplant operation, and (13) Hovering and hovering turns;
aircraft systems; (14) Go-arounds;
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (15) Simulated emergency proce-
cluding runups; dures, including autorotational de-
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including scents with a power recovery and
normal and crosswind; power recovery to a hover;
(4) Straight and level flight, and (16) Rapid decelerations; and
turns in both directions; (17) Simulated one-engine-inoper-
(5) Climbs and climbing turns; ative approaches and landings for mul-
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including tiengine helicopters.
entry and departure procedures; (g) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
440
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00450 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.87
receive and log flight training for the (10) Stall entries from various flight
following maneuvers and procedures: attitudes and power combinations with
(1) Proper flight preparation proce- recovery initiated at the first indica-
dures, including preflight planning and tion of a stall, and recovery from a full
preparation, powerplant operation, and stall;
aircraft systems; (11) Emergency procedures and equip-
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- ment malfunctions;
cluding runups; (12) Ground reference maneuvers;
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including (13) Approaches to a landing with
normal and crosswind; simulated engine malfunctions;
(4) Straight and level flight, and (14) Go-arounds;
turns in both directions; (15) Approaches to the landing area;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns; (16) Hovering and hovering turns; and
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including (17) For multiengine powered-lifts,
entry and departure procedures; simulated one-engine-inoperative ap-
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear proaches and landings.
avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- (i) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-
ance; solo flight training in a glider. A student
(8) Descents with and without turns; pilot who is receiving training for a
(9) Flight at various airspeeds; glider rating or privileges must receive
(10) Emergency procedures and equip- and log flight training for the following
ment malfunctions; maneuvers and procedures:
(11) Ground reference maneuvers; (1) Proper flight preparation proce-
(12) Approaches to the landing area; dures, including preflight planning,
(13) High rates of descent with power preparation, aircraft systems, and, if
on and with simulated power off, and appropriate, powerplant operations;
recovery from those flight configura- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-
tions; cluding runups, if applicable;
(14) Go-arounds; and (3) Launches, including normal and
(15) Simulated emergency proce- crosswind;
dures, including simulated power-off (4) Straight and level flight, and
landings and simulated power failure turns in both directions, if applicable;
during departures. (5) Airport traffic patterns, including
(h) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- entry procedures;
solo flight training in a powered-lift. A (6) Collision avoidance, windshear
student pilot who is receiving training avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-
for a powered-lift rating must receive ance;
and log flight training in the following (7) Descents with and without turns
maneuvers and procedures: using high and low drag configurations;
(1) Proper flight preparation proce- (8) Flight at various airspeeds;
dures, including preflight planning and (9) Emergency procedures and equip-
preparation, powerplant operation, and ment malfunctions;
aircraft systems; (10) Ground reference maneuvers, if
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- applicable;
cluding runups; (11) Inspection of towline rigging and
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including review of signals and release proce-
normal and crosswind; dures, if applicable;
(4) Straight and level flight, and (12) Aerotow, ground tow, or self-
turns in both directions; launch procedures;
(5) Climbs and climbing turns; (13) Procedures for disassembly and
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including assembly of the glider;
entry and departure procedures; (14) Stall entry, stall, and stall recov-
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear ery;
avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- (15) Straight glides, turns, and spi-
ance; rals;
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(8) Descents with and without turns; (16) Landings, including normal and
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from crosswind;
cruise to slow flight; (17) Slips to a landing;
441
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00451 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.87 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(18) Procedures and techniques for (9) Obstruction detection and avoid-
thermalling; and ance techniques.
(19) Emergency operations, including (l) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-
towline break procedures. solo flight training in a powered para-
(j) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- chute. A student pilot who is receiving
solo flight training in an airship. A stu- training for a powered parachute rat-
dent pilot who is receiving training for ing or privileges must receive and log
an airship rating or privileges must re- flight training for the following ma-
ceive and log flight training for the fol- neuvers and procedures:
lowing maneuvers and procedures: (1) Proper flight preparation proce-
(1) Proper flight preparation proce- dures, including preflight planning and
dures, including preflight planning and preparation, preflight assembly and
preparation, powerplant operation, and rigging, aircraft systems, and power-
aircraft systems; plant operations.
(2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-
cluding runups; cluding run-ups.
(3) Takeoffs and landings, including (3) Takeoffs and landings, including
normal and crosswind; normal and crosswind.
(4) Straight and level flight, and (4) Straight and level flight, and
turns in both directions; turns in both directions.
(5) Climbs and climbing turns; (5) Climbs, and climbing turns in
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including both directions.
entry and departure procedures; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear entry and departure procedures.
avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear
ance; avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid-
ance.
(8) Descents with and without turns;
(8) Descents, and descending turns in
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from
both directions.
cruise to slow flight;
(9) Emergency procedures and equip-
(10) Emergency procedures and equip-
ment malfunctions.
ment malfunctions;
(10) Ground reference maneuvers.
(11) Ground reference maneuvers; (11) Straight glides, and gliding turns
(12) Rigging, ballasting, and control- in both directions.
ling pressure in the ballonets, and (12) Go-arounds.
superheating; and (13) Approaches to landing areas with
(13) Landings with positive and with a simulated engine malfunction.
negative static trim. (14) Procedures for canopy packing
(k) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- and aircraft disassembly.
solo flight training in a balloon. A stu- (m) Maneuvers and procedures for pre-
dent pilot who is receiving training in solo flight training in a weight-shift-con-
a balloon must receive and log flight trol aircraft. A student pilot who is re-
training for the following maneuvers ceiving training for a weight-shift-con-
and procedures: trol aircraft rating or privileges must
(1) Layout and assembly procedures; receive and log flight training for the
(2) Proper flight preparation proce- following maneuvers and procedures:
dures, including preflight planning and (1) Proper flight preparation proce-
preparation, and aircraft systems; dures, including preflight planning and
(3) Ascents and descents; preparation, preflight assembly and
(4) Landing and recovery procedures; rigging, aircraft systems, and power-
(5) Emergency procedures and equip- plant operations.
ment malfunctions; (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in-
(6) Operation of hot air or gas source, cluding run-ups.
ballast, valves, vents, and rip panels, as (3) Takeoffs and landings, including
appropriate; normal and crosswind.
(7) Use of deflation valves or rip pan- (4) Straight and level flight, and
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
442
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00452 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.89
(6) Airport traffic patterns, including (1) Given that student pilot training
entry and departure procedures. in the make and model of aircraft or a
(7) Collision avoidance, windshear similar make and model of aircraft in
avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- which the solo flight is to be flown;
ance. (2) Determined the student pilot is
(8) Descents, and descending turns in proficient in the maneuvers and proce-
both directions. dures prescribed in this section;
(9) Flight at various airspeeds from (3) Determined the student pilot is
maximum cruise to slow flight. proficient in the make and model of
(10) Emergency procedures and equip- aircraft to be flown;
ment malfunctions. (4) Ensured that the student pilots
(11) Ground reference maneuvers. certificate has been endorsed by an in-
(12) Stall entry, stall, and stall recov- structor authorized to provide flight
ery. training for the specific make and
(13) Straight glides, and gliding turns model aircraft to be flown; and
in both directions.
(5) Endorsed the student pilots log-
(14) Go-arounds.
book for the specific make and model
(15) Approaches to landing areas with
aircraft to be flown, and that endorse-
a simulated engine malfunction.
ment remains current for solo flight
(16) Procedures for disassembly.
privileges, provided an authorized in-
(n) Limitations on student pilots oper-
ating an aircraft in solo flight. A student structor updates the students logbook
pilot may not operate an aircraft in every 90 days thereafter.
solo flight unless that student pilot has [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
received: Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997;
(1) An endorsement from an author- Amdt. 61104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt.
ized instructor on his or her student 61110, 69 FR 44866, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61
pilot certificate for the specific make 124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009]
and model aircraft to be flown; and
(2) An endorsement in the students 61.89 General limitations.
logbook for the specific make and (a) A student pilot may not act as
model aircraft to be flown by an au- pilot in command of an aircraft:
thorized instructor, who gave the (1) That is carrying a passenger;
training within the 90 days preceding (2) That is carrying property for com-
the date of the flight. pensation or hire;
(o) Limitations on student pilots oper- (3) For compensation or hire;
ating an aircraft in solo flight at night. A (4) In furtherance of a business;
student pilot may not operate an air-
(5) On an international flight, except
craft in solo flight at night unless that
that a student pilot may make solo
student pilot has received:
training flights from Haines, Gustavus,
(1) Flight training at night on night
or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse,
flying procedures that includes take-
Yukon, Canada, and return over the
offs, approaches, landings, and go-
province of British Columbia;
arounds at night at the airport where
the solo flight will be conducted; (6) With a flight or surface visibility
(2) Navigation training at night in of less than 3 statute miles during day-
the vicinity of the airport where the light hours or 5 statute miles at night;
solo flight will be conducted; and (7) When the flight cannot be made
(3) An endorsement in the students with visual reference to the surface; or
logbook for the specific make and (8) In a manner contrary to any limi-
model aircraft to be flown for night tations placed in the pilots logbook by
solo flight by an authorized instructor an authorized instructor.
who gave the training within the 90- (b) A student pilot may not act as a
day period preceding the date of the required pilot flight crewmember on
flight. any aircraft for which more than one
(p) Limitations on flight instructors au- pilot is required by the type certificate
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
443
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00453 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.91 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
propriate to the make and model of air- (2) Repeated specific solo cross-coun-
craft for which solo cross-country try flights may be made to another air-
privileges are sought; port that is within 50 nautical miles of
444
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00454 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.93
the airport from which the flight origi- (C) State that any limitations re-
nated, provided quired by the students authorized in-
(i) The authorized instructor has structor are met.
given the student flight training in (d) Limitations on authorized instruc-
both directions over the route, includ- tors to permit solo cross-country flights.
ing entering and exiting the traffic pat- An authorized instructor may not per-
terns, takeoffs, and landings at the air- mit a student pilot to conduct a solo
ports to be used; cross-country flight unless that in-
(ii) The authorized instructor who structor has:
gave the training has endorsed the stu- (1) Determined that the students
dents logbook certifying that the stu- cross-country planning is correct for
dent is proficient to make such flights; the flight;
(iii) The student has a solo flight en- (2) Reviewed the current and forecast
dorsement in accordance with 61.87 of weather conditions and has determined
this part; and that the flight can be completed under
(iv) The student has a solo cross VFR;
country flight endorsement in accord- (3) Determined that the student is
ance with paragraph (c) of this section; proficient to conduct the flight safely;
however, for repeated solo cross coun- (4) Determined that the student has
try flights to another airport within 50 the appropriate solo cross-country en-
nautical miles from which the flight dorsement for the make and model of
originated, separate endorsements are aircraft to be flown; and
not required to be made for each flight. (5) Determined that the students
(c) Endorsements for solo cross-country solo flight endorsement is current for
flights. Except as specified in paragraph the make and model aircraft to be
(b)(2) of this section, a student pilot flown.
must have the endorsements prescribed (e) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-
in this paragraph for each cross-coun- country flight training in a single-engine
try flight: airplane. A student pilot who is receiv-
(1) Student pilot certificate endorse- ing training for cross-country flight in
ment. A student pilot must have a solo a single-engine airplane must receive
cross-country endorsement from the and log flight training in the following
authorized instructor who conducted maneuvers and procedures:
the training, and that endorsement (1) Use of aeronautical charts for
must be placed on that persons stu- VFR navigation using pilotage and
dent pilot certificate for the specific dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-
category of aircraft to be flown. netic compass;
(2) Logbook endorsement. (i) A student (2) Use of aircraft performance charts
pilot must have a solo cross-country pertaining to cross-country flight;
endorsement from an authorized in- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero-
structor that is placed in the student nautical weather reports and forecasts,
pilots logbook for the specific make including recognition of critical weath-
and model of aircraft to be flown. er situations and estimating visibility
(ii) For each cross-country flight, the while in flight;
authorized instructor who reviews the (4) Emergency procedures;
cross-country planning must make an (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-
endorsement in the persons logbook clude area departure, area arrival,
after reviewing that persons cross- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-
country planning, as specified in para- proach;
graph (d) of this section. The endorse- (6) Procedures and operating prac-
ment must tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-
(A) Specify the make and model of bulence precautions, and windshear
aircraft to be flown; avoidance;
(B) State that the students preflight (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-
planning and preparation is correct and ational restrictions of hazardous ter-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
that the student is prepared to make rain features in the geographical area
the flight safely under the known con- where the cross-country flight will be
ditions; and flown;
445
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00455 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.93 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(8) Procedures for operating the in- (8) Procedures for operating the in-
struments and equipment installed in struments and equipment installed in
the aircraft to be flown, including rec- the aircraft to be flown, including rec-
ognition and use of the proper oper- ognition and use of the proper oper-
ational procedures and indications; ational procedures and indications;
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation
and two-way communication, except and two-way communications;
that a student pilot seeking a sport (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing
pilot certificate must only receive and procedures, including short-field, soft-
log flight training on the use of radios field, and crosswind takeoffs, ap-
installed in the aircraft to be flown; proaches, and landings;
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing (11) Climbs at best angle and best
procedures, including short-field, soft- rate; and
field, and crosswind takeoffs, ap- (12) Control and maneuvering solely
proaches, and landings; by reference to flight instruments, in-
(11) Climbs at best angle and best cluding straight and level flight, turns,
rate; and descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and
(12) Control and maneuvering solely ATC directives.
by reference to flight instruments, in- (g) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-
cluding straight and level flight, turns, country flight training in a helicopter. A
descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and student pilot who is receiving training
ATC directives. For student pilots for cross-country flight in a helicopter
seeking a sport pilot certificate, the must receive and log flight training for
provisions of this paragraph only apply the following maneuvers and proce-
when receiving training for cross-coun- dures:
try flight in an airplane that has a VH (1) Use of aeronautical charts for
greater than 87 knots CAS. VFR navigation using pilotage and
(f) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-
country flight training in a multiengine netic compass;
airplane. A student pilot who is receiv- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts
ing training for cross-country flight in pertaining to cross-country flight;
a multiengine airplane must receive (3) Procurement and analysis of aero-
and log flight training in the following nautical weather reports and forecasts,
maneuvers and procedures: including recognition of critical weath-
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for er situations and estimating visibility
VFR navigation using pilotage and while in flight;
dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- (4) Emergency procedures;
netic compass; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts clude area departure, area arrival,
pertaining to cross-country flight; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-
(3) Procurement and analysis of aero- proach;
nautical weather reports and forecasts, (6) Procedures and operating prac-
including recognition of critical weath- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-
er situations and estimating visibility bulence precautions, and windshear
while in flight; avoidance;
(4) Emergency procedures; (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- ational restrictions of hazardous ter-
clude area departure, area arrival, rain features in the geographical area
entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- where the cross-country flight will be
proach; flown;
(6) Procedures and operating prac- (8) Procedures for operating the in-
tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- struments and equipment installed in
bulence precautions, and windshear the aircraft to be flown, including rec-
avoidance; ognition and use of the proper oper-
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- ational procedures and indications;
ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
446
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00456 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.93
(h) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts
country flight training in a gyroplane. A pertaining to cross-country flight;
student pilot who is receiving training (3) Procurement and analysis of aero-
for cross-country flight in a gyroplane nautical weather reports and forecasts,
must receive and log flight training in including recognition of critical weath-
the following maneuvers and proce- er situations and estimating visibility
dures: while in flight;
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for (4) Emergency procedures;
VFR navigation using pilotage and (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-
dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- clude area departure, area arrival,
netic compass; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts proach;
pertaining to cross-country flight; (6) Procedures and operating prac-
(3) Procurement and analysis of aero- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-
nautical weather reports and forecasts, bulence precautions, and windshear
including recognition of critical weath- avoidance;
er situations and estimating visibility (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-
while in flight; ational restrictions of hazardous ter-
(4) Emergency procedures; rain features in the geographical area
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- where the cross-country flight will be
clude area departure, area arrival, flown;
entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (8) Procedures for operating the in-
proach; struments and equipment installed in
(6) Procedures and operating prac- the aircraft to be flown, including rec-
tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- ognition and use of the proper oper-
bulence precautions, and windshear ational procedures and indications;
avoidance; (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- and two-way communications;
ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing
rain features in the geographical area procedures that include high-altitude,
where the cross-country flight will be steep, and shallow takeoffs, ap-
flown; proaches, and landings; and
(8) Procedures for operating the in- (11) Control and maneuvering solely
struments and equipment installed in by reference to flight instruments, in-
the aircraft to be flown, including rec- cluding straight and level flight, turns,
ognition and use of the proper oper- descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and
ational procedures and indications; ATC directives.
(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (j) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-
and two-way communication, except country flight training in a glider. A stu-
that a student pilot seeking a sport dent pilot who is receiving training for
pilot certificate must only receive and cross-country flight in a glider must
log flight training on the use of radios receive and log flight training in the
installed in the aircraft to be flown; following maneuvers and procedures:
and (1) Use of aeronautical charts for
(10) Takeoff, approach, and landing VFR navigation using pilotage and
procedures, including short-field and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-
soft-field takeoffs, approaches, and netic compass;
landings. (2) Use of aircraft performance charts
(i) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- pertaining to cross-country flight;
country flight training in a powered-lift. (3) Procurement and analysis of aero-
A student pilot who is receiving train- nautical weather reports and forecasts,
ing for cross-country flight training in including recognition of critical weath-
a powered-lift must receive and log er situations and estimating visibility
flight training in the following maneu- while in flight;
vers and procedures: (4) Emergency procedures;
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
VFR navigation using pilotage and clude area departure, area arrival,
dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-
netic compass; proach;
447
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00457 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.93 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(6) Procedures and operating prac- (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation
tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- and two-way communication, except
bulence precautions, and windshear that a student pilot seeking a sport
avoidance; pilot certificate must only receive and
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- log flight training on the use of radios
ational restrictions of hazardous ter- installed in the aircraft to be flown;
rain features in the geographical area (10) Control of air pressure with re-
where the cross-country flight will be gard to ascending and descending flight
flown; and altitude control;
(8) Procedures for operating the in- (11) Control of the airship solely by
struments and equipment installed in reference to flight instruments, except
the aircraft to be flown, including rec- for a student pilot seeking a sport pilot
ognition and use of the proper oper- certificate; and
ational procedures and indications; (12) Recognition of weather and upper
(9) Landings accomplished without air conditions conducive for the direc-
the use of the altimeter from at least tion of cross-country flight.
2,000 feet above the surface; and (l) Maneuvers and procedures for cross-
(10) Recognition of weather and upper country flight training in a powered para-
air conditions favorable for cross-coun- chute. A student pilot who is receiving
try soaring, ascending and descending training for cross-country flight in a
flight, and altitude control. powered parachute must receive and
(k) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- log flight training in the following ma-
country flight training in an airship. A neuvers and procedures:
student pilot who is receiving training (1) Use of aeronautical charts for
for cross-country flight in an airship VFR navigation using pilotage and
must receive and log flight training for dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-
the following maneuvers and proce- netic compass, as appropriate.
dures: (2) Use of aircraft performance charts
pertaining to cross-country flight.
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for
(3) Procurement and analysis of aero-
VFR navigation using pilotage and
nautical weather reports and forecasts,
dead reckoning with the aid of a mag-
including recognizing critical weather
netic compass;
situations and estimating visibility
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts
while in flight.
pertaining to cross-country flight;
(4) Emergency procedures.
(3) Procurement and analysis of aero- (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in-
nautical weather reports and forecasts, clude area departure, area arrival,
including recognition of critical weath- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap-
er situations and estimating visibility proach.
while in flight; (6) Procedures and operating prac-
(4) Emergency procedures; tices for collision avoidance, wake tur-
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- bulence precautions, and windshear
clude area departure, area arrival, avoidance.
entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper-
proach; ational restrictions of hazardous ter-
(6) Procedures and operating prac- rain features in the geographical area
tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- where the cross-country flight will be
bulence precautions, and windshear flown.
avoidance; (8) Procedures for operating the in-
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- struments and equipment installed in
ational restrictions of hazardous ter- the aircraft to be flown, including rec-
rain features in the geographical area ognition and use of the proper oper-
where the cross-country flight will be ational procedures and indications.
flown; (9) If equipped for flight with naviga-
(8) Procedures for operating the in- tion radios, the use of radios for VFR
struments and equipment installed in navigation.
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
the aircraft to be flown, including rec- (10) Recognition of weather and upper
ognition and use of the proper oper- air conditions favorable for the cross-
ational procedures and indications; country flight.
448
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00458 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.94
(11) Takeoff, approach and landing 61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport
procedures. pilot certificate or a recreational
(m) Maneuvers and procedures for pilot certificate: Operations at air-
cross-country flight training in a weight- ports within, and in airspace lo-
cated within, Class B, C, and D air-
shift-control aircraft. A student pilot space, or at airports with an oper-
who is receiving training for cross- ational control tower in other air-
country flight in a weight-shift-control space.
aircraft must receive and log flight
(a) A student pilot seeking a sport
training for the following maneuvers
pilot certificate or a recreational pilot
and procedures:
certificate who wants to obtain privi-
(1) Use of aeronautical charts for
leges to operate in Class B, C, and D
VFR navigation using pilotage and airspace, at an airport located in Class
dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- B, C, or D airspace, and to, from,
netic compass, as appropriate. through, or at an airport having an
(2) Use of aircraft performance charts operational control tower, must re-
pertaining to cross-country flight. ceive and log ground and flight train-
(3) Procurement and analysis of aero- ing from an authorized instructor in
nautical weather reports and forecasts, the following aeronautical knowledge
including recognizing critical weather areas and areas of operation:
situations and estimating visibility (1) The use of radios, communica-
while in flight. tions, navigation systems and facili-
(4) Emergency procedures. ties, and radar services.
(5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- (2) Operations at airports with an op-
clude area departure, area arrival, erating control tower, to include three
entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- takeoffs and landings to a full stop,
proach. with each landing involving a flight in
(6) Procedures and operating prac- the traffic pattern, at an airport with
tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- an operating control tower.
bulence precautions, and windshear (3) Applicable flight rules of part 91
avoidance. of this chapter for operations in Class
(7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con-
ational restrictions of hazardous ter- trol clearances.
rain features in the geographical area (4) Ground and flight training for the
where the cross-country flight will be specific Class B, C, or D airspace for
flown. which the solo flight is authorized, if
(8) Procedures for operating the in- applicable, within the 90-day period
struments and equipment installed in preceding the date of the flight in that
the aircraft to be flown, including rec- airspace. The flight training must be
ognition and use of the proper oper- received in the specific airspace area
for which solo flight is authorized.
ational procedures and indications.
(5) Ground and flight training for the
(9) If equipped for flight using navi-
specific airport located in Class B, C, or
gation radios, the use of radios for VFR
D airspace for which the solo flight is
navigation.
authorized, if applicable, within the 90-
(10) Recognition of weather and upper day period preceding the date of the
air conditions favorable for the cross- flight at that airport. The flight and
country flight. ground training must be received at
(11) Takeoff, approach and landing the specific airport for which solo
procedures, including crosswind ap- flight is authorized.
proaches and landings. (b) The authorized instructor who
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; provides the training specified in para-
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; graph (a) of this section must provide a
Amdt. 61110, 69 FR 44867, July 27, 2004; logbook endorsement that certifies the
Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009; student has received that training and
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
449
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00459 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.95 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
450
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00460 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.98
(7) Pass the practical test on the use, data on takeoff and landing dis-
areas of operation listed in 61.98(b) tances, weather reports and forecasts,
that apply to the aircraft category and and fuel requirements; and
class rating; (ii) How to plan for alternatives if
(8) Comply with the sections of this the planned flight cannot be completed
part that apply to the aircraft category or delays are encountered.
and class rating; and
(9) Hold either a student pilot certifi- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997]
cate or sport pilot certificate.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 61.98 Flight proficiency.
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997;
(a) General. A person who applies for
Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009]
a recreational pilot certificate must re-
61.97 Aeronautical knowledge. ceive and log ground and flight train-
ing from an authorized instructor on
(a) General. A person who applies for
the areas of operation of this section
a recreational pilot certificate must re-
that apply to the aircraft category and
ceive and log ground training from an
class rating sought.
authorized instructor or complete a
(b) Areas of operation. (1) For a single-
home-study course on the aeronautical
engine airplane rating: (i) Preflight
knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of
preparation;
this section that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought. (ii) Preflight procedures;
(b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) (iii) Airport operations;
Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-
tions of this chapter that relate to rec- arounds;
reational pilot privileges, limitations, (v) Performance maneuvers;
and flight operations; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
(2) Accident reporting requirements (vii) Navigation;
of the National Transportation Safety (viii) Slow flight and stalls;
Board; (ix) Emergency operations; and
(3) Use of the applicable portions of (x) Postflight procedures.
the Aeronautical Information Manual (2) For a helicopter rating: (i) Preflight
and FAA advisory circulars; preparation;
(4) Use of aeronautical charts for (ii) Preflight procedures;
VFR navigation using pilotage with (iii) Airport and heliport operations;
the aid of a magnetic compass;
(iv) Hovering maneuvers;
(5) Recognition of critical weather
situations from the ground and in (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-
flight, windshear avoidance, and the arounds;
procurement and use of aeronautical (vi) Performance maneuvers;
weather reports and forecasts; (vii) Ground reference maneuvers;
(6) Safe and efficient operation of air- (viii) Navigation;
craft, including collision avoidance, (ix) Emergency operations; and
and recognition and avoidance of wake (x) Postflight procedures.
turbulence; (3) For a gyroplane rating: (i) Preflight
(7) Effects of density altitude on preparation;
takeoff and climb performance; (ii) Preflight procedures;
(8) Weight and balance computations; (iii) Airport operations;
(9) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-
erplants, and aircraft systems; arounds;
(10) Stall awareness, spin entry, (v) Performance maneuvers;
spins, and spin recovery techniques, if (vi) Ground reference maneuvers;
applying for an airplane single-engine (vii) Navigation;
rating;
(viii) Flight at slow airspeeds;
(11) Aeronautical decision making
(ix) Emergency operations; and
and judgment; and
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
451
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00461 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.99 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
452
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00462 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.101
(2) Been found proficient in cross- (iii) With a powerplant of more than
country flying; and 180 horsepower, except aircraft certifi-
(3) Received from an authorized in- cated in the rotorcraft category; or
structor a logbook endorsement, which (iv) With retractable landing gear;
is carried on the persons possession in (2) That is classified as a multiengine
the aircraft, that certifies the person airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship,
has received and been found proficient balloon, powered parachute, or weight-
in the cross-country training require- shift-control aircraft;
ments of subpart E of this part that (3) That is carrying a passenger or
apply to the aircraft rating held. property for compensation or hire;
(d) A person who holds a recreational (4) For compensation or hire;
pilot certificate may act as pilot in (5) In furtherance of a business;
command of an aircraft in Class B, C, (6) Between sunset and sunrise;
and D airspace, at an airport located in (7) In Class A, B, C, and D airspace, at
an airport located in Class B, C, or D
Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from,
airspace, or to, from, through, or at an
through, or at an airport having an
airport having an operational control
operational control tower, provided
tower;
that person has
(8) At an altitude of more than 10,000
(1) Received and logged ground and feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever
flight training from an authorized in- is higher;
structor on the following aeronautical (9) When the flight or surface visi-
knowledge areas and areas of oper- bility is less than 3 statute miles;
ation, as appropriate to the aircraft (10) Without visual reference to the
rating held: surface;
(i) The use of radios, communica- (11) On a flight outside the United
tions, navigation system and facilities, States, unless authorized by the coun-
and radar services. try in which the flight is conducted;
(ii) Operations at airports with an op- (12) To demonstrate that aircraft in
erating control tower to include three flight as an aircraft salesperson to a
takeoffs and landings to a full stop, prospective buyer;
with each landing involving a flight in (13) That is used in a passenger-car-
the traffic pattern at an airport with rying airlift and sponsored by a chari-
an operating control tower. table organization; and
(iii) Applicable flight rules of part 91 (14) That is towing any object.
of this chapter for operations in Class (f) A recreational pilot may not act
B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con- as a pilot flight crewmember on any
trol clearances; aircraft for which more than one pilot
(2) Been found proficient in those is required by the type certificate of
aeronautical knowledge areas and the aircraft or the regulations under
areas of operation specified in para- which the flight is conducted, except
graph (d)(1) of this section; and when:
(1) Receiving flight training from a
(3) Received from an authorized in-
person authorized to provide flight
structor a logbook endorsement, which
training on board an airship; and
is carried on the persons possession or
(2) No person other than a required
readily accessible in the aircraft, that
flight crewmember is carried on the
certifies the person has received and
aircraft.
been found proficient in those aero-
(g) A person who holds a recreational
nautical knowledge areas and areas of pilot certificate, has logged fewer than
operation specified in paragraph (d)(1) 400 flight hours, and has not logged
of this section. pilot-in-command time in an aircraft
(e) Except as provided in paragraphs within the 180 days preceding the flight
(d) and (i) of this section, a rec- shall not act as pilot in command of an
reational pilot may not act as pilot in aircraft until the pilot receives flight
command of an aircraft training and a logbook endorsement
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
453
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00463 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.102 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
of the aircraft. This requirement can erating rules for persons who hold
be met in combination with the re- those certificates and ratings.
quirements of 61.56 and 61.57 of this
part, at the discretion of the author- 61.103 Eligibility requirements: Gen-
ized instructor. eral.
(h) A recreational pilot certificate To be eligible for a private pilot cer-
issued under this subpart carries the tificate, a person must:
notation, Holder does not meet ICAO (a) Be at least 17 years of age for a
requirements. rating in other than a glider or bal-
(i) For the purpose of obtaining addi- loon.
tional certificates or ratings while (b) Be at least 16 years of age for a
under the supervision of an authorized rating in a glider or balloon.
instructor, a recreational pilot may fly (c) Be able to read, speak, write, and
as the sole occupant of an aircraft: understand the English language. If the
(1) For which the pilot does not hold applicant is unable to meet one of
an appropriate category or class rat- these requirements due to medical rea-
ing; sons, then the Administrator may
(2) Within airspace that requires place such operating limitations on
communication with air traffic con- that applicants pilot certificate as are
trol; or necessary for the safe operation of the
(3) Between sunset and sunrise, pro- aircraft.
vided the flight or surface visibility is (d) Receive a logbook endorsement
at least 5 statute miles. from an authorized instructor who:
(j) In order to fly solo as provided in (1) Conducted the training or re-
paragraph (i) of this section, the rec- viewed the persons home study on the
reational pilot must meet the appro- aeronautical knowledge areas listed in
priate aeronautical knowledge and 61.105(b) of this part that apply to the
flight training requirements of 61.87 aircraft rating sought; and
for that aircraft. When operating an (2) Certified that the person is pre-
aircraft under the conditions specified pared for the required knowledge test.
in paragraph (i) of this section, the rec- (e) Pass the required knowledge test
reational pilot shall carry the logbook on the aeronautical knowledge areas
that has been endorsed for each flight listed in 61.105(b) of this part.
by an authorized instructor who: (f) Receive flight training and a log-
book endorsement from an authorized
(1) Has given the recreational pilot
instructor who:
training in the make and model of air-
(1) Conducted the training in the
craft in which the solo flight is to be
areas of operation listed in 61.107(b) of
made;
this part that apply to the aircraft rat-
(2) Has found that the recreational
ing sought; and
pilot has met the applicable require-
(2) Certified that the person is pre-
ments of 61.87; and
pared for the required practical test.
(3) Has found that the recreational (g) Meet the aeronautical experience
pilot is competent to make solo flights requirements of this part that apply to
in accordance with the logbook en- the aircraft rating sought before apply-
dorsement. ing for the practical test.
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (h) Pass a practical test on the areas
amended by Amdt. 61110, 69 FR 44868, July of operation listed in 61.107(b) of this
27, 2004; Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, part that apply to the aircraft rating
2009] sought.
(i) Comply with the appropriate sec-
Subpart EPrivate Pilots tions of this part that apply to the air-
craft category and class rating sought.
61.102 Applicability. (j) Hold a U.S. student pilot certifi-
This subpart prescribes the require- cate, sport pilot certificate, or rec-
ments for the issuance of private pilot reational pilot certificate.
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
certificates and ratings, the conditions [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as
under which those certificates and rat- amended by Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42558, Aug.
ings are necessary, and the general op- 21, 2009]
454
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00464 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.107
455
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00465 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.109 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
456
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00466 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.109
457
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00467 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.109 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
458
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00468 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.109
(ii) One solo cross country flight of (i) 3 hours of cross-country flight
150 nautical miles total distance, with training in an airship;
full-stop landings at three points, and (ii) Except as provided in 61.110 of
one segment of the flight consisting of this part, 3 hours of night flight train-
a straight-line distance of more than 50 ing in an airship that includes:
nautical miles between the takeoff and (A) A cross-country flight of over 25
landing locations; and nautical miles total distance; and
(iii) Three takeoffs and three land- (B) Five takeoffs and five landings to
ings to a full stop (with each landing a full stop (with each landing involving
involving a flight in the traffic pat- a flight in the traffic pattern) at an
tern) at an airport with an operating airport.
control tower. (2) 3 hours of flight training in an air-
(f) For a glider category rating. (1) If ship on the control and maneuvering of
the applicant for a private pilot certifi- an airship solely by reference to instru-
cate with a glider category rating has ments, including straight and level
not logged at least 40 hours of flight flight, constant airspeed climbs and de-
time as a pilot in a heavier-than-air scents, turns to a heading, recovery
aircraft, the applicant must log at from unusual flight attitudes, radio
least 10 hours of flight time in a glider communications, and the use of navi-
in the areas of operation listed in gation systems/facilities and radar
61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight services appropriate to instrument
time must include at least flight;
(i) 20 flights in a glider in the areas of (3) Three hours of flight training
operations listed in 61.107(b)(6) of this with an authorized instructor in an air-
part, including at least 3 training ship in preparation for the practical
flights with an authorized instructor in test within the preceding 2 calendar
a glider in preparation for the practical months from the month of the test;
test that must have been performed and
within the preceding 2 calendar months (4) 5 hours performing the duties of
from the month of the test; and pilot in command in an airship with an
(ii) 2 hours of solo flight time in a authorized instructor.
glider in the areas of operation listed (h) For a balloon rating. A person who
in 61.107(b)(6) of this part, with not applies for a private pilot certificate
less than 10 launches and landings with a lighter-than-air category and
being performed. balloon class rating must log at least
(2) If the applicant has logged at 10 hours of flight training that includes
least 40 hours of flight time in a heav- at least six training flights with an au-
ier-than-air aircraft, the applicant thorized instructor in the areas of op-
must log at least 3 hours of flight time eration listed in 61.107(b)(8) of this
in a glider in the areas of operation part, that includes
listed in 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and (1) Gas balloon. If the training is
that flight time must include at least being performed in a gas balloon, at
(i) 10 solo flights in a glider in the least two flights of 2 hours each that
areas of operation listed in 61.107(b)(6) consists of
of this part; and (i) At least one training flight with
(ii) 3 training flights with an author- an authorized instructor in a gas bal-
ized instructor in a glider in prepara- loon in preparation for the practical
tion for the practical test that must test within the preceding 2 calendar
have been performed within the pre- months from the month of the test;
ceding 2 calendar months from the (ii) At least one flight performing the
month of the test. duties of pilot in command in a gas bal-
(g) For an airship rating. A person who loon with an authorized instructor; and
applies for a private pilot certificate (iii) At least one flight involving a
with a lighter-than-air category and controlled ascent to 3,000 feet above
airship class rating must log at least: the launch site.
(1) 25 hours of flight training in air- (2) Balloon with an airborne heater. If
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
459
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00469 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.109 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(i) At least two training flights of 1 vate pilot certificate with a weight-
hour each with an authorized instruc- shift-control rating must log at least 40
tor in a balloon with an airborne heat- hours of flight time that includes at
er in preparation for the practical test least 20 hours of flight training with an
within the preceding 2 calendar months authorized instructor and 10 hours of
from the month of the test; solo flight training in the areas of op-
(ii) One solo flight in a balloon with eration listed in 61.107(b)(10) and the
an airborne heater; and training must include at least
(iii) At least one flight involving a (1) Three hours of cross-country
controlled ascent to 2,000 feet above flight training in a weight-shift-con-
the launch site. trol aircraft;
(i) For a powered parachute rating. A (2) Except as provided in 61.110, 3
person who applies for a private pilot hours of night flight training in a
certificate with a powered parachute weight-shift-control aircraft that in-
category rating must log at least 25 cludes
hours of flight time in a powered para- (i) One cross-country flight of over 75
chute that includes at least 10 hours of nautical miles total distance that in-
flight training with an authorized in- cludes a point of landing that is a
structor, including 30 takeoffs and straight-line distance of more than 50
landings, and 10 hours of solo flight nautical miles from the original point
training in the areas of operation listed of departure; and
in 61.107 (b)(9) and the training must (ii) Ten takeoffs and landings (with
include at least each landing involving a flight in the
(1) One hour of cross-country flight traffic pattern) at an airport;
training in a powered parachute that (3) Three hours of flight training
includes a 1-hour cross-country flight with an authorized instructor in a
with a landing at an airport at least 25 weight-shift-control aircraft in prepa-
nautical miles from the airport of de- ration for the practical test, which
parture; must have been performed within the
(2) Except as provided in 61.110, 3 preceding 2 calendar months from the
hours of night flight training in a pow- month of the test;
ered parachute that includes 10 take- (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a
offs and landings (with each landing in- weight-shift-control aircraft, con-
volving a flight in the traffic pattern) sisting of at least
at an airport; (i) Five hours of solo cross-country
(3) Three hours of flight training time; and
with an authorized instructor in a pow- (ii) One solo cross-country flight over
ered parachute in preparation for the 100 nautical miles total distance, with
practical test, which must have been landings at a minimum of three points,
performed within the preceding 2 cal- and one segment of the flight being a
endar months from the month of the straight line distance of at least 50
test; nautical miles between takeoff and
(4) Three hours of solo flight time in landing locations; and
a powered parachute, consisting of at (5) Three takeoffs and landings (with
least each landing involving a flight in the
(i) One solo cross-country flight with traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an air-
a landing at an airport at least 25 nau- port with an operating control tower.
tical miles from the departure airport; (k) Permitted credit for use of a flight
and simulator or flight training device. (1) Ex-
(ii) Twenty solo takeoffs and land- cept as provided in paragraphs (k)(2) of
ings to a full stop (with each landing this section, a maximum of 2.5 hours of
involving a flight in a traffic pattern) training in a flight simulator or flight
at an airport; and training device representing the cat-
(5) Three takeoffs and landings (with egory, class, and type, if applicable, of
each landing involving a flight in the aircraft appropriate to the rating
traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an air- sought, may be credited toward the
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
port with an operating control tower. flight training time required by this
(j) For a weight-shift-control aircraft section, if received from an authorized
rating. A person who applies for a pri- instructor.
460
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00470 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.111
461
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00471 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.113 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
part, the applicant may have the limi- (h) A private pilot may act as pilot in
tation in paragraph (c) of this section command for the purpose of conducting
removed. a production flight test in a light-sport
aircraft intended for certification in
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997]
the light-sport category under 21.190
of this chapter, provided that
61.113 Private pilot privileges and (1) The aircraft is a powered para-
limitations: Pilot in command. chute or a weight-shift-control air-
craft;
(a) Except as provided in paragraphs
(2) The person has at least 100 hours
(b) through (h) of this section, no per-
of pilot-in-command time in the cat-
son who holds a private pilot certifi-
egory and class of aircraft flown; and
cate may act as pilot in command of an (3) The person is familiar with the
aircraft that is carrying passengers or processes and procedures applicable to
property for compensation or hire; nor the conduct of production flight test-
may that person, for compensation or ing, to include operations conducted
hire, act as pilot in command of an air- under a special flight permit and any
craft. associated operating limitations.
(b) A private pilot may, for com-
pensation or hire, act as pilot in com- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as
mand of an aircraft in connection with amended by Amdt. 61110, 69 FR 44869, July
27, 2004; Amdt. 61115, 72 FR 6910, Feb. 13,
any business or employment if:
2007; Amdt. 61125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010]
(1) The flight is only incidental to
that business or employment; and 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations.
(2) The aircraft does not carry pas- (a) If a person who applies for a pri-
sengers or property for compensation vate pilot certificate with a balloon
or hire. rating takes a practical test in a bal-
(c) A private pilot may not pay less loon with an airborne heater:
than the pro rata share of the oper- (1) The pilot certificate will contain
ating expenses of a flight with pas- a limitation restricting the exercise of
sengers, provided the expenses involve the privileges of that certificate to a
only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or balloon with an airborne heater; and
rental fees. (2) The limitation may be removed
(d) A private pilot may act as pilot in when the person obtains the required
command of a charitable, nonprofit, or aeronautical experience in a gas bal-
community event flight described in loon and receives a logbook endorse-
91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply ment from an authorized instructor
with the requirements of 91.146. who attests to the persons accomplish-
(e) A private pilot may be reimbursed ment of the required aeronautical ex-
for aircraft operating expenses that are perience and ability to satisfactorily
directly related to search and location operate a gas balloon.
operations, provided the expenses in- (b) If a person who applies for a pri-
volve only fuel, oil, airport expendi- vate pilot certificate with a balloon
tures, or rental fees, and the operation rating takes a practical test in a gas
is sanctioned and under the direction balloon:
and control of: (1) The pilot certificate will contain
(1) A local, State, or Federal agency; a limitation restricting the exercise of
or the privilege of that certificate to a
(2) An organization that conducts gas balloon; and
search and location operations. (2) The limitation may be removed
(f) A private pilot who is an aircraft when the person obtains the required
salesman and who has at least 200 aeronautical experience in a balloon
hours of logged flight time may dem- with an airborne heater and receives a
onstrate an aircraft in flight to a pro- logbook endorsement from an author-
spective buyer. ized instructor who attests to the per-
(g) A private pilot who meets the re- sons accomplishment of the required
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
462
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00472 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.125
61.117 Private pilot privileges and (e) Receive the required training and
limitations: Second in command of a logbook endorsement from an author-
aircraft requiring more than one ized instructor who:
pilot. (1) Conducted the training on the
Except as provided in 61.113 of this areas of operation listed in 61.127(b) of
part, no private pilot may, for com- this part that apply to the aircraft cat-
pensation or hire, act as second in com- egory and class rating sought; and
mand of an aircraft that is type certifi- (2) Certified that the person is pre-
cated for more than one pilot, nor may pared for the required practical test.
that pilot act as second in command of (f) Meet the aeronautical experience
such an aircraft that is carrying pas- requirements of this subpart that apply
sengers or property for compensation to the aircraft category and class rat-
or hire. ing sought before applying for the prac-
tical test;
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (g) Pass the required practical test
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997]
on the areas of operation listed in
61.11861.120 [Reserved] 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the
aircraft category and class rating
sought;
Subpart FCommercial Pilots (h) Hold at least a private pilot cer-
tificate issued under this part or meet
61.121 Applicability.
the requirements of 61.73; and
This subpart prescribes the require- (i) Comply with the sections of this
ments for the issuance of commercial part that apply to the aircraft category
pilot certificates and ratings, the con- and class rating sought.
ditions under which those certificates
and ratings are necessary, and the gen- 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.
eral operating rules for persons who (a) General. A person who applies for
hold those certificates and ratings. a commercial pilot certificate must re-
ceive and log ground training from an
61.123 Eligibility requirements: Gen-
eral. authorized instructor, or complete a
home-study course, on the aeronautical
To be eligible for a commercial pilot knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of
certificate, a person must: this section that apply to the aircraft
(a) Be at least 18 years of age; category and class rating sought.
(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1)
understand the English language. If the Applicable Federal Aviation Regula-
applicant is unable to meet one of tions of this chapter that relate to
these requirements due to medical rea- commercial pilot privileges, limita-
sons, then the Administrator may tions, and flight operations;
place such operating limitations on (2) Accident reporting requirements
that applicants pilot certificate as are of the National Transportation Safety
necessary for the safe operation of the Board;
aircraft. (3) Basic aerodynamics and the prin-
(c) Receive a logbook endorsement ciples of flight;
from an authorized instructor who: (4) Meteorology to include recogni-
(1) Conducted the required ground tion of critical weather situations,
training or reviewed the persons home windshear recognition and avoidance,
study on the aeronautical knowledge and the use of aeronautical weather re-
areas listed in 61.125 of this part that ports and forecasts;
apply to the aircraft category and class (5) Safe and efficient operation of air-
rating sought; and craft;
(2) Certified that the person is pre- (6) Weight and balance computations;
pared for the required knowledge test (7) Use of performance charts;
that applies to the aircraft category (8) Significance and effects of exceed-
and class rating sought. ing aircraft performance limitations;
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(d) Pass the required knowledge test (9) Use of aeronautical charts and a
on the aeronautical knowledge areas magnetic compass for pilotage and
listed in 61.125 of this part; dead reckoning;
463
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00473 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.127 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
464
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00474 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.129
465
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00475 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.129 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions
of operation listed in 61.127(b)(2) of with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with
this part that includes at least each landing involving a flight with a
(i) Ten hours of instrument training traffic pattern) at an airport with an
using a view-limiting device including operating control tower.
attitude instrument flying, partial (c) For a helicopter rating. Except as
panel skills, recovery from unusual provided in paragraph (i) of this sec-
flight attitudes, and intercepting and tion, a person who applies for a com-
tracking navigational systems. Five mercial pilot certificate with a rotor-
hours of the 10 hours required on in- craft category and helicopter class rat-
strument training must be in a multi- ing must log at least 150 hours of flight
engine airplane; time as a pilot that consists of at least:
(ii) 10 hours of training in a multien- (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of
gine airplane that has a retractable which 50 hours must be in helicopters.
landing gear, flaps, and controllable (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command
pitch propellers, or is turbine-powered, flight time, which includes at least
or for an applicant seeking a multien- (i) 35 hours in helicopters; and
gine seaplane rating, 10 hours of train- (ii) 10 hours in cross-country flight in
ing in a multiengine seaplane that has helicopters.
flaps and a controllable pitch propeller; (3) 20 hours of training on the areas
of operation listed in 61.127(b)(3) of
(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight
this part that includes at least
in a multiengine airplane in daytime
(i) Five hours on the control and ma-
conditions that consists of a total
neuvering of a helicopter solely by ref-
straight-line distance of more than 100
erence to instruments using a view-
nautical miles from the original point
limiting device including attitude in-
of departure;
strument flying, partial panel skills,
(iv) One 2-hour cross country flight recovery from unusual flight attitudes,
in a multiengine airplane in nighttime and intercepting and tracking naviga-
conditions that consists of a total tional systems. This aeronautical expe-
straight-line distance of more than 100 rience may be performed in an aircraft,
nautical miles from the original point flight simulator, flight training device,
of departure; and or an aviation training device;
(v) Three hours in a multiengine air- (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in
plane with an authorized instructor in a helicopter in daytime conditions that
preparation for the practical test with- consists of a total straight-line dis-
in the preceding 2 calendar months tance of more than 50 nautical miles
from the month of the test. from the original point of departure;
(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight
multiengine airplane or 10 hours of in a helicopter in nighttime conditions
flight time performing the duties of that consists of a total straight-line
pilot in command in a multiengine air- distance of more than 50 nautical miles
plane with an authorized instructor (ei- from the original point of departure;
ther of which may be credited towards and
the flight time requirement in para- (iv) Three hours in a helicopter with
graph (b)(2) of this section), on the an authorized instructor in preparation
areas of operation listed in 61.127(b)(2) for the practical test within the pre-
of this part that includes at least ceding 2 calendar months from the
(i) One cross-country flight of not month of the test.
less than 300 nautical miles total dis- (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a
tance with landings at a minimum of helicopter or 10 hours of flight time
three points, one of which is a straight- performing the duties of pilot in com-
line distance of at least 250 nautical mand in a helicopter with an author-
miles from the original departure ized instructor on board (either of
point. However, if this requirement is which may be credited towards the
being met in Hawaii, the longest seg- flight time requirement under para-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
ment need only have a straight-line graph (c)(2) of this section), on the
distance of at least 150 nautical miles; areas of operation listed under
and 61.127(b)(3) that includes
466
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00476 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.129
(i) One cross-country flight with performing the duties of pilot in com-
landings at a minimum of three points, mand in a gyroplane with an author-
with one segment consisting of a ized instructor on board (either of
straight-line distance of at least 50 which may be credited towards the
nautical miles from the original point flight time requirement under para-
of departure; and graph (d)(2) of this section), on the
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions areas of operation listed in 61.127(b)(4)
with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with that includes
each landing involving a flight in the (i) One cross-country flight with
traffic pattern). landings at a minimum of three points,
(d) For a gyroplane rating. A person with one segment consisting of a
who applies for a commercial pilot cer- straight-line distance of at least 50
tificate with a rotorcraft category and nautical miles from the original point
gyroplane class rating must log at of departure; and
least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions
(of which 5 hours may have been ac- with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with
complished in a flight simulator or each landing involving a flight in the
flight training device that is represent- traffic pattern).
ative of a gyroplane) that consists of at (e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as
least: provided in paragraph (i) of this sec-
(1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of tion, a person who applies for a com-
which 25 hours must be in gyroplanes. mercial pilot certificate with a pow-
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command ered-lift category rating must log at
flight time, which includes at least least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot
(i) 10 hours in gyroplanes; and that consists of at least:
(ii) 3 hours in cross-country flight in (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of
gyroplanes. which 50 hours must be in a powered-
(3) 20 hours of training on the areas lift.
of operation listed in 61.127(b)(4) of
(2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command
this part that includes at least
flight time, which includes at least
(i) 2.5 hours on the control and ma-
neuvering of a gyroplane solely by ref- (i) 50 hours in a powered-lift; and
erence to instruments using a view- (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of
limiting device including attitude in- which 10 hours must be in a powered-
strument flying, partial panel skills, lift.
recovery from unusual flight attitudes, (3) 20 hours of training on the areas
and intercepting and tracking naviga- of operation listed in 61.127(b)(5) of
tional systems. This aeronautical expe- this part that includes at least
rience may be performed in an aircraft, (i) Ten hours of instrument training
flight simulator, flight training device, using a view-limiting device including
or an aviation training device; attitude instrument flying, partial
(ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in panel skills, recovery from unusual
a gyroplane in daytime conditions that flight attitudes, and intercepting and
consists of a total straight-line dis- tracking navigational systems. Five
tance of more than 50 nautical miles hours of the 10 hours required on in-
from the original point of departure; strument training must be in a pow-
(iii) Two hours of flight training dur- ered-lift;
ing nighttime conditions in a gyro- (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in
plane at an airport, that includes 10 a powered-lift in daytime conditions
takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop that consists of a total straight-line
(with each landing involving a flight in distance of more than 100 nautical
the traffic pattern); and miles from the original point of depar-
(iv) Three hours in a gyroplane with ture;
an authorized instructor in preparation (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight
for the practical test within the pre- in a powered-lift in nighttime condi-
ceding 2 calendar months from the tions that consists of a total straight-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
467
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00477 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.129 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
468
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00478 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.129
consists of a total straight-line dis- (B) Two solo flights in a balloon with
tance of more than 25 nautical miles an airborne heater on the appropriate
from the point of departure. areas of operation; and
(5) 10 hours of flight training per- (C) One flight involving a controlled
forming the duties of pilot in command ascent to 3,000 feet above the launch
with an authorized instructor on the site.
areas of operation listed in 61.127(b)(7) (i) Permitted credit for use of a flight
of this part, which includes at least simulator or flight training device. (1) Ex-
(i) One cross-country flight with cept as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of
landings at a minimum of three points, this section, an applicant who has not
with one segment consisting of a accomplished the training required by
straight-line distance of at least 25 this section in a course conducted by a
nautical miles from the original point training center certificated under part
of departure; and 142 of this chapter may:
(ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions (i) Credit a maximum of 50 hours to-
with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with ward the total aeronautical experience
each landing involving a flight in the requirements for an airplane or pow-
traffic pattern). ered-lift rating, provided the aero-
(h) For a balloon rating. A person who nautical experience was obtained from
applies for a commercial pilot certifi- an authorized instructor in a flight
cate with a lighter-than-air category simulator or flight training device that
and a balloon class rating must log at represents that class of airplane or
least 35 hours of flight time as a pilot, powered-lift category and type, if ap-
which includes at least the following plicable, appropriate to the rating
requirements: sought; and
(1) 20 hours in balloons; (ii) Credit a maximum of 25 hours to-
(2) 10 flights in balloons; ward the total aeronautical experience
requirements of this section for a heli-
(3) Two flights in balloons as the
copter rating, provided the aero-
pilot in command; and
nautical experience was obtained from
(4) 10 hours of flight training that in-
an authorized instructor in a flight
cludes at least 10 training flights with
simulator or flight training device that
an authorized instructor in balloons on
represents a helicopter and type, if ap-
the areas of operation listed in plicable, appropriate to the rating
61.127(b)(8) of this part, which consists sought.
of at least
(2) An applicant who has accom-
(i) For a gas balloon plished the training required by this
(A) Two training flights of 2 hours section in a course conducted by a
each in a gas balloon with an author- training center certificated under part
ized instructor in preparation for the 142 of this chapter may:
practical test within the preceding 2 (i) Credit a maximum of 100 hours to-
calendar months from the month of the ward the total aeronautical experience
test; requirements of this section for an air-
(B) 2 flights performing the duties of plane and powered-lift rating, provided
pilot in command in a gas balloon with the aeronautical experience was ob-
an authorized instructor on the appro- tained from an authorized instructor in
priate areas of operation; and a flight simulator or flight training de-
(C) One flight involving a controlled vice that represents that class of air-
ascent to 5,000 feet above the launch plane or powered-lift category and
site. type, if applicable, appropriate to the
(ii) For a balloon with an airborne rating sought; and
heater (ii) Credit a maximum of 50 hours to-
(A) Two training flights of 1 hour ward the total aeronautical experience
each in a balloon with an airborne requirements of this section for a heli-
heater with an authorized instructor in copter rating, provided the aero-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
preparation for the practical test with- nautical experience was obtained from
in the preceding 2 calendar months an authorized instructor in a flight
from the month of the test; simulator or flight training device that
469
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00479 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.131 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
470
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00480 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.153
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; nautical knowledge areas of 61.155(c)
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997] of this part that apply to the aircraft
category and class rating sought;
471
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00481 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.155 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(g) Pass the practical test on the (10) Aerodynamics relating to an air-
areas of operation listed in 61.157(e) of crafts flight characteristics and per-
this part that apply to the aircraft cat- formance in normal and abnormal
egory and class rating sought; and flight regimes;
(h) Comply with the sections of this (11) Human factors;
subpart that apply to the aircraft cat- (12) Aeronautical decision making
egory and class rating sought. and judgment; and
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
(13) Crew resource management to in-
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997; clude crew communication and coordi-
Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42559, Aug. 21, 2009] nation.
ance, use of charts, graphs, tables, for- (c) Exceptions. A person who applies
mulas, and computations, and their ef- for an aircraft type rating to be added
fect on aircraft performance; to an airline transport pilot certificate
472
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00482 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.157
473
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00483 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.158 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
474
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00484 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.161
a full stop may substitute each addi- (d) An applicant is issued an airline
tional night takeoff and landing to a transport pilot certificate with the
full stop for 1 hour of night flight time limitation, Holder does not meet the
to satisfy the requirements of para- pilot in command aeronautical experi-
graph (a)(2) of this section; however, ence requirements of ICAO, as pre-
not more than 25 hours of night flight scribed under Article 39 of the Conven-
time may be credited in this manner. tion on International Civil Aviation, if
(c) A commercial pilot may credit the applicant does not meet the ICAO
the following second-in-command requirements contained in Annex 1
flight time or flight-engineer flight Personnel Licensing to the Conven-
time toward the 1,500 hours of total tion on International Civil Aviation,
time as a pilot required by paragraph but otherwise meets the aeronautical
(a) of this section: experience requirements of this sec-
(1) Second-in-command time, pro- tion.
vided the time is acquired in an air-
(e) An applicant is entitled to an air-
plane
line transport pilot certificate without
(i) Required to have more than one
pilot flight crewmember by the air- the ICAO limitation specified under
planes flight manual, type certificate, paragraph (d) of this section when the
or the regulations under which the applicant presents satisfactory evi-
flight is being conducted; dence of having met the ICAO require-
(ii) Engaged in operations under sub- ments under paragraph (d) of this sec-
part K of part 91, part 121, or part 135 of tion and otherwise meets the aero-
this chapter for which a second in com- nautical experience requirements of
mand is required; or this section.
(iii) That is required by the operating [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
rules of this chapter to have more than Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997;
one pilot flight crewmember. Amdt. 61104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt.
(2) Flight-engineer time, provided the 61109, 68 FR 54560, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61
time 124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009]
(i) Is acquired in an airplane required
to have a flight engineer by the air- 61.161 Aeronautical experience:
planes flight manual or type certifi- Rotorcraft category and helicopter
cate; class rating.
(ii) Is acquired while engaged in oper- (a) A person who is applying for an
ations under part 121 of this chapter for airline transport pilot certificate with
which a flight engineer is required; a rotorcraft category and helicopter
(iii) Is acquired while the person is class rating, must have at least 1,200
participating in a pilot training pro- hours of total time as a pilot that in-
gram approved under part 121 of this cludes at least:
chapter; and (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight
(iv) Does not exceed more than 1 hour time;
for each 3 hours of flight engineer
(2) 100 hours of night flight time, of
flight time for a total credited time of
which 15 hours are in helicopters;
no more than 500 hours.
(3) Flight-engineer time, provided the (3) 200 hours of flight time in heli-
flight time copters, which includes at least 75
(i) Is acquired as a U.S. Armed hours as a pilot in command, or as sec-
Forces flight engineer crewmember in ond in command performing the duties
an airplane that requires a flight engi- of a pilot in command under the super-
neer crewmember by the flight manual; vision of a pilot in command, or any
(ii) Is acquired while the person is combination thereof; and
participating in a flight engineer crew- (4) 75 hours of instrument flight time
member training program for the U.S. in actual or simulated instrument me-
Armed Forces; and teorological conditions, of which at
(iii) Does not exceed 1 hour for each least 50 hours are obtained in flight
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
475
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00485 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.163 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(a)(4)(ii) of this section, an applicant engine class rating who holds an air-
may not receive credit for more than a line transport pilot certificate with an-
total of 25 hours of simulated instru- other aircraft category rating must:
476
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00486 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.167
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements (1) Meet the eligibility requirements
of 61.153 of this part; of 61.153, except paragraph (f) of that
(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- section;
nautical knowledge areas of 61.155(c) (2) Comply with the requirements in
of this part; 61.157(b) of this part, if applicable;
(3) Comply with the requirements in (3) Meet the applicable aeronautical
61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; experience requirements of subpart G
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical of this part; and
experience requirements of 61.159 of (4) Pass a practical test on the areas
this part; and of operation of 61.157(e) appropriate to
(5) Pass the practical test on the the aircraft rating sought.
areas of operation of 61.157(e)(1) of (f) Category class ratings for the oper-
this part. ation of aircraft with experimental certifi-
cates. Notwithstanding the provisions
(c) Airplane category rating with a mul-
of paragraphs (a) through (e) of this
tiengine class rating. A person applying
section, a person holding an airline
for an airline transport certificate with
transport certificate may apply for a
an airplane category and multiengine
category and class rating limited to a
class rating who holds an airline trans-
specific make and model of experi-
port certificate with another aircraft
mental aircraft, provided
category rating must:
(1) The person has logged at least 5
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements
hours flight time while acting as pilot
of 61.153 of this part;
in command in the same category,
(2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- class, make, and model of aircraft that
nautical knowledge areas of 61.155(c) has been issued an experimental cer-
of this part; tificate;
(3) Comply with the requirements in (2) The person has received a logbook
61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; endorsement from an authorized in-
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical structor who has determined that he or
experience requirements of 61.159 of she is proficient to act as pilot in com-
this part; and mand of the same category, class,
(5) Pass the practical test on the make, and model of aircraft for which
areas of operation of 61.157(e)(2) of application is made; and
this part. (3) The flight time specified in para-
(d) Powered-lift category. A person ap- graph (f)(1) of this section must be
plying for an airline transport pilot logged between September 1, 2004 and
certificate with a powered-lift category August 31, 2005.
rating who holds an airline transport
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
certificate with another aircraft cat-
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997;
egory rating must: Amdt. 61110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004]
(1) Meet the eligibility requirements
of 61.153 of this part; 61.167 Privileges.
(2) Pass a required knowledge test on (a) A person who holds an airline
the aeronautical knowledge areas of transport pilot certificate is entitled to
61.155(c) of this part; the same privileges as a person who
(3) Comply with the requirements in holds a commercial pilot certificate
61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; with an instrument rating.
(4) Meet the applicable aeronautical (b) An airline transport pilot may in-
experience requirements of 61.163 of struct
this part; and (1) Other pilots in air transportation
(5) Pass the required practical test on service in aircraft of the category,
the areas of operation of 61.157(e)(3) of class, and type, as applicable, for which
this part. the airline transport pilot is rated and
(e) Additional class rating within the endorse the logbook or other training
same aircraft category. A person apply- record of the person to whom training
ing for an airline transport certificate has been given;
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
with an additional class rating who (2) In flight simulators, and flight
holds an airline transport certificate in training devices representing the air-
the same aircfaft category must craft referenced in paragraph (b)(1) of
477
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00487 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.16969.171 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
this section, when instructing under (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and
the provisions of this section and en- understand the English language. If the
dorse the logbook or other training applicant is unable to meet one of
record of the person to whom training these requirements due to medical rea-
has been given; sons, then the Administrator may
(3) Only as provided in this section, place such operating limitations on
except that an airline transport pilot that applicants flight instructor cer-
who also holds a flight instructor cer- tificate as are necessary;
tificate can exercise the instructor (c) Hold either a commercial pilot
privileges under subpart H of this part certificate or airline transport pilot
for which he or she is rated; and certificate with:
(4) In an aircraft, only if the aircraft (1) An aircraft category and class rat-
has functioning dual controls, when in- ing that is appropriate to the flight in-
structing under the provisions of this structor rating sought; and
section. (2) An instrument rating, or privi-
(c) Excluding briefings and leges on that persons pilot certificate
debriefings, an airline transport pilot that are appropriate to the flight in-
may not instruct in aircraft, flight structor rating sought, if applying
simulators, and flight training devices for
under this section
(i) A flight instructor certificate with
(1) For more than 8 hours in any 24- an airplane category and single-engine
consecutive-hour period; or
class rating;
(2) For more than 36 hours in any 7-
(ii) A flight instructor certificate
consecutive-day period.
with an airplane category and multien-
(d) An airline transport pilot may
gine class rating;
not instruct in Category II or Category
(iii) A flight instructor certificate
III operations unless he or she has been
trained and successfully tested under with a powered-lift rating; or
Category II or Category III operations, (iv) A flight instructor certificate
as applicable. with an instrument rating.
(d) Receive a logbook endorsement
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; from an authorized instructor on the
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997;
fundamentals of instructing listed in
Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009]
61.185 of this part appropriate to the
61.16969.171 [Reserved] required knowledge test;
(e) Pass a knowledge test on the
areas listed in 61.185(a)(1) of this part,
Subpart HFlight Instructors Other
unless the applicant:
than Flight Instructors With a (1) Holds a flight instructor certifi-
Sport Pilot Rating cate or ground instructor certificate
61.181 Applicability. issued under this part;
(2) Holds a teachers certificate
This subpart prescribes the require- issued by a State, county, city, or mu-
ments for the issuance of flight in- nicipality that authorizes the person to
structor certificates and ratings (ex- teach at an educational level of the 7th
cept for flight instructor certificates grade or higher; or
with a sport pilot rating), the condi- (3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac-
tions under which those certificates credited college or university.
and ratings are necessary, and the lim-
(f) Pass a knowledge test on the aero-
itations on those certificates and rat-
nautical knowledge areas listed in
ings.
61.185(a)(2) and (a)(3) of this part that
[Doc. No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44869, July are appropriate to the flight instructor
27, 2004] rating sought;
(g) Receive a logbook endorsement
61.183 Eligibility requirements. from an authorized instructor on the
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
478
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00488 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.187
(h) Pass the required practical test (k) Comply with the appropriate sec-
that is appropriate to the flight in- tions of this part that apply to the
structor rating sought in an: flight instructor rating sought.
(1) Aircraft that is representative of [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
the category and class of aircraft for Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997;
the aircraft rating sought; or Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009]
(2) Flight simulator or approved
61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.
flight training device that is represent-
ative of the category and class of air- (a) A person who is applying for a
craft for the rating sought, and used in flight instructor certificate must re-
accordance with a course at a training ceive and log ground training from an
center certificated under part 142 of authorized instructor on:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph
this chapter.
(b) of this section, the fundamentals of
(i) Accomplish the following for a instructing, including:
flight instructor certificate with an (i) The learning process;
airplane or a glider rating: (ii) Elements of effective teaching;
(1) Receive a logbook endorsement (iii) Student evaluation and testing;
from an authorized instructor indi- (iv) Course development;
cating that the applicant is competent (v) Lesson planning; and
and possesses instructional proficiency (vi) Classroom training techniques.
in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas
and spin recovery procedures after pro- for a recreational, private, and com-
viding the applicant with flight train- mercial pilot certificate applicable to
ing in those training areas in an air- the aircraft category for which flight
plane or glider, as appropriate, that is instructor privileges are sought; and
certificated for spins; and (3) The aeronautical knowledge areas
for the instrument rating applicable to
(2) Demonstrate instructional pro-
the category for which instrument
ficiency in stall awareness, spin entry,
flight instructor privileges are sought.
spins, and spin recovery procedures. (b) The following applicants do not
However, upon presentation of the en- need to comply with paragraph (a)(1) of
dorsement specified in paragraph (i)(1) this section:
of this section an examiner may accept (1) The holder of a flight instructor
that endorsement as satisfactory evi- certificate or ground instructor certifi-
dence of instructional proficiency in cate issued under this part;
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and (2) The holder of a current teachers
spin recovery procedures for the prac- certificate issued by a State, county,
tical test, provided that the practical city, or municipality that authorizes
test is not a retest as a result of the ap- the person to teach at an educational
plicant failing the previous test for de- level of the 7th grade or higher; or
ficiencies in the knowledge or skill of (3) A person employed as a teacher at
stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or an accredited college or university.
spin recovery instructional procedures. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
If the retest is a result of deficiencies Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997]
in the ability of an applicant to dem-
onstrate knowledge or skill of stall 61.187 Flight proficiency.
awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin re- (a) General. A person who is applying
covery instructional procedures, the for a flight instructor certificate must
examiner must test the person on stall receive and log flight and ground train-
awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin ing from an authorized instructor on
recovery instructional procedures in an the areas of operation listed in this
airplane or glider, as appropriate, that section that apply to the flight instruc-
tor rating sought. The applicants log-
is certificated for spins;
book must contain an endorsement
(j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in from an authorized instructor certi-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
command in the category and class of fying that the person is proficient to
aircraft that is appropriate to the pass a practical test on those areas of
flight instructor rating sought; and operation.
479
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00489 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.187 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
480
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00490 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.195
(v) Air traffic control clearances and knowledge test on the areas listed in
procedures; 61.185(a)(1) of this part.
(vi) Flight by reference to instru- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
ments; Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997]
(vii) Navigation aids;
(viii) Instrument approach proce- 61.193 Flight instructor privileges.
dures; A person who holds a flight instruc-
(ix) Emergency operations; and tor certificate is authorized within the
(x) Postflight procedures. limitations of that persons flight in-
(c) The flight training required by structor certificate and ratings to
this section may be accomplished: train and issue endorsements that are
(1) In an aircraft that is representa- required for:
tive of the category and class of air- (a) A student pilot certificate;
craft for the rating sought; or (b) A pilot certificate;
(2) In a flight simulator or flight (c) A flight instructor certificate;
training device representative of the (d) A ground instructor certificate;
category and class of aircraft for the (e) An aircraft rating;
rating sought, and used in accordance (f) An instrument rating;
with an approved course at a training (g) A flight review, operating privi-
center certificated under part 142 of lege, or recency of experience require-
this chapter. ment of this part;
(h) A practical test; and
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (i) A knowledge test.
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997;
Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997, as
61.189 Flight instructor records. amended by Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42561, Aug.
21, 2009]
(a) A flight instructor must sign the
logbook of each person to whom that 61.195 Flight instructor limitations
instructor has given flight training or and qualifications.
ground training. A person who holds a flight instruc-
(b) A flight instructor must maintain tor certificate is subject to the fol-
a record in a logbook or a separate doc- lowing limitations:
ument that contains the following: (a) Hours of training. In any 24-con-
(1) The name of each person whose secutive-hour period, a flight instruc-
logbook or student pilot certificate tor may not conduct more than 8 hours
that instructor has endorsed for solo of flight training.
flight privileges, and the date of the (b) Aircraft Ratings. A flight instruc-
endorsement; and tor may not conduct flight training in
(2) The name of each person that in- any aircraft for which the flight in-
structor has endorsed for a knowledge structor does not hold:
test or practical test, and the record (1) A pilot certificate and flight in-
shall also indicate the kind of test, the structor certificate with the applicable
date, and the results. category and class rating; and
(c) Each flight instructor must retain (2) If appropriate, a type rating.
the records required by this section for (c) Instrument Rating. A flight in-
at least 3 years. structor who provides instrument
training for the issuance of an instru-
61.191 Additional flight instructor ment rating, a type rating not limited
ratings. to VFR, or the instrument training re-
(a) A person who applies for an addi- quired for commercial pilot and airline
tional flight instructor rating on a transport pilot certificates must hold
flight instructor certificate must meet an instrument rating on his or her
the eligibility requirements listed in pilot certificate and flight instructor
61.183 of this part that apply to the certificate that is appropriate to the
flight instructor rating sought. category and class of aircraft used for
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
481
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00491 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.195 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
hold a type rating unless the flight in- prescribed in 61.183 of this part;
structor holds a type rating for that (ii) Hold the appropriate flight in-
aircraft on his or her pilot certificate. structor certificate and rating;
482
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00492 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.197
(iii) Have held a flight instructor cer- gle operations unless the flight instruc-
tificate for at least 24 months; tor:
(iv) For training in preparation for (1) Has a pilot and flight instructor
an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift certificate with the applicable cat-
rating, have given at least 200 hours of egory and class rating for the training;
flight training as a flight instructor; (2) If appropriate, has a type rating
and on his or her pilot certificate for the
(v) For training in preparation for a aircraft;
glider rating, have given at least 80 (3) Is pilot in command qualified for
hours of flight training as a flight in- night vision goggle operations, in ac-
structor. cordance with 61.31(k);
(4) Has logged 100 night vision goggle
(3) A flight instructor who serves as a
operations as the sole manipulator of
flight instructor in an FAA-approved
the controls;
course for the issuance of a flight in-
(5) Has logged 20 night vision goggle
structor rating must hold a flight in-
operations as the sole manipulator of
structor certificate with the appro-
the controls in the category and class,
priate rating and pass the required ini-
and type of aircraft, if aircraft class
tial and recurrent flight instructor pro-
and type is appropriate, that the train-
ficiency tests, in accordance with the
ing will be given in;
requirements of the part under which
(6) Is qualified to act as pilot in com-
the FAA-approved course is conducted,
mand in night vision goggle operations
and must
under 61.57(f) or (g); and
(i) Meet the requirements of para- (7) Has a logbook endorsement from
graph (h)(2) of this section; or an FAA Aviation Safety Inspector or a
(ii) Have trained and endorsed at person who is authorized by the FAA to
least five applicants for a practical test provide that logbook endorsement that
for a pilot certificate, flight instructor states the flight instructor is author-
certificate, ground instructor certifi- ized to perform the night vision goggle
cate, or an additional rating, and at pilot in command qualification and re-
least 80 percent of those applicants cent flight experience requirements
passed that test on their first attempt; under 61.31(k) and 61.57(f) and (g).
and
(A) Given at least 400 hours of flight [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997;
Amdt. 61103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997;
training as a flight instructor for Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009]
training in an airplane, a rotorcraft, or
for a powered-lift rating; or 61.197 Renewal requirements for
(B) Given at least 100 hours of flight flight instructor certification.
training as a flight instructor, for (a) A person who holds a flight in-
training in a glider rating. structor certificate that has not ex-
(i) Prohibition against self-endorse- pired may renew that flight instructor
ments. A flight instructor shall not certificate by
make any self-endorsement for a cer- (1) Passing a practical test for
tificate, rating, flight review, author- (i) One of the ratings listed on the
ization, operating privilege, practical current flight instructor certificate; or
test, or knowledge test that is required (ii) An additional flight instructor
by this part. rating; or
(j) Additional qualifications required to (2) Submitting a completed and
give training in Category II or Category signed application with the FAA and
III operations. A flight instructor may satisfactorily completing one of the
not give training in Category II or Cat- following renewal requirements
egory III operations unless the flight (i) A record of training students
instructor has been trained and tested showing that, during the preceding 24
in Category II or Category III oper- calendar months, the flight instructor
ations, pursuant to 61.67 or 61.68 of has endorsed at least 5 students for a
this part, as applicable. practical test for a certificate or rating
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(k) Training for night vision goggle op- and at least 80 percent of those stu-
erations. A flight instructor may not dents passed that test on the first at-
conduct training for night vision gog- tempt.
483
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00493 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.199 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
484
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00494 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.217
(2) Be able to read, write, speak, and (3) A recommendation for a knowl-
understand the English language. If the edge test required for the issuance of a
applicant is unable to meet one of sport pilot certificate, recreational
these requirements due to medical rea- pilot certificate, or private pilot cer-
sons, then the Administrator may tificate under this part.
place such operating limitations on (b) A person who holds an advanced
that applicants ground instructor cer- ground instructor rating is authorized
tificate as are necessary; to provide:
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (1) Ground training on the aero-
(b) of this section, pass a knowledge nautical knowledge areas required for
test on the fundamentals of instructing the issuance of any certificate or rat-
to include ing under this part except for the aero-
(i) The learning process; nautical knowledge areas required for
(ii) Elements of effective teaching; an instrument rating.
(iii) Student evaluation and testing; (2) The ground training required for
(iv) Course development; any flight review except for the train-
(v) Lesson planning; and ing required for an instrument rating.
(vi) Classroom training techniques. (3) A recommendation for a knowl-
(4) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- edge test required for the issuance of
nautical knowledge areas in any certificate or rating under this
part except for an instrument rating.
(i) For a basic ground instructor rat-
(c) A person who holds an instrument
ing 61.97, 61.105, and 61.309;
ground instructor rating is authorized
(ii) For an advanced ground instruc-
to provide:
tor rating 61.97, 61.105, 61.125, 61.155,
(1) Ground training in the aero-
and 61.309; and
nautical knowledge areas required for
(iii) For an instrument ground in-
the issuance of an instrument rating
structor rating, 61.65.
under this part;
(b) The knowledge test specified in (2) Ground training required for an
paragraph (a)(3) of this section is not instrument proficiency check; and
required if the applicant: (3) A recommendation for a knowl-
(1) Holds a ground instructor certifi- edge test required for the issuance of
cate or flight instructor certificate an instrument rating under this part.
issued under this part; (d) A person who holds a ground in-
(2) Holds a teachers certificate structor certificate is authorized, with-
issued by a State, county, city, or mu- in the limitations of the ratings on the
nicipality that authorizes the person to ground instructor certificate, to en-
teach at an educational level of the 7th dorse the logbook or other training
grade or higher; or record of a person to whom the holder
(3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac- has provided the training or rec-
credited college or university. ommendation specified in paragraphs
[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (a) through (c) of this section.
amended by Amdt. 61110, 69 FR 44869, July [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as
27, 2004; Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, amended by Amdt. 61110, 69 FR 44869, July
2009] 27, 2004; Amdt. 61124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21,
2009]
61.215 Ground instructor privileges.
(a) A person who holds a basic ground 61.217 Recent experience require-
instructor rating is authorized to pro- ments.
vide The holder of a ground instructor
(1) Ground training in the aero- certificate may not perform the duties
nautical knowledge areas required for of a ground instructor unless the per-
the issuance of a sport pilot certificate, son can show that one of the following
recreational pilot certificate, private occurred during the preceding 12 cal-
pilot certificate, or associated ratings endar months:
under this part; (a) Employment or activity as a
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
(2) Ground training required for a ground instructor giving pilot, flight
sport pilot, recreational pilot, and pri- instructor, or ground instructor train-
vate pilot flight review; and ing;
485
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00495 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.301 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(1) A medical certificate ........... (i) A sport pilot certificate, ...... (A) Any light-sport aircraft for (1) You must hold any other
which you hold the en- endorsements required by
dorsements required for its this subpart, and comply
category and class with the limitations in
61.315.
(ii) At least a recreational pilot (A) Any light-sport aircraft in (1) You do not have to hold
certificate with a category that category and class, any of the endorsements
and class rating, required by this subpart,
nor do you have to comply
with the limitations in
61.315.
(iii) At least a recreational (A) That light-sport aircraft, (1) You must comply with the
pilot certificate but not a only if you hold the en- limitations in 61.315, ex-
rating for the category and dorsements required in cept 61.315(c)(14) and, if
class of light sport aircraft 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher,
you operate, and class, 61.315(c)(7).
(2) Only a U.S. drivers license (i) A sport pilot certificate, (A) Any light-sport aircraft for (1) You must hold any other
which you hold the en- endorsements required by
dorsements required for its this subpart, and comply
category and class. with the limitations in
61.315.
(ii) At least a recreational pilot (A) Any light-sport aircraft in (1) You do not have to hold
certificate with a category that category and class, any of the endorsements
and class rating, required by this subpart,
but you must comply with
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
486
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00496 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.307
If you hold And you hold Then you may operate And
(iii) At least a recreational (A) That light-sport aircraft, (1) You must comply with the
pilot certificate but not a only if you hold the en- limitations in 61.315, ex-
rating for the category and dorsements required in cept 61.315(c)(14) and, if
class of light-sport aircraft 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher,
you operate, and class, 61.315(c)(7).
(3) Neither a medical certificate (i) A sport pilot certificate, (A) Any light-sport glider or (1) You must hold any other
nor a U.S. drivers license balloon for which you hold endorsements required by
the endorsements required this subpart, and comply
for its category and class with the limitations in
61.315.
(ii) At least a private pilot cer- (A) Any light-sport glider or (1) You do not have to hold
tificate with a category and balloon in that category and any of the endorsements
class rating for glider or class required by this subpart,
balloon, nor do you have to comply
with the limitations in
61.315.
(iii) At least a private pilot cer- (A) Any light-sport glider or (1) You must comply with the
tificate but not a rating for balloon, only if you hold the limitations in 61.315, ex-
glider or balloon, endorsements required in cept 61.315(c)(14) and, if
61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher,
and class 61.315(c)(7).
(b) A person using a U.S. drivers li- speak, write, and understand English
cense to meet the requirements of this because of medical reasons, the FAA
paragraph must may place limits on your certificate as
(1) Comply with each restriction and are necessary for the safe operation of
limitation imposed by that persons light-sport aircraft.
U.S. drivers license and any judicial or
administrative order applying to the 61.307 What tests do I have to take to
operation of a motor vehicle; obtain a sport pilot certificate?
(2) Have been found eligible for the
To obtain a sport pilot certificate,
issuance of at least a third-class air-
man medical certificate at the time of you must pass the following tests:
his or her most recent application (if (a) Knowledge test. You must pass a
the person has applied for a medical knowledge test on the applicable aero-
certificate); nautical knowledge areas listed in
(3) Not have had his or her most re- 61.309. Before you may take the
cently issued medical certificate (if the knowledge test for a sport pilot certifi-
person has held a medical certificate) cate, you must receive a logbook en-
suspended or revoked or most recent dorsement from the authorized instruc-
Authorization for a Special Issuance of tor who trained you or reviewed and
a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and evaluated your home-study course on
(4) Not know or have reason to know the aeronautical knowledge areas list-
of any medical condition that would ed in 61.309 certifying you are pre-
make that person unable to operate a pared for the test.
light-sport aircraft in a safe manner. (b) Practical test. You must pass a
[Doc. No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44869, July practical test on the applicable areas
27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61124, 74 FR of operation listed in 61.309 and
42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61125, 75 FR 5221, 61.311. Before you may take the prac-
Feb. 1, 2010]
tical test for a sport pilot certificate,
61.305 What are the age and lan- you must receive a logbook endorse-
guage requirements for a sport ment from the authorized instructor
pilot certificate? who provided you with flight training
(a) To be eligible for a sport pilot cer- on the areas of operation specified in
tificate you must: 61.309 and 61.311 in preparation for
(1) Be at least 17 years old (or 16 the practical test. This endorsement
years old if you are applying to operate certifies that you meet the applicable
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
487
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00497 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.309 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
61.309 What aeronautical knowledge (2) How to plan for alternatives if the
must I have to apply for a sport planned flight cannot be completed or
pilot certificate? if you encounter delays.
To apply for a sport pilot certificate [Docket No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44869,
you must receive and log ground train- July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61125, 75
ing from an authorized instructor or FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010]
complete a home-study course on the
61.311 What flight proficiency re-
following aeronautical knowledge quirements must I meet to apply for
areas: a sport pilot certificate?
(a) Applicable regulations of this To apply for a sport pilot certificate
chapter that relate to sport pilot privi- you must receive and log ground and
leges, limits, and flight operations. flight training from an authorized in-
(b) Accident reporting requirements structor on the following areas of oper-
of the National Transportation Safety ation, as appropriate, for airplane sin-
Board. gle-engine land or sea, glider, gyro-
(c) Use of the applicable portions of plane, airship, balloon, powered para-
the aeronautical information manual chute land or sea, and weight-shift-con-
and FAA advisory circulars. trol aircraft land or sea privileges:
(d) Use of aeronautical charts for (a) Preflight preparation.
VFR navigation using pilotage, dead (b) Preflight procedures.
reckoning, and navigation systems, as (c) Airport, seaplane base, and
appropriate. gliderport operations, as applicable.
(e) Recognition of critical weather (d) Takeoffs (or launches), landings,
situations from the ground and in and go-arounds.
flight, windshear avoidance, and the (e) Performance maneuvers, and for
procurement and use of aeronautical gliders, performance speeds.
(f) Ground reference maneuvers (not
weather reports and forecasts.
applicable to gliders and balloons).
(f) Safe and efficient operation of air-
(g) Soaring techniques (applicable
craft, including collision avoidance, only to gliders).
and recognition and avoidance of wake (h) Navigation.
turbulence. (i) Slow flight (not applicable to
(g) Effects of density altitude on lighter-than-air aircraft and powered
takeoff and climb performance. parachutes).
(h) Weight and balance computa- (j) Stalls (not applicable to lighter-
tions. than-air aircraft, gyroplanes, and pow-
(i) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- ered parachutes).
erplants, and aircraft systems. (k) Emergency operations.
(j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, (l) Post-flight procedures.
and spin recovery techniques, as appli- [Docket No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44869,
cable. July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61125, 75
(k) Aeronautical decision making FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010]
and risk management.
61.313 What aeronautical experience
(l) Preflight actions that include must I have to apply for a sport
(1) How to get information on runway pilot certificate?
lengths at airports of intended use,
Use the following table to determine
data on takeoff and landing distances,
the aeronautical experience you must
weather reports and forecasts, and fuel have to apply for a sport pilot certifi-
requirements; and cate:
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
488
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00498 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.313
If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi- Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .
cate with . . .
(a) Airplane category and single-engine (1) 20 hours of flight time, including at (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training,
land or sea class privileges, least 15 hours of flight training from an (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full
authorized instructor in a single-engine stop (with each landing involving a
airplane and at least 5 hours of solo flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport,
flight training in the areas of operation (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at
listed in 61.311, least 75 nautical miles total distance,
with a full-stop landing at a minimum
of two points and one segment of the
flight consisting of a straight-line dis-
tance of at least 25 nautical miles be-
tween the takeoff and landing loca-
tions, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training
with an authorized instructor on those
areas of operation specified in
61.311 in preparation for the practical
test within the preceding 2 calendar
months from the month of the test.
(b) Glider category privileges, and you (1) 10 hours of flight time in a glider, in- (i) Five solo launches and landings, and
have not logged at least 20 hours of cluding 10 flights in a glider receiving (ii) at least 3 training flights with an au-
flight time in a heavier-than-air aircraft, flight training from an authorized in- thorized instructor on those areas of
structor and at least 2 hours of solo operation specified in 61.311 in prep-
flight training in the areas of operation aration for the practical test within the
listed in 61.311, preceding 2 calendar months from the
month of the test.
(c) Glider category privileges, and you (1) 3 hours of flight time in a glider, in- (i) Three solo launches and landings,
have logged 20 hours flight time in a cluding five flights in a glider while re- and (ii) at least 3 training flights with
heavier-than-air aircraft, ceiving flight training from an author- an authorized instructor on those
ized instructor and at least 1 hour of areas of operation specified in
solo flight training in the areas of oper- 61.311 in preparation for the practical
ation listed in 61.311, test within the preceding 2 calendar
months from the month of the test.
(d) Rotorcraft category and gyroplane (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training,
class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full
ized instructor in a gyroplane and at stop (with each landing involving a
least 5 hours of solo flight training in flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport,
the areas of operation listed in (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at
61.311, least 50 nautical miles total distance,
with a full-stop landing at a minimum
of two points, and one segment of the
flight consisting of a straight-line dis-
tance of at least 25 nautical miles be-
tween the takeoff and landing loca-
tions, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training
with an authorized instructor on those
areas of operation specified in
61.311 in preparation for the practical
test within the preceding 2 calendar
months from the month of the test.
(e) Lighter-than-air category and airship (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training,
class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) Three takeoffs and landings to a
ized instructor in an airship and at full stop (with each landing involving a
least 3 hours performing the duties of flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport,
pilot in command in an airship with an (iii) One cross-country flight of at least
authorized instructor in the areas of 25 nautical miles between the takeoff
operation listed in 61.311, and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours
of flight training with an authorized in-
structor on those areas of operation
specified in 61.311 in preparation for
the practical test within the preceding
2 calendar months from the month of
the test.
(f) Lighter-than-air category and balloon (1) 7 hours of flight time in a balloon, in- (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training,
class privileges, cluding three flights with an authorized and (ii) 1 hours of flight training with
instructor and one flight performing the an authorized instructor on those
duties of pilot in command in a balloon areas of operation specified in
with an authorized instructor in the 61.311 in preparation for the practical
areas of operation listed in 61.311, test within the preceding 2 calendar
months from the month of the test.
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
489
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00499 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.315 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi- Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .
cate with . . .
(g) Powered parachute category land or (1) 12 hours of flight time in a powered (i) 1 hour of cross-country flight training,
sea class privileges, parachute, including 10 hours of flight (ii) 20 takeoffs and landings to a full
training from an authorized instructor stop in a powered parachute with each
in a powered parachute, and at least 2 landing involving flight in the traffic pat-
hours of solo flight training in the areas tern at an airport; (iii) 10 solo takeoffs
of operation listed in 61.311 and landings to a full stop (with each
landing involving a flight in the traffic
pattern) at an airport, (iv) One solo
flight with a landing at a different air-
port and one segment of the flight con-
sisting of a straight-line distance of at
least 10 nautical miles between takeoff
and landing locations, and (v) 1 hours
of flight training with an authorized in-
structor on those areas of operation
specified in 61.311 in preparation for
the practical test within the preceding
2 calendar months from the month of
the test.
(h) Weight-shift-control aircraft category (1) 20 hours of light time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training,
land or sea class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full
ized instructor in a weight-shift-control stop (with each landing involving a
aircraft and at least 5 hours of solo flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport,
flight training in the areas of operation (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at
listed in 61.311, least 50 nautical miles total distance,
with a full-stop landing at a minimum
of two points, and one segment of the
flight consisting of a straight-line dis-
tance of at least 25 nautical miles be-
tween takeoff and landing locations,
and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with
an authorized instructor on those
areas of operation specified in
61.311 in preparation for the practical
test within the preceding 2 calendar
months from the month of the test.
490
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00500 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.325
491
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00501 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.327 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
log ground and flight training. The au- are not required if you have logged
thorized instructor who provides this flight time as pilot in command of an
training must provide a logbook en- airplane with a VH less than or equal to
dorsement that certifies you are pro- 87 knots CAS prior to April 2, 2010.
ficient in the following aeronautical
knowledge areas and areas of oper- [Docket No. FAA200729015, 75 FR 5222, Feb.
1, 2010; Amdt. 61125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar. 30,
ation:
2010]
(a) The use of radios, communica-
tions, navigation system/facilities, and
radar services. Subpart KFlight Instructors With a
(b) Operations at airports with an op- Sport Pilot Rating
erating control tower to include three
takeoffs and landings to a full stop, SOURCE: Doc. No. FAA200111133, 69 FR
with each landing involving a flight in 44875, July 27, 2004, unless otherwise noted.
the traffic pattern, at an airport with
an operating control tower. 61.401 What is the purpose of this
(c) Applicable flight rules of part 91 subpart?
of this chapter for operations in Class (a) This part prescribes the following
B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con-
requirements that apply to a flight in-
trol clearances.
structor certificate with a sport pilot
61.327 Are there specific endorse- rating:
ment requirements to operate a (1) Eligibility.
light-sport aircraft based on VH? (2) Aeronautical knowledge.
(a) Except as specified in paragraph (3) Flight proficiency.
(c) of this section, if you hold a sport (4) Endorsements.
pilot certificate and you seek to oper- (5) Privileges and limits.
ate a light-sport aircraft that is an air- (b) Other provisions of this part
plane with a VH less than or equal to 87 apply to the logging of flight time and
knots CAS you must testing.
(1) Receive and log ground and flight
training from an authorized instructor [Doc. No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44875, July
in an airplane that has a VH less than 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61125, 75 FR
or equal to 87 knots CAS; and 5222, Feb. 1, 2010]
(2) Receive a logbook endorsement
61.403 What are the age, language,
from the authorized instructor who
and pilot certificate requirements
provided the training specified in para- for a flight instructor certificate
graph (a)(1) of this section certifying with a sport pilot rating?
that you are proficient in the operation
of light-sport aircraft that is an air- To be eligible for a flight instructor
plane with a VH less than or equal to 87 certificate with a sport pilot rating
knots CAS. you must:
(b) If you hold a sport pilot certifi- (a) Be at least 18 years old.
cate and you seek to operate a light- (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and
sport aircraft that has a VH greater understand English. If you cannot read,
than 87 knots CAS you must speak, write, and understand English
(1) Receive and log ground and flight because of medical reasons, the FAA
training from an authorized instructor may place limits on your certificate as
in an aircraft that has a VH greater are necessary for the safe operation of
than 87 knots CAS; and light-sport aircraft.
(2) Receive a logbook endorsement (c) Hold at least a sport pilot certifi-
from the authorized instructor who cate with category and class ratings or
provided the training specified in para- privileges, as applicable, that are ap-
graph (b)(1) of this section certifying
propriate to the flight instructor privi-
that you are proficient in the operation
leges sought.
of light-sport aircraft with a VH great-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
492
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00502 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.407
61.405 What tests do I have to take to glider. If you have not failed a prac-
obtain a flight instructor certificate tical test based on deficiencies in your
with a sport pilot rating? ability to demonstrate knowledge or
To obtain a flight instructor certifi- skill in these areas and you provide the
cate with a sport pilot rating you must endorsement required by paragraph
pass the following tests: (b)(1)(ii) of this section, an examiner
(a) Knowledge test. Before you take a may accept the endorsement instead of
knowledge test, you must receive a log- the demonstration required by this
book endorsement certifying you are paragraph. If you are taking a test be-
prepared for the test from an author- cause you previously failed a test based
ized instructor who trained you or on not meeting the requirements of
evaluated your home-study course on this paragraph, you must pass a prac-
the aeronautical knowledge areas list- tical test on stall awareness, spin
ed in 61.407. You must pass knowledge entry, spins, and spin recovery instruc-
tests on tional competency and proficiency in
(1) The fundamentals of instructing
the applicable category and class of
listed in 61.407(a), unless you meet the
requirements of 61.407(c); and aircraft that is certificated for spins.
(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas 61.407 What aeronautical knowledge
for a sport pilot certificate applicable must I have to apply for a flight in-
to the aircraft category and class for structor certificate with a sport
which flight instructor privileges are pilot rating?
sought.
(b) Practical test. (1) Before you take (a) Except as specified in paragraph
the practical test, you must (c) of this section you must receive and
(i) Receive a logbook endorsement log ground training from an authorized
from the authorized instructor who instructor on the fundamentals of in-
provided you with flight training on struction that includes:
the areas of operation specified in (1) The learning process.
61.409 that apply to the category and (2) Elements of effective teaching.
class of aircraft privileges you seek. (3) Student evaluation and testing.
This endorsement certifies you meet (4) Course development.
the applicable aeronautical knowledge (5) Lesson planning.
and experience requirements and are (6) Classroom training techniques.
prepared for the practical test;
(b) You must receive and log ground
(ii) If you are seeking privileges to
provide instruction in an airplane or training from an authorized instructor
glider, receive a logbook endorsement on the aeronautical knowledge areas
from an authorized instructor indi- applicable to a sport pilot certificate
cating that you are competent and pos- for the aircraft category and class in
sess instructional proficiency in stall which you seek flight instructor privi-
awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin leges.
recovery procedures after you have re- (c) You do not have to meet the re-
ceived flight training in those training quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec-
areas in an airplane or glider, as appro- tion if you
priate, that is certificated for spins; (1) Hold a flight instructor certificate
(2) You must pass a practical test or ground instructor certificate issued
(i) On the areas of operation listed in under this part;
61.409 that are appropriate to the cat- (2) Hold a teachers certificate issued
egory and class of aircraft privileges by a State, county, city, or munici-
you seek; pality; or
(ii) In an aircraft representative of
(3) Are employed as a teacher at an
the category and class of aircraft for
accredited college or university.
the privileges you seek;
(iii) In which you demonstrate that [Doc. No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44875, July
you are able to teach stall awareness, 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61124, 74 FR
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
spin entry, spins, and spin recovery 42562, Aug. 21, 2009]
procedures if you are seeking privileges
to provide instruction in an airplane or
493
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00503 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.409 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(a) Airplane category and (1) 150 hours of flight time as a pilot, ................ (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command
single-engine class privi- in powered aircraft,
leges, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a single-engine air-
plane,
(iii) 25 hours of cross-country flight time,
(iv) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in a
single-engine airplane, and
(v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command
in a single-engine airplane that is a light-sport
aircraft.
(b) Glider category privi- (1) 25 hours of flight time as pilot in command
leges, in a glider, 100 flights in a glider, and 15
flights as pilot in command in a glider that is
a light-sport aircraft, or.
(2) 100 hours in heavier-than-air aircraft, 20
flights in a glider, and 15 flights as pilot in
command in a glider that is a light-sport air-
craft.
(c) Rotorcraft category and (1) 125 hours of flight time as a pilot, ................ (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command
gyroplane class privi- in powered aircraft,
leges, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a gyroplane,
(iii) 10 hours of cross-country flight time,
(iv) 3 hours of cross-country flight time in a gy-
roplane, and
(v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command
in a gyroplane that is a light-sport aircraft.
(d) Lighter-than-air category (1) 100 hours of flight time as a pilot, ................ (i) 40 hours of flight time in an airship,
and airship class privi- (ii) 20 hours of pilot in command time in an air-
leges, ship,
(iii) 10 hours of cross-country flight time,
(iv) 5 hours of cross-country flight time in an
airship, and
(v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command
in an airship that is a light-sport aircraft.
(e) Lighter-than-air category (1) 35 hours of flight time as pilot-in-command, (i) 20 hours of flight time in a balloon,
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
494
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00504 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.415
(f) Weight-shift-control air- (1) 150 hours of flight time as a pilot, ................ (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command
craft category privileges, in powered aircraft,
(ii) 50 hours of flight time in a weight-shift-con-
trol aircraft,
(iii) 25 hours of cross-country flight time,
(iv) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in a
weight-shift-control aircraft, and
(v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command
in a weight-shift-control aircraft that is a light-
sport aircraft.
(g) Powered-parachute cat- (1) 100 hours of flight time as a pilot, ................ (i) 75 hours of flight time as pilot in command in
egory privileges, powered aircraft,
(ii) 50 hours of flight time in a powered para-
chute,
(iii) 15 hours of cross-country flight time,
(iv) 5 hours of cross-country flight time in a
powered parachute, and
(v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command
in a powered parachute that is a light-sport
aircraft.
61.413 What are the privileges of my structor certificate with a sport pilot
flight instructor certificate with a rating.
sport pilot rating?
[Doc. No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44875, July
If you hold a flight instructor certifi- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61125, 75 FR
cate with a sport pilot rating, you are 5222, Feb. 1, 2010]
authorized, within the limits of your
certificate and rating, to provide train- 61.415 What are the limits of a flight
ing and endorsements that are required instructor certificate with a sport
pilot rating?
for, and relate to
(a) A student pilot seeking a sport If you hold a flight instructor certifi-
pilot certificate; cate with a sport pilot rating, you may
(b) A sport pilot certificate; only provide flight training in a light-
(c) A flight instructor certificate sport aircraft and are subject to the
with a sport pilot rating; following limits:
(d) A powered parachute or weight- (a) You may not provide ground or
shift-control aircraft rating; flight training in any aircraft for
(e) Sport pilot privileges; which you do not hold:
(f) A flight review or operating privi- (1) A sport pilot certificate with ap-
lege for a sport pilot; plicable category and class privileges
(g) A practical test for a sport pilot or a pilot certificate with the applica-
certificate, a private pilot certificate ble category and class rating; and
with a powered parachute or weight- (2) Applicable category and class
shift-control aircraft rating or a flight privileges for your flight instructor
instructor certificate with a sport pilot certificate with a sport pilot rating.
rating; (b) You may not provide ground or
(h) A knowledge test for a sport pilot flight training for a private pilot cer-
certificate, a private pilot certificate tificate with a powered parachute or
with a powered parachute or weight- weight-shift-control aircraft rating un-
shift-control aircraft rating or a flight less you hold:
instructor certificate with a sport pilot (1) At least a private pilot certificate
rating; and with the applicable category and class
(i) A proficiency check for an addi- rating; and
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
tional category or class privilege for a (2) Applicable category and class
sport pilot certificate or a flight in- privileges for your flight instructor
certificate with a sport pilot rating.
495
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00505 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.417 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
(c) You may not conduct more than 8 authorized to operate that light-sport
hours of flight training in any 24-con- aircraft.
secutive-hour period. (g) You may not provide training in a
(d) You may not endorse a: light-sport aircraft with a VH greater
(1) Student pilots certificate or log- than 87 knots CAS unless you have the
book for solo flight privileges, unless endorsement specified in 61.327 (b), or
you have are otherwise authorized to operate
(i) Given that student the flight that light-sport aircraft.
training required for solo flight privi- (h) You must perform all training in
leges required by this part; and an aircraft that complies with the re-
(ii) Determined that the student is quirements of 91.109 of this chapter.
prepared to conduct the flight safely (i) If you provide flight training for a
under known circumstances, subject to certificate, rating or privilege, you
any limitations listed in the students must provide that flight training in an
logbook that you consider necessary aircraft that meets the following:
for the safety of the flight. (1) The aircraft must have at least
(2) Student pilots certificate and two pilot stations and be of the same
logbook for a solo cross-country flight, category and class appropriate to the
unless you have determined the stu- certificate, rating or privilege sought.
dents flight preparation, planning, (2) For single place aircraft, pre-solo
equipment, and proposed procedures flight training must be provided in an
are adequate for the proposed flight aircraft that has two pilot stations and
under the existing conditions and with- is of the same category and class ap-
in any limitations listed in the logbook propriate to the certificate, rating, or
that you consider necessary for the privilege sought.
safety of the flight. [Doc. No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44875, July
(3) Student pilots certificate and 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61125, 75 FR
logbook for solo flight in Class B, C, 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61125A, 75 FR 15610,
and D airspace areas, at an airport Mar. 30, 2010]
within Class B, C, or D airspace and to
61.417 Will my flight instructor cer-
from, through or on an airport having tificate with a sport pilot rating list
an operational control tower, unless aircraft category and class ratings?
that you have
Your flight instructor certificate
(i) Given that student ground and
does not list aircraft category and
flight training in that airspace or at
class ratings. When you successfully
that airport; and
pass the practical test for a flight in-
(ii) Determined that the student is structor certificate with a sport pilot
proficient to operate the aircraft safe- rating, regardless of the light-sport air-
ly. craft privileges you seek, the FAA will
(4) Logbook of a pilot for a flight re- issue you a flight instructor certificate
view, unless you have conducted a re- with a sport pilot rating without any
view of that pilot in accordance with category and class ratings. The FAA
the requirements of 61.56. will provide you with a logbook en-
(e) You may not provide training to dorsement for the category and class of
operate a light-sport aircraft in Class light-sport aircraft you are authorized
B, C, and D airspace, at an airport lo- to provide training in.
cated in Class B, C, or D airspace, and
to, from, through, or at an airport hav- 61.419 How do I obtain privileges to
ing an operational control tower, un- provide training in an additional
less you have the endorsement speci- category or class of light-sport air-
fied in 61.325, or are otherwise author- craft?
ized to conduct operations in this air- If you hold a flight instructor certifi-
space and at these airports. cate with a sport pilot rating and seek
(f) You may not provide training in a to provide training in an additional
light-sport aircraft that is an airplane category or class of light-sport aircraft
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
496
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00506 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT 61.427
trained you on the applicable areas of (iii) Each person whose logbook you
operation specified in 61.409 certifying have endorsed as proficient to oper-
you have met the aeronautical knowl- ate
edge and flight proficiency require- (A) An additional category or class of
ments for the additional category and light-sport aircraft;
class flight instructor privilege you (B) In Class B, C, and D airspace; at
seek; an airport located in Class B, C, or D
(b) Successfully complete a pro- airspace; and to, from, through, or at
ficiency check from an authorized in- an airport having an operational con-
structor other than the instructor who trol tower;
trained you on the areas specified in (C) A light-sport aircraft that is an
61.409 for the additional category and airplane with a VH less than or equal to
class flight instructor privilege you 87 knots CAS; and
seek; (D) A light-sport aircraft with a VH
(c) Complete an application for those greater than 87 knots CAS.
privileges on a form and in a manner (iv) Each person whose logbook you
acceptable to the FAA and present this have endorsed as proficient to provide
application to the authorized instruc- flight training in an additional cat-
tor who conducted the proficiency egory or class of light-sport aircraft.
check specified in paragraph (b) of this
(b) Within 10 days after providing an
section; and
endorsement for a person to operate or
(d) Receive a logbook endorsement provide training in an additional cat-
from the instructor who conducted the egory and class of light-sport aircraft
proficiency check specified in para- you must
graph (b) of this section certifying you
(1) Complete, sign, and submit to the
are proficient in the areas of operation
FAA the application presented to you
and authorized for the additional cat-
to obtain those privileges; and
egory and class flight instructor privi-
lege. (2) Retain a copy of the form.
(c) You must keep the records listed
61.421 May I give myself an endorse- in this section for 3 years. You may
ment? keep these records in a logbook or a
No. If you hold a flight instructor separate document.
certificate with a sport pilot rating, [Doc. No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44875, July
you may not give yourself an endorse- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61125, 75 FR
ment for any certificate, privilege, rat- 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61125A, 75 FR 15610,
ing, flight review, authorization, prac- Mar. 30, 2010]
tical test, knowledge test, or pro-
ficiency check required by this part. 61.425 How do I renew my flight in-
structor certificate?
61.423 What are the recordkeeping If you hold a flight instructor certifi-
requirements for a flight instructor cate with a sport pilot rating you may
with a sport pilot rating? renew your certificate in accordance
(a) As a flight instructor with a sport with the provisions of 61.197.
pilot rating you must:
(1) Sign the logbook of each person to 61.427 What must I do if my flight in-
whom you have given flight training or structor certificate with a sport
ground training. pilot rating expires?
(2) Keep a record of the name, date, You may exchange your expired
and type of endorsement for: flight instructor certificate with a
(i) Each person whose logbook or stu- sport pilot rating for a new certificate
dent pilot certificate you have en- with a sport pilot rating and any other
dorsed for solo flight privileges. rating on that certificate by passing a
(ii) Each person for whom you have practical test as prescribed in 61.405(b)
provided an endorsement for a knowl- or 61.183(h) for one of the ratings list-
edge test, practical test, or proficiency ed on the expired flight instructor cer-
wwoods2 on DSK1DXX6B1PROD with CFR
check, and the record must indicate tificate. The FAA will reinstate any
the kind of test or check, and the re- privilege authorized by the expired cer-
sults. tificate.
497
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00507 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044
61.429 14 CFR Ch. I (1111 Edition)
61.429 May I exercise the privileges 63.12a Refusal to submit to an alcohol test
of a flight instructor certificate or to furnish test results.
with a sport pilot rating if I hold a 63.12b [Reserved]
flight instructor certificate with an- 63.13 Temporary certificate.
other rating? 63.14 Security disqualification.
63.15 Duration of certificates.
If you hold a flight instructor certifi- 63.15a [Reserved]
cate, a commercial pilot certificate 63.16 Change of name; replacement of lost
with an airship rating, or a commercial or destroyed certificate.
pilot certificate with a balloon rating 63.17 Tests: General procedure.
issued under this part, and you seek to 63.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unau-
exercise the privileges of a flight in- thorized conduct.
structor certificate with a sport pilot 63.19 Operations during physical deficiency.
rating, you may do so without any fur- 63.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks,
ther showing of proficiency, subject to reports, and records; falsification, repro-
duction, or alteration.
the following limits:
63.21 Change of address.
(a) You are limited to the aircraft 63.23 Special purpose flight engineer and
category and class ratings listed on flight navigator certificates: Operation
your flight instructor certificate, com- of U.S.-registered civil airplanes leased
mercial pilot certificate with an air- by a person not a U.S. citizen.
ship rating, or commercial pilot cer-
tificate with a balloon rating, as appro- Subpart BFlight Engineers
priate, when exercising your flight in-
63.31 Eligibility requirements; general.
structor privileges and the privileges 63.33 Aircraft ratings.
specified in 61.413. 63.35 Knowledge requirements.
(b) You must comply with the limits 63.37 Aeronautical experience requirements.
specified in 61.415 and the record- 63.39 Skill requirements.
keeping requirements of 61.423. 63.41 Retesting after failure.
(c) If you want to exercise the privi- 63.42 Flight engineer certificate issued on
leges of your flight instructor certifi- basis of a foreign flight engineer license.
cate in a category or class of light- 63.43 Flight engineer courses.
sport aircraft for which you are not
currently rated, you must meet all ap- Subpart CFlight Navigators
plicable requirements to provide train- 63.51 Eligibility requirements; general.
ing in an additional category or class 63.53 Knowledge requirements.
of light-sport aircraft specified in 63.55 Experience requirements.
61.419. 63.57 Skill requirements.
63.59 Retesting after failure.
[Doc. No. FAA200111133, 69 FR 44875, July 63.61 Flight navigator courses.
27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61124, 74 FR APPENDIX A TO PART 63TEST REQUIREMENTS
42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61125, 75 FR 5222, FOR FLIGHT NAVIGATOR CERTIFICATE
Feb. 1, 2010] APPENDIX B TO PART 63FLIGHT NAVIGATOR
TRAINING COURSE REQUIREMENTS
PART 63CERTIFICATION: FLIGHT APPENDIX C TO PART 63FLIGHT ENGINEER
CREWMEMBERS OTHER THAN PI- TRAINING COURSE REQUIREMENTS
LOTS AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701
44703, 44707, 4470944711, 4510245103, 45301
45302.
SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO.
93 [NOTE] SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION
SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. NO. 93
1002 [NOTE]
63.3 Certificates and ratings required. EDITORIAL NOTE: For the text of SFAR No.
63.11 Application and issue. 1002, see part 61 of this chapter.
63.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.
498
VerDate Mar<15>2010 11:09 Mar 07, 2011 Jkt 223044 PO 00000 Frm 00508 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\223044.XXX 223044