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Article history: The present paper makes an effort to nd the ow separation characteristics under high Reynolds number
Received 7 October 2015 in pipe bends. Single phase turbulent ow through pipe bends is investigated using k- turbulence model.
Received in revised form After the validation of present model against existing experimental results, a detailed study has been
15 December 2015
performed to study the inuence of Reynolds number on ow separation and reattachment. The sepa-
Accepted 15 December 2015
Available online
ration region and the velocity eld of the primary and the secondary ows in different sections have been
illustrated. Numerical results show that ow separation can be clearly visualized for bend with low cur-
vature ratio. Distributions of the velocity vector show the secondary motion clearly induced by the
Keywords:
90 pipe bend movement of uid from inner to outer wall of the bend leading to ow separation. This paper provides
k- turbulence model numerical results to understand the ow characteristics of uid ow in 90 bend pipe.
Turbulent ow Copyright 2015, The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Karabuk
Flow separation University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.12.005
2215-0986/Copyright 2015, The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Karabuk University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-
ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Prasun Dutta, Sumit Kumar Saha, Nityananda Nandi, Nairit Pal, Numerical study on flow separation in 90 pipe bend under high Reynolds number
by k- modelling, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.12.005
ARTICLE IN PRESS
2 P. Dutta et al./Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016)
u i
=0 (1)
x i
u i u i 1 p 2ui
+uj = fi + (2)
t x j x i x j x j
Equations (1) and (2) are conservations of mass and momen- (b)
tum, respectively; fi is a vector representing external forces, is the
kinematic viscosity.
Please cite this article in press as: Prasun Dutta, Sumit Kumar Saha, Nityananda Nandi, Nairit Pal, Numerical study on flow separation in 90 pipe bend under high Reynolds number
by k- modelling, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.12.005
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P. Dutta et al./Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016) 3
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Comparison of normalized axial velocity prole of present analysis with published experimental and numerical results.
axial velocity prole normalized with inlet velocity along symme- RP, MP represent positions of separation point, reattachment point,
try line at bend outlet ( = 90) shows very good agreement with middle point between separation and reattachment points respec-
both experimental and numerical results [3,7,45], see Fig. 2b. In the tively. Velocity acceleration is depicted at the outer core of the bend
inner core region of the bend (negative X-axis in Fig.), some dis- as expected. It is found that with the increase of Reynolds number,
crepancies between experimental and numerical data are observed. the velocity prole at the inner core of the pipe bend tries to recover
This discrepancies may arise due to the adverse pressure gradient its fully developed shape by decelerating and accelerating effects
near the inner wall of the bend and this is also consistent with a at the outer and the inner parts of the pipe bend respectively. Hence,
recent study [3]. From the validation part, it has been seen that the it may be speculated for higher values of the Reynolds number that
model is in close approximation with the published results; hence, pipe curvature effects are reducing.
this procedure of mesh generation and simulation set up has been Fig. 4 shows the normalized ow velocity vector elds at the
used for further analysis. central plane and at the bend outlet ( = 90) for Re = 1 105,
Rc/D = 1. The mean velocity is shifted upward due to the faster
4. Results and discussions moving uid near the outer core as expressed in Reference [7]. Sec-
ondary ow pattern can clearly be observed in this section. At the
The main objective of the present study is to characterize the inner core of the bend, a region having very low velocity was found
effect of Reynolds number on ow separation of single phase tur- and the ow was highly unsteady and complex.
bulent ow in a 90 pipe bend through numerical simulation. The Fig. 5 shows the normalized velocity elds for two different Reyn-
results of the mean velocity prole, velocity uctuation and sepa- olds numbers (Re = 1 105 & 10 105) at the bend outlet. The top
ration reattachment points for different Reynolds numbers along of the each gure is the outer core of the bend and the bottom is
the different positions of the bend in central symmetry plane are the inner core of the bend. The low velocity region near the inner
presented in this section. core of the bend was seen clearly. This region is concluded to be
Fig. 3 shows the mean velocity prole normalized with inlet ve- the separated region [46]. Because of the relation between the cen-
locity (Uin) for different Reynolds numbers (Re = 1 105 to 10 105). trifugal force with high velocity and pressure gradient on the ow,
The negative r values represent the inner core of the bend and SP, two identical counter rotating Dean vortices were also found for both
Reynolds numbers.
As mentioned above, a ow separation region was found at the
inner core of bend outlet; another study has been made to under-
stand the dependency of separation and reattachment points on
Reynolds number. Fig. 6 shows various starting points of ow sep-
aration from the bend inlet and corresponding reattachment points
from the bend outlet. It was found that the starting point of ow sep-
aration moves upstream in the bend as Reynolds number increases,
while the reattachment point moves downstream. This trend corre-
sponds to the dependency of Reynolds number on the total pressure
loss [45] and consistent with experimental results in References [2,13].
The rms velocity uctuations at bend outlet in the x and y di-
rections are depicted in Fig. 7 for bend with Rc/D = 1 at different
Reynolds numbers. Non-dimensional uctuating velocities Urms and
Vrms, normalized by the mean ow velocity in x and y directions re-
spectively. Negative values of r represent the inner core of the bend.
It is found that velocity uctuation is maximum in both x and y di-
rections at the separation region; however, the intensity of
uctuation is higher in the x direction. The Urms proles do not show
much Reynolds number dependency, the peak position is almost
Fig. 3. Normalized velocity proles at different positions in the bend for different Re. same for all measurements but the peak value is high for higher
Please cite this article in press as: Prasun Dutta, Sumit Kumar Saha, Nityananda Nandi, Nairit Pal, Numerical study on flow separation in 90 pipe bend under high Reynolds number
by k- modelling, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.12.005
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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(a) (b)
Fig. 4. Normalized velocity vector eld for Re = 1 105 and Rc/D = 1. (a) Symmetry plane (centre cross section). (b) Cross section at bend outlet ( = 90).
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. Dependency of separation and reattachment points on Reynolds number. (a) Separation points. (b) Reattachment points.
Please cite this article in press as: Prasun Dutta, Sumit Kumar Saha, Nityananda Nandi, Nairit Pal, Numerical study on flow separation in 90 pipe bend under high Reynolds number
by k- modelling, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.12.005
ARTICLE IN PRESS
P. Dutta et al./Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016) 5
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. rms proles of velocity uctuations at the bend outlet. (a) rms in x direction. (b) rms in y direction.
Reynolds number. For the Vrms proles, a clear Reynolds number de- As mentioned earlier, a very complicated uid structure is formed
pendency can be observed. The peak value becomes larger and at the downstream of bend outlet due to the ow uctuation induced
shifted from the inner core towards the centre of the bend with in- by the movement separation region and the acceleration of ow ve-
creasing Reynolds number. locity. Fig. 8ad shows the complex ow motions in the bend. Fig. 8a
(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 8. Complex ow structure in the pipe bend. (a) Cross sectional planes for ow visualization. (b) Flow at symmetry plane. (c) Flow in separated region. (d) Circumfer-
ential ow from outer core to inner core.
Please cite this article in press as: Prasun Dutta, Sumit Kumar Saha, Nityananda Nandi, Nairit Pal, Numerical study on flow separation in 90 pipe bend under high Reynolds number
by k- modelling, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.12.005
ARTICLE IN PRESS
6 P. Dutta et al./Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016)
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Please cite this article in press as: Prasun Dutta, Sumit Kumar Saha, Nityananda Nandi, Nairit Pal, Numerical study on flow separation in 90 pipe bend under high Reynolds number
by k- modelling, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.12.005
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Please cite this article in press as: Prasun Dutta, Sumit Kumar Saha, Nityananda Nandi, Nairit Pal, Numerical study on flow separation in 90 pipe bend under high Reynolds number
by k- modelling, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2015.12.005