Chapter 6 PDF

C H A P T E R 6
Differential Equations
Section 6.1 Slope Fields and Eulers Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Section 6.2 Differential Equations: Growth and Decay . . . . . . . . 557
Section 6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation . . . . . 568
Section 6.4 First-Order Linear Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . 582
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

C H A P T E R 6
Differential Equations
Section 6.1 Slope Fields and Eulers Method
1. Differential equation: y 4y 2. Differential Equation: 3y 4y ex
Solution: y Ce4x y ex
Check: y 4Ce4x 4y y ex

Check: 3ex 4ex 3ex 4ex ex
2xy dy xy
3. Differential equation: y 4. Differential Equation:
x2 y2 dx y 2 1
Solution: x 2 y 2 Cy Solution: y 2 2 ln y x 2
Check: 2x 2yy Cy 2
Check: 2yy y 2x
y
2x
y
2y C
2xy
y 1y y x
y
2y 2 Cy x
y
1
2xy y
y
2y 2 x 2 y 2
xy
2xy y
y2 1
y2 x2
2xy

x 2 y2
5. Differential equation: y y 0
Solution: y C1 cos x C2 sin x
Check: y C1 sin x C2 cos x

y C1 cos x C2 sin x
y y C1 cos x C2 sin x C1 cos x C2 sin x 0
6. Differential equation: y 2y 2y 0
Solution: y C1ex cos x C2ex sin x
Check: y C1 C2ex sin x C1 C2ex cos x

y 2 C1ex sin x 2C2ex cos x
y 2y 2y 2C1ex sin x 2C2ex cos x
2 C1 C2ex sin x C1 C2ex cos x 2C1ex cos x C2ex sin x
2C1 2C1 2C2 2C2ex sin x 2C2 2C1 2C2 2C1ex cos x 0
545
546 Chapter 6 Differential Equations
7. Differential Equation: y y tan x

y cos x ln sec x tan x
1
y cos x
sec x tan x
sec x tan x sec2 x sin x ln sec x tan x
cos x

sec x tan x
sec xtan x sec x sin x ln sec x tan x

1 sin x ln sec x tan x
1
y sin x
sec x tan x
sec x tan x sec2 x cos x ln sec x tan x

sin xsec x cos x ln sec x tan x
Substituting,

y y sin xsec x cos x ln sec x tan x cos x ln sec x tan x
tan x.
8. y 23 e2x ex
y 23 2e2x ex
y 23 4e2x ex
Substituting, y 2y 234e2x ex 223 2e2x ex 2e x.
9. y sin x cos x cos 2 x

y sin2 x cos 2 x 2 cos x sin x
1 2 cos 2 x sin 2x
Differential Equation:
2y y 2sin x cos x cos 2 x 1 2 cos 2 x sin 2x
2 sin x cos x 1 sin 2x
2 sin 2x 1
Initial condition:
4 sin 4 cos 4 cos 2 2

22 0
2
y 2
4

2
2

10. y 12 x 2 4 cos x 2 11. y 6e2x

2
y x 4 sin x y 6e2x 4x 24xe2x

2 2
Differential Equation: Differential Equation:

y x 4 sin x y 24xe2x 4x6e2x 4xy
2 2
Initial condition: Initial condition:

y0 2 0 4 cos0 2 4 2 2
1
y0 6e20 6e0 61 6
2 2
Section 6.1 Slope Fields and Eulers Method 547
12. y ecos x
y ecos x sin x sin x ecos x
Differential Equation:
y sin x ecos x sin x y y sin x
Initial condition:
y 2 e cos2 e0 1
In Exercises 1318, the differential equation is y4 16y 0.
13. y 3 cos x 14. y 3 cos 2x

y4 3 cos x y4 48 cos 2x
y4 16y 45 cos x 0, y4 16y 48 cos 2x 48 cos 2x 0,
No Yes
15. y e2x 16. y 5 ln x

y4 16e2x 30
y4
x4
y4 16y 16e2x 16e2x 0,
30
Yes y4 16y 80 ln x 0,
x4
No
17. y C1e2x C2e2x C3 sin 2x C4 cos 2x

y4 16C1e2x 16C2e2x 16C3 sin 2x 16C4 cos 2x
y4 16y 0,
Yes
18. y 3e2x 4 sin 2x

y4 48e2x 64 sin 2x
y4 16y 48e2x 64 sin 2x 163e2x 4 sin 2x 0,
Yes
In 1924, the differential equation is xy 2y x3ex.
19. y x 2, y 2x 20. y x 2ex, y x 2ex 2xex ex x2 2x

xy 2y x2x 2x2 0 x3ex, xy 2y xexx2 2x 2x2ex x3ex,
No Yes
21. y x 22 ex , y x 2ex 2x2 ex 22. y sin x, y cos x

xy 2y x
x2ex 2xex 4x 2
x2ex 2x2 x3ex, xy 2y xcos x 2sin x x3ex,
Yes No
1
23. y ln x, y 24. y x2ex 5x2, y x2ex 2xex 10x
x
xy 2y x
x2ex 2xex 10x 2
x2ex 5x2 x3ex,
xy 2y x 1
x
2 ln x x3ex,
Yes
No
25. y Cex2 passes through 0, 3. 26. yx 2 y C passes through 0, 2.
3 Ce0 C C 3 20 2 C C 4
Particular solution: y 3ex2 Particular solution: yx 2 y 4
27. y 2 Cx3 passes through 4, 4. 28. 2x 2 y 2 C passes through 3, 4.
16 C64 C 14 29 16 C C 2
Particular solution: y2 14 x3 or 4y 2 x 3 Particular solution: 2x 2 y 2 2
29. Differential equation: 4yy x 0 30. Differential equation: yy x 0

General solution: 4y 2 x 2 C General solution: x 2 y 2 C
Particular solutions: C 0, Two intersecting lines Particular solutions: C 0, Point C 1, C 4, Circles
C 1, C 4, Hyperbolas y
x
1 2
31. Differential equation: y 2y 0 32. Differential equation: 3x 2yy 0

General solution: y Ce2x General solution: 3x2 2y2 C
y 2y C2e2x 2Ce2x 0 6x 4yy 0
Initial condition: y0 3, 3 Ce C
0
23x 2yy 0
Particular solution: y 3e2x 3x 2yy 0
Initial condition: y1 3: 312 232
3 18 21 C
Particular solution: 3x 2y2 21
2
33. Differential equation: y 9y 0 Initial conditions: y 6 2, y6 1

General solution: y C1 sin 3x C2 cos 3x
y 3C1 cos 3x 3C2 sin 3x,
2 C1 sin 2 C 2 cos 2 C1 2
y 9C1 sin 3x 9C2 cos 3x y 3C1 cos 3x 3C2 sin 3x

y 9y 9C1 sin 3x 9C2 cos 3x
9C1 sin 3x C2 cos 3x 0
1 3C1 cos 2 3C sin2 2
1
3C2 C2
3
1
Particular solution: y 2 sin 3x cos 3x
3
1
34. Differential equation: xy y 0 Initial conditions: y2 0, y2
2
General solution: y C1 C2 ln x
0 C1 C2 ln 2
y C2
1
x 1
, y C2 2
x y
C2
x
xy y x C2 1
x2 1
C2 0
x
1 C2
C2 1, C1 ln 2
2 2
x
Particular solution: y ln 2 ln x ln
2
35. Differential equation: x 2 y 3xy 3y 0

General solution: y C1 x C2 x 3
y C1 3C2 x2, y 6C2 x
x2y 3x y 3y x26C2 x 3xC1 3C2 x 2 3C1x C2 x 3 0
Initial conditions: y2 0, y2 4
0 2C1 8C2
y C1 3C2 x 2
4 C1 12C2
C1 4C2 0
C1 12C2 4 C2 12, C1 2
1
Particular solution: y 2x 2 x3
36. Differential equation: 9y 12y 4y 0

General solution: y e2x3C1 C2 x
2
3
2
3
2
y e2x3C1 C2x C2e2x3 e2x3 C1 C2 C2 x
3
y
3
e
2 2x3 2 2 2 2
2 2
C C2 C2 x e2x3 C2 e2x3 C1 2C2 C2 x
3 1 3 3 3 3 3
9y 12y 4y 9 23 e 23 C
2x3
1 2C2
2
2
2

C x 12e2x3 C1 C2 C2 x 4e2x3C1 C2 x 0
3 2 3 3
Initial conditions: y0 4, y3 0
0 e2C1 3C2
4 1C1 0 C1 4
4
0 e24 3C2 C2
3
4
Particular solution: y e2x3 4 x
3
dy dy
37. 3x2 38. x3 4x
dx dx
y 3x 2 dx x 3 C y x3 4x dx
x4
4
2x2 C
dy x dy ex
39. 40.
dx 1 x2 dx 1 ex
y x
1 x2
1
dx ln1 x2 C
2
y ex
1 ex
dx ln1 ex C
u 1 x 2, du 2x dx
dy x 2 2 dy
41. 1 42. x cos x 2
dx x x dx
y 1
2
x
dx y x cosx2 dx
1
2
sinx2 C

x 2 ln x C x ln x 2 C u x 2, du 2x dx
dy dy
43. sin 2x 44. tan2 x sec2 x 1
dx dx
y 1
sin 2x dx cos 2x C
2
y sec2 x 1 dx tan x x C
u 2x, du 2 dx
dy
45. xx 3
dx
Let u x 3, then x u2 3 and dx 2u du.
y xx 3 dx u2 3u2u du

2 u4 3u 2 du 2 u5 u C 52 x 3
5
3 52
2x 332 C
dy
46. x5 x. Let u 5 x, u2 5 x, dx 2u du.
dx
y x5 x dx 5 u2u2u du
10u2 2u4 du
10u3 2u5
C
3 5
10 2
5 x32 5 x52 C
3 5
dy dy
xex 5ex2
2
47. 48.
dx dx
y xex dx
2 1 x2
2
e C y
5ex2 dx 52 ex2 21 dx
u x 2, du 2x dx 10ex2 C
49. 50.
x 4 2 0 2 4 8 x 4 2 0 2 4 8
y 2 0 4 4 6 8 y 2 0 4 4 6 8
1 2
dydx 2 Undef. 0 2 3 1 dydx 6 2 4 2 2 0
51. 52.
x 4 2 0 2 4 8 x 4 2 0 2 4 8
y 2 0 4 4 6 8 y 2 0 4 4 6 8
dydx 22 2 0 0 22 8 dydx 3 0 3 3 0 3
dy dy 1
53. cos2x 54. sin x
dx dx 2
dy dy
For x , 1. Matches (b). For x 0, 0. Matches (c).
dx dx
dy dy 1
55. e2x 56.
dx dx x
dy dy
As x , 0. Matches (d). For x 0, is undefined (vertical tangent). Matches (a).
dx dx
57. (a), (b) y

(2, 4)
58. (a), (b) y
5 4
x x
4 6 4
5 4
(c) As x , y (c) As x , y
As x , y As x , y
59. (a), (b) y

(1, 1)
60. (a), y
4
8
x
4 4
x
4 4 4
(c) As x , y (c) As x , y
As x , y As x , y
1 1
61. (a) y , y1 0 62. (a) y , y0 1
x y
y y
(1, 0) (0, 1)
3 6
2 5
1 4
x 3
6
1 2
1
2
x
3
1 2 3 4 5 6
As x , y As x , y

Note: The solution is y ln x. 1
(b) y , y1 1
1 y
(b) y , y2 1
x y
(1, 1)
y 6
(2, 1) 5
3
4
2
3
1
2
x
6 1
1 x
2 1 2 3 4 5 6
3
As x , y
As x , y
dy dy
63. 0.5y, y0 6 64. 2 y, y0 4
dx dx
12 9
6 6
5 5
4 1
dy dy
65. 0.02y10 y, y0 2 66. 0.2x2 y, y0 9
dx dx
12 10
12 48
5 5
2 0
1 y
67. Slope field for y 0.4y3 x with solution passing 68. Slope field for y ex8 sin with solution passing
2 4
through 0, 1.
through 0, 2.
8
2 8
3 3
3
69. y x y, y0 2, n 10, h 0.1

y1 y0 hFx0, y0 2 0.10 2 2.2
y2 y1 hFx1, y1 2.2 0.10.1 2.2 2.43, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 2 2.2 2.43 2.693 2.992 3.332 3.715 4.146 4.631 5.174 5.781
70. y x y, y0 2, n 20, h 0.05

y1 y0 hFx0, y0 2 0.050 2 2.1
y2 y1 hFx1, y1 2.1 0.050.05 2.1 2.2075, etc.
The table shows the values for n 0, 2, 4, . . . , 20.
n 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
xn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 2 2.208 2.447 2.720 3.032 3.387 3.788 4.240 4.749 5.320 5.960
71. y 3x 2y, y0 3, n 10, h 0.05

y1 y0 hFx0, y0 3 0.0530 23 2.7
y2 y1 hFx1, y1 2.7 0.0530.05 22.7 2.4375, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
yn 3 2.7 2.438 2.209 2.010 1.839 1.693 1.569 1.464 1.378 1.308
72. y 0.5x3 y, y0 1, n 5, h 0.4

y1 y0 hFx0, y0 1 0.40.503 1 1
y2 y1 hFx1, y1 1 0.40.50.43 1 1.16, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5
xn 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
yn 1 1 1.16 1.454 1.825 2.201
73. y e xy, y0 1, n 10, h 0.1

y1 y0 hFx0, y0 1 0.1e01 1.1
y2 y1 hFx1, y1 1.1 0.1e0.11.1 1.2116, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 1 1.1 1.212 1.339 1.488 1.670 1.900 2.213 2.684 3.540 5.958
74. y cos x sin y, y0 5, n 10, h 0.1

y1 y0 hFx0, y0 5 0.1cos 0 sin 5 5.0041
y2 y1 hFx1, y1 5.0041 0.1cos0.1 sin5.0041 5.0078, etc.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
xn 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
yn 5 5.004 5.008 5.010 5.010 5.007 4.999 4.985 4.965 4.938 4.903
dy
75. y, y 3e x, y0 3 x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
dx
yx 3 3.6642 4.4755 5.4664 6.6766 8.1548
(exact)
yx 3 3.6000 4.3200 5.1840 6.2208 7.4650

h 0.2
yx 3 3.6300 4.3923 5.3147 6.4308 7.7812

h 0.1
dy 2x
76. , y 2x 2 4, y0 2 x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
dx y
yx 2 2.0199 2.0785 2.1726 2.2978 2.4495
(exact)
yx 2 2.000 2.0400 2.1184 2.2317 2.3751

h 0.2
yx 2 2.0100 2.0595 2.1460 2.2655 2.4131

h 0.1
dy 1
77. y cos x, y sin x cos x e x, y0 0 78. As h increases (from 0.1 to 0.2), the error increases.
dx 2
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
yx 0 0.2200 0.4801 0.7807 0.1231 0.5097

(exact)
yx 0 0.2000 0.4360 0.7074 0.0140 0.3561

h 0.2
yx 0 0.2095 0.4568 0.7418 0.0649 0.4273

h 0.1
dy 1 dy 1
79. y 72, y0 140, h 0.1 80. y 72, y0 140, h 0.05
dt 2 dt 2
(a) (a)
t 0 1 2 3 t 0 1 2 3
Euler 140 112.7 96.4 86.6 Euler 140 112.98 96.7 86.9
(b) y 72 68et2 exact (b) y 72 68et2 exact
t 0 1 2 3 t 0 1 2 3
Exact 140 113.24 97.016 87.173 Exact 140 113.24 97.016 87.173
The approximations are better using h 0.05.

81. A general solution of order n has n arbitrary constants 82. A slope field for the differential equation y Fx, y
while in a particular solution initial conditions are given in consists of small line segments at various points x, y in
order to solve for all these constants. the plane. The line segment equals the slope y Fx, y
of the solution y at the point x, y.
83. Consider y Fx, y, yx0 y0. Begin with a point x0, y0 that satisfies the initial condition, yx 0 y0.
Then using a step size of h, find the point x1, y1 x0 h, y0 hFx0 , y0. Continue generating the sequence
of points xn1, yn1 xn h, yn hFxn , yn .
84. y Cekx 85. False. Consider Example 2. y x3 is a solution to

xy 3y 0, but y x3 1 is not a solution.
dy
Ckekx
dx
Since dydx 0.07y, we have Ckekx 0.07Cekx. Thus,
k 0.07.
C cannot be determined.
86. True 87. True
88. False. The slope field could represent many different differential equations, such as y 2x 4y.
dy
89. 2y, y0 4, y 4e2x solution
dx
(a) (b) If h is halved, then the error is approximately

x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
halved r 0.5.
y 4 2.6813 1.7973 1.2048 0.8076 0.5413 (c) When h 0.05, the errors will again be approxi-
y1 4 2.5600 1.6384 1.0486 0.6711 0.4295 mately halved.
y2 4 2.4000 1.4400 0.8640 0.5184 0.3110
e1 0 0.1213 0.1589 0.1562 0.1365 0.1118
e2 0 0.2813 0.3573 0.3408 0.2892 0.2303
r 0.4312 0.4447 0.4583 0.4720 0.4855
dy
90. x y, y0 1, y x 1 2ex solution
dx
(a) (b) If h is halved, then the error is halved r 0.5.
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(c) When h 0.05, the error will again be approxi-
y 1 0.8375 0.7406 0.6976 0.6987 0.7358
mately halved.
y1 1 0.8200 0.7122 0.6629 0.6609 0.6974
y2 1 0.8000 0.6800 0.6240 0.6192 0.6554
e1 0 0.0175 0.0284 0.0347 0.0378 0.0384
e2 0 0.0375 0.0606 0.0736 0.0795 0.0804
r 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48

dI
91. (a) L RI Et 92. y e kt
dt
y ke kt
dI
4 12 I 24
dt y k 2e kt
dI 1 y 16y 0
24 12I 6 3I
dt 4 e 16e kt 0
k 2 kt
I
k 2 16 0 since e kt 0
3
k 4
t
3 3
(b) As t , I 2. That is, lim I t 2. In fact, I 2

t
is a solution to the differential equation.
93. y A sin
t 94. f x f x xgx fx, gx 0
y A
cos
t 2f x fx 2fx f x 2xgx
fx 2
y A
2 sin
t d

f x2 fx2 2x gx
fx2
dx
y 16y 0
For x < 0, 2x gx
fx2 0
A
2 sin
t 16 A sin
t 0
For x > 0, 2x gx
fx2 0
A sin
t
16
2 0
Thus, f x2 fx2 is increasing for x < 0 and decreasing
If A 0, then
4 radians/sec.
for x > 0.
f x2 fx2 has a maximum at x 0. Thus, it is bound-
ed by its value at x 0, f 02 f02. Thus, f and f is
bounded.
95. Let the vertical line x k cut the graph of the solution y f x at k, t.
The tangent line at k, t is
y t fkx k
Since y pxy qx, we have
y t
qk pkt x k
1 qk

For any value of t, this line passes through the point k ,
pk pk
.
To see this, note that
qk
pk
?
t
q k pkt k
1

pk
k
? qk
qkk pktk t kqk pkkt
pk
qk
t.
pk
Section 6.2 Differential Equations: Growth and Decay 557
Section 6.2 Differential Equations: Growth and Decay
dy dy
1. x2 2. 4x
dx dx
y x 2 dx
x2
2
2x C y 4 x dx 4x
x2
2
C
dy dy
3. y2 4. 4y
dx dx
dy dy
dx dx
y2 4y
1
y2
dy dx 1
4y
dy dx

ln y 2 x C1
ln 4 y dy x C1
y2 e xC1 Ce x 4 y exC1 Cex
y Cex 2 y 4 Cex
5x x 7. y x y
5. y 6. y
y 3y
y
x
yy 5x 3yy x y
yy dx 5x dx 3yy dx x dx y
y dx x dx
y dy 5x dx
3y2 2 32
2
x C1
3
dy
y
x dx
1 2 5 2 9y2 4x32 C 2 32

2
y x C1
2
ln y
3
x C1
y 2 5x 2 C y e23x
32 C
1
eC1e23x
32
Ce23x
32
8. y x1 y 9. 1 x2y 2xy 0

y 2xy
x y
1y 1 x2
y
1y
dx x dx
y
y

2x
1 x2
dy
1y
x dx y
y dx
2x
1 x2
dx
ln1 y
x2
2
C1
dy
y

2x
1 x2
dx
1 y ex 2 C1

2

ln y ln1 x2 C1
y eC1 e x22
1 lny ln1 x 2 ln C
Ce x22
1 lny lnC1 x2
y C1 x 2
dQ k
10. xy y 100x 11. 2
dt t

y 100x x y x100 y
dQ k
dt dt
y dt t2
x

100 y
k
y
100 y
dx x dx
dQ C
t
k
1
100 y
dy x dx
Q C
t
x2
ln100 y C1
2
x2
ln100 y C1
2
100 y ex 2 C1
2
y eC1ex 2 100
2
y 100 Cex 2
2
dP dN
12. k10 t 13. k250 s
dt ds
dP
dt
dt k10 t dt dN
ds
ds k250 s ds
k
dP 10 t2 C
2 k
dN 250 s 2 C
2
k k
P 10 t2 C N 250 s2 C
2 2
dy
14. kxL y 15. (a) y
dx 9
1 dy
kx
L y dx
1 dy
L y dx
dx kx dx

x
5 1 5
1 kx 2
dy C1 (0, 0)
Ly 2
dy
kx 2 (b) x6 y, 0, 0
lnL y C1 dx
2
dy
L y ekx 2 C1
2 x dx
y6
y L eC1ekx 2
2
x 2

ln y 6 2
C
y L Cekx 2
2
y 6 ex 2C C1ex 2

2 2
y 6 C1ex 2
2
0, 0: 0 6 C1 C1 6 y 6 6ex22

7
6 6
1
dy 1
16. (a) y
17. t, 0, 10
dt 2

4
1
(0, 12 ) dy t dt
2
x
4 4
1
y t2 C
4
4
1
10 02 C C 10
4
(b)
dy
dx
xy, 0, 12
y
1 2
t 10
4
dy
x dx 16
y
x2
ln y 2
C (0, 10)
4
y ex 2C C1ex 2
2 2 4
1
0, 12
: 21 C e 1
0
C1
1
2
1 2
y ex 2
2
dy 3 dy 1
18. t, 0, 10 19. y, 0, 10
dt 4 dt 2
dy
3
t dt
4 dy
y

1
dt
2
1 1
y t32 C
2
ln y t C1
2
1 y et2 C1 eC1 et2 Cet2
10 032 C C 10
2
10 Ce0 C 10
1
y t 32 10 y 10et2
2
16
15
(0, 10) (0, 10)
0 10 1 10
1
5
dy 3 40 dy
20. y, 0, 10 21. ky
dt 4 dx
dy
y

3
4
dt
5
(0, 10)
5
y Cekx
0, 4: 4 Ce0 C
(Theorem 5.16)
5
3
ln y
4
t C1
3, 10: 10 4e3k k
1
3
ln
5
2
y e34tC1
When x 6, y 4e13 ln526 4eln52
2
eC1 e34t Ce3t4

52
2
4 25.
10 Ce0 C 10
y 10e3t4
dN dV
22. kN 23. kV
dt dt
N Cekt (Theorem 5.16) V Cekt (Theorem 5.16)
0, 250: C 250 0, 20,000: C 20,000
1, 400: 400 250ek k ln

400
250
ln
8
5
4, 12,500: 12,500 20,000e4k k
1
4
ln
5
8
When t 4, N 250e4 ln85 250e ln854
When t 6, V 20,000e14 ln586 20,000eln58
32
85
58
4 32
8192
250 . 20,000 9882.118.
5
24.
dP
dt
kP 25. y Cekt, 0, 12
, 5, 5
P Cekt (Theorem 5.16) 1
C
2
0, 5000: C 5000
1
1, 4750: 4750 5000ek k ln 19
20
y ekt
2
1
When t 5, P 5000eln19205 5 e5k
2
19
20
5
5000 3868.905. ln 10
k
5
1 1 1
y eln 105t 10t5 or y e0.4605t
2 2 2
26. y Cekt, 0, 4, 5, 12

27. y Cekt, 1, 1, 5, 5 28. y Cekt, 3, 21
, 4, 5
1 Cek
C4 1
Ce3k
5 Ce5k 2
y 4ekt
5Cek Ce5k 5 Ce4k
1
4e5k
2 5ek e5k 1
2Ce3k Ce4k
5 5
ln18 e4k
k 0.4159
5 ln 5 10e3k e4k
k 0.4024
y 4e0.4159t 4 10 ek
y Ce0.4024t k ln 10 2.3026
1 Ce0.4024 y Ce2.3026t
C 0.6687 C 514 5 Ce2.30264
y 0.6687e0.4024t C 0.0005
y 0.0005e2.3026t
dy
29. In the model y Ce kt, C represents the initial value of y 30. y ky
dt
when t 0. k is the proportionality constant.
dy 1 dy 1 2
31. xy 32. xy
dx 2 dx 2
dy dy
> 0 when xy > 0. Quadrants I and III. > 0 when y > 0. Quadrants I and II.
dx dx
33. Since the initial quantity is 10 grams, 34. Since the half-life is 1599 years,
y 10e kt. 1
1e k1599
2
Since the half-life is 1599 years,
5 10e k1599 k
1
1599
ln
1
2
k
1
1599
ln
1
2
.
Since there are 1.5 g after 1000 years,
1.5 Ce ln1215991000
Thus, y 10e ln 121599 t.
C 2.314.
When t 1000, y 10e ln1215991000 6.48 g.
Hence, the initial quantity is approximately 2.314 g.
When t 10,000, y 0.13 g.
When t 10,000, y 2.314eln12159910,000
0.03 g.
35. Since the half-life is 1599 years, 36. Since the half-life is 5715 years,
1 1
1e k1599 1e k5715
2 2
k
1
1599
ln
1
2
. k
1
5715
ln
1
2
Since there are 0.5 gram after 10,000 years, Since there are 2 grams after 10,000 years,
0.5 Ce ln12159910,000 2 Ce ln12571510,000
C 38.158. C 6.726.
Hence, the initial quantity is approximately 38.158 g. Hence, the initial quantity is approximately 6.726 g.
When t 1000, y 38.158eln1215991000 When t 1000, y 6.726e ln1257151000
24.74 g. 5.96 g.
37. Since the initial quantity is 5 grams, C 5. 38. Since the half-life is 5715 years,
Since the half-life is 5715 years, 1
1e k5715
k5715 2
2.5 5e
k
1
5715
ln
1
2
.
k
1
5715
ln
1
2
Since there are 3.2 grams when t 1000 years,

When t 1000 years, y 5eln1257151000
3.2 Ce ln1257151000
4.43 g.
C 3.613.
When t 10,000 years, y 5eln12571510,000
Thus, the initial quantity is approximately 3.613 g.
1.49 g.
When t 10,000, y 3.613e ln12571510,000
1.07 g.
39. Since the half-life is 24,100 years, 40. Since the half-life is 24,100 years,
1 1
1e k24,100 1e k24,100
2 2
k
1
24,100
ln
1
2
.
k
1
24,100
ln
1
2
.
Since there are 2.1 grams after 1000 years, Since there are 0.4 grams after 10,000 years,
2.1 Ce ln1224,1001000 0.4 Ce ln1224,10010,000
C 2.161. C 0.533.
Thus, the initial quantity is approximately 2.161 g. Thus, the initial quantity is approximately 0.533 g.
When t 10,000, y 2.161e ln1224,10010,000 When t 1000, y 0.533e ln1224,1001000
1.62 g. 0.52 g.
41. y Ce kt 42. y Ce kt
1 1
C Ce k1599 C Ce k5715
2 2
k
1
1599
ln
1
2
k
1
5715
ln
1
2
When t 100, y Ce ln121599100 0.15C Ce ln125715 t

0.9576 C
ln 12
t
Therefore, 95.76% remains after 100 years. ln0.15
5715
t 15,641.8 years
43. Since A 1000e0.06t, the time to double is given by 44. Since A 20,000e0.055t, the time to double is given by
2000 1000e0.06t and we have 40,000 20,000e0.055t and we have
2 e0.06t 2 e0.055t
ln 2 0.06t ln 2 0.055t
ln 2 ln 2
t 11.55 years. t 12.6 years.
0.06 0.055
Amount after 10 years: A 1000e0.0610 $1822.12 Amount after 10 years: A 20,000e0.05510 $34,665.06
45. Since A 750ert and A 1500 when t 7.75, we have 46. Since A 10,000ert and A 20,000 when t 5, we
the following. have the following.
1500 750e7.75r 20,000 10,000e5r
ln 2 ln 2
r 0.0894 8.94% r 0.1386 13.86%
7.75 5
Amount after 10 years: A 750e0.089410 $1833.67 Amount after 10 years: A 10,000eln 2510 $40,000
47. Since A 500ert and A 1292.85 when t 10, we have 48. Since A 2000ert and A 5436.56 when t 10, we
the following. have the following.
1292.85 500e10r 5436.56 2000e10r
ln1292.85500 ln5436.562000
r 0.0950 9.50% r 0.10 10%
10 10
The time to double is given by The time to double is given by
1000 500e0.0950t 4000 2000e0.10t
ln 2 ln 2
t 7.30 years. t 6.93 years.
0.095 0.10
0.075 1220 0.06 1240

49. 500,000 P 1 50. 500,000 P 1
12 12
P 500,0001.005480 $45,631.04

0.075 240
P 500,000 1
12
$112,087.09
1235 1225

51. 500,000 P 1
0.08
12
52. 500,000 P 1 0.09
12
420 300
P 500,000 1 0.08
12
P 500,000 1 0.09
12
$30,688.87 $53,143.92
53. (a) 2000 10001 0.07t (d) 2000 1000e0.07t

2 1.07t 2 e0.07t
ln 2 t ln 1.07 ln 2 0.07t
ln 2 ln 2
t 10.24 years t 9.90 years
ln 1.07 0.07
0.07 12t
(b) 2000 1000 1
12
12t
0.007
2 1
12

ln 2 12t ln 1
0.07
12
ln 2
t 9.93 years
12 ln1 0.0712
0.07 365t
(c) 2000 1000 1
365
0.07 365t
2 1
365
ln 2 365t ln 1 0.07
365
ln 2
t 9.90 years
365 ln1 0.07365
54. (a) 2000 10001 0.6t 55. (a) 2000 10001 0.085t
2 1.06t 2 1.085t
ln 2 t ln1.06 ln 2 t ln1.085
ln 2 ln 2
ln 1.06 ln 1.085
12t 12t
0.06 0.085
(b) 2000 1000 1 (b) 2000 1000 1
12 12
12t 12t
0.06 0.085
2 1 2 1
12 12

ln 2 12t ln 1
0.06
12
ln 2 12t ln 1 0.085
12
1 ln 2 1 ln 2
12

ln 1
0.06
12
12

ln 1
0.085
12
365t 365t
0.06 0.085
(c) 2000 1000 1 (c) 2000 1000 1
365 365
365t 365t
0.06 0.085
2 1 2 1
365 365
ln 2 365t ln 1 0.06
365
ln 2 365t ln 1 0.085
365
1 ln 2 1 ln 2
365
ln 1 0.06
365
365

ln 1
0.085
365
(d) 2000 1000e0.06t (d) 2000 1000e0.085t

2 e0.06t 2 e0.085t
ln 2 0.06t ln 2 0.085t
ln 2 ln 2
0.06 0.085
365t
0.055
56. (a) 2000 10001 0.055t (c) 2000 1000 1
365
2 1.055t

365t
0.055
2 1
ln 2 t ln1.055 365
ln 2 0.055
t 12.95 years ln 2 365t ln 1
ln 1.055 365
12t
0.055 1 ln 2
(b) 2000 1000 1 t 12.60 years

12 365 0.055
ln 1
365

12t
0.055
2 1
12 (d) 2000 1000e0.055t

ln 2 12t ln 1
0.055
12
2 e0.055t
ln 2 0.055t
1 ln 2
t 12.63 years ln 2
t 12.60 years
12

ln 1
0.055
12
0.055
57. (a) P Ce kt Ce0.009t 58. (a) P Ce kt Ce 0.018t

P1 7.7 Ce0.0091 P1 12.7 Ce 0.0181
C 7.7696 C 12.4734
P 7.7696e0.009t P 12.4734e0.018t
(b) For t 15, P 7.7696e0.00915 6.79 million. (b) For t 15, P 12.4734e 0.01815 16.34 million.
(c) If k < 0, the population is decreasing. (c) For k > 0, the population is increasing.
59. (a) P Ce kt Ce 0.026t 60. (a) P Ce kt Ce0.002t

5.2 P1 Ce 0.0261 P1 3.6 Ce0.0021
C 5.0665 C 3.6072
P 5.0665e 0.026t P 3.6072e0.002t
(b) For t 15, P 5.0665e 0.02615 7.48 million. (b) For t 15, P 3.6072e0.00215 3.5 million.
(c) For k > 0, the population is increasing. (c) For k < 0, the population is decreasing.
61. (a) N 100.15961.2455t

(b) N 400 when t 6.3 hours (graphing utility)
Analytically,
400 100.15961.2455t
400
1.2455t 3.9936
100.1596
t ln 1.2455 ln 3.9936
ln 3.9936
t 6.3 hours.
ln 1.2455
62. (a) Let y Ce kt.

At time 2: 125 Cek2 C 125e2k
At time 4: 350 Ce k4 350 125e2ke4k
14
5 e 2k
2k ln 14
5
k 12 ln 14
5 0.5148
C 125e2k 125e212ln145 12514 625

5
14 44.64
Approximately 45 bacteria at time 0.

625
(b) y 14 e 12ln145t 44.64e 0.5148t
(c) When t 8, y 14 e12ln1458 14 5 2744.
625 625 14 4
t 12.29 hours
625 12ln145t
(d) 25,000 14 e
63. (a) 19 301 e20k 64. (a) 20 301 e30k

30e20k 11 30e30k 10
ln1130 ln13 ln 3
k 0.0502 k 0.0366
20 30 30
N 301 e0.0502t N 301 e0.0366t
(b) 25 301 e0.0502t (b) 25 301 e0.0366t
1 1
e0.0502t e0.0366t
6 6
ln 6 ln 6
t 36 days t 49 days
0.0502 0.0366
65. (a) P1 Ce kt 181e kt (c) 300

P1
1 205

P2
205 181e10k k ln 0.01245
10 181
P1 181e 0.01245t 1811.01253t 0 50
150
(b) Using a graphing utility, P2 182.32481.01091 t

The model P2 fits the data better.
(d) Using the model P2 ,
320 182.32481.01091t
320
1.01091 t
182.3248
ln320182.3248
t 51.8 years, or 2011.
ln1.01091
66. (a) R 941.60881.0756t (c) 500
941.6088e0.0729t
I 0.14164t 4 3.9288t 3 36.599t 2 120.82t 417.0
0 12
(b) 2500
0
I
(d) Pt
R
0 12 1
0
According to the model, Rt 68.6e 0.0729t.
0 12
0
I I
67. I 10 log10 , I0 1016 68. 93 10 log10 10log10 I 16
I0 1016
1014 6.7 log10 I I 106.7

(a) 1014 10 log10 20 decibels
1016 I
80 10 log10 10log10 I 16
10 9 1016
(b) 109 10 log10 70 decibels
1016 8 log10 I I 108
106.5 6.7 108
(c) 106.5 10 log10
1016
95 decibels Percentage decrease: 10 106.7
100 95%
104
(d) 104 10 log10 120 decibels
1016
69. At Vte0.10t 100,000e0.8t e0.10t 100,000e0.8t0.10t

dA
dt
100,000
0.4
t
0.10 e0.8t0.10t 0 when 16.
The timber should be harvested in the year 2014, 1998 16. Note: You could also use a graphing utility to graph At
and find the maximum of At. Use the viewing rectangle 0 x 30 and 0 y 600,000.
ln I ln I0 ln I 0
70. R , I e R ln 10 10R
ln 10 ln 10
ln I ln I0 ln I ln I0 ln I ln I0
(a) 8.3 (b) 2R (c) R
ln 10 ln 10 ln 10
I 108.3 199,526,231.5 I e 2R ln 10 dR l

dI I ln 10
e 2R ln 10
eR ln 10 2
10R2
Increases by a factor of e2R ln 10 or 10R.
dy dy
71. Since k y 80 72. k y 20
dt dt
1
y 80
dy k dt
y 20 Ce kt
160 20 Cek0
(See Example 6)
C 140
ln y 80 kt C.
60 20 140e k5
When t 0, y 1500. Thus, C ln 1420.
2
e 5k
When t 1, y 1120. Thus, 7
k1 ln 1420 ln1120 80
k
1
5
ln
2
7
0.25055
104
k ln 1040 ln 1420 ln .
142 30 20 140e 15 ln27t
Thus, y 1420eln104142t 80.

ts
1 2
e ln27
ts
14 7
When t 5, y 379.2.
1 t 2
ln ln
14 5 7
1
5 ln
14 5 ln 14
t 10.53 minutes
2 7
ln ln
7 2
It will take 10.53 5 5.53 minutes longer.
73. False. If y Cekt, y Ckekt constant.
74. True 75. True 76. True

Section 6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation
dy x dy x 2 2
1. 2.
dx y dx 3y 2
y dy x dx 3y 2 dy x 2 2 dx
y2 x2 x3
C1 y3 2x C
2 2 3
y2 x2 C
dr dr
3. 0.05r 4. 0.05s
ds ds
dr
r
0.05 ds
dr 0.05s ds

ln r 0.05s C1 r 0.025s 2 C
r e0.05sC1 Ce0.05s
5. 2 xy 3y 6. xy y

dy
y

3
2x
dx dy
y

dx
x

ln y 3 ln 2 x ln C ln C2 x3 ln y ln x ln C ln Cx
y Cx 23 y Cx
dy
7. yy sin x 8. y 6 cos x
dx
y dy sin x dx
y dy 6 cos x dx
y2
cos x C1 y2 6
2 sin x C1
2
y 2 2 cos x C
12
y2 sin x C

dy
9. 1 4x 2 y x 10. x2 9 5x
dx

x
dy dx 5x
1 4x2 dy dx

x2 9
x
dy dx y 5x2 912 C
1 4x2

1
8 1 4x2128x dx
1
y 1 4x212 C
4
Section 6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation 569
dy
11. y ln x x y 0 12. 4y 3ex
dx

dy
y

ln x
x
dx u ln x, du dxx
4y dy 3ex dx
1

ln y ln x 2 C1
2
2y2 3ex C
y e12ln x Celn x
2 C 22
1
13. yy ex 0 14. x y y 0
y dy ex dx
y12 dy x12 dx
y2 2 32 2
ex C1 y x32 C1
2 3 3
y 2 2ex C y32 x32 C
Initial condition: y0 4, 16 2 C, C 14 Initial condition: y 1 4,
432 132 8 1 9 C
Particular solution: y 2 2ex 14
Particular solution: y32 x32 9
15. yx 1 y 0 16. 2xy ln x2 0
dy
y
x 1 dx 2x
dy
dx
2 ln x

ln y
x 12
2
C1 dy
ln x
x
dx
y Cex1
22
ln x2
y C
2
Initial condition: y2 1, 1 Ce12, C e12
y1 2: 2 C
Particular solution: y e1 x1 2 ex
2 2 2x2
1
y ln x2 2
2
dy
17. y1 x2 y x1 y 2 18. y1 x2 x1 y 2
dx

y x
dy dx
1 y2 1 x2 1 y212 y dy 1 x212 x dx
1 1
ln1 y 2 ln1 x 2 C1 1 y212 1 x212 C
2 2
y0 1: 0 1 C C 1
ln1 y 2 ln1 x 2 ln C lnC1 x 2
1 y 2 1 x 2 1
1 y 2 C1 x2
y0 3: 1 3 C C 4
1 y2 41 x2
y 2 3 4x 2
du dr
19. uv sin v 2 20. er2s
dv ds
du
u
v sin v 2 dv erdr e2s ds
1 1

ln u cos v 2 C1
2
er e2s C
2
u Cecos v 2
2
1 1
r0 0: 1 C C
2 2
1
Initial condition: u0 1, C e12
e12 1 1
er e2s
2 2
Particular solution: u e
1cos v 2 2
1 1
er e2s
2 2
1 e2s
r ln 12e2s
1
2
ln 2
r ln 1 2e
2s
21. dP kP dt 0 22. dT kT 70 dt 0
dP
P
k dt dT
T 70
k dt

ln P kt C1 lnT 70 k t C1
P Cekt T 70 Cekt
Initial condition: P0 P0, P0 Ce0 C Initial condition: T0 140;
140 70 70 Ce0 C
Particular solution: P P0ekt
Particular solution: T 70 70ekt, T 701 ekt
dy 9x dy 2y
23. 24.
dx 16y dx 3x

16y dy 9x dx 3
y
dy 2
x
dx
9 2 ln y3 ln x2 ln C
8y 2 x C
2 y3 Cx2
9 25
Initial condition: y 1 1, 8 C, C Initial condition: y8 2, 23 C82, C
1
2 2 8
9 2 25 1
Particular solution: 8y 2 x Particular solution: 8y3 x2, y x23
2 2 2
16y 2 9x 2 25
dy 0y y dy y 0 y
25. m 26. m
dx x 2 x 2 dx x 0 x
dy
y

1
dx
2 dy
y

dx
x
1 ln y ln x C1 ln x ln C ln Cx

ln y x C1
2
y Cx
y Cex2
27. f x, y x 3 4xy 2 y 3 28. f x, y x3 3x2y2 2y2

f t x, t y t 3x 3 4txt 2 y 2 t 3 y 3 f tx, ty t3x3 3t4x2y2 2t2y2
t 3x3 4xy 2 y3 Not homogeneous
Homogeneous of degree 3
x2y2 xy
29. f x, y 30. f x, y
x2 y2 x2 y2
t 4x 2 y2 x 2y 2 tx ty
f tx, ty t3 f t x, t y
t 2x 2 t y 2 2 x 2 y2 t 2 x2 t 2 y 2
Homogeneous of degree 3 t 2 xy xy
t
tx 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
Homogeneous of degree 1
31. f x, y 2 ln x y 32. f x, y tanx y

f t x, t y 2 lntxty f t x, t y tantx t y tant x y
2 ln t 2xy 2ln t 2 ln x y Not homogeneous
Not homogeneous
x y
33. f x, y 2 ln 34. f x, y tan
y x
tx x ty y
f t x, t y 2 ln 2 ln f t x, t y tan tan
ty y tx x
Homogeneous degree 0 Homogeneous of degree 0
xy x3 y3

35. y , y vx 36. y
2x xy2
dv x v x x y 2 dy x3 y3 dx
vx
dx 2x
y vx, dy x dv v dx
dv 1 v 1v
x v xvx x dv v dx x3 vx3 dx
2
dx 2 2

x4 v2 dv x3 v3 dx x3 dx v3 x3 dx
dv dx
2 xv 2 dv dx
1v x
1

ln1 v 2 ln x ln C ln Cx v 2 dv 1
x
dx
1 v2
Cx v3
3
ln x C
1
Cx
1 yx2
yx
3 lnx C
3
x2
x y2
Cx

y3 3x3 ln x Cx3
x Cx y2

xy x2 y2
37. y , y vx 38. y , y vx
xy 2xy
dv x xv dv x 2 v 2 x 2
vx vx
dx x xv dx 2x 2 v
1v 1 v2
v dx x dv dx 2v dx 2x dv dx
1v v
x dv 11 vv v
dx 1 1 2v v v
2
dx 2v
v2 1
dv
dx
x
v1
v2 2v 1
dv
dx
x lnv 2 1 ln x ln C ln
C
x
1
2
ln v 2 2v 1 ln x ln C1 ln
C1
x v2 1
C
x
C y2 C
v 2 2v 1 x 2 x2
1
x
y2
x2
y
x x
C
2 1 2
y 2 x2 Cx
y 2 2xy x 2 C
xy 2x 3y
39. y , y vx 40. y , y vx
x2 y 2 x
dv x2 v dv 2x 3vx
vx 2 vx 2 3v
dx x x2 v 2 dx x
v dx x dv
v
1 v2
dx x
dv
dx
2 2v dv
1v
2
dx
x
x dv 1 v v 2
v dx 1 v v
dx
3
2

ln 1 v ln x2 ln C ln x2C
1 v x2C
1 v2
v3
dv dx
x 1
y
x
x2C
1 y

2v 2
ln v ln x ln C1 ln C1 x x
x2C 1
1 y Cx3 x
2v 2
ln C1x v
x 2
2y 2
ln C1 y
y Cex 2y
2 2
41. x dy 2xeyx y dx 0, y v x
xv dx x dv 2xev vx dx 0
ev dv 2
x
dx
ev ln C1 x 2
eyx ln C1 ln x 2
eyx C ln x 2
Initial condition: y1 0, 1 C
Particular solution: eyx 1 ln x 2
42. y 2 dx xx y dy 0, y vx 43. x sec xy y

dx x dy 0, y v x
x 2 v 2 dx x 2 x 2 vv dx x dv 0
x sec v xvdx xv dx x dv 0
1v
v
dv
dx
x sec v v dx v dx x dv
v ln v ln x ln C1 ln
C1
x
cos v dv dx
x
sin v ln x ln C1
C1
v ln
xv x Cesin v
C1 Cesinyx
ev
vx Initial condition: y1 0, 1 Ce0 C
C1
eyx Particular solution: x esinyx
y
y Ceyx
Initial condition: y1 1, 1 Ce1 C e
Particular solution: y e1yx
dy
44. 2x 2 y 2 dx xy d y 0 45. x
dx
Let y vx, dy x dv v dx. y

2x 2 v 2x 2 dx xv xx d v v d x 0 4

2x 2 2x 2 v 2 dx x 3 v d v 0
2 2v 2 d x x v d v 2 2
x
2 v
dx dv
x 1 v2 4

1
2 ln x ln1 v 2 C1 1 2
2 y x dx x C
2
ln x2 ln1 v 212 ln C
x2 C1 v 212
12
1 y2 C 2
C 1 2 x y212
x2 x x
1
Cx2 y212
x
y1 0: 1 C1 0 C 1
1
x2 y2
x
1 xx2 y2
dy x dy
46. 47. 4y
dx y dx
y y
8
4
x
4 2 2 4
2
4
x
4 3 1 2 3 4
y dy x dx
y 2 x 2
C1
dy
4y
dx
2 2

ln 4 y x C1
y x C
2 2
4 y ex C1
y 4 Cex
y
dy
48. 0.25x4 y 8
dx
dy
0.25x dx 4
4y
dy
y4
0.25x dx
1
4x dx 4 2
2
2 4
x
1

ln y 4 x 2 C1
8
y 4 eC1 18x Ce18x
2 2
y 4 Ce18x
2
49. (a) Eulers Method gives y1 0.1602. 50. (a) Eulers Method gives y1 0.2622.
dy dy
(b) 6xy (b) 6xy2
dx dx

dy
y
6x
dy
y2
6x dx

ln y 3x 2 C1 1
3x 2 C1
y
y Ce3x
2
1
y0 5 C 5 y
3x 2 C
y 5e3x
2
1 1
3 C
(c) At x 1, y 5e31 0.2489. C 3
Error: 0.2489 0.1602 0.0887 1 3
y
1 9x 2 1
3x 2
3
3 3
(c) At x 1, y 0.3.
91 1 10
Error: 0.3 0.2622 0.0378
51. (a) Eulers Method gives y2 3.0318. 52. (a) Eulers Method gives y1.5 1.7270.
dy 2x 12 dy
(b) 2 (b) 2x1 y 2
dx 3y 4 dx
3y2 4 dy 2x 12 dx dy

1 y2

2x dx
y 3 4y x 2 12x C arctan y x 2 C
y1 2: 23 42 1 12 C C 13 arctan0 12 C C 1
y 3 4y x 2 12x 13 arctan y x 2 1
(c) For x 2, y tanx 2 1
y 3 4y 22 122 13 15 (c) At x 1.5, y tan1.5 2 1 3.0096.
y 3 4y 15 0
y 3 y2 3y 5 0 y 3.
Error: 3.0318 3 0.0318
dy dy
53. ky, y Ce kt 54. ky, y Cekt
dt dt
y0 y0 C initial amount Initial conditions: y0 20, y1 16
y0 20 Ce0 C
y0 e k1599
2
16 20ek
k
1
ln
1599 2
1

k ln
4
5
y Ce ln121599 t
Particular solution: y 20et ln45
When t 25, y 0.989C or 98.9%.
When 75% has been changed:
5 20et ln45
1
et ln45
4
ln14
t 6.2 hr
ln45
dy dy
55. k y 4 56. kx 4
dx dx
The direction field satisfies dydx 0 along y 4; but The direction field satisfies dydx 0 along x 4:
not along y 0. Matches (a). Matches (b).
dy dy
57. k y y 4 58. ky2
dx dx
The direction field satisfies dydx 0 along y 0 and The direction field satisfies dydx 0 along y 0, and
y 4. Matches (c). grows more positive as y increases. Matches (d).
dw
59. k1200 w
dt
dw
1200 w

k dt

ln 1200 w kt C1
1200 w ektC1 Cekt
w 1200 Cekt
w0 60 1200 C C 1200 60 1140
w 1200 1140ekt
(a) 1400 1400 1400
0 10 0 10 0 10
0 0 0
(b) k 0.8: t 1.31 years

k 0.9: t 1.16 years
k 1.0: t 1.05 years
(c) Maximum weight: 1200 pounds
lim w 1200
t
60. From Exercise 101:

w 1200 Cekt, k 1
w 1200 Cet
w0 w0 1200 C C 1200 w0
w 1200 1200 w0et
61. Given family (circles): x2 y2 C 62. Given family (hyperbolas): x2 2y2 C

2x 2yy 0 2x 4yy 0
x x
y y
y 2y
y 2y
Orthogonal trajectory (lines): y Orthogonal trajectory: y
x x

dy
y

dx
x dy
y

2
x
dx

ln y ln x ln K ln y 2 ln x ln k
y Kx k
y kx2
4
x2
2
6 6
3 3
2
63. Given family (parabolas): x2 Cy 64. Given family (parabolas): y 2 2Cx

2x Cy 2yy 2C
y
2x
C
2x
2
x y
2y
x
y
C
y

y2 1
2x y

y
2x
x 2x
Orthogonal trajectory (ellipses): y Orthogonal trajectory (ellipse): y
2y y

2 y dy x dx
y dy 2x dx
x2 y2
y2 K1 x 2 K1
2 2
x 2 2y 2 K 2x 2 y 2 K
4 4
6 6 6 6
4 4
65. Given family: y 2 Cx3 66. Given family (exponential functions): y Cex
2yy 3Cx2 y Cex y
y
3Cx2 3x2 y2
2y

2y x3

3y
2x
Orthogonal trajectory (parabolas): y
1
y
Orthogonal trajectory (ellipses): y

2x
3y
y dy dx

3 y dy 2 x dx y2
2
x K1
3y 2 y2 2x K
x 2 K1
2 4
3y 2 2x 2 K
4 6 6
6 6 4
12 12
67. y 68. y
1 ex 1 3ex
Since y0 6, it matches (c) or (d). 12
Since y0 3, it matches (a).
4
Since (d) approaches its horizontal asymptote slower than
(c), it matches (d).
12 12
69. y 70. y
1 1 e2x
1 ex
2
Since y0 6, it matches (c) or (d).
12
Since y0 8, it matches (b). Since y approaches L 12 faster for (c), it matches (c).
3
2
1500 5000
71. Pt 72. Pt
1 24e0.75t 1 39e0.2t
(a) k 0.75 (a) k 0.2
(b) L 1500 (b) L 5000
1500 5000
(c) P0 60 (c) P0 125
1 24 1 39
1500 5000
(d) 750 (d) 2500
1 24e0.75t 1 39e 0.2t
1 24e0.75t 2 1 39e0.2t 2
1 1
e0.75t e0.2t
24 39
0.75t ln 241
ln 24 0.2t ln 391
ln 39
ln 24 ln 39
t 4.2374 t 18.3178
0.75 0.2
(e)
dP
dt
0.75P 1
P
1500
,
P0 60 (e)
dP
dt
0.2P 1 P
5000
,
P0 125
P
73.
dP
dt
3P 1
P
100
(d)
d 2P
dt 2
3P 1 P
100
3P
100

(a) k 3

1 100
100 3P 1 100

P P 3P P
3 3P 1
100
(b) L 100
(c)
3
P

9P 1
P
100
1 100
P

100

9P 1
P
100
1 100
2P

t
3 3
d 2P
0 for P 50, and by the first Derivative Test, this
dt 2
3
is a maximum.
Note: P 50
L 100
2 2
74.
dP
dt
0.1P 0.0004P 2 0.1P1 0.004P 75.
dy
dt
y 1 y
40
,
y0 8
k 1, L 40

0.1P 1
P
250
L 40
y
1 1 bekt 1 bet
(a) k 0.1
10
40
y0 8: 8 b4
(b) L 250 1b
(c) y 40
Solution: y
300 1 4et
x
20 100
250
(d) P 125. (Same argument as in Exercise 73)
2
76.
dy
dt y
1.2y 1 ,
8
y0 5 77.
dy 4y
dt

5

y2 4
y 1
150 5
y
120
,
y0 8
k 1.2, L 8 4
k 0.8, L 120
5
L 8
y
1 bekt 1 be1.2t L 120
y
1 bekt 1 be0.8t
8 8 3
y0 5: 5 1b b
1b 5 5 120
y0 8: 8 b 14
1b
8
Solution: y
3 1.2t 120
1 e Solution: y
5 1 14e0.8t
78.
dy
dt

3y

y2 3
y 1
20 1600 20
y
240
;
y0 15
3
k , L 240
20
L 240
y
1 bekt 1 be 320t
240
y0 15: 15 b 15
1b
240
Solution: y
1 15e 320t
L 200
79. (a) y , L 200, y0 25 (c) 100
1 be kt 1 7e 0.264t
200 1 7e0.264t 2
25 b7
1b
200
0.264t ln 17
39
1 7e k2
t 7.37 years
200
1 7e2k
39 (d)
dy
dt
ky 1
y
L
0.264y 1
y
200
,
y0 25
23
e2k Using Eulers Method, y 220.5 when t 6.
39
(e) y is increasing most rapidly where y 2002 100,
1
k ln
2
23
39
1
ln
2
39
23
0.2640 corresponds to t 7.37 years.
200
y
1 7e0.2640t
(b) For t 5, y 70 panthers.
L
80. (a) y , L 10, y0 1 81. A differential equation can be solved by separation of
1 be kt
variables if it can be written in the form
10
1 b9 dy
1b Mx N y 0.
dx
10
2 To solve a separable equation, rewrite as,
1 9e2k
Mx dx N y dy
1 9e2k 5
and integrate both sides.
4
e2k
9
1
k ln
2
4
9
1
ln
2
9
4
ln
3
2
0.405476

10
y
1 9e0.40547t
10 10 10
Note: y
1 9et ln 32

t
23
3 t
19 19
2
(b) For t 5, y 4.58 grams.

10
(c) 8 72et ln 32 2
1 9et ln 32
32
36
t

t 8.84 hours
(d)
dy
dt
ln
3
2

y 1
y
10
0.40547y 1 y
10
t 0 1 2 3 4 5
Exact 1.0 1.4286 2.0 2.7273 3.6 4.5763
Euler 1.0 1.3649 1.8428 2.4523 3.2028 4.0855
For t 5, Eulers Method gives y 4.09 grams.

(e) The weight is increasing most rapidly when
y 102 5, corresponding to t 5.42 hours.
82. Mx, y dx Nx, y dy 0, where M and N are 83. Two families of curves are mutually orthogonal if each
homogeneous functions of the same degree. See curve in the first family intersects each curve in the
Example 7a. second family at right angles.
dv dy x
84. (a) kW v 85. False. is separable, but y 0 is not a solution.
dt dx y
dv
Wv
k dt

ln W v k t C1
v W Cekt
Initial conditions:
W 20, v 0 when t 0, and
v 5 when t 1.
C 20, k ln34
Particular solution:
34

t
v 201 eln34t 20 1
or
v 201 e0.2877t
(b) s 201 e0.2877t dt
20t 3.4761e0.2877t C
Since s0 0, C 69.5 and we have
s 20t 69.5e0.2877t 1.
86. True 87. False

dy f t x, t y t 2x 2 t 2 xy 2
x 2 y 1
dx
t 2 f x, y
1
88. True 89. y
1 bekt
x 2 y 2 2Cy x 2 y 2 2Kx
1
y bkekt
dy x dy K x 1 bekt2

dx C y dx y
k bekt
x Kx Kx x2

1 bekt
1 bekt
Cy
y

Cy y 2
k 1 bekt 1
2Kx 2x 2
1 bekt
1 bekt

2Cy 2y2
x 2 y2 2x 2
2

k
1 bekt 1
1 1 bekt
x y 2 2y2
ky1 y
y2 x2
2
x y2
1
90. fg g f f g Product Rule

f f g g f 0
f
g g0
f f
Need f f e x 2xe x 1 2xe x 0, so avoid x 12.
2 2 2
g f
2
2xex 1
2 1
g f f 2x 1ex 2x 1
1

ln gx x
2
ln 2x 1 C1

gx Ce x 2x 1 12
Hence there exists g and interval a, b, as long as 2 a, b.
1
Section 6.4 First-Order Linear Differential Equations
1. x 3y xy e x 1 2. 2xy y ln x y
1 1 ln x y 1 2xy 0
y y 3 e x 1
x2 x
1 2x
y y0
Linear ln x
Linear
1 y
3. y y cos x xy 2 4. 3x
y
Not linear, because of the xy2-term.
1 y 3xy
y 3xy 1
Linear
5.
dy
dx

1
x
y 3x 4 6.
dy 2
dx
y 3x 2
x
Integrating factor: e 1x dx e ln x x Integrating factor: e 2x dx e ln x x 2
2
xy x3x 4 dx x 3 2x 2 C x2y 3
x 23x 2 dx x 4
4
2x3
3
C
C 3 2 C
y x 2 2x y x2 x 2
x 4 3 x
7. y y 10 8. y 2xy 4x
1 dx
e x
Integrating factor: e 2x dx e x
2
Integrating factor: e
exy exy 10ex
ye x
2
4xe x dx 2e x C
2 2
yex 10ex dx 10ex C

y 2 Ce x
2
y 10 Ce x
Section 6.4 First-Order Linear Differential Equations 583
9. y 1 cos x dx dy 10. y 1 sin x

dx dy 0
y y 1 cos x y cos x cos x y sin x y sin x
y cos xy cos x Integrating factor: e sin x dx e cos x
Integrating factor: e cos x dx esin x
ye sin x
cos xe y cos xe
sin x sin x
ye cos x sinxe cos x dx e cos x C
yesin x cos xesin x dx

y 1 Cecos x
esin x C
y 1 Ce sin x
11. x 1 y y x 2 1 12. y 3y e3x

Integrating factor: e 3 dx e 3x
y x 1 1 y x 1
Integrating factor: e 1x1
dx e lnx1 x 1
ye3x e3xe3xdx 1
e6xdx e6x C
6
yx 1 1
x 2 1 dx x 3 x C1
3
1
y e3x Ce3x
6
x 3 3x C
y
3x 1
13. y 3x2y e x
3 14. y y cos x
Integrating factor: e 3x

2 dx
ex
3 Integrating factor: e 1 dx ex
yex
3

ex ex dx
3 3
dx x C yex e x cos x dx
y x Ce x 1
3
ex cos x sin x C
2
1
y sin x cos x Ce x
2
dy
15. (a),(c) y
(b) ex y
5
dx
dy
y ex Integrating factor: e dx e x
dx
e x y e x y e 2x
x
4 4
3
ye x e 2x dx
6
1
ye x e 2x C
2
1 1
6 6 y0 1 1 C C
2 2
2
1 1
ye x e 2x
2 2
1 1 1
y e x e x e x e x
2 2 2
1 1
16. (a),(c) y (b) y y sin x 2, Px , Qx sin x 2
x x
4
ux e 1x dx eln x x
x
yx y x sin x 2

4 4
1
yx x sin x 2 dx cos x 2 C
2
4

1 1
y cos x 2 C
4 x 2
2 cos C C 2
1 1 1
0
4 4
1

1 1
y cos x 2
4 x 2 2
17. y cos 2 x y 1 0 18. x 3 y 2y e 1x

2
y sec 2 x y sec 2 x
Integrating factor: e sec2 x dx etan x
y x2 y x1 e
3 3
1x 2
Integrating factor: e 2x dx e1x

3 2
ye tan x sec 2 xe tan x dx e tan x C
y1 Cetan x
ye1x
2
1
x3
1
dx 2 C1
2x
Cx2x 1
2
Initial condition: y0 5, C 4 y e 1x
2
2
Particular solution: y 1 4etan x
Initial condition: y1 e, C 3
3x2x 1
2
Particular solution: y e 1x
2
2
19. y y tan x sec x cos x 20. y y sec x sec x

Integrating factor: e tan x dx e ln sec x sec x Integrating factor: esec x dx e ln sec xtan x sec x tan x
y sec x sec x sec x cos x dx tan x x C ysec x tan x sec x tan x sec x dx
y sin x x cos x C cos x sec x tan x C

Initial condition: y0 1, 1 C C
y1
sec x tan x
Particular solution: y sin x x 1 cos x
C
Initial condition: y0 4, 4 1 ,C3
10
Particular solution:
3 3 cos x
y1 1
sec x tan x 1 sin x
21. y 1x y 0 22. y 2x 1y 0

Integrating factor: e 2x1 dx e x
2 x
Integrating factor: e 1x dx e lnx x

C
2 x
ye x
Separation of variables:
y Ce xx
2
dy y

dx x Separation of variables:
1
y
dy 1
dx
x 1
y
dy 1 2x dx
ln y ln x ln C ln y ln C1 x x 2
ln xy ln C yC1 e xx
2
xy C y Ce xx
2
Initial condition: y 2 2, C 4 Initial condition: y1 2, 2 C

Particular solution: xy 4 Particular solution: y 2e xx
2
23. x dy x y 2 dx 24. 2xy y x 3 x

dy x y 2 y 2 dy 1 x2 1
1 y Linear
dx x x x dx 2x 2 2
dy 1 2 1
y1 Linear ux e 12x dx
dx x x x 12
ux e 1x dx
1
x
y x 12 x2 1 1
2

2 x 12dx x 12 x 32 x 12
2

2 dx
yx 1
2 1
x x
dx x 1
x x
2

2 dx x12 x5
52
x 12 C
2

x ln x
x
C
x3
5
x C x
2 x ln x Cx y4 2
64
4 2C C
17
5 5
y1 10 2 C C 12
x3
y 2 x ln x 12x y
5
17
x x
5
25. y 3x 2 y x 2 y 3 26. y xy xy1

n 3, Q x 2, P 3x 2 n 1, Q x, P x, e 2x dx e x
2
y2e 23x
2 dx
2x 2e 23x2 dx dx y2e x
2
2xe x dx e x C
2 2
y 2e2x
3
2x 2e 2x dx
3 y 2 1 Cex
2
1
y2 e2x e2x C
3 3
3
1
y2 Ce 2x
3
3
1 1
Ce 2x
3
y2 3
27. y 1x y xy 2 28. y 1x y x y
n 2, Q x, P x1 1
n , Q x, P x 1
1x dx x1 2
e eln x

e 121x dx e 12 ln x x

y1 1
x x x 1
dx x C
1 12
y 12 x 12 x x dx
2
1
x 2 Cx
y 1 x 52 C
x 52 C1
5 5
1
y
Cx x 2 x 52 C 2
y
25x
1 30. yy 2y 2 e x
29. y y e x
3 y, n
, Q e x, P 1
3
y 2y e x y1
e23 dx e23x
n 1, Q e x, P 2
y23e23x 2 x 23x
3
e e dx 2 13x
3
e dx e 22 dx e4x
y23e23x 2e13x C y 2e 4x 2

2e 4xe x dx e 3x C
3
y23 2e x Ce2x3
2
y 2 e x Ce 4x
3
dy 1
31. (a) y
(b) y x2
dx x
8
1
6 Integrating factor: e1x dx eln x
x
4
1 1
2 y 2 y x
x x
1x y x dx x2 C
x
3 2 1 1 2 3 2
(c) y
x3
y Cx
8 2
6
8 x3 1
2, 4: 4 2C C 4 y 4x xx 2 8
4 2 2 2
8 x3 1
(2, 8): 8 2C C 2 y 2x x x 2 4
x 2 2 2
2 1 1 2 3
32. (a) y
(b) y 4x3y x3
5
Integrating factor: e 4x ex
3 dx 4
4
ye x 4x3ye x x 3e x
3 4 4 4

2
1 1 4
ye x x3e x dx e x C
4 4
x 4
1 1 1 3 2 5
2 2 2 2
1
y Cex
4
4
(c) y
5 0, 72: 27 41 C C 134 y 41 134 e x 4
2 0, 21: 21 41 C C 34 y 41 43 e x 4
1
x
1 3 2 5
2 2
33. (a) y
(b) y cot xy 2
Integrating factor: e cot x dx elnsin x sin x
3
1
y sin x cos xy 2 sin x

x
1 2 3 4 5
1
y sin x 2 sin x dx 2 cos x C
2
y 2 cot x C csc x
1 2 cot 1
(c) y (1, 1: 1 2 cot 1 C csc 1 C sin 1 2 cos 1
csc 1
3
2 y 2 cot x sin 1 2 cos 1 csc x

1
2 cot 3 1
x 3, 1: 1 2 cot 3 C csc 3 C 2 cos 3 sin 3
1 2 4 5 csc 3
1
2 y 2 cot x 2 cos 3 sin 3 csc x
34. (a) y
(b) y 2xy xy 2
6
Bernoulli equation, n 2 letting z y 12 y 1, you obtain e 2x dx ex
2
5
and 1 xex dx 2 ex . The solution is:
2 1 2
4
3
2 1
y 1 ex ex C
2 2
1
x 2
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
1 2Ce x
2
2 1 1
Ce x
2
y 2 2
2
y
y
(c)
6 1 2Ce x 2
5
2 2 1
0, 3: 3 1 2C C
1 2C 3 6
2
2 6
x y
1 e 3 3 e x
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 x 2 2
2
2 1
0, 1: 1 1 2C 2 C
1 2C 2
2
y
1 ex2
dP dA
35. kP N, N constant 36. rA P
dt dt
dP dA
dt dt
kP N rA P
1
kP N
dP dt dA
rA P
dt
1 1
lnkP N t C1 lnrA P t C1
k r
lnkP N kt C 2 lnrA P rt C2
kP N e ktC2 rA P e rtC2
C3e kt N C 3 e rt P
P A
k r
N P
P Ce kt A Ce rt
k r
When t 0: P P0 When t 0: A 0
N N P P
P0 C C P0 0C C
k k r r

P P0
k
N kt N
e
k
A
P rt
r
e 1
P rt 75,000 0.08t
37. (a) A e 1 38. 800,000 e 1
r 0.08
100,000 0.065 1.85333333 e 0.08t
A e 1 583,098.01
0.06
ln1.85333333
t 7.71 years
250,000 0.0510 0.08
(b) A e 1 3,243,606.35
0.05
dQ dN
39. (a) q kQ, q constant 40. (a) k40 N
dt dt
(b) Q kQ q (b) N kN 40k
Let Pt k, Qt q, then the integrating factor is Integrating factor: ekt

ut e kt.
Q ekt qe kt dt ekt q kt
k q
e C Ce kt
k
Nekt
N 40 Cekt
40ke kt dt 40e kt C
When t 0: Q Q 0
(c) For t 1, N 10:
q q
Q0 C C Q0 10 40 Ce k 30 Cek
k k
For t 20, N 19:
Q
q
k q
Q0 ekt
k 19 40 Ce 20k 21 Ce20k
q 30 ek
(c) lim Q e 19k
t k 21 e20k
ln 107 19k k
1
19
ln
10
7
0.0188
30 Cek C 30ek 30.5685

N 40 30.5685e0.0188t
41. Let Q be the number of pounds of concentrate in the solution at any time t. Since the number of gallons of solution in the tank
at any time t is v0 r1 r2t and since the tank loses r2 gallons of solution per minute, it must lose concentrate at the rate
v
Q
r.
0 r1 r2 t 2
The solution gains concentrate at the rate r1q1. Therefore, the net rate of change is
dQ

Q dQ r2 Q
q 1 r1 r or q 1 r 1.
dt v0 r1 r2 t 2 dt v0 r1 r2 t
42. From Exercise 41, and using r1 r2 r,

dQ rQ
q1r.
dt v0
r 2Q
43. (a) Q q 1 r1 (b) 15 25e120t
v0 r1 r2 t
Q0 q0, q0 25, q1 0, v0 200, ln 35 201 t
1
r1 10, r2 10, Q Q0
20 t 20 ln 35 10.2 min
1
Q
dQ
1
20
dt (c) lim 25e120t 0
t
1
ln Q t ln C1
20
Q Ce120t
Initial condition: Q0 25, C 25
Particular solution: Q 25e120t
r 2Q
44. (a) Q q 1 r1 (b) 15 8 17e120 t
v0 r1 r2 t
7 17e120t
Q0 q0 25, q1 0.04, v0 200,
r1 10, r2 10, Q
1
Q 0.4
ln 177 201 t t 20 ln177 17.75 min
20
(c) lim Qt 8 lbs
Integrating factor: e120t t
Qe120t 0.4e120 t dt 8e120t C
Q 8 Ce12 t
Q 0 25 8 C C 17
Q 8 17e120t
45. (a) The volume of the solution in the tank is given by v0 r1 r2 t. Therefore, 100 5 3t 200 or t 50 minutes.
r2Q
(b) Q q1 r1
v0 r1 r2 t
3
Q0 q0, q0 0, q1 0.5, v0 100, r1 5, r2 3, Q Q 2.5
100 2t
Integrating factor: e 31002t
dt 50 t32
Q50 t 32 2.550 t 32 dt 50 t 52 C
Q 50 t C50 t 32

Initial condition: Q0 0, 0 50 C5032, C 50 52
Particular solution: Q 50 t 505250 t32
25
Q50 100 50 5210032 100 82.32 lbs
2
46. (a) The volume of the solution is given by v0 r1 r2 t 100 5 3t 200 t 50 minutes.
r2Q
(b) Q q1 r1
v0 r1 r2 t
Q0 q0 0, q1 1, v0 100, r1 5, r2 3
3Q
Q 5
100 2t
Integrating factor is 50 t 32, as in #43.
Q50 t 32 550 t 32 dt 250 t 52 C
Q 250 t C50 t32

Q0 0: 0 100 C5032 C 10050 32 250 52
Q 250 t 250 5250 t32
When t 50, Q 200 250 5210032 164.64 lbs (double the answer to #43)
47. From Example 6, 48. st vt dt

dv kv
g
dt m 159.471 e0.2007t dt
mg
v 1 ektm, Solution 159.47t 794.57e 0.2007t C
k
8 1 s0 5000 794.57 C C 5794.57
g 32, mg 8, v5 101, m implies that
g 4 st 159.47t 794.57e0.2007t 5794.57
8
101 1 e5k14. The graph of st is shown below.
k
Using a graphing utility, k 0.050165, and 6000
v 159.471 e0.2007t.
As t , v 159.47 ftsec. The graph of v is shown
0 40
below.
500
50
st 0 when t 36.33 sec.
0 40
200
dI R E0
49. L R I E0, I I 50. I 0 0, E0 120 volts, R 600 ohms, L 4 henrys
dt L L
E0
Integrating factor: e RL dt e RtL I CeRtL
R
I e RtL E0 RtL
L
e
E0
dt e RtL C
R 0
120
600
C C
1
5
E0
I Ce RtL 1 1 150t
R I e
5 5
1
lim I amp
t 5
1 1
0.90 0.18 1 e150t
5 5
0.9 1 e150t
e150t 0.1
150t ln0.1
ln0.1
t 0.0154 sec
150
dy
51. Pxy Qx Standard form
dx
ux e Px dx Integrating factor
52. y Px y Qx yn Standard form

Let z y1n n 0, 1. Multiplying by 1 nyn produces
1 nyn y 1 nPxy1n 1 nQx
z 1 nPxz 1 nQx. Linear
53. y 2x 0 54. y 2y 0
dy 2x dx dy
y
2 dx
y x2 C ln y 2x C1
Matches c. y Ce 2x
Matches d.
55. y 2xy 0 56. y 2xy x
dy
y
2x dx dy
2y 1
x dx
ln y x 2 C1 1 1
ln 2y 1 x 2 C1
2 2
y
2
Ce x
2y 1 C 2 e x
2
Matches a.
1
y Ce x
2
2
Matches b.
57. e 2xy dx e xy dy 0 58. x 1 dx y 2 2y dy 0

Separation of variables: Separation of variables:
e 2x e dx e e
y x y
dy
x 1 dx y 2 2y dy
e x dx e2y dy
1 2 1
x x y 3 y 2 C1
2 3
1
e x e2y C1
2 3x 2 6x 2y 3 6y 2 C
2e x e2y C
59. y cos x cos x dx dy 0 60. y 2x 1 y 2

Separation of variables: Separation of variables:
cos x dx 1
y1
dy 1
1 y 2
dy 2x dx
sin x ln y 1 ln C arcsin y x 2 C

ln y 1 sin x ln C y sinx 2 C
y Cesin x 1
61. 3y 2 4xy dx 2xy x 2 dy 0 62. x y dx x dy 0

Homogeneous: y vx, dy v dx x dv 1
Linear: y y 1
x
3v 2 x 2 4vx 2 dx 2vx 2 x 2v dx x dv 0
5
x
dx 2v 1
v2 v
dv 0
Integrating factor: e 1x dx e lnx
1 1
x

ln x 5 ln v 2 v ln C
1
y
x 1
x
dx ln x C
x 5v 2 v C

y xln x C
x3y2 x4y C
63. 2y e x dx x dy 0 64. y 2 xy dx x 2 dy 0

Homogeneous: y vx, dy v dx x dv
Linear: y 2x y 1x e x
v 2 x 2 vx 2 dx x 2v dx x dv 0
Integrating factor: e 2x dx e ln x2
x2
v 2 dx x dv 0
yx 2 1
x 2 e x dx e x x 1 C
x 1
x
dx 1
v2
dv
ex C
y x 1 2 1
ln x C
x2 x
v
x
y
C ln x
Review Exercises for Chapter 6 593
65. x 2y 4 1 dx x 3 y 3 dy 0 66. y dx 3x 4y dy 0

Homogeneous: x vy, dx v dy y dv
y 1x y x 3 y3
yv dy y dv 3vy 4y dy 0

Bernoulli: n 3, Q x3, P x1,
1 4
dv dy
e 4x dx e ln x x 4 v1
4
y
y4x4 4x3x 4 dx 2x 2 C
y4

ln v 1 ln y 4 ln C
v 1 C
x 4 y 4 2x 2 C
y x y C
3
67. 3 y 4x 2 dx x dy 68. x dx y e yx 2 1 dy 0

dy Separation of variables:
x 3y 12x 2

dx
x
dx y e y dy
3 x2 1
y y 12x
x
1 1
lnx 2 1 y 2 e y C1
Integrating factor: e3x dx e3 ln x x3 2 2
3 lnx 2 1 y 2 2e y C
yx3 x3y 12xx3 12x 4
x
yx3 12x 4 dx
12 5
5
x C
12 2 C
y x 3
5 x
69. False. The equation contains y. 70. True. y x e x y 0 is linear.
Review Exercises for Chapter 6
1. y x 3, y 3x 2 2. y 2 sin 2x
x 2 y
3y x2 3x 2 3 3
x3 x4
x3 6x 3 y 4 cos 2x
Not a solution y 8 sin 2x
y 16 cos 2x
y 8y 16 cos 2x 82 sin 2x 0
Not a solution
dy dy
3. 2x 2 5 4. x 3 2x
dx dx
y 2x 2 5 dx
2x 3
3
5x C y x 3 2x dx
x4
4
x2 C
dy dy
5. cos 2x 6. 2 sin x
dx dx
y cos 2x dx
1
2
sin 2x C y 2 sin x dx 2 cos x C
dy dy
7. 2xx 7 8. 3ex3
dx dx
y 2xx 7 dx y 3ex3 dx 9ex3 C
Let u x 7, du dx, x u 7:
y 2u 7u12 du
4 28
u 52 u 32 C
5 3
4 28
x 752 x 732 C
5 3
4
x 7323x 14 C
15
y
9.
dy 2x
dx

y
10.
dy
dx
x sin
4
x 4 2 0 2 4 8 x 4 2 0 2 4 8
y 2 0 4 4 6 8 y 2 0 4 4 6 8
dydx 4 Undef. 0 1 43 2 dydx 4 0 0 0 4 0
11. y x 2, 1, 1 y 12. y 2x 2 x, 0, 2

(1, 1)
2 5
x
1 4 4
4
3
1 1
13. y x 2 x, 0, 3 y
14. y y 3x, 2, 1
4 3 (0, 3)
4
5
x 2 4
4 4
4
4
xy y
15. y , 0, 1 y
16. y , 0, 2
x2 4 (0, 1) x2 1
4
4 4
x
4 4
4 8
dy dy
17. 6x 18. y6
dx dx
y 6 x dx 6x
x2
2
C dy
y6
dx
ln y 6 x C1

y 6
e x C 1 Ce x
y 6 Ce x
dy dy
19. 3 y2 20. 4 y
dx dx
3 y2 dy dx y12 dy 4 dx
3 y1 x C 2y12 4x C1
1
3y
xC
y12 2x C C C2 1
1 y 2x C2
y 3
xC
21. 2 x y xy 0 22. xy x 1y 0

dy dy
2 x xy x x 1y
dx dx

1 x
dy dx dy x1
y 2x dx
y x
1
y
dy 1
2
2x
dx
ln y x ln x C1
y

ln y x 2 ln 2 x C1
Cxe x
Ce x
y Ce x2 x2
2 x2
0, 34 : 34 C 2, 32 : 32 Ce 2k
3
C e2k
2
5, 5:
3
5 e k5
4
4, 5: 5 Ce 4k 32 e e
2k 4k
3
e 2k
2
20
3
e 5k
10
3
1
e 2k k ln
2
10
3
k
1
5
ln
20
3
3
Hence, C e212 ln103
2
3 3
2 10
9
.
20
3 3 9 12 ln103t
y e ln 2035 t e 0.379t Finally, y e .
4 4 20
0, 5: C 5 1, 9: 9 Ce k C 9ek
6, 2: 2 Ce6k 2 9eke6k 9e 5k
5, 16 : 61 5e 5k
ln 30
k
1
ln
2
0.3008

1 1 5 9
k ln
5 30 5
29
15
Hence, C 9e15 ln29 9 12.15864.
y 5e t ln 305 5e0.680t
Finally, y 12.1586e0.3008t.
dP
27. kp, P0 30 28. y Cekt 5ekt
dh
2.5 5e k1599
Ph 30e kh
P18,000 30e18,000k 15 k
1
1599
ln
1
2
0.000433
ln12 ln 2
k When t 600, y 5e0.000433600 3.86 g.
18,000 18,000
Ph 30eh ln 218,000
P35,000 30e35,000 ln 218,000 7.79 inches
29. S Ce kt
(a) S 5 when t 1 (c) 30
5 Ce k
lim Ce kt C 30
t
5 30e k 0
0
40
k ln 16 1.7918
S 3016 30e1.7918t
(b) When t 5, S 20.9646 which is 20,965 units.
30. S 251 e kt
(a) 4 251 e k1 1 e k

4
25
ek
21
25
k ln
21
25
0.1744
(b) 25,000 units lim S 25

t
(c) When t 5, S 14.545 which is 14,545 units.

(d) 25
0 8
0
31. P Ce0.015t
2C Ce0.015t
2 e0.015t
ln 2 0.015t
ln 2
t 46.21 years
0.015
dy
32. (a) 0.012y, s > 50 (b)
ds

Speed(s) 50 55 60 65 70
1 dy
ds
0.012 y Miles per Gallon (y) 28 26.4 24.8 23.4 22.0
1
ln y s C1
0.012
y Ce0.012s
When s 50, y 28 Ce0.01250 C 28e0.6
y 28e0.60.012s, s > 50.
dy x2 3 dy e2x
33. 34.
dx x dx 1 e2x

dy x
3
x
dx
dy
e2x
1 e2x
dx
1 2e2x

2 1 e2x
dx
x2 1
y
2
3 ln x C
y ln1 e2x C
2
35. y 2xy 0 36. y ey sin x 0

dy dy
2xy ey sin x
dx dx
1
y
dy 2x dx ey dy sin x dx
ln y x2 C1 ey cos x C1
x2 C1
e y 1
ey C C1
cos x C
y Ce x2
y ln

1

cos x C
ln cos x C
dy x2 y2
37. (homogeneous differential equation)
dx 2xy
x2 y2 dx 2xy dy 0
Let y vx, dy x dv v dx.
x2 v2x2 dx 2xvxx dv v dx 0
x2 v2x2 2x2v2 dx 2x3v dv 0
x2 x2v2 dx 2x3v dv
1 v2 dx 2xv dv

dx
x

2v
1 v2
dv
ln x ln 1 v 2 C1 ln 1 v 2 ln C
2
C C Cx
x
1 v 2 1 yx2 x2 y2
Cx x
1 or C1
x2 y2 x2 y2
dy 3x y
38. (homogeneous differential equation)
dx x
3x y dx x dy 0
Let y vx, dy x dv v dx.
3x vx dx xx dv v dx 0
3x 2vx dx x2 dv 0
3 2v dx x dv
1
x
dx 1
3 2v
dv
ln x
2

ln 3 2v C1 ln3 2v12 ln C2
x C23 2v12
x2 C3 2v C 3 2 yx

x3 C3x 2y 3Cx 2Cy
x3 3Cx
y
2C
39. y C1x C2 x3
y C1 3C2 x2
y 6C2 x
x2 y 3xy 3y x26C2 x 3xC1 3C2 x2 3C1x C2 x3
6C2 x3 3C1x 9C2 x3 3C1x 3C2 x3 0
x 2, y 0: 0 2C1 8C2 C1 4C2
x 2, y 4: 4 C1 12C2
4 4C2 12C2 8C2 C2 12, C1 2
y 2x 12 x3
dv
40. kv 9.8
dt
(a) dv
kv 9.8
dt (b) lim vt
t
9.8
k
1
k

ln kv 9.8 t C1 (c) st 1

k
9.8 kv0 9.8ekt dt
ln kv 9.8 kt C2

1
1
9.8t kv0 9.8ekt C
k k
kv 9.8 ektC2 C3ekt
9.8t 1
2kv0 9.8ekt C
v
1
k 9.8 C3ekt
k k
1 1
1 s0 kv 9.8 C C s0 2 kv0 9.8
At t 0, v0 9.8 C3 C3 kv0 9.8 k2 0 k
k
9.8t 1 1
1 st 2kv0 9.8ekt s0 2kv0 9.8
v 9.8 kv0 9.8ekt. k k k
k
9.8t 1
Note that k < 0 since the object is moving downward. 2kv0 9.8ekt 1 s0
k k
dy 4x dy
41. y 42. 3 2y y
dx y dx

4
dy
y dy 4x dx dx
2y 3
x x
y2 4 1 4
4
2x 2 C1 ln 2y 3 x C1
2 2
4x 2 y 2 C ellipses 4

ln 2y 3 2x 2C1

2y 3
C2 e2x
2y 3 C2 e2x
3
y Ce2x
2
7200 4800
43. Pt 44. Pt
1 44e0.55t 1 14e0.15t
(a) k 0.55 (a) k 0.15
(b) L 7200 (b) L 4800
7200 4800
(c) P0 160 (c) P0 320
1 44 1 14
7200 4800
(d) 3600 (d) 2400
1 44e0.55t 1 14e0.15t
1 44e0.55t 2 14e0.15t 1
e 0.55t
1
44
t
1
0.15
ln
1
14
17.59 yrs.
1
t
0.55
ln
1
44
6.88 yrs. (e)
dP
dt
0.15P 1
P

4800
(e)
dP
dt
0.55P 1 P
7200
45. (a) L 20,400, y0 1200, y1 2000 46.

dy
dt
0.553y 1
y
20,400
, y0 1200
20,400
y Use Eulers method with h 1.
1 bekt
20,400 t 0 2 4 6 8
y0 1200 b 16
1b
Exact 1200 3241 7414 12,915 17,117
20,400
y1 2000 Euler 1200 2743 5853 10,869 16,170
1 16ek
16ek
46 Eulers method gives y8 16,170 trout.
5
23 40
k ln ln 0.553
40 23
20,400
y
1 16e0.553t
(b) y8 17,118 trout
20,400
(c) 10,000 t 4.94 yrs.
1 16e0.553t
47. y y 8 48. e xy 4e xy 1 49. 4y e xy y

Px 1, Qx 8 y 4y ex 1 1
y y e x4
4 4
ux edx ex Px 4, Qx e x

1 1
1 ux e 4 dx e 4x Px , Qx e x4
y 8ex dx 4 4

ex
1
y ex e 4x dx ux e 14 dx e14 x
e x 8ex C e 4x
8 Ce x
e4x 1 3x
3
e C
y
1
e14x 1 x4 14x
4
e e dx
4 x C
1
1 e 14x
ex Ce4x
3
1
xe x4 Ce x4
4
dy 5y 1
50. 2 2 51. x 2y y 1
dx x x
dy 1 1
5 1 y
Px , Qx 2 dx x 2 x2
x2 x
1 1
ux e 5x dx e 5x Px , Qx
2
x2 x2
y
1 1 5x
e 5x x 2
e dx ux e 1x2 dx e ln
x2
x 2

1
e 5x 51 e 5x
C y
1
x2 1
x2
x 2 dx
1
1 x c
Ce5x x2
5
52. x 3y 2y 2x 32 53. 3y sin 2x dx dy 0

dy 2 y 3y sin 2x
y 2x 3
dx x 3
Integrating factor: e 3 dx e3x
Px
2
x3
, Qx 2x 3
ye3x e3x sin 2x dx
ux e 2x3 dx e 2 lnx3 x 32

1 3x

e 3 sin 2x 2 cos 2x C
1 13
y 2x 3x 32 dx
x 32
1
y 3 sin 2x 2 cos 2x Ce 3x
x 34

1 13
C
x 32 2
x 32 C

2 x 32
54. dy y tan x 2e x dx 55. y 5y e 5x

dy Integrating factor: e 5 dx e 5x
tan x y 2e x

dx
1 10x
ye 5x e10x dx e C
Integrating factor: e tan x dx e ln
cos x
cos x 10
y cos x 2e x cos x dx e xcos x sin x C y

1 5x
10
e Ce5x
y e x1 tan x C sec x

57. y y xy2
ax y bx
Bernoulli equation
56. y 3
n 2, let z y12 y1, z y2 y.

Integrating factor: e ax dx ea ln x xa
y2 y y2 y x
yxa bx 3xa dx
b
4a
x 4a C z z x Linear equation
ux e dx ex
bx 4
y
4a
Cx a
z
1
ex
xex dx e x xex ex C
y1 x 1 Ce x
1
y
x 1 Ce x
1 y3
58. y 2xy xy2 Bernoulli equation 59. y y 2 Bernoulli equation
x x
n 2, let z y12 y1, z y2 y.
n 3, let z y13 y2, z 2y3 y.
y2 y 2xy y2 x
1 2
2y3y y2y3 2
z 2xz x Linear equation x x
ux e 2x dx ex 2
2
2
z z 2

Linear equation
x x

1 1 x2
z xe x2
dx e x2
e C
ex ux e 2x dx e2 ln x x2
2
2
1 1
y
Ce x
2
2
z
1
x2 2 2
x2
x dx x 2
2x3
3
C
1 2 1 2
y Cx 2

2
1 1 C1e x y 2 3x
Ce x
2
1
60. xy y xy 2 ux e 1x dx
x

1
y y y2 Bernoulli Equation 1
x z x dx x ln x C
x
n 2, let z y12 y1, z y2 y.

1
x ln x Cx
1 y
y 2 y
yy2 y 2y2
x
1
y
1 Cx x ln x
z z 1 Linear equation
x
61. Answers will vary. Sample Answer: x 2 3y 2 dx 2xy dy 0

Solution: Let y vx, dy x dv v dx.
x 2 3v 2x 2 dx 2xvxx dv v dx 0
x 2 v 2 x 2 dx 2x 3v dv 0
1 v 2 dx 2 xv dv
dx
x

2v
1 v2
dv
ln x ln 1 v 2 C1

x C1 v 2 C 1
y2
x2
x 3 Cx 2 y 2
62. Answers will vary.
63. Answers will vary. 64. Answers will vary.

Sample Answer: x 3y 2x 2 y 1
2 1
y y 3
x x
ux e 2x dx x 2
y
1
x2 1 2
x3
1

x dx 2 ln x C
x
Problem Solving for Chapter 6
1. (a)
dy
dt
y1.01 (b) y1 dy k dt
y1.01 dy dt
y

kt C1
y0.01 y kt C

t C1
0.01
1
y
1 C kt1
0.01t C
y0.01
1
y0 y0
1
C1
C1
1
y0
C
1
y0

y0.01
C 0.01t
1
Hence, y .

1

1 1
y kt
C 0.01t100 y0
1 1
y0 1: 1 C1 For t , y .
C100 y 0k
1
Hence, y .
1 0.01t100
For T 100, lim y .
tT
dy
2. Since k y 20,
dt
1
y 20
dy k dt

ln y 20 k t C
y Cekt 20.
When t 0, y 72. Therefore, C 52.
28 7 7
When t 1, y 48. Therefore, 48 52ek 20, ek 52 13, and k ln 13. Thus, y 52eln713t 20.
When t 5, y 52e5 ln713 20 22.35.
Problem Solving for Chapter 6 603
dS dS
3. (a) k1SL S (b) k1S100 S
dt dt

L d 2S

S dS dS
1 Cekt
is a solution because k1 S 100 S
dt 2 dt dt
dS dS
L1 Cekt 2Ckekt k1100 2S
dt dt
LC kekt dS
0 when S 50 or 0.
1 Cekt 2 dt
C Lekt

Lk 1 LCe kt 1 Cekt Choosing S 50, we have:
100
50

k

L
L 1 Cekt

L
L
1 Cekt 1 9eln49t
2 1 9eln49t
k
k1SL S, where k1 . ln19
L t
ln49
L 100. Also, S 10 when t 0 C 9. And,
S 20 when t 1 k ln 49. t 2.7 months (This is the inflection point.)
100 (d) S
Particular Solution: s
1 9eln49t 140
120
100
100
80
1 9e0.8109t 60
40
(c) 125 20
t
1 2 3 4
(e) Sales will decrease toward the line S L.

0 10
0
4. (a)
dy
dt
k ln
L
y
y
(d) y0 500 5000eC eC 10 C ln 10
7000
dy
k dt
y ln L ln y
ln ln L ln y kt C1
0 500
L
ln Cekt 0
y
L
y
eCe
kt
dy
dt
k ln
L
y
y

1 L dy
d 2y L dy

kt
y LeCe k ln ky
dt 2 y dt Ly y 2 dt
(b) 2000
k

dy
dt
ln
L
y
1
0
0
500
k2 ln
Lyy ln
Ly 1
(c) As t , y L, the carrying capacity.

Hence,
d2y
dt 2
0 when ln
L
y
L
y

L
1 e y .
e
L 5000
y 1839.4 and t 41.7.
e e
The graph is concave upward on 0, 41.7 and downward
on 41.7, .
5. Let u
1
2
k t
ln b
k
.
e 4 eu 2
1 tanh u 1
e u eu 1 e2u
e2u ek t ln bk e ln bekt bekt
Finally,
1
2
1
L 1 tanh k t
2
ln b
k

L2 1 tanh u
L 2

2 1 bekt
L
.
1 bekt
The graph of the logistics function is just a shift of the graph of the hyperbolic tangent, as shown in Section 5.10.

121 dh
2
6. k 7. (a) Ah k2gh
dt
g 32 dh
r2 k64h
dt
x 2 y 62 36 Equation of tank
8k 8k
x 2 36 y 62 12y y 2 h12 dh dt C dt, C
r2 r2
Ah 12h h2 Area of
cross section 2h Ct C1
dh 218 C1 at t 0, h 18

Ah k2gh
dt Hence, 2h Ct 62.
dh 1 At t 3060 1800, h 12:
12h h 2 64h
dt 144
212 1800 C 62
dh 1
12h h 2 h12 62 43
dt 18 C 0.000865
1800
18h 32 216h12 dh dt Hence, 2h 0.000865t 62.

62
36 52 h0 t 9809.1 seconds (2 hr,
h 144h 32 t C 0.000865
5
43 min, 29 sec)
h 32
36h 720 t C
5 (b) t 3600 sec 2h 0.0008653600 62
6 32
When h 6, t 0 and C 504 1481.45. h 7.21 feet
5
r
The tank is completely drained when
h 0 t 1481.45 seconds 24 minutes and 41
seconds. 18 ft
y h
6 ft
h
x
x 2 + (y 6)2 = 36
Problem Solving for Chapter 6 605
dh
8. Ah k2gh
dt
dh
64 8h
dt 36
h12 dh 1
288
dt
t
2h C
288
h 20: 220 C 45
t
2h 45
288
h 0 t 45 288 2575.95 sec
9. Let the radio receiver be located at x0, 0. The tangent line to
y x x2 joins 1, 1 and x0, 0.
y
Transmitter
(1, 1)
1
y = x x2
Radio
x
1 x 1
x0
(a) If x, y is the point of tangency on y x x2, then (b) Now let the transmitter be located at 1, h.
y 1 x x2 1 y h x x2 h
1 2x 1 2x
x1 x1 x1 x1
x 2x2 1 2x x x2 1 x 2x 2 1 2x x x 2 h
x2 2x 2 0 x2 2x h 1 0
2 4 4h 1
x
2 4 8
2 1 3 x
2
y x x2 33 5. 1 2 h
10 1 33 5 6 33 y x x2
Then
1 x0 1 1 3 3 32 h h 4
3 1 x0 6 33 h0 h 32 h h 4
Then,
6 33 x06 33 1 x0 1 1 2 h
43 6 2h 4 32 h
x0 1.155.
6 33 2 h
(c) 10 x0 1 2 h

h 2h 4 32 h
h2 h
x0 1.
0.25 3 2h 4 32 h
2
There is a vertical asymptote at h 14, which is the

height of the mountain.
10.
ds
dt
3.5 0.019s 11. (a) dC
C

R
dt
V
(a) ds
3.5 0.019s
dt
R
ln C t K1
V
1 C KeRtV
0.019
ln 3.5 0.019s t C1
Since C C0 when t 0, it follows that K C0 and

ln 3.5 0.019s 0.019t C2 the function is C C0 eRtV.
3.5 0.019s C3 e0.019t (b) Finally, as t , we have
0.019s 3.5 C3 e0.019t lim C lim C0 eRtV 0.

t t
s 184.21 Ce0.019t
(b) 400
0 200
0
(c) As t , Ce0.019t 0, and s 184.21.
12. From Exercise 39, we have C C0 eRtV. 13. (a) 1

Q RC
dC 1
V
dt
(a) For V 2, R 0.5, and C0 0.6, we have
1 t
C 0.6e0.25t.
R
ln Q RC K1
V
0.8
Q RC eR tV K1
1
C Q eR tV K1
R
0 4
1
0
Q KeRtV
R
(b) For V 2, R 1.5, and C0 0.6, we have
C 0.6e0.75t. Since C 0 when t 0, it follows that K Q and
Q
0.8 we have C 1 eRtV .
R
(b) As t , the limit of C is QR.
0 4
0

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C H A P T E R 6

Section 6.1 Slope Fields and Eulers Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Section 6.2 Differential Equations: Growth and Decay . . . . . . . . 557

Section 6.3 Separation of Variables and the Logistic Equation . . . . . 568

Section 6.4 First-Order Linear Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . 582

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602

1. Differential equation: y 4y 2. Differential Equation: 3y 4y ex

Solution: y Ce4x y ex

Check: y 4Ce4x 4y y ex

Solution: y C1 cos x C2 sin x

Check: y C1 sin x C2 cos x

6. Differential equation: y 2y 2y 0

Solution: y C1ex cos x C2ex sin x

Check: y C1 C2ex sin x C1 C2ex cos x

7. Differential Equation: y y tan x

9. y sin x cos x cos 2 x

4 sin 4 cos 4 cos  2 2

10. y 12 x 2 4 cos x 2 11. y 6e2x

y x 4 sin x y 6e2x 4x 24xe2x

Differential Equation: Differential Equation:

Initial condition: Initial condition:

In Exercises 1318, the differential equation is y4 16y 0.

13. y 3 cos x 14. y 3 cos 2x

15. y e2x 16. y 5 ln x

17. y C1e2x C2e2x C3 sin 2x C4 cos 2x

18. y 3e2x 4 sin 2x

In 1924, the differential equation is xy 2y x3ex.

19. y x 2, y 2x 20. y x 2ex, y x 2ex 2xex ex x2 2x

21. y x 22 ex , y x 2ex 2x2 ex 22. y sin x, y cos x

Particular solution: y2 14 x3 or 4y 2 x 3 Particular solution: 2x 2 y 2 2

29. Differential equation: 4yy x 0 30. Differential equation: yy x 0

31. Differential equation: y 2y 0 32. Differential equation: 3x 2yy 0

33. Differential equation: y 9y 0 Initial conditions: y 6 2, y6 1

y 9C1 sin 3x 9C2 cos 3x y 3C1 cos 3x 3C2 sin 3x

35. Differential equation: x 2 y 3xy 3y 0

36. Differential equation: 9y 12y 4y 0

Let u x 3, then x u2 3 and dx 2u du.

y xx 3 dx u2 3u2u du

dydx 22 2 0 0 22 8 dydx 3 0 3 3 0 3

57. (a), (b) y

59. (a), (b) y

69. y x y, y0 2, n 10, h 0.1

70. y x y, y0 2, n 20, h 0.05

71. y 3x 2y, y0 3, n 10, h 0.05

72. y 0.5x3 y, y0 1, n 5, h 0.4

xn 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0

yn 1 1 1.16 1.454 1.825 2.201

73. y e xy, y0 1, n 10, h 0.1

74. y cos x sin y, y0 5, n 10, h 0.1

yx 3 3.6000 4.3200 5.1840 6.2208 7.4650

yx 3 3.6300 4.3923 5.3147 6.4308 7.7812

yx 2 2.000 2.0400 2.1184 2.2317 2.3751

yx 2 2.0100 2.0595 2.1460 2.2655 2.4131

x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

yx 0 0.2200 0.4801 0.7807 0.1231 0.5097

yx 0 0.2000 0.4360 0.7074 0.0140 0.3561

yx 0 0.2095 0.4568 0.7418 0.0649 0.4273

(b) y 72 68et2 exact (b) y 72 68et2 exact

The approximations are better using h 0.05.

84. y Cekx 85. False. Consider Example 2. y x3 is a solution to

86. True 87. True

(a) (b) If h is halved, then the error is approximately

6. Differential equation: y 2y 2y 0

7. Differential Equation: y y tan x

4 sin 4 cos 4 cos 2 2

In Exercises 1318, the differential equation is y4 16y 0.

33. Differential equation: y 9y 0 Initial conditions: y 6 2, y6 1

y 9C1 sin 3x 9C2 cos 3x y 3C1 cos 3x 3C2 sin 3x

35. Differential equation: x 2 y 3xy 3y 0

36. Differential equation: 9y 12y 4y 0

Let u x 3, then x u2 3 and dx 2u du.

y xx 3 dx u2 3u2u du

dydx 22 2 0 0 22 8 dydx 3 0 3 3 0 3

(b) y 72 68et2 exact (b) y 72 68et2 exact

1 2 5 2 9y2 4x32 C 2 32

1 y ex 2 C1

y 6 ex 2C C1ex 2

0, 0: 0 6 C1 C1 6 y 6 6ex22

eC1 e34t Ce3t4

When t 100, y Ce ln121599100 0.15C Ce ln125715 t

C 125e2k 125e212ln145 12514 625

69. At Vte0.10t 100,000e0.8t e0.10t 100,000e0.8t0.10t

0.10 e0.8t0.10t 0 when 16.

73. False. If y Cekt, y Ckekt constant.

13. yy ex 0 14. x y y 0

yex 10ex dx 10ex C

yesin x cos xesin x dx

Integrating factor: e 3x