Goran Lindblad

NON-EQUILIBRIUM ENTROPY AND IRREVERSIBILITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface vii
1. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY 1
2. DYNAMICS AND WORK 10
3. INFORMATION ENTROPY
3.a Entropy and relative entropy 20
3.b Gibbs states 23
3.c Entropy-increasing processes 27
4. HEAT BATHS 32
5. REVERSIBLE PROCESSES 39
6. CLOSED FINITE SYSTEMS
6.a Available work 44
6.b Recurrences 47
6.c Entropy functions 53
7. OPEN SYSTEMS
7.a Markov description 59
7.b Available work and entropy 62
7.c Master equation models 65
8. EXTERNAL PERTURBATIONS
8.a Models of the perturbations 72
8.b Classical systems 74
8.c Quantum systems 79
8.d Effects on the entropy functions 84
9. THERMODYNAMIC LIMIT 89
10. THERMODYNAMIC ENTROPY
10.a Thermodynamic processes and entropy 95
10.b Properties of the entropy functions 98
10.c Irreversibility and approach to equilibrium 105
11. MEASUREMENTS, ENTROPY AND WORK
11.a Observations on the system 110
11.b Information and entropy 113
11.c Exchange of work and heat 118
12. OTHER APPROACHES 123
APPENDIX A. QUANTUM MARKOV PROCESSES
A.1 Reduced dynamics 133
A.2 Markov processes 136
A.3 Non-passivity of Markov processes 140
A.4 Non-KMS property of Markov processes 143
A.5 Quantum thermal fluctuations 148
APPENDIX B. SENSITIVITY OF HYPERBOLIC MOTION 150
REFERENCES 156
NOTATION INDEX 163
SUBJECT INDEX 165
SUBJECT INDEX
accessibility 15, 96 irreversibility 33, 44, 48-9 66, 105,
adiabatic limit 43 116
adiabatic process 96 K-mixing system 76
available work 26, 46, 62, 98, 108, 113 KMS condition 145
autocorrelation function 143 KMS state 27, 34
Bloch equations 68, 141 Liapounov exponents 76
Carnot cycles 43, 62-3 Lie-Trotter formula 69, 139
chaos 75, 80 Loschmidt paradox 2, 47
complete positivity 133 Markov process 67, 136
correlations 28, 61, 114 Markov property 60, 73, 138
cycles 12 master equations 65, 135, 139
detailed balance 136 Maxwell's demon 18, 113
dissipation 135 measurements 110-2
dissipative part 134 mobility semigroup 14, 97
distance to P-equilibrium 109 observables 10, 18
dynamical maps 12, 133 open systems 17, 59, 133
dynamical semigroup 134 optimal work cycle 46, 98
dual map 12, 135 origin of a cycle 13
duration of a cycle 12 partial state 21, 60
entropy, information- 20, 110, 126 passivity 26, 106, 108
- , KS- 76, 127 preparation of states 32
- , P- 97 P-entropy 97
entropy, relative 21, 108 P-equilibrium state 109
- , specific 92 quantum regression theorem 67, 137
- , subjective 129 quantum stochastic process 67
-, thermodynamic 53, 63, 97 quasi-periodic motion 77
entropy production 65 recurrences 15, 47, 93
equilibrium states 23, 97, 105 reduced dynamics 60, 133
essentially isolated system 29 relative entropy 21, 108
exponential instability 75, 150 reproducible states 38, 96
external fields 10 reservoirs 34
fluctuations 58, 91, 111 reservoir stability 35
generator 134 return to equilibrium 33
Gibbs states 23 reversible processes 39, 43
global mobility 14 sensitivity to perturbations 31, 78, 150
Hamiltonian 10 specific energy, -entropy 90
heat baths 32, 34 spectral function 145
heat transfer 120 spin echo 1, 15
H-theorem 22, 139 stability properties 24, 35
hyperbolic system 76, 150 stochastic Hamiltonian 28
I-entropy 20, 110, 126 stochastic transition 37, 76
information 112 thermodynamic entropy 53, 63, 97
- limit 40, 89
- processes 95
- stability 24
time rescaling 34, 37, 135
time's arrow 19
time scales 51
unitary invariance 21
variational principle 24
weak coupling limit (WCL) 34, 135
white noise 29, 74, 148
work 16, 118-22
- cycle 12, 96
- observable 16
Zermelo paradox 47