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Article history: In this work, a general method using exergy analysis has been proposed to achieve a compromise
Received 19 October 2011 between heat transfer effectiveness and pressure loss in heat transfer optimization problems involving
Received in revised form 25 January 2012 internal channels. The proposed method is applied to the design optimization of a channel roughened
Accepted 25 January 2012
by staggered arrays of dimples for heat transfer augmentation. Optimization is performed using surro-
Available online 22 March 2012
gate-based optimization techniques and three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes analysis.
Three nondimensional design variables are dened using the dimpled channel height, dimple print diam-
Keywords:
eter, dimple spacing, and dimple depth. The objective function is dened as the net exergy gain consid-
Optimization
Dimpled channel
ering the exergy gain by heat transfer, and exergy losses generated by friction and heat transfer. Twenty
Exergy design points are generated using Latin hypercube sampling, and the Kriging model is used as a surrogate
Objective function model to approximate the objective function values in the design space. Through optimization, the objec-
Kriging model tive function is successfully improved with respect to the reference geometry.
RANS analysis 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction can be increased by 30% with the cavities as compared to the chan-
nel with smooth surface while pressure loss increased by 19%. Silva
Recently, with increased emphasis on energy savings, various et al. [6] investigated dimples on surfaces of heat sinks of micro-
heat transfer augmentation devices such as pin ns, dimples, and electronic cooling and suggested that the dimples increase the heat
ribs have been developed and utilized. These devices improve con- transfer by 2.5 times for laminar and transition ow. Moon et al.
vective heat transfer by disturbing the thermal boundary layer and [7] showed that the friction factor is relatively independent of
enhancing the production of turbulent kinetic energy [1]. However, the Reynolds number and channel height for a single surface
such heat transfer augmentation devices inevitably result in in- roughened by staggered dimples. They suggest that dimples
creased hydrodynamic resistance due to added friction. change the ow pattern, thereby increasing turbulent heat transfer
Several researchers have examined heat transfer and friction and pressure drop. Therefore, modication of the shape and
losses over dimpled surfaces using experimental and numerical arrangement of dimples in a channel affects cooling channel
studies. Ligrani et al. [1] reviewed turbulent heat transfer enhance- performance.
ment techniques such as ribs, pin ns, and dimples in internal ow Heat transfer is generally enhanced by sacricing some energy
passages (e.g., turbine blades). Mahmood and Ligrani [2] reported into uid friction. Exergy loss is directly proportional to irreversi-
that heat transfer is augmented as the ratio of channel height to bilities. Heat transfer enhancement and increased friction loss re-
dimple print diameter decreases. Burgess and Ligrani [3] deter- sult in increased exergy loss. In our previous works [811], in
mined experimentally that the heat transfer rate increases as the order to achieve a compromise between the enhancement of heat
ratio of dimple depth to dimple print diameter increases. Experi- transfer and the reduction of friction loss from heat transfer aug-
mental results for dimples and protrusions in an internal cooling mentation devices, a weighted sum multi-objective optimization
channel were reported by Hwang and Cho [4]. They suggest that approach was applied to transform a bi-objective problem into a
dimples on both surfaces of a channel are better than dimples on mono-objective problem using a weighting factor. These studies
a single surface or on a protruded surface with respect to pressure described the need to determine a weighting factor, and this is
drop or Nusselt number enhancement. Laminar ows (Re = 1000 the motivation of the present work. And, it is determined that exer-
5000, based on hydraulic diameter) in parallel channels with gy analysis could be used to solve this problem.
hemi-cylindrical cavities on opposite walls were studied by Exergy analysis is an effective method used to identify the
Ridouane and Campo [5], and they presented that the heat transfer causes of losses in a thermal system, and to calculate their magni-
tudes [12,13]. Bali and Sarac [12] experimentally investigated the
heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of decaying swirl
Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 32 872 3096; fax: +82 32 868 1716.
ow in a horizontal pipe. They performed exergy analysis to
E-mail address: kykim@inha.ac.kr (K.-Y. Kim).
0017-9310/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.02.003
K.-D. Lee, K.-Y. Kim / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 27922799 2793
Nomenclature
determine the net exergy loss of turbulent pipe ow. Bejan [13] re- 2. Numerical analysis
ported the fundamentals of methods of exergy analysis and mini-
mization of entropy generation. Durmus [14] investigated the The computational domain and geometric variables of a stag-
effects of a cut-out conical turbulator placed in a heat exchanger gered array dimpled channel are shown in Fig. 1. Thirteen dimples
tube on heat transfer rates and pressure loss. Exergy analysis was were printed on the bottom side of the channel, and dimple edges
performed for conditions with and without the turbulator. next to the at surface were made sharp for maximum heat trans-
In this study, to determine the method to compromise between fer augmentation. To perform a 3-D steady RANS analysis of the
heat transfer and pressure loss in general heat transfer optimiza- uid ow and convective heat transfer in a dimpled channel,
tion problems in internal channels, exergy was used as an objective ANSYS CFX-12.1 computational uid dynamics (CFD) commercial
function for the optimization of a dimpled cooling channel. The software [15], which employs unstructured grids, was used in this
objective function was dened as the net exergy gain considering work. The solutions were obtained using the nite volume method
the exergy gain by heat transfer, and exergy losses by friction to discretize the RANS equations. The shear stress transport (SST)
and heat transfer. The optimum geometry was obtained using sur- model reported by Menter [16] was employed as a turbulence clo-
rogate-based optimization techniques with a three-dimensional sure. Fig. 2 shows an example of the grid system for the whole
(3-D) Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes (RANS) analysis. computational domain and near the dimpled wall. The grid was
created using ANSYS ICEM-11.0 mesh generation software. An
unstructured tetrahedral grid system was used with a hexahedral
grid at the wall region to resolve the high velocity gradient. The
rst nodes from the end wall were chosen such that the y+ value
was of the order of unity or less, which is required to implement
a low Reynolds number SST model.
Fig. 1. Computational domain and geometric variables. Fig. 2. Example of computational grids.
2794 K.-D. Lee, K.-Y. Kim / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 27922799
Table 1
Design variables and design space.
Limits Variables
H/d Hd/d d/S
Lower 0.2 0.1 0.30
Upper 1.5 0.3 0.57
Fig. 1 shows a channel with a single surface roughened by stag- improved operation or technology [17]. Heat transfer enhance-
gered dimples. Using ve geometric parameters (channel height H, ment is generally achieved by sacricing some energy into uid
dimple print diameter d, dimple depth Hd, distance between dim- friction. In any heat transfer process, irreversibilities occur mainly
ples S, and dimple pitch P), H/d, Hd/d, d/S, and S/P were determined. by friction and heat transfer, as shown in Fig. 3. Therefore, in this
In this work, S/P was set to 1.73 to reduce the number of variables. study, the objective function was dened as the net exergy gain
Hence, three design variables, H/d, Hd/d and d/S, were selected for considering the exergy gain by heat transfer, and exergy losses
the optimization. by friction and heat transfer process, as follows:
The design space was set as shown in Table 1. To determine the
ranges of the design variables, preliminary calculations were per- F E_ gain E_ loss 1
formed over wide ranges. Before selecting the nal ranges of the
variables, it was checked that the lower and upper limits of the where Egain represents the exergy transfer accompanying heat
variables produce feasible geometries. transfer Q_ , and is dened as follows:
T0 _
4. Objective function E_ gain 1 Q 2
T1
The concept of exergy is based on both the rst law and second where T0 and T1 are the reference (environment) and wall temper-
law of thermodynamics. Exergy analysis can clearly indicate the atures, respectively, and the exergy loss by friction and heat transfer
locations of energy degradation in a process, which could lead to is dened as
K.-D. Lee, K.-Y. Kim / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 27922799 2795
T1 2qPU 3 Ac
In Eq. (3), T2 is the uid (air) temperature, and the rst and second wf 2
11
T 1 T 2 kAh
terms on the right hand side represent the exergy losses by heat
Table 3
Optimization results.
Fig. 6. Nusselt number distributions along the streamwise dimple diagonal for the
reference and optimized shapes. Fig. 7. Local Nusselt number distributions on dimpled surface.
K.-D. Lee, K.-Y. Kim / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 27922799 2797
Fig. 8. Distributions of streamwise vorticity component (xx) on yz plane at x/S = 0 (left) and 0.25 (right).
the streamwise direction. As expected, the numerical results with The geometry presented by Hwang and Cho [4] was used as the
the constant heat ux condition shows better agreement with reference shape. The optimization shows that the three design
the experimental results than those with the constant temperature variables yielded commonly reduced values compared to the refer-
condition. However, the latter results also shows good agreement ence shape. The optimal shape shows that the exergy gain by heat
with experimental data except in the dimple where the heat trans- transfer increased by 26.0%, the exergy loss by friction increased by
fer is somewhat under-predicted. 4.7%, and the exergy loss by heat transfer decreased by 20.7%. Thus,
Optimization was performed to maximize the net exergy ob- the value of the objective function increased by 32.8% compared to
tained by the heat transfer in the dimpled channel. The dimpled the reference geometry. The objective function value predicted
channel was optimized with respect to three design variables: H/ using the Kriging model at the optimal point shows a relative error
d, Hd/d, and d/S. Twenty experimental points were selected by of 8% compared to that of the RANS analysis.
LHS in the design space (Table 1), and numerical predictions for A nding by Mahmood and Ligrani [2] suggests that the lower
the objective function were performed at these points to construct value of the channel height produces higher heat transfer rate.
a surrogate model for optimization. Finally, an optimum point was The ratio of channel height to dimple diameter (H/d) for the opti-
found from the constructed surrogate model using sequential qua- mum design also shows a lower value in comparison with that of
dratic programming (SQP). the reference geometry. On the other hand, the ratio Hd/d for the
Table 2 shows 20 experimental points selected by the LHS and optimum geometry is lower than that of the reference geometry,
their objective function values. These results clearly show the com- but this contradicts the results of Burgess and Ligrani [3] who sug-
peting nature between heat transfer enhancement and friction gested that a deeper dimple (higher value of Hd/d) produces a high-
loss. Case 17 shows the highest exergy gain and exergy loss, and er heat transfer rate for Hd/d less than or equal to 0.3. This is mainly
vice versa for case 11. Cases 3, 4, and 16 show relatively higher due to the fact that the objective of the present optimization is not
objective function values compared to the other experimental only enhancing the heat transfer but also reducing the pressure
designs. loss since the pressure loss decreases rapidly with the increase of
Table 3 shows the surrogate predicted values of the design vari- dimple depth as can be found in Table 2. And, the contradiction
ables and the objective function for the optimal and reference is partly attributed to the combined effects of the three design vari-
geometries, and corresponding results of the RANS calculations. ables. An optimum value of the d/S is near the lower bound of the
2798 K.-D. Lee, K.-Y. Kim / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55 (2012) 27922799
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgements
[15] CFX-12.1 Solver Theory. Ansys Inc. 2009. [18] J.D. Martin, T.W. Simpson, Use of Kriging models to approximate deterministic
[16] F.R. Menter, Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering computer models, AIAA J. 4 (1989) 853863.
applications, AIAA J. 32 (1994) 15981605. [19] S.A. Isaev, A.I. Leontev, Numerical simulation of vortex enhancement of heat
[17] L. Dincer, Y. Cengel, Energy, entropy and exergy concepts and their roles in transfer under conditions of turbulent ow past a spherical dimple on the wall
thermal engineering, Exergy 2 (2001) 116149. of a narrow channel, High Temp. 41 (2003) 665679.