Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
. .
11
22
30
32
33
35
37
42
42
45
45 -
47 -
49
52
54
58
58
60
60
61
63
63
64
-1
. -2
-3 .
-4
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
-9 .
-10 .
( )
( )
( ) ,
.
-:
-
- .
- .
- .
. -
-
. .1
. .2
. .3
. .4
. .5
. .6
.7
.8
0.9% .9
.1 -:
. -
. -
( )5x -
seminiferous tubules .
( )10x -: -
-1
, .
-2 .
-:
-3 spermatogonia
.
-1 primary spermatocytes
-2 secondary spermatocytes
,
.
-3 spermatide
,
.
-4 spermatozoa
.
-2 , , ,
.
.2 -:
-
( )5 x or 10 x -
. -:
( )1 Oogonia .
( -)2 primary follicles
( )3 secondary follicles
( -)4 growing follicles
( -)5 Griffin follicles
.
( )6 Corpus luteum
.
- .
-: -1
-2
..................................................................................
. -3
.....................................................................................
-4
.....................................................................................
Amphioxus embryo
Proto chordate Chordata Phylum
. Subphylum Cephalocherdata
. 26 .
.
-:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4
-1
-2
( )1 .
()2 .
( )3 .
()4 .
( )5 .
( )6 .
-1 :
- .
- .
-
.
-2 .
.
-3 :
- .
- 4.
- 8.
8
- 16.
- 32.
- .
- .
-4 .
-1 .
-2
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
..............
10
Frog embryo
.zygote
, .
32 ( )Morula
( ,)Blastula ( )Gastrula
-:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-1 .
-2
.
.
.
.1 ().
11
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
12
.5 .
.6 .
. .
. 4.
. 8
. .
. .
. .
. .
13
.7 .
-5
14
-6
15
-1
-2 -:
-3 .
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. ..
................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
16
-1 .
-
Epidemal ectoderm Neural plate
. ecterderm
- Neural
folds .
- Neural
tube .
-
Neural crest cell
Spinal ganglia
Sympathetic system
.
.1 T.s of the Neural plate stage
.2 T.s of the Neural fold stage
.3 T.s of the Neural Tube stage
17
18
-2 :
-1 3.
-2 6 .
-3 10.
.
19
-3 6 ( ) .
20
-1 :
...............................................................................
...........................................................................................
...............................................................................................
-3
................................................................................................... .
....................................................................................................
-4 3 10
............................................................................................. ........
.....................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................
21
( )
, , . (
) , .
-:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- ( )
-
. .1
. .2
. .3
. .4
.5
.6
. .7
. .8
-1
- :
.
.
- :
22
, ( ) ,
, .
- :
( ) .
- :
.
.
- : ,
.
: -3
,
.
23
: -4
12
-5 ( ) 21-18 :
24
25
-6 () 24 :
, , 5-4
24
26
24 -1
................................................................................
...............................................................................
..............................................................................
...............................................................................
-2
-3
-4
......................................................................................................................................
..............................................................
27
-1 33
13
. . 33
28
-2 48
,
29
48 -1
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
33 -2
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................
33
30
.
. .
-:
. -1
-2
-1
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-1
-2
-3
31
-1
-2
32
( )
:
)2 )1
)4 )3
.
:
)1
)2
)3
.
)1
)2
. %2 )3
)4
33
- (Simple epithelium):
) . ) Squamous epithelium )1
.
)1 ) . ) Columnar epithelium
.
34
35
- )(Stratified epithelium
.
.
-:
. .
-3 (( Transitional epithelium
.
. .
.
36
37
- )(Glandular epithelium
.
-:
- . ( ) Goblet cells
. .
- : -:
-1 :
-2 :
:
- ( ( Simple glands :
(( Simple tubular .
( ) .
) ( Simple branched tubular
( (Simple coiled tubular
.
( (Simple alveolar .
. .
( (simple branched alveolar
, (. (sebaceous glands
38
39
- ( (compound glands . :
( (compound tubular . .
( )compound alveolar
.
( (compound tubulo-alveolar ,
.
:
- ()
-
-
: ,
.
40
41
-1
-2
-3
42
() Connective tissues
.1
.2
.3
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
( ) .
43
( )
.
44
45
( )2 () skeletal tissue
Cartilage
3 : ( ) ,
( ) Hyaline cartilage
.
,
. .
( ) Fibro-cartilage
.
. .
) Elastic cartilage( :
.
. .
46
47
48
Bone
,
.
.
) Compact bone ( :
:
()
49
50
( )3 ( ) Vascular tissues
.
.
) : (Blood
( )62 .
: :
) ( ) Neutrophils (3 5 )
) ( ) Eosinophils
.
) ( )Basophiles
. S
: :
) ( ) Lymphocytes .
) ( ) Monocytes .
)3 () Blood platelets
51
VSCULAR TISSUES
52
-1
-2
-3
-2
53
: : ,
: ,
:
:
)1
)2
) ( ) Smooth muscle
, .
.
) ( ) Striated or skeletal muscle
,
.
, ,
, ,
. .
,
) ) Cardiac muscle ( :
.
,
.
54
55
( )2 )(Nervous tissues
) ) Nerve cell( :
( ) .
. .
) ( ) Nerve - fiber
( )
, .
.
.
. .
,
.
H .
.
.
56
57
58
-1
-2
-3 .
.
59
( )
) :
)1
, )2
.
: )3
.
: )4
-
- 20
)5
)6
)7
,
. )8
)9
60
) :
) 1 ,
)1
)2
)3
)4
)5 -
)6
)7
)8
61
( )
. -1
. -2
.0.9 % -3
. -4
. -5
. -6
. -7
-8
)3 )2(2% ) ) 1
)7 )6 )5 ) 4
-1
-2
- 3
4 ( 5 -3)
-5 10 -5
- 6
-7
-8
* ( )4 ()10
62
)3 + )2 )1
) 7 , + )6 %95 )5 )4 ()
)9 )8
-1
-2 % 70
-3
-4
- 5 ( )
-6
-7 ( )
-8
-9
) -10 + . (
-12
-11
-12
-13
63
-1
-2 () 450
-3
64
( )
.1 ()
.2 (1)
.3
.4
.5 5-3
.6 7-5
.7 37
-1 ( - - - )
-2 5-10
-3
-4 37
65
-1 ( : )1998 , ,
-2 , ( : )1994 ,
-3 , ( : )1998 ( )
-4 , ( :)1981 , .
-5 ( :)1981 , .
-6 ( :)1988 ,
-7 , , ( :)1996 ,
-8 , ( :)1980 , ,
-9 , , , ( :)2001
,
10- Bruce M Carlson: 2007 foundations embryology, sixth edition, McGraw- Hill Company
66