d and f block Elements

Give Reasons
1. The enthalpies of atomisation of the transition metals are high.
2. Transition elements have high boiling points and melting points.
3. Transition elements show variable oxidation states.
4. The Transition elements form coloured compounds.
5. Transition metals and their many compounds act as good catalyst.
6. Transition elements form interstitial compounds.
7. Transition elements form complexes.
8. Transition elements form alloys.
9. Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered as transition elements.
10. Transition elements are paramagnetic in nature.
11. Copper is regarded as a transitional metal though it has completely filled d orbitals.
12. Ionisation energies of 5 d elements are greater than 3d elements.
13. Melting and boiling points of Zn, Cd and Hg are low
14. Mn2+ compounds are more stable than Fe 2+ towards oxidation to their +3 state
15. Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+.
16. Chemistry of all lanthanoids is identical.
17. Ag has a completely filled d orbital in ground state but it is still a transition metal.
18. Why is europium (II) more stable than cerium (II)?
19. Cr3+ is more stable in aq. Solutions
20. Cu+ is colourless while Cu2+ is coloured. Or Cu+ is diamagnetic whereas Cu2+ is paramagnetic.
21. Sc is regarded as a transition element but not zinc.
22. Co (II) is stable in aq. solution but in presence of strong ligands and air it is oxidized into Co(III).
23. Ce (III) is easily oxidized to Ce(IV)
24. Of the d4 species Cr(II) is strongly reducing while Mn(III) is strongly oxidizing.
25. In series Sc to Zn, enthalpy of atomisation of Zn is the lowest.
26. The E M2+/M value for copper is positive.
27. Oxidising power increases from VO2+ <Cr2O72-<MnO4-
28. Irregular variation of first and second ionization enthalpies in the first transition series of transition
elements have been observed.
29. Highest oxidation state of metal is exhibited in oxides and fluorides only.
30. Cr2+ is stronger reducing agent than Fe2+.
31. Cu+ is not stable in aq. Solutions
32. +2 oxidation state becomes more stable in first half of first row of transition elements with increasing Z.
33. The lowest oxide of a metal is basic the highest is amphoteric/ acidic.
34. E value for Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is more than Cr3+/Cr2+ or Fe3+/Fe2+
35. Actinoid contraction is greater from element to element than lanthanoid contraction
36. The d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.
37. Melting points of transition metals increase up to the middle of the series and then decrease.
38. Zn, Cd and Hg are softer and volatile metals
39. Cr and Cu exhibit exceptional electronic configurations.
40. Sc3+ and Zn2+ are colourless in aqueous solutions.
41. Transition metal series exhibit fewer oxidation states at their extreme ends. (Sc, Ti, Cu)
42. Hydrated copper sulphate is blue where as anhydrous copper sulphate is white
43. The third ionisation enthalpies of Mn & Zn are quite high in comparison to Fe.
44. Zn has little tendency to form complexes
45. [Ti(H2O)6]+3+ is coloured while [Sc(H2O)6]3+ is colourless
46. Scandium(II) is virtually unknown.
47. The magnetic moment of Co3+ is higher than that of Co2+.
48. The atomic sizes of corresponding elements of 4d and 5d series are almost the same.
Or The first-ionisation enthalpies of the 5-d transition elements are higher than those
of the 4-d metals. Or The ionisation enthalpy of Hf (6th period) is higher than that of
Zr (5th period
 49. La3+ and Lu3+ are colourless while rest of lanthanoids are coloured in the solid as well
as in aqueous state.
50. The most common oxidation state of lanthanoids is +3. However cerium and europium form additional
oxidation states of +4 and +2 respectively.
51. Ce4+ is a good oxidant.
52. Eu2+ is a good reducing agent.
53. Metal - metal bonding is more frequent for 4d and 5d series transition metal than that for 3d series
54. Unlike Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+ and other subsequent M2+ ions of the 3d series of elements, the 4d and 5d
series metals do not generally form stable cationic species.
55. The largest number of oxidation states is exhibited in the middle of first row of transition metals.

NCERT Exercise
1. Explain briefly how +2 oxidation state becomes more and more stable in the first half of first row
transition elements with increasing atomic number?
2. To what extent does the electronic configuration decide the stability of oxidation states in the first
series of the transition element? Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.
3. What may be the stable oxidation state of the transition element with the following d electron
configuration in the ground state of their atoms? 3d3, 3d5, 3d8, 3d4.
4. Name the oxometal in the first series of transition metals in which the metal exhibits oxidation state
equal to group number.
5.What is lanthanoid contraction? What atre the consequences of it ?
6.In what way is the electronic configuration of transition elements different from that of non transition
elements?
7.How is the variability in oxidation state of transition elements different from that of non transition
elements?
8.Describe the large scale preparation of Potassium dichromate from chromite ore(FeCr 2O) What is the
effect of increasing pH on a solution of potassium dichromate?
9.Describe the large scale preparation of: KMnO4 manufactured from pyrolusite
10. For M2+/M and M3+/M2+ systems, the values for some metals are as follows:
Cr2+/Cr 0.9V Cr3/Cr2+ 0.4 V
Mn2+/Mn 1.2V Mn3+ /Mn2+ +1.5 V
Fe2+ /Fe 0.4V Fe3+/Fe2+ +0.8 V
Use this data to comment upon:
(i) The stability of Fe3+ in acid solution as compared to that of Cr3+ or Mn3+ and
(ii) The ease with which iron can be oxidised as compared to a similar process for either chromium or
manganese metal
11. Predict which of the following will be coloured in aqueous solution? Ti3+, V3+, Cu+, Sc3+, Mn2+, Fe3+
and Co2+. Give reasons for each.
12. Compare the chemistry of actinoids with that of the lanthanoids with special
reference to:
(i) electronic configuration (iii) oxidation state
(ii) atomic and ionic sizes and (iv) chemical reactivity
13.What is meant by disproportionation? Give two examples of disproportionation reaction in aqueous
solution
14. Which metal in the first series of transition metals exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently and
why?
15. What are alloys? Name an important alloy which contains some of the lanthanoid metals. Mention its
uses. 0r What is misch-metal?
16. Use Hunds rule to derive the electronic configuration of Ce 3+ ion and calculate its
magnetic moment on the basis of spin-only formula.
17. Write down the number of 3d electrons in each of the following ions:
Ti2+ V2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, CO2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+.
 18. Compare the general characteristics of the first series of the transition metals with those of the
second and third series metals in the respective vertical columns. Give special emphasis on
the following points:
(i) electronic configurations,
(ii) oxidation states,
(iii) ionisation enthalpies, and
(iv) atomic sizes.
19. Name a transition element that does not exhibit variable oxidation state.
20. Which of the 3d transition metal exhibits the largest no. of oxidation states?
21. For the first row of transition elements the E values are
E V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
(M2+/M) -1.18 -0.91 -1.18 -0.44 -0.28 -0.25 0.34
Explain irregularity in above values.
22. Calculate the magnetic moment of divalent cation in aq. solution if its Z = 2
23. Calculate the magnetic moment of divalent cation in aq. solution if its Z = 27
24. Name a member of lanthanoid series which is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation
state.
25. What are coinage metals?
26. Name the metal with the highest melting point
27. Name the actinoid with no 5f electron.
28. Name the lanthanoid with the maximum paramagnetism.
29. What are transuranic elements?
30. Describe the general trends in properties of 3 d transition metals with respect to (i)atomic size (ii)
oxidation states (iii) formation of coloured ions

Complete the following reactions

1. Cr2O72- + Fe2+ + H+ -
2. Cr2O72- + Sn2+ + H+ -
3. Cr2O72- + I- + H+ -
4. Cr2O72- + H2S + H+ -
5. MnO4- + I- + H+ -
6. MnO4- + I- + H+ -
7. MnO4- + Fe2+ + H+ -
8. MnO4- + C2O4- + H+ -
9. MnO4- + S2- + H+ -
10. MnO4- + SO32- + H+ -
11. MnO4- + NO2- + H+ -
12. MnO4- + I- + H2O-
13. MnO4- + S2O32- + H2O-
14. MnO4- + Mn2+ + H2O -