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STUDYMATERIAL &
NOTES

upscstudymaterial

Principle And Operation Of

Magnetrons And Travelling Wave
Tube
JUN30ENGINEERINGNOTES 17937 VIEWS 14COMMENTS ON PRINCIPLE AND OPERATION OF
MAGNETRONSANDTRAVELLINGWAVETUBE

MAGNETRON Buy
Magnetronisagroupingofasimplediodevacuumtubetogetherwithbuiltin Now
cavityresonatorsandanexceptionallypowerfulmagnet.Therearethreetypes

ofmagnetrons:
GetFreestudents
Negativeresistancetype
DetailsForyour
Cyclotronfrequencytype

TravellingwaveorCavitytype
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callnow:012042214
Negative resistance magnetrons make use of negative resistance between two
13
anodesegments.
ClickHereToRegiter
Cyclotron frequency magnetrons depends upon synchronism amid an

alternating component of electric field and periodic oscillation of electrons in a
ifyouwanttoteachonline
directionparalleltothisfield.
RegisterYourself

Cavitytypemagnetronsdependsupontheinterfaceofelectronswitharotating

electromagneticfieldofconstantangularvelocity.
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CONSTRUCTION
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A magnetron consist of a cathode which is used to release the electrons and

number of anode cavities and a permanent magnet is placed on the flipside of

cathode and the space between the anode cavity and the cathode is called

interactingspace.

Theelectronswhichareemittedfromthecathodemovesindiversepathinthe

interacting space depending upon strength of electric and magnetic fields

appliedtothemagnetron.

OPERATION

Depending upon the relative strength of the magnetic and electric field the

electrons released from the cavity move towards the anode will navigate

throughtheinteractingspace.

Effectofelectricfieldonly

Inthenonexistenceofmagneticfield(B=0),theelectronsmovedirectlyfrom

thecathodetotheanodeduetotheradialelectricfieldforceactingonit.

Ifthemagneticfieldstrengthincreasesvaguely(i.eformoderatevalueofB),it

willapplyalateralforcebendingthepathofelectron.

Ifthestrengthoftheelectronsismadeadequatelyhighenoughsoastoavert

theelectronsfromreachingtheanode,theanodecurrentbecomeszero.

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Themagneticfieldrequiredtoreturnelectronsbacktocathodejustgazingthe
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surfaceoftheanodeiscalledthecriticalmagneticfieldorcutoffmagneticf

field(Bc)

IfthemagneticfieldislargerthancriticalMagneticfield(B>Bc),theelectrons

experiencesagreaterrotationalforceandmayreturnbacktocathodequite

faster.Thisresultsinheatingofcathode.

Effectsofmagneticfieldsonly

Themagneticfieldisappliedperpendiculartoelectricfieldhenceisiscalledaxial

magneticfield,thereforethemagnetronsarecalledcrossfielddevicebecauseof

radialelectricfieldandaxialmagneticfieldareperpendiculartoeachother.

Ifthemagneticfieldstrengthismorethantheelectronsemittedwillreturn

backtocathodewithhighvelocitywhichmaydestroythecathodecavitythis

effectiscalledbackheatingofcathode.

Combineeffectofelectricfieldandmagneticfield

Whenbothfieldsareexistinginthatcasetheelectronmayhavedissimilarpath

dependinguponthestrengthofEandH.

IfE>H,inthatcasetheelectronsreachattheanodebutthepathwillbebend

becauseofsmallmagneticfield.

IfH>E,inthiscasetheelectronsreturnbacktothecathode.

MECHANISMOFOSCILLATIONINMAGNETRON(modeofOscillation)

Itisunderstoodthattheoscillationarecapableofstartingadevicebecauseof

highqualityfactor.

Q=fc/BW(ForoscillatorBW0,HenceQ)

The self oscillation can be maintained if the phase dissimilarity between anode

cavityisN/4andthebestresultcanbeobtainedforN=4.

Hence,itiscalledmodeoscillation.

TWT(TRAVELLINGWAVETUBE)

The travelling wave tube is a new sort of tube which displayed considerable

promiseasaboardbandamplifierproposedbyPierceandothersin1946.

TWTASAMPLIFIER

Thetravellingwavetubeisanamplifierwhichmakesuseofadistributed

interactionbetweenanelectronbeamandtravellingwave.

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IncaseofTWTtheinteractingspaceisextendedforthetotallengthofthetube
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sothatbunchingtakesplacecontinuously. TOP COLLEGES PLACEMENT OPINION

ThebasicstructureofaTWTconsistofacathodetoemittheelectronsandinput

waveguideandtheoutputwaveguidesoasitgiveinputsignalandtotakeout

theRFoutput.

Amagneticfieldisappliedsoastofocustheelectronsalongthecenterofthe

helicalstructure.

Attenuatorsareprovidedtoabsorbthereflectedelectronssoastoavoid

occurrenceofanyoscillationalongthetubeduetoimpedancevariance.

SLOWWAVESTRUCTURE
Generallythephasevelocity(Vp)ofinputsignal(RFsignalwhichisamicrowave

signal)islargerthanthespeedoflightc,thereforeforbunchingtobepossible

bothmustmoveinthesamedirectionwiththesamevelocity.ThustheRf

signalismadetopassthroughslowwavestructuresotheaxialcomponentof

thephasevelocityalmostequaltoVe.

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OPERATION

TWTbeinganlinearbeamdevicemainlyusedinmicrowaveamplifierinwhich

thebunchingoccurscontinuouslyandtoextendtheinteractionweintroduce

slowwavestructuresothattheelectronsbeamRFsignalmovewithsame

velocityinthesamedirection.

TheelectronswhichmoveagainstthenegativehalfcycleoftheRFsignalwill

bunchtogetherandtransportedenergytotheRFandthebunchingprocessis

continuesandweobtaintheamplifiedoutputacrosstheoutputwaveguide

whichisshownbelow

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GAINCHARACTERISTICSOFSLOWWAVE
STRUCTURE
Theoutputgainisdefinedas,

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1.TubeAmplifier

2.WaveLength

Ap=10log|outputpower/inputpower|

Ap=9.54+47.3NCdb

where,N=electricwavelength

C=gainparameter=(IoZo/4Vo)^1/3

where,Io=dcbeamcurrent

vo=dcbeamvoltage

Zo=characteristicsimpedance

QUESTIONSANDANSWERS
Q)A travelling wave tibe (TWT) has the folliwing characteristics dc beam

current(Io)=4mA, beam Voltage(Vo)=2KV ,characteristics

impedance(Z0)=20,frequency f=8GHz.Calculate the gain parameter and the

powerindbgiventhecircuitlengthN=50?

Ans) gain parameter ,C=(Io Zo/4Vo)^1/3=

(410^320/4210)=2.1610^2

powerindb=9.54+47.3(50)(2.1610^2)=41.46db

Q)DistinguishbetweenbetweenTWTandklystron?

Ans)

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TWT KLYSTRON
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IncaseofTWTtheeldtravelsalong Fieldisstaonaryonlyelectron
withtheelectronbeam. beamtravels.
Theinteraconoftheelectronbeam Inthiscasetheinteracontakeplace
andtheRFeldisconnousover onlyatthegapsofafewresonant
theenrelength. cavity.
TheinputwaveinTWTis Theinputwaveisnotpropagang
propagangwave wave
TheTWTisanonresonang Klystronisaresonangmicrowave
microwavecircuit. circuit.

Q)ExplainbunchingProcess?

Ans:Bunchingisaprocessbywhichtheelectronstakeenergyfromthecavityat

differenttimeanddeliveredtothecavityatthesametimeasshowninfig

Q:ComparisonbetweenreflexklystronandMagnetron?

Klystronsarelineartubeinwhichthemagneticfieldisappliedtofocusthe

electronandtheelectricfieldisappliedtodrifttheelectron.But,incaseof

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magnetronboththeelectricandmagneticfieldsareperpendiculartoeachother
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,henceiscalledacrossfielddevice.

Inklystronthebunchingtakesplaceonlyinsidethecavitywhichisverysmall

widthhence,generatelowpowerandlowefficiency.But,inmagnetronthe

interactingspaceorthebunchingspaceisextended,soefficiencycanbe

increased.

Magnetronaremainlyusedasoscillatorinradarcommunicationfortelemery

operationandalsousedinmissiles.

Q:Whymagnetroniscalledcrossfielddevice?

Ans:In case of magnetron both the electric field and magnetic field are

perpendiculartoeachother,henceiscalledacrossfielddevice

Q:WhataretheapplicationsofTWT?

Ans:Applicationsare

Repeateramplifierinwidebandcommunicationlink.

Mediumandhighpowersatellitetransponderoutput.

WorkasCW(continousWave)radar&radarjammingsystem

GATESyllabus

1.GatesyllabusforElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering

IESSyllabus

1.IESSyllabusforElectronicsandTelecomm

2.IESSyllabusforGeneralAbility

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ABOUTTHEAUTHOR:MAMATAKUMARISHARMA

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14RESPONSESTOPRINCIPLEANDOPERATIONOFMAGNETRONSAND
TRAVELLINGWAVETUBE

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18/03/2017at2:05pm

howmagnetronworks

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18/03/2017at2:04pm

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06/01/2017at11:51pm

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