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Low-cost
Options for
Treating Faecal
Sludges (FS) in
Developing
Countries
Martin Strauss
EAWAG / SANDEC
www.sandec.eawag.ch
Tel.+41 44 823 5020 / 5553 1
Contents
FS characteristics
Research approach
Results
Latin America
Tanzania
Ghana
Philippines
Manila
Bangkok
0 20 40 60 80 100
4
Challenges: how to shift our mind set?
5
FS characteristics in selected
cities in developing countries
Accra
Accra Alcorta Ouagadougou Bangkok
Location (Ghana)
(Ghana
(Argentina) (Burkina Faso.) (Thailand)
)
Public toilet
Type of FS sludge
Septage Septage
15,350
(6,000 35,000
TS (mg/L) 52,500 12,000
SS)
19,000 (2,200 67,200)
15,700
COD (mg/L) 49,000 7,800 4,200 13,500 (1,200 76,000)
415
NH4-N (mg/L) 3,300 330 150 - (120 1,200)
6
Developing FS treatment options
in partnership
Thailand/Vietnam
Burkina Faso/Ghana
Argentina
7
Appropriate FS treatment options
in developing countries
8
Selected FS treatment options
11
Removal efficiency and challenges
Constructed wetlands
(septage) 85 97 75
Drying beds
80 70 50
(septage+public toilet, 1:1)
12
Removal efficiency and challenges
Effluent concentration
TS COD N-NH4 EC
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (ms/cm)
Settling/Thickening Tank
(septage+public toilet, 1:1) 9,000-14,000 7,000-12,000 1,000-2,000 20-25
Constructed wetlands
(septage) 1,000-6,000 300-500 50-150 3.0-3.5
Drying beds
500-1000 4000-600 300-1500 11-20
(septage+public toilet, 1:1)
13
Removal efficiency and challenges
Seeking collaboration !
Eawag/Sandec Switzerland
www.sandec.eawag.ch
Tel.+41 44 823 5020 16