Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
7R*DOOHU\_%DFNWR0DLQSDJH
3DSD\D
&DULFDSDSD\D
NameAndBotany
DistributionAndCultivars
FruitCalendar
Agronomy
PostharvestHandlingAnd
Packaging
ProcessedProduct
NutritionalValues
MarketAndInternationalTrade
$ERXW1DPH$QG%RWDQ\
ResearchAndDevelopment
References
,QWURGXFWLRQ
2ULJLQ7KHSDSD\DLVEHOLHYHGWREHQDWLYHWRVRXWKHUQ0H[LFRDQGQHLJKERULQJ&HQWUDO$PHULFD,WLVFXUUHQWO\FXOWLYDWHGLQ)ORULGD+DZDLL(DVWHUQ
%ULWLVK$IULFD6RXWK$IULFD6UL/DQND,QGLD&DQDU\,VODQGV0DOD\VLDDQG$XVWUDOLD,WLVQRZSUHVHQWLQHYHU\WURSLFDODQGVXEWURSLFDOFRXQWU\3DSD\D
ZDVILUVWGHVFULEHGLQE\WKH6SDQLVKFKURQLFOHU2YLHGRZKRIRXQGLWILUVWRQ3DQDPDQLDQDQG&RORPELDQFRDVWV7KHIUXLWZDVUDSLGO\SURSDJDWHGLQ
WKHWURSLFVPRVWOLNHO\GXHWRWKHDEXQGDQWDQGKLJKO\YLDEOHVHHGV7KHFURSKDVDGDSWHGTXLWHZHOOWRWURSLFDODUHDVZLWKIHUWLOHVRLOVDQGDEXQGDQW
UDLQIDOO
+LVWRU\7KH KLVWRU\ RI SDSD\D VSUHDG ZDV LQLWLDWHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\ LQ ZKHQ WKH 6SDQLVK FRQTXHURUV FDUULHG VHHGV WR 3DQDPD DQG 'RPLQLFDQ
5HSXEOLF3DSD\DZDVILUVWGHVFULEHGLQE\WKH6SDQLVKFKURQLFOHU2YLHGRZKRIRXQGLWILUVWRQ3DQDPDQLDQDQG&RORPELDQFRDVWV7KHIUXLWZDV
UDSLGO\SURSDJDWHGLQWKHWURSLFVPRVWOLNHO\GXHWRWKHDEXQGDQWDQGKLJKO\YLDEOHVHHGV7KHFURSKDVDGDSWHGTXLWHZHOOWRWURSLFDODUHDVZLWKIHUWLOH
VRLOVDQGDEXQGDQWUDLQIDOO'XULQJWKHIROORZLQJFHQWXU\6SDQLVKDQG3RUWXJXHVHVDLORUVWRRNWKHVHHGVWRWKH3KLOOLSLQHV0DOD\VLDDQG,QGLD)RU
WKHIUXLWKDGEHHQSURGXFHGLQZDUPUHJLRQVRI6RXWKDQG&HQWUDO$PHULFD6RXWKHUQ0H[LFRWKH$QWLOOHV%DKDPDV%HUPXGD\)ORULGD,QWKHVDPH
FHQWXU\SDZSDZVHHGVZHUHWDNHQIURP,QGLDWR1DSOHVLQ,WDO\7KHFURSUHDFKHG+DZDLLEHWZHHQDQG8QWLOSDSD\DVHHGVZHUHWDNHQ
WR)ORULGDSUREDEO\IURP%DKDPDV
SODQWDWLRQV7KH6RORYDULHW\KDVEHHQFXOWLYDWHGLQ+DZDLLVLQFHSUREDEO\EURXJKWIURP%DUEDGRVDQG-DPDLFD
7KHILUVWVHHGVRIWKH0DUDGROYDULHW\ZHUHLQWURGXFHGLQWR0H[LFRLQWKURXJK&21$)587LQ;DODSD9HUDFUX]
0DUDGROSDSD\DYDULHW\ 6RORSDSD\D
(FRQRPLF,PSRUWDQFH )UXLW LV D ULFK VRXUFH RI YLWDPLQ $ DQG & ,W KDV D KLJK QXWULWLYH DQG PHGLFLQDO YDOXH 3DSDLQ SUHSDUHG IURP GULHG ODWH[ RI LWV
LPPDWXUHIUXLWVLVXVHGLQPHDWWHQGHUL]LQJPDQXIDFWXUHRIFKHZLQJJXPFRVPHWLFVIRUGHJXPPLQJQDWXUDOVLONDQGWRJLYHVKULQNUHVLVWDQFHWRZRRO,WLV
DOVRXVHGLQSKDUPDFHXWLFDOLQGXVWULHVWH[WLOHDQGJDUPHQWFOHDQLQJSDSHUDQGDGKHVLYHPDQXIDFWXUHVHZDJHGLVSRVDOHWF
0DMRUSDSD\DSURGXFHUVDUH%UD]LO,QGRQHVLDDQG,QGLDWKDWH[SRUWWKHIUXLWWRPDQ\FRXQWULHVLQFOXGLQJWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP
1DPHDQG%RWDQ\
&RPPRQ1DPHV
6RXWKHUQ$VLDDQG(DVW,QGLHV .DSD\DNHSD\DODSD\DDQGWDSD\D
$XVWUDOLDDQG:HVW,QGLHV 3DSDZRUSDZSDZ
%UD]LO 0DPDRELJEUHDVWRUWUHHPHORQ
6SDLQ 0HORQ ]DSRWH OHFKRVD SDSD\D WKH IUXLW SDS\R # SDS\HUR WKH SODQW IUXWD ERPED PDPPRQ DQG
PDPRQD
)UDQFH 3DSD\DWKHIUXLWSDSD\HUWKHSODQWRUILJXLHUGHV,OHV
9LHWQDP 'XGX
1HZ=HDODQG 3DSDZ
9HQH]XHOD /HFKRVRPLON\
&XED )UXLWDERPEDIUXLWERPE
%RWDQLFDOGHVFULSWLRQ
3DSD\DWUHH
3ROOLQDWLRQVWXGLHVKDYHVKRZQWKDW
SLVWLOODWHIORZHUVSROOLQDWHGE\VWDPLQDWHIORZHUVJLYHHTXDOQXPEHUVRIPDOHDQGIHPDOHSURJHQ\
SLVWLOODWHIORZHUVSROOLQDWHGE\SROOHQIURPELVH[XDOIORZHUVJLYHDQHTXDOQXPEHURIIHPDOHDQGELVH[XDOSURJHQ\
ELVH[XDOIORZHUVHLWKHUVHOIRUFURVVHGSROOLQDWHGZLWKRWKHUELVH[XDOVJLYHDUDWLRRIRQHIHPDOHWRELVH[XDO
ELVH[XDOIORZHUVSROOLQDWHGE\VWDPLQDWHRQHVSURGXFHHTXDOQXPEHUVRIIHPDOHPDOHDQGELVH[XDOSURJHQ\,WLVHYLGHQWWKDWWKHVHFRQGDQGWKLUG
FRPELQDWLRQVZLOOSURGXFHWKHPD[LPXPQXPEHURIIUXLWEHDULQJSODQWV
/HDYHV7KHOHDYHVDUHVSLUDOO\DUUDQJHGLQDWHUPLQDOFOXVWHUVLPSOHRQSHWLROHVFPORQJ7KHPDUJLQVRIWKHOREHVDUHYHU\YDULDEOHDQGUDQJH
IURPHQWLUHWRXQGXODWHWRGHHSO\OREHG7KHOHDYHVDUHURXQGHGLQRXWOLQHFPLQGLDPHWHUDOWHUQDWHO\DUUDQJHGEXQGOHGDWWKHDSH[EHWZHHQVWHP
DQGEUDQFKHVORQJSHWLROHVZLGHO\HYLGHQWFPGLDPHWHUVPRRWKPRGHUDWHO\SDOPVKDSHZLWKWKLFNPLGGOHLUUDGLDQWYHLQVWKHEDVHLVGHHSO\
VWULQJ VKDSH ZLWK RYHULPSRVHG OREHV IURP ODUJH OREHG HDFK ZLWK D ZLGH EDVH RU VOLJKWO\ FRQVWUDLQHG DQG VKDUSSRLQWHG DQG VKDUS DSH[ 7KH
EXQGOHRIOHDYHVLVGDUNJUHHQWR\HOORZJUHHQEULJKWYLVLEO\PDUNHGE\WKHRIIZKLWHQHUYHVHPEHGGHGDQGUHWLFXODWHGYHLQVWKHXQGHUQHDWKVXUIDFHLV
SDOHJUHHQ\HOORZDQGRSDTXHZLWKYLVLEO\SURPLQHQWYDVFXODUVWUXFWXUHVWKHSHWLROHVDUHURXQGDQG\HOORZJUHHQZLWKVSRUDGLFSXUSOHRUYLROHWVWDLQV
ILVWXORXVIRUPIUDJLOHFPOHQJWKDQGFPWKLFN7KHOLIHVSDQRIHDFKOHDILVWRPRQWKV
3DSD\DOHDYHV
)ORZHUV6L[W\SHVRIIORZHUVDUHNQRZQLQSDSD\DSODQW
D7\SLFDOIHPDOHIORZHU,WLVDUDWKHUODUJHIORZHURIFRQLFDOVKDSHZKHQFORVHGZKHQRSHQLWVILYHSHWDOVVSUHDGIURPWKHEDVH7KHRYDU\LVODUJHZLWK
FLUFXODUDQGVPRRWKRUVOLJKWO\XQGXODWHG)UXLWVSURGXFHGE\WKLVIORZHUDUHVSKHULFDORURYRLGLQVKDSH
3DSD\DW\SLFDOIHPDOHIORZHU
E6LPLODUWRWKHDERYHZKHQFORVHGEXWWKLVW\SHKDVILYHVKRUWDQWKHUVZKLFKFRUUHVSRQGLQWKHLURULHQWDWLRQZLWKWKHILYHSHWDOVWKDWDOVRVSUHDGIURPWKH
EDVH7KHRYDU\KDVILYHGHHSORQJLWXGLQDOJURRYHVWKDWUHPDLQXQWLOPDWXULW\)UXLWGHYHORSDIRUPIURPJOREXODUWRHJJVKDSHG
F +HUPDSKURGLWH LQWHUPHGLDWH IORZHU 7KH RUJDQL]DWLRQ LV XQGHILQHG SHWDOV PD\ EH IXVHG XS WR WZR WKLUGV RI WKHLU OHQJWK RU IUHH IURP WKH EDVH 7KH
QXPEHURIDQWKHUVUDQJHVIURPWZRWRWHQWKHFDUSHOVUDQJHIURPILYHWRWHQZLWKGLIIHUHQWGHJUHHVRIIXVLRQ7KLVW\SHRIIORZHUSURGXFHVLUUHJXODUO\
VKDSHGIUXLWNQRZQDVFDUSHORGLFFDWIDFHZLWKOLWWOHFRPPHUFLDOYDOXH7KHVHIORZHUVDSSHDUPRUHIUHTXHQWO\ZKHQDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHVDUH&
GXULQJWKHGD\DQG&DWQLJKW
G+HUPDSKURGLWHHORQJDWHGIORZHU3HWDOVRIWKLVW\SHRIIORZHUDUHIXVHGIURPRQHIRXUWKWRWKUHHIRXUWKVRIWKHLUWRWDOOHQJWKWHQDQWKHUVDUHREVHUYHG
ILYHORQJDQGILYHVKRUW7KHRYDU\LVORQJDQGZKHQLWFRQWDLQVILYHRUPRUHFDUSHOVWKHIRUPRIWKHIUXLWYDULHVIURPF\OLQGULFDOWRSHDUVKDSH)URPWKH
GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIKHUPDSKURGLWHIORZHUVWKLVLVWKHPRVWFRPPHUFLDOO\LPSRUWDQW
3DSD\DKHUPDSKURGLWHHORQJDWHGIORZHU
H+HUPDSKURGLWHVWHULOHIORZHU,WLVDIORZHUWKDWUHVHPEOHVWKHIRUPHUEXWGRHVQRWGHYHORSDQRYDU\DQGKHQFHLWLVVWHULOHZDUPWHPSHUDWXUHVRUZDWHU
VWUHVV'XHWRWKHIDFWWKDWLWSURGXFHVSROOHQRQO\LWPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGDIXQFWLRQDOPDOHIORZHU
3DSD\DKHUPDSKURGLWHVWHULOHIORZHU
I7\SLFDOPDOHIORZHU7KLVW\SHRIIORZHUKDVDORQJDQGWKLQFRUROODFRQWDLQDQWKHUVLQWZRVHULHVRIILYHRQHVHULHVORQJHUWKDQWKHRWKHU7KH\KDYHD
UXGLPHQWDU\SLVWLOQRVWLJPDDQGDUHQRQIXQFWLRQDO
7KH OHDYHV DUH VSLUDOO\ DUUDQJHG LQ D WHUPLQDO FOXVWHU VLPSOH RQ SHWLROHV FP ORQJ 7KH OHDYHV DUH URXQGHG LQ RXWOLQH FP LQ GLDPHWHU
SDOPDWHO\OREHG7KHPDUJLQVRIWKHOREHVDUHYHU\YDULDEOHDQGUDQJHIURPHQWLUHWRXQGXODWHWRGHHSO\OREHG
,Q QDWXUH WKHVH SODQWV DUH GLRHFLRXV PDOH DQG IHPDOH IORZHUV DUH IRXQG RQ VHSDUDWH SODQWV 0DOH IORZHUV DUH PRUSKRORJLFDOO\ GLVWLQFW IURP IHPDOH
IORZHUV0DOHLQIORUHVFHQFHVDUHERUQHLQPDQ\IORZHUHGSDQLFOHVRIF\PHVRQKRUL]RQWDORUSHQGHQWVWDONVWRPORQJ7KHIORZHUVDUH\HOORZLVKFP
ORQJ7KHSHWDOVDUHIXVHGLQWRDORQJWXEHKDYHIHUWLOHVWDPHQVDQGDUXGLPHQWDU\QRQIXQFWLRQDORYDU\)HPDOHLQIORUHVFHQFHVDUHPXFKVKRUWHU
RQO\FPORQJDQGKDYHIHZHUIORZHUV)HPDOHIORZHUVDUHODUJHUXVXDOO\ZKLWHRUFUHDPLQFRORXUZLWKILYHIUHHSHWDOV7KHUHDUHQRVWDPHQVEXWD
ODUJHRYDU\ZLWKIDQVKDSHGVWLJPDV
,Q FXOWLYDWLRQ WKHUH DUH PDQ\ LQWHUPHGLDWH IRUPV LQFOXGLQJ ELVH[XDO IORZHUV $W OHDVW GLIIHUHQW IORZHU IRUPV KDYH EHHQ QDPHG HJ 3HQWDQGULD
VWDPHQV DQG D IXQFWLRQDO RYDU\ DQG EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH FRUUHODWHG ZLWK GLIIHUHQW IUXLW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VRPH IRUPV KDYH EHHQ VHOHFWHG E\ EUHHGHUV
(QYLURQPHQWDOIDFWRUVPD\DOVRLQIOXHQFHVH[XDOH[SUHVVLRQDQGWKHVH[XDOLW\RIDSODQWPD\FKDQJHVHDVRQDOO\RURYHUWKHFRXUVHRILWVOLIHWLPH7KXV
WKHVH[XDOLW\RIDQ\RQHSODQWLQFXOWLYDWLRQGHSHQGVRQDFRPSOH[PL[RIJHQHWLFGHYHORSPHQWDODQGHQYLURQPHQWDOIDFWRUV
)HPDOHIORZHUVKDYHDFDO\[IRUPHGE\DFURZQRUILYHSRLQWHGVWDUHDV\WRGLIIHUHQWLDWH2QWRSRIWKHFDO\[WKHRYDU\LVORFDWHGE\ILYH\HOORZLVKVHSDOV
ZKHQ\RXQJWKH\VKRZDSXUSOHFRORUDWLRQ7KHUHDUHILYHURXQGVKDSHG\HOORZVWLJPDV)UXLWVIURPWKLVIORZHUDUHXVXDOO\ODUJHDQGEDOORRQOLNH
+HUPDSKURGLWLFIORZHUVKDYHERWKVH[HVDQGWKHWUHHEHDULQJWKHVHKDVWKUHHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIIORZHUV2QHLVFDOOHGSHQWDQGULDUHVHPEOLQJDIHPDOH
IORZHUEXWZKHQSHWDNVDUHWDNHQDSDUWDQWKHUVDUHVHHQDQGWKHRYDU\LVOREHG)UXLWDUHEDOORRQVKDSHGDQGOREHG$VHFRQGW\SHRIIORZHULVFDOOHG
HORQJDWDDQGEHDUVDQWKHUVDUUDQJHGLQWZRVHWVWKHIORZHULVHORQJDWHGDQGF\OLQGULFDODVWKHRYDU\DQGSURGXFHHORQJDWHGIUXLWV7KHODVWW\SHLV
LQWHUPHGLDRULUUHJXODUZKLFKLVQRWDZHOOFRQVWLWXWHGIORZHUDQGSURGXFHVPDOIRUPHGIUXLW
3DSD\DKHUPDSKURGLWHIORZHU
0DOHIORZHUVJURZDORQJSHGXQFOHVPHDVXULQJRYHUKDOIDPHWHUOHQJWKDQGDWWKHHQGWKHUHDUHEXQGOHVIRUPHGE\VPDOOIORZHUV7KHVHIORZHUV
DUHFRQVWLWXWHGE\DORQJWXEHIRUPHGE\IXVHGSHWDOVLQVLGHZKLFKWKHUHDUHDQWKHUVDUUDQJHGLQWZRVHWVRIILYH7KHIORZHUKDVDVPDOOUXGLPHQWDU\
SLVWLODQGKDVQRVWLJPDV1RIUXLWDUHXVXDOO\SURGXFHGRULIIRUPHGWKHVHDUHHORQJDWHGDQGRIORZTXDOLW\
)UXLW$QRYRLGREORQJEHUU\S\ULIRUPRUDOPRVWF\OLQGULFDOODUJHIOHVK\MXLF\JURRYHGDORQJWKHXSSHUORQJHUVLGHJUHHQ\HOORZWR\HOORZRU\HOORZ
RUDQJHFRORXUZKHQULSHQVLQJOHFHOORIRUDQJHRUUHGLVKLQWHUQDOFRORXUZLWKPDQ\SDULHWDOVHHGVDQGDOHQJWKRIFPRUORQJHUDQGFPRU
PRUHRIGLDPHWHU*HQHUDOO\WKHIUXLWLVPHORQOLNHRYDOWRQHDUO\URXQGVRPHZKDWS\ULIRUPRUHORQJDWHGFOXEVKDSHGFPORQJDQGFPWKLFN
ZHLJKLQJXSWRNJ6HPLZLOGQDWXUDOL]HGSODQWVEHDUPLQLDWXUHIUXLWVFPORQJ7KHVNLQLVZD[\DQGWKLQEXWIDLUO\WRXJK:KHQWKHIUXLWLVJUHHQ
DQGKDUGLWLVULFKLQZKLWHODWH[$VLWULSHQVLWEHFRPHVOLJKWRUGHHS\HOORZH[WHUQDOO\DQGWKHWKLFNZDOORIVXFFXOHQWIOHVKEHFRPHVDURPDWLF\HOORZ
RUDQJHRUYDULRXVVKDGHVRIVDOPRQRUUHG,WLVWKHQMXLF\VZHHWLVKDQGVRPHZKDWOLNHDFDQWDORXSHLQIODYRULQVRPHW\SHVTXLWHPXVN\$WWDFKHGOLJKWO\
WRWKHZDOOE\VRIWZKLWHILEURXVWLVVXHDUHXVXDOO\QXPHURXVVPDOOEODFNRYRLGFRUUXJDWHGSHSSHU\VHHGVDERXWLQPPORQJHDFKFRDWHGZLWK
DWUDQVSDUHQWJHODWLQRXVDULO>VHHZD[DQGVXQULVHVRORSDSD\DYDULHWLHV@
:D[SDSD\DYDULHW\ 6XQULVHVRORSDSD\DYDULHW\
7RS
&RS\ULJKW$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG 7HO)D[
%R[8303RVW2IILFH6HUGDQJ6HODQJRU0DOD\VLD
'LVFODLPHU HPDLOZHEPDVWHU#LWIQHWRUJ