Anatomy

Definition: is the scientific discipline that investigates the bodys structure.

(Seeley 8th ed.)
- Is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
and their relationship to one another. ( Marieb 9th ed.)
- Derived from Greek words meaning to cut ( tomy) apart (ana).
For example: anatomy describe the shape and size of bones.it also examines
the relationship between body parts and its function.
Levels of anatomy

Developmental level is the study of the structural changes that

occur between conception and adulthood.
Gross anatomy study of the structures that can be examined
without the use of microscope, from either systemic or regional
perspectives.
Microscopic anatomy study of body structures that that are too
small to be seen with the naked eye.(cells & tissues)
Types of Study
Systemic anatomy the body is examined system by system.
Regional anatomy the body is studied area by area ( head, abdomen,
arm)
Surface anatomy is the study of the external form of the body and its
relation to deeper structures.
Physiology
Definition: is the scientific investigation of the processes or functions of the
living things. (Seeley 8th edition)
Is the study of how the body and its parts work or functions.
Derived from the Greek words meaning study of (ology) nature
(physio).
Goal: to understand and predict the bodys responses to stimuli and
how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a
constantly changing environment.
Types of Study:
a. According to organism involved
b. According to levels of organism within a given organism
Cell physiology examines the processes occurring in cells.
Systemic physiology considers the functions of organ systems.
Neurophysiology- focuses on nervous system
Structural and Functional Organization
7 Structural Levels
a. Chemical level involves interaction between atoms

Organization of the Human Body

The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of
smaller structures: Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules(such as water, sugar
and protein).
Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar types of cells
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types of tissues
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs that work
together closely
Organismal level
The human organism is made up of many organ systems.
Chemical The simplest level of the structural level.The functional
characteristic of all organisms are determined by their chemical composition.
This level of organization involves the unique interactions among atoms and
how they combine to form molecules.(The atoms, tiny building blocks of
matter, combine to form molecules such as water, sugar & proteins)
The individual cells in our body are basically composed of atoms like carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and others.
Organelles parts of any cell, meaning small organs.
Cells it is the simplest units of living matter that can maintain life and
reproduce themselves. The human body, which is made up of numerous
cells, begins as a single, newly fertilized cell.
Tissues are consists of groups similar cells that have a common function.
Organs are more complex units than tissues. An organ is an organization
of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that together they can
perform a special function.
Organism - which represents the highest level of structural organization.
Organ System is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a
common purpose.
ELEVEN MAJOR SYSTEMS
Integumentary System(SKIN) forms the external body covering;
protects deeper tissue from injury; Provides protection, regulates
temperature, prevents water loss and produces vitamin D precursors.
(synthesizes Vit. D) ; location of cutaneous (pain, pressure,
etc.)receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Skeletal System Provides protection and support, allows body
movements, produce blood cells, and stores minerals and fats.
Muscular System Produces body movements, maintain posture, and
produces body heat.
Nervous System Is a major regulatory system that detects sensations and
controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions.
Endocrine System Is a major regulatory system that influences
metabolism, growth, reproduction and many other functions.
Cardiovascular System Transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and
hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and
regulation of body temperature.
Lymphatic System Removes foreign substances from the blood and
lymph, combat disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from
digestive tract.
Respiratory System Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the
blood and air regulates blood pH.
Digestive System Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of
digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste.
Urinary System Removes waste products from the blood and regulates
blood pH, ion balance, water balance.
Reproductive System Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and
fetal development, produces milk for the newborn, produces hormones that
influence sexual function and behaviour; produces and transfer sperm cells
to the female.

CHARACTERISTIC OF LIFE
Organization At all levels of organizational scheme there is a division of
labor. Each component has its own job to perform in cooperation with others.
Even a single cell, if it loses its integrity or organization, will die.
Metabolism Is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur
in the body. One phase of metabolism is catabolism in which complex
substances are broken down into simpler building blocks and energy is
released.
Responsiveness Responsiveness or irritability is concerned with detecting
changes in the internal or external environments and reacting to that
change. It is the act of sensing a stimulus and responding to it.
Growth Refers to an increase in size either through an increase in the
number of cells or through an increase in the size of each individual cell. In
order for growth to occur, anabolic processes must occur at a faster rate
than catabolic processes.
Reproduction - Refers to the formation of new cells for replacement and
repair of old cells as well as for growth. This is cellular reproduction. Both are
essential to the survival of the human race.

HOMEOSTATIS
- Is a key word in modern physiology. It comes from the Greek word
homeo, meaning the same, and stasis, meaning standing.
Standing or staying the same.
- Describes the bodys ability to maintain relatively stable internal
conditions even though the outside world is continuously
changing.
Negative Feedback Control
- Where various receptor and effectors bring out a reaction to
ensure that such conditions remain favourable.
Positive Feedback Control
- Is not homeostatic and is rare in healthy individuals
- Unlike the homeostatic mechanism, it creates cycle leading away
from homeostasis and in some cases results in death. The
problem lies in the response of the system which tends to make
 the deviation from normal even greater, causing more severe
problems.

TERMINOLOGY AND BODY PLAN

Directional Terms
- Describes the position of structures relative to other structures or
locations in the body.
Superior or Cranial Means toward the head end of the body or upper
Inferior or caudal Away from the head or lower
Anterior or ventral Means Front
Posterior or dorsal Synonymous to ones back
Median Toward the midline of the body
Lateral Away from the midline of the body
Proximal Toward or nearest to the trunk or point of origin of a part
Distal Away from or farthest from the trunk or point or origin of a part.

PLANES OF THE BODY

Coronal Plane (frontal plane) Is a vertical plane running from side to
side and divides the body part or any of its parts into anterior and posterior
portions.
Sagittal Planes (Lateral plane) Is a vertical plane running from front to
back and divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
Axial Plane (transverse plane) - Is a horizontal plane that divides the
body or any of its parts into upper or lower parts.
Median Plane Is a sagittal plane through the midline of the body that
divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves.
BODY CAVITIES
- The cavities or spaces of the body contain internal organs, or
viscera. The two main cavities are called the ventral and dorsal
cavities.
Ventral Cavity Is the larger cavity and is subdivided into two parts
(thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavities) by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped
respiratory muscle.
Thoracic Cavity Is the upper ventral, thoracic, or chest cavity that
contains the heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, large blood vessels, and
nerves.
Abdomino-pelvic Cavity Is the lower part of ventral cavity which can be
further divided into two portions: abdominal portion and pelvic portion.
Abdominal Cavity Contains most of gastrointestinal tract as well as the
kidneys and adrenal gland.
Pelvic Cavity Contains of urogenital system as well as the rectum.
BODY REGIONS

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS Antecubital anterior surface of

elbow
Abdominal anterior body trunk
inferior to the ribs Axillary armpit
Acromial point of shoulder Brachial - arm
Antebrachial - forearm Buccal cheek area
Carpal- wrist
Cervical- neck region Nasal- nose area
Coxal- hip Oral- mouth
Crural- leg Orbital- eye area
Deltoid- curve of shoulder formed Patellar- anterior knee
by large deltoid muscle
Pelvic- area overlying the pelvis
Digital- fingers, toes anteriorly
Pubic- genital region
Sternal- breastbone area
Tarsal- ankle region
Femoral- thigh Thoracic- chest
Fibular- lateral part of leg Umbillical- navel
Frontal- forehead
Inguinal- area where thigh meets
body trunk; groin
Posterior Body Landmarks

Calcaneal Heel of foot Olecranal Posterior surface of

elbow
Cephalic - Head
Popliteal Posterior knee area
Femoral - Thigh
Sacral Area between hips
Gluteal - Buttock
Scapular Shoulder blade region
Lumbar Area of back between
ribs and hips Sural The posterior surface of
lower leg; the calf
Occipital Posterior surface
Verteblar Area of the spine
Serous membranes
- Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities.
Visceral the membrane surface in direct contact with the organ
Parietal Surface contact or is attached directly to the cavity
Mesenteries Two layers of peritoneum fused together, anchor the organs
of the abdomino-pelvic cavity to the body wall and provide a pathway for
nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.

CELL STRUCTURE

1. Cardiovascular System Allows manipulation of the enviroment,

locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.

True False

2. Digestive system Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the
blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as
feces.
 True False

3. Organismal level Organs are made up of different types of tissues

True False

4. Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a

framework the muscles use to cause movement. blood cells are formed
within bones. Bones store minerals.

True False

5. Reproductive system system of organs involved in producing offspring

True False

6. Chemical level Cells are made up of molecules

True False