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Article history: A generalized formulation to determine the stresses around the polygonal shaped hole in anisotropic
Received 20 May 2016 nite plate is presented in the paper. The stress concentration at the rounded corners of the polygonal
Received in revised form 3 August 2016 hole in nite plate subjected to in-plane loading is derived using complex variable approach in
Accepted 13 August 2016
conjunction with boundary collocation method. The inuence of plate size, hole geometry and location,
Available online 20 August 2016
material anisotropy and loading conditions on the stress concentration around the polygonal hole is
Keywords: studied and presented in the paper. The results obtained through present method are validated by
Anisotropic material comparing with literature and nite element solutions.
Boundary collocation 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Complex variable
Finite plate
Polygonal hole
Stress concentration factor
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.08.014
1270-9638/ 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
198 M.M. Chauhan, D.S. Sharma / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 197206
2. Analytical formulation
R c0 p
stress functions are derived using Boundary Collocation Method as z sj = aj + ck s k + b j c 0 s + p (4)
discussed in following section. 2 s s k
k k
The solution begins with the generation of numbers of colloca-
where a j = 1 + i j and b j = 1 i j .
tion points on the boundary of plate and hole as shown in Fig. 1,
Multiplying Eq. (4) by K (K is the maximum power of ) and
where K 1 = N1 + 1, K 2 = K 1 + N1, K 3 = K 2 + N1, K 4 = K 3 + N1
rearranging the terms,
and N = K 4 + N2, N1 and N2 are number of points on the side of
p +K
plate and boundary of the hole respectively. The x and y coordi-
Ra j ck sj k + R (a j c 0 )sjK +1 2zsj sjK + R (b j c 0 )sjK 1
nates of each collocation points are obtained as follows:
k
(xs , y s ) = ( L l, h) s = 1 + Rb j ck sj
K pk
=0 (5)
k
H
= x s 1 , y s 1 + 2 s K1 Eq. (5) is polynomial equation of that maps all the colloca-
K1 1
tion points of z j -plane on to j -plane. Out of pk + K number of
L
= x s 1 + , y s 1 K1 + 1 s K2 roots of Eq. (5), the one that maps the polygonal shape to unit cir-
K2 1 (2) cular shape is selected and each z sj is mapped to corresponding
H sj points. On each of this point in j -plane, the following force
= x s 1 , y s 1 K2 + 1 s K3
K3 1 boundary conditions are imposed,
L
2
= x s 1 , y s 1 K3 + 1 s K4
K4 1 F x = S x ( y s y 0 ) = 2 Re j j ( js ) j j0 ,
= Re( zs ), Im( zs ) K 4 + 1 s N j =1
(6)
2
0
where Re and Im stands for Real and Imaginary part respectively F y = S y (xs x0 ) = 2 Re j ( js ) j j
and j =1
M.M. Chauhan, D.S. Sharma / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 197206 199
Fig. 5. Comparison of stress distribution around square hole in nite anisotropic Fig. 7. Comparison of stress distribution around hexagonal hole in nite anisotropic
plate: (a) present method, (b) ANSYS. plate: (a) present method, (b) ANSYS.
M.M. Chauhan, D.S. Sharma / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 197206 201
Fig. 8. Comparison of stress distribution around heptagonal hole in nite anisotropic for uniaxial Y loading but the same trend is not observed for
plate: (a) present method, (b) ANSYS. uniaxial X loading. This can be clearly understood from Fig. 11,
which shows the SCF for different polygonal holes in nite plate
tices at the place other than the axis also. It is seen from Fig. 10, of Glass/Epoxy cross ply and Isotropic material subjected to uniax-
that the vertices are the point of high stress concentration in a ial X and uniaxial Y loading. For uniaxial Y loading, the vertex at
plate hence number of vertices, their location and sharpness may 0 i.e. on X axis, shows the highest stresses in all the polygonal
affect the stress led in nite anisotropic plate. hole. While for uniaxial X loading, the vertex of highest stress is
Table 1 shows the values of maximum normalized stresses not necessarily on X or Y axis but it may be in a plane depending
around the polygonal hole of sides 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 in the plate of on the geometry of the polygonal shape. As a special case, square
various dimensions and made of Glass/Epoxy[0], Glass/Epoxy[90], hole having all the vertices on the principle axis only, shows the
Glass/Epoxy[0/90]s and Isotropic material subjected to uniaxial X , same stress concentration for X and Y direction loading.
uniaxial Y and equi-biaxial loading. Table 1 shows the effect of The change in number of sides, changes the location of vertices
plate size, material anisotropy and number of vertices on the stress in the plate with respect to loading direction and that alters the
concentration. It is observed from Table 1 that as the plate size in- stress eld. To study the effect of vertices location on stress con-
creases the stress concentration decreases and approaches to that centration, the vertices location of a given polygonal hole is altered
of innite plate. For the comparison purpose, the results of in- by three different ways.
nite plate are obtained here by using the methodology proposed In the rst case, the vertices location is altered by orienting the
by Ukadgaonker and Rao [26]. The close agreement of the results hole at angle varied from 0 to 180 in Glass/Epoxy[0/90]s nite
obtained by present method for large plate ( L = 100) with that of plate L = 10 subjected to uniaxial Y loading. SCF is obtained for
innite plate shows the capability of the present method to pro- different polygonal shapes as shown in Fig. 12. It is observed that
duce the satisfactory solutions for innite plate also. the curve is repetitive in nature. The curve repeats at an interval
From Table 1, it is seen that the stress concentration in isotropic of 90 , 72 , 60 and 45 for square, pentagonal, hexagonal and oc-
plate is higher for Y direction loading and lower for X direction tagonal shape respectively. This is because of the geometry of the
loading for all the shapes of polygons. The same behavior is also hole shape. It is also noted from Fig. 12 that the SCF is maximum
observed for Glass/Epoxy cross ply laminate. But due to anisotropy at such orientations when one of the vertices coincide with X axis,
the same is not true for Glass/Epoxy[0] and Glass/Epoxy[90] plate. as the load is along Y direction.
The stress concentration in Glass/Epoxy[0] is higher for X direc- In the second case, the centrally located hole is kept at 0
tion loading while in Glass/Epoxy[90] it is higher for Y direction orientation and the loading angle is varied from 0 to 90 .
loading. Here, 0 corresponds to X axial loading while 90 corresponds
It is observed from Table 1 that as the number of vertices to Y axial loading. The SCF around different polygonal holes in
increases the stress concentration in a plate decreases gradually Glass/Epoxy[0/90]s and Isotropic material are evaluated for each
202 M.M. Chauhan, D.S. Sharma / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 197206
Fig. 10. Stress distribution around polygonal hole in nite plate: (a) Glass/Epoxy plate, (b) Isotropic plate.
Table 1
Stress concentration around centrally located polygonal hole in a plate.
4 5 16.41 8.88 10.55 9.05 17.34 9.74 13.04 13.08 8.77 10.90 10.59 7.01
6 14.97 8.34 9.85 8.34 15.49 9.45 11.88 11.97 8.30 9.90 9.69 6.66
7 14.03 7.93 9.47 7.95 14.48 9.32 11.27 11.24 8.05 9.33 9.16 6.48
8 13.52 7.69 9.21 7.81 14.05 9.10 10.79 10.86 7.95 8.97 8.82 6.37
9 13.13 7.62 9.08 7.64 13.72 9.06 10.55 10.66 7.91 8.73 8.59 6.29
10 12.95 7.54 8.95 7.54 13.41 9.01 10.39 10.43 7.84 8.55 8.44 6.24
100 10.75 6.63 8.64 6.63 10.76 8.64 8.83 8.83 7.59 7.44 7.36 6.04
Inf. 10.33 6.45 8.62 6.45 10.33 8.62 8.53 8.53 7.53 7.08 6.95 6.06
M.M. Chauhan, D.S. Sharma / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 197206 203
Table 1 (continued)
6 5 5.95 6.14 4.87 4.29 11.01 7.32 5.08 8.72 6.51 4.47 6.44 4.57
6 5.47 5.76 4.70 4.17 10.39 6.89 4.77 8.03 6.25 4.27 6.09 4.41
7 5.20 5.53 4.61 4.10 9.88 6.58 4.60 7.66 6.11 4.18 5.89 4.31
8 5.03 5.38 4.55 4.04 9.47 6.33 4.45 7.36 5.98 4.10 5.75 4.25
9 4.91 5.28 4.51 4.00 9.21 6.25 4.39 7.19 5.89 4.07 5.66 4.20
10 4.83 5.19 4.48 3.95 9.03 6.16 4.36 7.04 5.83 4.01 5.58 4.17
100 4.82 4.74 4.25 3.69 7.53 5.45 4.23 6.19 4.93 3.73 5.15 4.00
Inf. 4.50 4.64 4.17 3.56 7.22 5.51 4.00 6.02 5.02 3.83 4.97 4.01
7 5 6.81 5.15 6.81 4.98 10.19 6.41 5.97 7.68 5.60 5.23 5.88 4.18
6 6.45 4.77 6.00 4.70 9.18 5.89 5.89 7.05 5.34 5.06 5.54 3.97
7 6.28 4.55 5.55 4.55 8.58 5.60 5.72 6.54 4.78 4.95 5.36 3.86
8 6.21 4.43 5.28 4.45 8.19 5.41 5.63 6.33 4.68 4.87 5.23 3.79
9 6.18 4.34 5.10 4.39 7.92 5.28 5.56 6.19 4.62 4.81 5.15 3.75
10 6.17 4.29 4.98 4.34 7.72 5.20 5.51 6.08 4.57 4.76 5.08 3.72
100 6.11 4.20 4.56 4.09 6.64 4.85 5.15 5.54 4.46 4.43 4.65 3.61
Inf. 6.03 4.27 4.60 4.06 6.60 4.89 5.10 5.52 4.52 4.42 4.57 3.62
Fig. 13. Effect of load angle on SCF around polygonal hole: (a) Glass/Epoxy,
(b) Isotropic.
In the third case, the centre of hole is varied by varying the di-
mensions l and h with respect to plate boundary in a nite plate.
The SCF is evaluated at each position of hole in a plate and a sur-
Fig. 12. Effect of hole orientation on stress concentration. face plot is produced as shown in Fig. 14 for different polygonal
shapes. The X and Y axis show the offset distance of the hole cen-
loading angle and plotted as shown in Fig. 13(a) and Fig. 13(b) re- tre from the centre of the plate along length ( L ) and height ( H )
spectively. The minimum SCF is observed for the load angle ranges respectively. The maximum normalized stress for each location is
from 65 to 70 for different polygonal holes located centrally in a plotted on Z axis. Fig. 14(a), (b) and (c) show the surface plot for
nite plate. Glass/Epoxy[0] nite plate (L = H = 10) subjected to uniaxial Y
204 M.M. Chauhan, D.S. Sharma / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 197206
Fig. 14. Effect of hole location on stress concentration around hole: (a) uniaxial X loading, (b) uniaxial Y loading, (c) equi-biaxial loading.
M.M. Chauhan, D.S. Sharma / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 197206 205
Fig. 16. Effect of stacking sequence on stress distribution around the hole.
206 M.M. Chauhan, D.S. Sharma / Aerospace Science and Technology 58 (2016) 197206
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