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DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-0862-4
Received: 11 November 2008 / Accepted: 10 March 2009 / Published online: 8 April 2009
Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009
Abstract Air pollution has become a serious incineration contributed to 29.4% and 20.6% of
problem in the Pearl River Delta, South China, the total PAHs concentration, respectively. The
particularly in winter due to the local microm- results clearly indicated that the increasing solid
eteorology. In this study, atmospheric polycyclic waste incinerators have become a new important
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were monitored PAHs source in this region.
weekly in Shenzhen during the winter of 2006.
Results indicated that the detected PAHs were Keywords Shenzhen Air Polycyclic aromatic
mainly of vapor phase compounds with phenan- hydrocarbons
threne dominant. The average vapor phase and
particle phase PAHs concentration in Shenzhen
was 101.3 and 26.7 ng m3 , respectively. Meteo- Introduction
rological conditions showed great effect on PAH
concentrations. The higher PAHs concentrations In the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China, air
observed during haze episode might result from pollution has become a serious problem with sig-
the accumulation of pollutants under decreased nificant negative impact on the public health and
boundary layer, slower wind speed, and long-term social economy. Similar to many other metropoli-
dryness conditions. The sources of PAHs in the tan cities, the air pollution problem in this region
air were estimated by principal component analy- is caused by the ever-increasing demand of energy
sis in combination with diagnostic ratios. Vehicle by a growing population and economic bloom.
exhaust was the major PAHs source in Shenzhen, Heavy smog caused by coal burning, industrial
accounting for 50.0% of the total PAHs emis- pollution, and vehicle exhausts have ruined the
sions, whereas coal combustion and solid waste air quality and reduced visibility over the PRD
region. The serious air pollution has taken its toll
on public health and daily life; the Municipal En-
G. Liu (B) Y. Tong H. Zhang H. Sun
vironmental Bureau sometimes has to warn local
Institute of Nuclear Technology, Shenzhen University,
Shenzhen, China residents to stay home and away from the smog-
e-mail: liugq@szu.edu.cn filled air.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are
J. H. T. Luong
ubiquitous pollutants in the environment, arising
Biotechnology Research Institute,
National Research Council Canada, mainly from the incomplete combustion of fossil
Montreal, QC, Canada fuels, organic materials, and wood (Benner et al.
600 Environ Monit Assess (2010) 163:599606
r
ve
River Delta with Heyuan
Ri
Qingyuan
sampling locations
rth
No
West River
Guangzhou East River
Fushan Huizhou
Zhaoqing Dongguan
Shenzhen
Zhongshan
Zhuhai
Macao HongKong
Beijing
P R China
Wanshan Is.
Chuanshan Is.
South China Sea
Field blanks, which accompanied samples to the In this study, the gas (PUF) and particle (GFF)
sampling sites, were used to determine back- phase samples were analyzed separately. In gen-
ground contamination. Lab blanks and field eral, the lower molecular weight PAHs (two to
blanks showed no detectable PAHs. In addi- three rings) appeared to be associated with the
tion, surrogate standards were added to all the vapor phase, and high molecular weight PAHs
samples (including quality assurance samples) to (five to six rings) were primary attached with the
monitor the procedural performance and matrix particulate phase. As shown in Table 1, the total
effects. The mean recoveries in field samples were PAHs occurred primarily in the gas phase; the
602 Environ Monit Assess (2010) 163:599606
140
Principal component analysis and sources both the sampling methodology and characteristic
source signatures. In this study, the measured
PAHs are ubiquitous pollutants in urban at- gas- and particulate-phase PAH concentrations
mosphere; understanding the contribution of were combined to avoid problems associated with
the various sources is critical to appropriately partitioning. Another concern is the loss of the
control PAH levels in the environment. It is source signature by the destruction of PAHs
suggested that the concentration of some marker by photochemical processes. Assumed that the
compounds and their ratios could be used to dis- atmospheric conditions were relatively constant
tinguish different PAH sources (Simoneit et al. during the sampling days, the photochemical loss
1991; Li and Kamens 1993; Gogou et al. 1996). should have only a minor effect on the source
Chemical mass balance (CMB) model and fac- apportionment of PAHs.
tor analysis have also been used to identify PCA followed by multiple linear regression of
the sources of organic compounds (Duval and the data was performed using SPSS software. Fac-
Friedlander 1981; Pistikopoulos et al. 1990; Li and tor analysis was conducted for 15 PAHs, except
Kamens 1993; Harrison et al. 1996; Simcik et al. for Nap due to its high volatility and low recovery.
1999; Larsen and Baker 2003). However, there Three principal factors were identified by PCA,
are certain limitations as CMB models require explaining 97.6% of the total variance in the data
the input of source emission profiles to calcu- (Table 2). Factor 1, accounting for the majority of
late source contributions, and molecular markers the total variance (49.1%), is highly loaded with
often lack suitable source signatures (Sporstol BaA, Chry, BbF, BkF, InP, and BghiP. Among
et al. 1983). Principal component analysis (PCA) these compounds, BkF, Ind, and BghiP were con-
modeling, providing information on source contri- sidered as the tracers of vehicle emission (Miguel
butions based on the time variation of the organic and Pereira 1989; Li and Kamens 1993; Harrison
composition, has been widely utilized for source et al. 1996). Previous studies have also suggested
characterization of air pollution (Harrison et al. that vehicle exhausts were the dominant PAH
1996; Simcik et al. 1999; Larsen and Baker 2003). source in the air of PRD region (Bi et al. 2003;
In this study, PCAs, in combination with multiple Liu et al. 2005a, b; Li et al. 2006). Therefore,
linear regression (MLR), were performed to iden- we suggested that factor 1 was related to vehicle
tify and apportion the air PAHs in Shenzhen. emissions. The second factor, which accounted
There are two significant concerns regarding for 28.5% of total variance, was highly loaded
the use of PAHs in source apportionment stud- on light weight PAHs (Acy, Ace, Flo, Phe, and
ies (Larsen and Baker 2003). PAHs partitioning Ant). Flo was reported as the dominant PAH in
between gas and particulate phases complicates coke oven emission (Khalili et al. 1995) and coal
604 Environ Monit Assess (2010) 163:599606
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