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Complex Numbers
The complex
number z is shown plotted in the complex plane in Fig. B.1. The complex plane looks like the two-dimen-
Since j = 1, sional curvilinear coordinate space, but it is not.
1
= j
j
Im
j 2 = 1 jy
z
j 3 = j j 2 = j r
(B.3) y
j4 = j2 j2 = 1 u
j5 = j j4 = j
0 x Re
..
.
Figure B.1 Graphical representation
j n+4 = j n of a complex number.
A second way of representing the complex number z is by speci-
fying its magnitude r and the angle it makes with the real axis, as Fig.
B.1 shows. This is known as the polar form. It is given by
z = |z| = r (B.4)
where y
r= x2 + y2, = tan1 (B.5a)
x
or
x = r cos , y = r sin (B.5b)
that is,
z = x + jy = r = r cos + j r sin (B.6)
851
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852 APPENDIX B Complex Numbers
y
z = x jy, = 180 + tan1 (3rd Quadrant)
x
(B.7)
y
z = x jy, = 360 tan1 (4th Quadrant)
x
assuming that x and y are positive.
In the exponential form, z = re j so that dz/d = The third way of representing the complex z is the exponential form:
jre j = jz.
z = rej (B.8)
This is almost the same as the polar form, because we use the same
magnitude r and the angle .
The three forms of representing a complex number are summarized
as follows.
The first two forms are related by Eqs. (B.5) and (B.6). In Section B.3
we will derive Eulers formula, which proves that the third form is also
equivalent to the first two.
E X A M P L E B . 1
Express the following complex numbers in polar and exponential form:
(a) z1 = 6 + j 8, (b) z2 = 6 j 8, (c) z3 = 6 + j 8, (d) z4 = 6 j 8.
Solution:
Notice that we have deliberately chosen these complex numbers to fall in
Im the four quadrants, as shown in Fig. B.2.
z3 z1
j8 (a) For z1 = 6 + j 8 (1st quadrant),
j6 8
r3 j4 r1 r1 = 62 + 82 = 10, 1 = tan1 = 53.13
u3 6
j2 u1
u4 Hence, the polar form is 10 53.13 and the exponential form is 10ej 53.13 .
(b) For z2 = 6 j 8 (4th quadrant),
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 Re
j2 u2 8
r2 = 62 + (8)2 = 10, 2 = 360 tan1 = 306.87
r4 j4 r2 6
j6 so that the polar form is 10 306.87 and the exponential form is
z4 j8 z2 10ej 306.87 . The angle 2 may also be taken as 53.13 , as shown in
Fig. B.2, so that the polar form becomes 10 53.13 and the exponen-
Figure B.2 For Example B.1. tial form becomes 10ej 53.13 .
(c) For z3 = 6 + j 8 (2nd quadrant),
8
r3 = (6)2 + 82 = 10, 3 = 180 tan1 = 126.87
6
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APPENDIX B Complex Numbers 853
E X A M P L E B . 2
Convert the following complex numbers into rectangular form:
(a) 12 60 , (b) 50 285 , (c) 8ej 10 , (d) 20ej /3 .
Solution:
(a) Using Eq. (B.6),
(c) Similarly,
8ej 10 = 8 cos 10 + j 8 sin 10 = 7.878 + j 1.389
(d) Finally,
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854 APPENDIX B Complex Numbers
z = x jy = r = rej (B.11)
E X A M P L E B . 3
If A = 2 + j 5, B = 4 j 6, find: (a) A (A + B), (b) (A + B)/(A B).
Solution:
(a) If A = 2 + j 5, then A = 2 j 5 and
A + B = (2 + 4) + j (5 6) = 6 j
so that
A (A + B) = (2 j 5)(6 j ) = 12 j 2 j 30 5 = 7 j 32
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APPENDIX B Complex Numbers 855
(b) Similarly,
A B = (2 4) + j (5 6) = 2 + j 11
Hence,
E X A M P L E B . 4
Evaluate:
(2 + j 5)(8ej 10 ) j (3 j 4)
(a) (b)
2 + j 4 + 2 40 (1 + j 6)(2 + j )2
Solution:
(a) Since there are terms in polar and exponential forms, it may be best
to express all terms in polar form:
2 + j5 = 22 + 5 2 tan1 5/2 = 5.385 68.2
(2 + j 5)(8ej 10 ) = (5.385 68.2 )(8 10 ) = 43.08 78.2
2 + j4 + 2 40 = 2 + j 4 + 2 cos(40 ) + j 2 sin(40 )
= 3.532 + j 2.714 = 4.454 37.54
Thus,
43.08 78.2
(2 + j 5)(8ej 10 )
= = 9.672 40.66
2 + j4 + 2 40 4.454 37.54
(b) We can evaluate this in rectangular form, since all terms are in that
form. But
j (3 j 4) = j (3 + j 4) = 4 + j 3
(2 + j )2 = 4 + j 4 1 = 3 + j 4
(1 + j 6)(2 + j )2 = (1 + j 6)(3 + j 4) = 3 4j + j 18 24
= 27 + j 14
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856 APPENDIX B Complex Numbers
Hence,
j (3 j 4) 4 + j 3 (4 + j 3)(27 j 14)
= =
(1 + j 6)(2 + j ) 2 27 + j 14 272 + 142
108 + j 56 j 81 + 42
= = 0.1622 j 0.027
925
x2 x3 x4
ex = 1 + x + + + + (B.19)
2! 3! 4!
Replacing x by j gives
2 3 4
ej = 1 + j j + + (B.20)
2! 3! 4!
Also,
2 4 6
cos = 1 + +
2! 4! 6!
(B.21)
3 5 7
sin = + +
3! 5! 7!
so that
2 3 4 5
cos + j sin = 1 + j j + +j (B.22)
2! 3! 4! 5!
Comparing Eqs. (B.20) and (B.22), we conclude that
and that
|ej | = cos2 + sin2 = 1
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APPENDIX B Complex Numbers 857
1 j
cos = (e + ej ) (B.26)
2
1 j
sin = (e ej ) (B.27)
2j
zz = x 2 + y 2 = r 2 (B.28)
z = x + jy = rej /2 = r /2 (B.29)
E X A M P L E B . 5
If A = 6 + j 8, find: (a) A, (b) A4 .
Solution:
(a) First, convert A to polar form:
8
r= 62 + 82 = 10, = tan1 = 53.13 , A = 10 53.13
6
Then
A = 10 53.13 /2 = 3.162 26.56
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858 APPENDIX B Complex Numbers
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