ChapterThree

AcquisitionofRight
orTitleofOffice

Submittedby:
JaneZahrenAustria
NicaCatubay
SherwinJetFerrer
JeaniferManguni
RaviePiansay

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A.InGeneral

1. ModesofCommencingofficialrelations
Themannerofselectingpersonsforpublicofficeisgenerallybyeither:
a. Election
b. Appointment

2. MeaningofAppointment
a. Itisanactofdesignationbytheexecutiveofficer,board,orbodytowhomthat
powerhasbeendelegated,oftheindividualwhoistoexercisesthepowersand
functionsofagivenoffice.
b. Itisequivalenttofillingavacancyinanoffice.
c. Itisthenominationordesignationofanindividualtoanoffice.

3. Whereappointingpowerresides
a. Inherentlybelongstothepeople
b. Entrustedtodesignatedelectedandappointedpublicofficials

4. Appointingpowergenerallyregardedasanexecutivefunction
a. Wherepowerexercisedbyexecutivedepartment
b. Wherepowerexercisedbyotherdepartments

5. Powertoappointdiscretionary
a. Powerofcourttoreviewappointments
b. PowerofCivilServiceCommissiontorevokeappointment

6. Powermaybeabsoluteorconditional
a. absolute
wherethechoiceoftheappointingauthorityisconclusiveifitfalls
uponaneligibleperson.Nofurtherconsentorapprovalisnecessary.
b. conditional
whereassentorapprovalbysomeotherofficerorbody,suchas
theCommissiononAppointments,isnecessarytocompletetheappointment.

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7. Restrictionsonthepowertoappoint
a. Generally
Personstobeappointedtoapublicofficeshouldpossesstherequired
qualificationsandbeselectedsolelywithaviewtothepublicwelfare.

b. UndertheConstitution
a. Thespouseandrelativesbyconsanguinityoraffinitywithinthefourth
civildegreeofthePresidentshallnot,duringhistenure,beappointedas
MembersoftheConstitutionalCommissions,ortheOfficeofthe
Ombudsman,orasSecretaries,Undersecretaries,chairmenorheadsof
bureausoroffices,includinggovernmentownedorcontrolled
Art.VII,Sec.13
corporationsandtheirsubsidiaries
b. Twomonthsimmediatelybeforethenextpresidentialelectionsandup
totheendofhisterm,aPresidentorActingPresidentshallnotmake
appointments,excepttemporaryappointmentstoexecutivepositions
whencontinuedvacanciesthereinwillprejudicepublicserviceor
endangerpublicsafety.
c. TheCongressmay,bylaw,vesttheappointmentofotherofficerslower
inrankinthePresidentalone,inthecourts,orintheheadsof
departments,agencies,commissions,orboards.
d. TheSupremeCourtshallhavethefollowingpowers:Appointallofficials
andemployeesoftheJudiciaryinaccordancewiththeCivilServiceLaw.
e. TheMembersoftheSupremeCourtandjudgesofthelowercourtsshall
beappointedbythePresidentfromalistofatleastthreenominees
preparedbytheJudicialandBarCouncilforeveryvacancy.Such
appointmentsneednoconfirmation.
For the lower courts, the President shall issue the appointmentswithin
ninetydaysfromthesubmissionofthelist.
f. TheConstitutionalCommissionsshallappointtheirofficialsand
employeesinaccordancewithlaw.
g. The Members of the Civil Service Commision, Commission on Elections
and Commission on Audit shall be appointed without reappointment
xxx. Appointment toany vacancy shallbeonlyfortheunexpiredtermof
the predecessor. In no case shall any Member be appointed or
designatedinatemporaryoractingcapacity.
h. No candidate who has lost in any election shall, within one year after
such election, be appointed to any office in the Government or any

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Governmentowned or controlled corporations or in any of their

subsidiaries.
i. No elective official shall be eligible for appointment or designation in
any capacity to any public office or position during his tenure. Unless
otherwise allowed bylaworby the primaryfunctionsofhis position,no
appointive official shall hold any other office or employment in the
Government or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof,
including Governmentowned or controlled corporations or their
subsidiaries.
j. TheofficialsandemployeesoftheOfficeoftheOmbudsman,otherthan
the Deputies, shall be appointed by the Ombudsman, according to the
CivilServiceLaw.
k. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be appointedbythe President
from a list of at least six nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar
Council, and from a listofthree nominees foreveryvacancythereafter.
Such appointments shall require no confirmation. All vacancies shall be
filledwithinthreemonthsaftertheyoccur.

c. Underexistinglaws

8. WhenAppointmentdeemedcomplete
a. Notsubjecttoconfirmation
b. Subjecttoconfirmation
c. ApprovalbytheCivilServiceCommission
d. Effectsofcompletedappointment

9. Acceptanceofappointment
a. Notnecessarytocompletionorvalidityofappointment
b. Necessarytopossessionofoffice

10. FormofAcceptance
a. Expressorwhendoneverballyorinwriting
b. Impliedorwhen,withoutformalacceptance,theappointeeentersuponexercise
ofthedutiesandfunctionsofanoffice

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11. Obligationofelectedorappointedindividualtoacceptoffice
a. Generallynotsubjecttocompulsion
b. Obligationinthenatureofasocialduty

12. Necessaryofwrittenappointment
a. Viewthatappointmentshouldbeevidencedbyawriting
b. Contraryview

13. Revocationofappointment
a. Whereappointmentfinalandcomplete
b. Whereappointeehasassumedposition
c. Whereprotestantmorequalifiedthanappointee

B.AppointmentsbythePresident

1. PowerofappointmentofthePresident
BytheprovisionofArt.VII,Sec.16intheConstitution,thePresidentisauthorizedto
appoint,namely:

a. First
:
headsofexecutivedepartments

ambassadors

otherpublicministersandconsuls

officersofthearmedforcesfromtherankofcolonelornavalcaptain

otherofficers

i. regularmembersofJudicialandBarCouncil
ii. chairmanandcommissionersoftheCivilServiceCommission
iii. chairmanandcommissionersoftheCommissiononElections
iv. chairmanandcommissionersoftheCommissiononAudit
v. membersoftheregionalconsultativecommission

b. Second :

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Allotherofficersappointmentsarenototherwiseprovidedbylawand
tobeappointedtolowerofficescreatedbyCongress

c. Third
thosewhomthePresidentmaybeauthorizedbylaw
headsofgovernmentownedorcontrolledcorporations

undersecretaries

headsofbureausandoffices

otherofficials

d. Fourth
:appointmentstheCongressbylawvestsinthePresidentalone
otherofficerslowerinrank

2. ConfirmationofappointmentsbyCommissiononAppointments

a. Required
firstgroupabove

b. Unnecessary
headsofbureaus

certainofficesunderdifferentdepartmentswhicharenotcalledbureaus
example
i. SecuritiesandExchangeCommission
example
ii. InsuranceCommission
membersofSupremeCourt

judgesoflowercourts

Sandiganbayan

Tanodbayan(Ombudsman)~includingdeputies
Art.VIISec.16
chairmanandmembersoftheCommissiononHumanRights

3. Appointmentbyotherofficials

Art.VII,Sec16
Congressmayvestpowertoappointofficerslowerinranktothefollowing:

a. headsofdepartments
b. agencies
c. commissions
d. boards

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lowerinrankdoesnotincludeheadsofbureausandofficesnotspecificallymentioned
intheConstitutionasamongthosetobeappointedbyPresidentwhoaresubordinates
ofCabinetmembers.Bylaw,theirappointmentsarevestedinthePresident.

4. KIndsofPresidentialappointments

a. astomannerinwhichitismade
regular madebyCongresswhileinsession;subjecttoconfirmationby
theCommissiononAppointments
adinterim madewhileCongressisinrecess
b. astoitsnature
permanent thosewhichlastuntiltheyarelawfullyterminated
temporary oracting

thosewhichlastuntilapermanentappointmentis
issued

5. Adinterimappointments
a. TheseareappointmentsmadebythePresidentwhileCongressisinrecess,thus,
theCommissiononAppointmentsmayonlydeliberateuponsuchappointments
whenCongressgoesintosession
b. ThePresidentisusuallyaidedbytheCommissiononAppointmentsadvicewhen
itcomestoappointments.Incaseofadinterimappointments,however,the
Presidentactsaloneandthesystemofchecksandbalancesvitaltooursystemof
governmentisnotinplace
c. Adinterimappointments,however,arenecessaryduetotheexistenceof
situationswherethereisaclearandpresenturgencycausedbyanimpending
obstructionorparalysisofthefunctionassignedtoofficetobefilledifno
immediateappointmentismade
d. Anadinterimappointmentispermanentinnatureandnotameretemporaryor
actingappointmentevenifitsubjecttoconfirmationbytheCommissionon
appointments.However,itmayberecalledorrevokedbythePresidentbefore
confirmation

6. Temporaryoractingappointments
a. Generally,thepowertoappointvestedinthePresidentincludestemporaryor
actingappointments,unlessotherwiseprovidedbylaw.

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b. Anactingappointment,beingessentiallytemporaryorprovisionalincharacter,
cannotbevalidlyconfirmedbytheCOmmissiononAppointmentsbecause
confirmationpresupposesavalidnominationoradinterimappointment.
c. Atemporaryappointmentanactingappointment.
d. Anunqualifiedpersoncannotbeappointedeveninanactingcapacity

7. Designations
Issimplythemereimpositionofneworadditionaldutiesuponanofficertobe
performedbyhiminaspecialmannerwhileheperformsthefunctionofhispermanent
office.

8. Stepsintheappointingprocess
a. Nomination ItistheexclusiveprerogativeofthePresidentuponwhichno
limitationmaybeimposedbyCongress,exceptthoseresultingfromtheneed
securingtheconcurrenceoftheCommissiononAppointmentsandfromthe
exercisesofthelimitedlegislativepowertoprescribethequalificationstoa
givenappointiveoffice.

b. Confirmation
Thepowertoconfirmandrejectcertainappointmentsbelongsto

CongressthroughtheCommissiononAppointmentssinceitisacheckon
theexecutive.
AconfirmationcannotbereconsideredafterthePresidenthasbeen

notifiedoftheconfirmationandhascompletedtheappointmentby
issuingacommissiontheappointeeeveniftherulesoftheconfirming
bodyprovideforreconsideration

c. IssuanceofCommission
Commissionisthewrittenauthorityfromacompetentsourcegivento

theofficerashiswarrantforexerciseofthepowersanddutiesofthe
office.Itisthethewrittenevidenceoftheappointment
Whenapersoniselectedtooffice,hisrightasestablishedasaresultof

theelectionanddoesnotdependupontheissuanceofacommission.
Issuanceofacommissiontoanelectedofficerismerelyaministerialact
andnotapartoftheactofappointment.Instead,theelectedofficeris
entitledtoacertificateofelection.

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C.AppointmentsintheCivilService

1. TheCivilServiceSystem

a. Scope
allbranches,subdivisions,instrumentalitiesandagenciesofthe
governmentincludingGOCCswithoriginalcharter.Thiscoverstheadministrative
personneloftheentiregovernmentsystem,bothnationalandlocal,including
themilitary.

b. Purposetoenablethenationalandlocalgovernmentandallits
instrumentalitiesandagenciestorendermoreefficientservicestothepublicby
enablingthemtoobtainefficientservants.

2. ClassificationofpositionsintheCivilService

a. CareerService
Characteristics:
i. Entrancebasedonmeritandfitnesstobedeterminedasfar
practicablebycompetitiveexaminationsorarebasedonhighly
technicalqualifications
ii. Securityoftenure
iii. Opportunityforadvancementtohighercareerpositions

Itincludes:
i. Opencareerpositionsforappointmentsrequiringprior
qualificationinanappropriateexamination
ii. Closedcareerpositionswhicharescientificorhighlytechnicalin
nature.
iii. PositionsintheCareerExecutiveService
iv. CareerofficersotherthanthoseintheCareerServicewhoare
appointedbythePresident
v. CommissionedofficersandenlistedmenoftheArmedForces
vi. Personrelofgovernmentownedandcontrolledcorporations
whetherperforminggovernmentalorproprietaryfunctionswho
donotfallundernoncareerservices;and
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vii. Permanentlaborer,whetherskilled,semiskilled,orunskilled.

b. NonCareerService

i. Characteristics:
Entrancebasesotherthanthoseoftheusualtestofmeritand

fitness
Tenurewhichislimitedtoaperiodspecifiedbylawor

coterminouswiththatoftheappointingauthorityorsubjectto
hispleasureorlimitedtothedurationofaparticularproject

ii. Includes:
Electiveofficialsandtheirpersonalorconfidentialstaffs.

Departmentheadsandotherofficersofcabinetrankandtheir

staffs
Chairmenandmembersofcommissionsandboardswithfixed

termsofofficeandtheirstaffs
Contractualpersonnel

Emergencyandseasonalpersonnel

Casualemployees

3. Classesofpositionsinthecareerservice

a. Threemajorlevels:
Clerical,trades,crafts,andcustodialservicepositions

Professional,technical,andscientificpositions

CareerExecutiveService

b. Requirementofcompetitiveexaminations
Entrancetothefirsttwolevelsarethroughcompetitiveexaminations

EntrancetothethirdlevelisprescribedbytheCareerExecutiveService

Board
Forpromotiontoahigherpositioninoneormorerelatedoccupational

groups,noexaminationisrequiredwithinthesamelevel.However,the
candidateforpromotionmusthavepreviouslypassedtheexamination
forthelevel.

4. ConstitutionalClassification

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a. Competitive Thoseappointmentsaremadeaccordingtomeritandfitnessas
determinedbycompetitiveexaminations.
b. Noncompetitive Thoseappointmentsdonottakeintoaccountmeritand
fitnessasdeterminedbycompetitiveexaminations.Theseincludepositions
whicharepolicydetermining,primarilyconfidential,orhighlytechnicalin
nature.

5. Determinationofmeritandfitnessbycompetitiveexaminations

GeneralRule :Theselectionofanyappointeetoanygovernmentpositionshallbemade
onlyaccordingtomeritandfitnesstobedetermined,asfaraspracticable,by
competitiveexaminationstoperformdutiesandassumestheresponsibilityofthe
position,withoutregardtoanyotherconsiderationsuchassex,color,socialstatus,
religion,orpoliticalaffiliation.

6. Exemptionfromruleofnoncompetitivepositions
a. Throughpolicydetermining,primarilyconfidentialandhighlytechnicalpositions
areexemptfromcompetitiveexaminationsandandstillenjoytheoperationof
theprinciple:noofficeoremployeeintheCivilServiceshallberemovedor
suspendedexceptforcauseprovidedbylaw.

b. Whetheranadministrativepositionisprimarilyconfidential,policydetermining,
orhighlytechnicalinthenatureofthefunctionsattachedtotheposition.

c. Policydeterminingposition

Itsoccupantisvestedwiththepowerofformulatingpoliciesforthe
governmentoranyofitsagencies,subdivisionsorinstrumentalities.

d. Primarilyconfidentialposition

Itsoccupantsenjoysmorethantheordinaryconfidenceihisaptitudeof
theappointingpowerbutbearsprimarilysuchascloseintimacywhich
insurefreedomofintercoursewithoutembarrassmentoffreedomfrom
misgivingofbetrayalofpersonaltrustonconfidentialmattersofthe
State.Morethanordinaryisrequired.

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ApositionmaybeconsideredprimarilyconfidentialwhenthePresident,
uponrecommendationofCivilServiceCommissioner,hasdeclareditto
be.

Itisthenatureofthepositionwhichfinallydetermineswhethera
positionisprimarilyconfidential.

Primarilyconfidentialappointeeisnotsubjecttoremovalatthepleasure
oftheappointingauthority.Instead,terminationofsuchanappointees
officialrelationcanbejustifiedonthegroundoflossofconfidence,
whichinvolvesnoremovalbutmerelytheexpirationofthetermof
office.

e. HighlytechnicalpositionItsoccupantisrequiredtopossessskillsortrainingin
thesupremeorsuperiordegree.

7. QualificationstandardsintheCivilService
1. Thesearetheminimumrequirementsforaclassofpositionsintermsof
education,trainingandexperience,civilserviceeligibility,physicalfitness,and
otherqualitiesrequiredforsuccessfulperformance.

2. UseofQualificationStandards
Asbasisforcivilserviceexaminationsforpositionsinthecareerservice

Asguidesintheappointmentandotherpersonnelactionsinthe

adjudicationofprotestedappointments
Indeterminingtrainingneeds

Asaidintheinspectionandauditoftheagenciespersonnelwork

programs

8. Kindsofappointmentinthecareerservice
a. Permanent Onewhichisissuedtoapersonwhomeetsalltherequirementsfor
thepositionincludingtheappropriateeligibilityprescribed.
b. Temporary or
acting
Onewhichisissuedtoapersonwhomeetsallthe
requirementsforthepositiontowhichheisbeingappointedexceptthe
appropriatecivilserviceeligibility.

9. Instancesoftemporaryappointment
a. Wheretheappointeedoesnotpossesscivilserviceeligibility

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b. Wheretheappointeehascivilserviceeligibilitybutdifferentfromthatwhichis
appropriatetothepositionforwhichhewasappointed.
c. WheretheappointmentismadebythePresidenttofillanexecutiveoffice
duringtheabsenceorincapacityoftheincumbent
d. Wheretheappointeehasnotpassedanycivilserviceexamination
e. Wherethenewappointmentisstillsubjecttoaconditionandcompliancehas
notbeenmadeyet
f. Whereanewincumbenthasbeenappointedtofillthepositionofaregular
employeewhohasbeenillegallysuspendedordismissed.
g. Whereapersonisdesignatedasanofficerincharge
h. Wheretheappointmentismadeatthepleasureoftheappointingpower

10. Separationoftemporaryemployees

Canbeterminatedorwithdrawnatthepleasureoftheappointingpower,
withoutnoticeofhearing,oramomentschoice,andregardlessofthegroundsor
reasons.

11. Qualificationinanappropriateexamination
a. Temporaryappointmentofnoneligiblesintheabsenceofeligibles
b. Appointmenttoapositionrequiringlowereligibility
c. Issuance/revocationofcertificateofeligibility

12. Approval/recallofappointmentsbytheCivilServiceCommission
a. Appointmentsrequiredtobeapproved:
GeneralRule:TheCivilServiceCommissionmustapproveall

appointments,whetheroriginalorpromotional,topositionsinthecivil
serviceanddisapprovethosewheretheappointeesdonotpossessthe
appropriateeligibilityorrequiredqualifications.
EXPN:Presidentialappointments,membersoftheArmedForcesofthe

Philippines,policeforces,firemen,andjailguards.
b. Rightofappointeetoahearingincaseofdisapproval
c. Effectivityofappointmentuntildisapproval
d. Criteriontobeemployed
e. ExtentofCommissionsauthority
f. Attestationofappointment
g. Keepingofrecordsofallappointments
h. Recallofappointment
RuleVI,Sec.20OmnibusImplementingRegulationsoftheRevisedAdministrativeCode
i. Groundsforrecall :

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Noncompliancewiththeprocedures/criteriaprovidedintheagencys
MeritPromotionPlan;
FailuretopassthroughtheagencysSelection/PromotionBoard;
Violationoftheexistingcollectivebargainingagreementbetween
managementandemployeesrelativetopromotion;or
Violationofotherexistingcivilservicelaw,rulesandregulation.

D.Vacancy

Thereisavacancywhenanofficeisemptyandwithoutalegallyqualifiedincumbentappointed
orelectedtoitwithalawfulrighttoexerciseitpowersandperformitsduties.

1. Classifications
a. original
whenanofficeiscreatedandnoonehasbeenappointedtofillit;
b. constructive
whentheincumbenthasnolegalrightorclaimtocontinuein
officeandcanbelegallyreplacedbyanotherfunctionary;
c. accidental whentheincumbenthavingdied,resigned,orbeenremoved,there
isnooneinessedischargingthedutiesoftheoffice
d. absolute whenthetermofanincumbenthavingexpiredandthelatternot
havingheldover,nosuccessorisinbeingwhoislegallyqualifiedtoassumethe
office

2. Causesofvacancy
a. Death,permanentdisability,removalfromofficeorresignationofthe
incumbent.
b. Abandonment,expirationofterm,convictionofacrime,impeachment
conviction,acceptanceofincompatibleoffice,creationofanewoffice,reaching
theagelimitandrecall.Failureofpersonschosenforofficetoacceptorqualify
fortheoffice.

3. Filingofanticipatedvacancies
a. Generallyappointmentlegalaprospectiveappointmenttofillananticipated
vacancyinapublicoffice,madebythepersonorbodywhich,asthen
constituted,isempoweredtofillthevacancywhenitarises,isintheabsenceof
expresslawforbiddingit,legalappointment,andveststitletotheofficeinthe
appointee.
b. Whereappointmenttotakeeffectafterexpirationofappointingpowerbutthe
appointingpowercannotforestalltherightsandprerogativesoftheirsuccessors
byappointingsuccessorstoofficesexpiringafteritspowertoappointhasitself
expired.Itisalsoplainthatanappointmentthusmadebyanticipationhasno
otherbasisthanexpediencyandconvenience.

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E.QualifyingtoOffice

1. Qualification
Thepersonappointedorelectedtoapublicofficeisusuallyrequiredbylaw,
beforeenteringupontheperformanceofhisdutiestodosomeactbywhichheshall
signifyhisacceptanceoftheofficeandhisundertakingtoexecutethetrustconfidedin
him.

2. Oathofofficeforpublicofficersandemployees

a. Oath isanoutwardpledgewherebyoneformallycallsuponGodtowitnessto
thetruthofwhathesaysortothefactthathesincerelyintendstodowhathe
says
ConstitutionArticleVIISection5
AdministrativeCodeof1987
LocalGovernmentCode

3. Necessityofoathofoffice
a. Whenthepublicofficerhassatisfiedtheprerequisiteofoaththathisrightto
enterintothepositionbecomesplenaryandcomplete.
b. Althoughthelawusuallyrequiresthetakingofanoath,itisnotindispensable.It
ismereincidenttotheofficeandconstitutesnopartoftheofficeitself.
c. ThePresident,theVicePresident,ortheActingPresidentoathtakingis
mandatory
d. Unlessthelawexpresslyrequiresmore,itissufficientthattheoathbetaken

4. Officersauthorizedtoadministeroath
a. Notariespublic,membersofthejudiciary,clerksofcourt,theSecretaryofeither
HouseoftheCongress,Secretariesofdepartments,bureaudirectors,registrars
ofdeeds,provincialgovernorsandlieutenantgovernors,citymayors,andany
otherofficerintheserviceofthegovernmentwhoseappointmentisvestedin
thePresident.
b. Officerswhoseduties,asdefinedbylaworregulation.

5. Publicofficersandemployeesrequiredtogivebonds

Thosetowhomareentrustedthecollectionandcustodyofpublicmoney,and
publicministerialofficerswhoseactionsmayaffectstherightsandinterestsof
individuals.
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6. Natureofpublicfunds
a. Indemnitybindingtheofficertodischargethedutiesofhisoffice
b. Obligationbindingthesuretiestomakegoodtheofficer'sdefault
c. Collateralsecurity

7. Necessityofgivingofficialbonds
a. Mereincidentofoffice
b. Wheretimeprescribedwithinwhichtogivebond



DeFacto
F. Officers

1. Defactodoctrine
Is the principle which holds that a person who, by the proper authority is
admittedandsworn intoofficeisdeemedtobe rightfullyinsuchofficeuntil,byjudicial
declaration in a properproceeding,he is oustedtherefrom,orhis admissiontheretois
declaredvoid.

Springs from the fear of the chaos that would result from multiple and
repetitioussuitschallengingeveryactiontakenbyevery official whose claimto office
could be open to question, and seeks to protect the public by insuring the orderly
functioningofthegovernmentdespitetechnicaldefectintitletooffice.

2. Defactoofficer
is one who has the reputation ofbeingthe officerheassumedto beand yetis
notgoodofficerinpointoflaw.

Apersonwherethedutiesoftheofficerareexercised:
a. without a known appointment or election, but under such circumstance of
reputation or acquiescence as were calculatedtoinducepeople,withoutinquiry
tosubmitto or invoke hisaction, supposinghimtobetheofficerheassumedto
be;or
b. undercolorofaknownandvalidappointmentorelection,butwheretheofficer
has failed to conform to some precedent requirement or condition, such as to
takeanoath,giveabond,orthelike;or
c. under the color of a known election or appointment, void because the officer
was not eligible, or because there was a want of power in the electing or
appointingbody, or by reason ofsome defect orirregularity in itsexercise,such
asineligibility,wantofpower,ordefectbeingunknowntothepublic;or
d. under color of an election or an appointment by or pursuant to a public,
unconstitutionallaw,beforethesameisadjudgedtosuch.

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Officer is one who derives his appointment from one having colorable authority to
appointiftheofficeisanappointiveoffice,andwhoseappointmentisvalidonitsface.

3. Dejure
officer
is one who has the lawful right to theoffice inallrespects, but whohaseither
beenoustedfromit,orwhohasneveractuallytakenpossessionofit.

4. Requirementstobecomeofficerdejure
a. Hemustpossessthelegalqualificationsfortheofficeinquestion;
b. Hemustbelawfullychosentosuchoffice;and
c. Hemusthavequalifiedhimself to performthe dutiesofsuchofficeaccordingto
themodeprescribedbytheConstitutionoflaw.

5. Usurperorintruder
isonewhotakespossessionoftheofficeandundertakestoactofficiallywithout
anycolorofrightorauthority,eitheractualorapparent.

defacto
6. Elementsof officership
a. Theremustbea dejure
office
b. Theremustbeacolorofrightorgeneralacquiescencebythepublic.
c. Theremustbeactualphysicalpossessionoftheofficeingoodfaith.

defacto
7. Liabilitiesofa officer
a. It may be stated generally that a de facto officer is held the same degree of
accountability for official acts as a
de jure officer and cannot escape liability
becausehehasnotqualifiedforfailuretofileabond.
b. Whileofficialactsofa defactoofficerarevalidandmay be binding with
regardto thirdpersons andthe publicthe personso actingmay beliableforall
penaltiesimposedbylawforusurping or unlawfully holding office, or for
exercising the functions thereof without lawful right orwithoutbeingqualified
accordingtolaw.
c. Itislikewisethegeneralrulethatapublicofficercannotexcuse his
responsibility for crimes committed in his official capacity by asserting that he
wasanofficer defacto.
d. A rightful incumbent of a public office may recover froma de factoofficerthe
salaryreceivedby thelatterduringthetimeofhiswrongfultenure,eventhough
he (the
defacto officer) occupiedtheoffice in good faith andunderthecolorof
title.

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