Pustak Angrah 1401645040 PDF

cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dk vlyh psgjk
ys[kd % jktho nhf{kr
izdk'kd % Lons'kh izdk'ku
lokZf/dkj izdk'kd ds ikl lqjf{kr

izFke laLdj.k % ekpZ 2012 (2000 izfr;k)
bZ&iqLrd laLdj.k % ekpZ 2012
Lons'kh izdk'ku] lsokxzke] o/kZ }kjk

jktho nhf{kr eseksfj;y Lons'kh mRFkku laLFkk ds fy, izdkf'kr
jktho nhf{kr eseksfj;y Lons'kh mRFkku laLFkk

lsokxzke jksM] gqRrkek Lekjd ds ikl
lsokxzke] o/kZ & 442 102
eksckbZy % 8380027016] 8380027022
eksckbZy % 982252011] 9422140731
ewY; % 80 :i;s
izLrqr bZ&iqLrd laLdj.k eqDr :i ls miyC/k gSA lEiw.kZ bZ&iqLrd lkfgR; laxzg izkIr djus ds fy;s ykWx vkWu djsa % http://www.rajivdixit.net http://www.rajivdixit.com
fo"k; lwph
lefiZr
ijeiwT; Lokeh jkensoth egkjkt dks
tks Hkkjr dks Lons'kh 1- izdk'kdh; 5
cukus dh yMkbZ dk usr`Ro dj jgs gSaA 2- Lons'kh ds izfr jktho HkkbZ dh vxk/-------- 9
3- eksulsaVks 15
Hkkjr dks Lons'kh] Lokoyach 4- usLys 22
vkSj LokfHkekuh cukus ds fy, py jgs 5- tujy eksVlZ 28
Lons'kh vkUnksyu vkSj Hkkjr LokfHkeku 6- fiQfyi eksfjl 33
ds mu yk[kksa kafrdkfj;ksa dks tks 7- gkDsLV 42
jktho HkkbZ ds Lons'kh Hkkjr ds 8- flVh cSad 46
lius dks iwjk djuk pkgrs gaSA 9- ukbZd 50
10- ;wuksdy 54
mu lHkh iqjkus lkfFk;ksa dks ftUgksaus 11- Mkm dksfuZax 57
jktho HkkbZ ds lkFk dU/s ls dU/k
12- MCY;w- vkj- xzsl 61
feykdj yM+kbZ yM+h
13- ,- ch- ch- 64
14- M~;wiksa 68
mu lHkh u;s lkfFk;ksa dks
15- lhck xk;xh 76
tks bl yM+kbZ dks ftUnk j[kuk pkgrs gSa
16- ekbkslkWV 80
17- ,ujkWu 85
18- isIlhdksyk&dksdkdksyk 90
lEiw.kZ lkfgR; laxzgksa dh eqfnzr izfr izkIr djus ds fy;s lEidZ djsa % Lons'kh izdk'ku] o/kkZ] egkjk"V % lEidZ lw= % 08380027016 / 08380027022
vkSj jkuh dh lgefr gqvk djrh FkhA Hkkjr esa 1830 rd dEiuh jkt pyk
1- ysfdu fcVsu dh jkuh dh lgefr lsA mlds ckn lh/k fczVsu dk gLr{ksi
'kq: gqvkA
1830 ds ckn Hkkjr eas tc lh/s fcVzus dk 'kklu pyus yxk rks bLZV
bf.M;k dEiuh ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ vkSj dEifu;ksa us Hkkjr esa ?kqliSB dhA
izdk'kdh; [kkldj caxky esa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls dydkk esa twV] iVlu vkSj pk; ds
{ks=k dbZ fons'kh dEifu;ksa vk xbZ FkhA ;g lHkh daifu;kvaxzsth 'kklu ds
cqykus ij vkSj mudh enn ds fy, vkbZ FkhA ge ekurs gS fd og 16 oha
'krkCnh ls ysdj 1947 rd vaxzstksus ftl rjg ls Hkkjr esa ywV vkSj vR;kpkj
dk 'kklu pyk;k og vktknh ds ckn Hkh tkjh gSA cl vUrj bruk gS fd
1498 esa okLdks fn xkek vhdk ls gksrk gqvk nf{k.k esa dsjy ds vkt 4500 ls vf/d fons'kh daifu;ka Hkkjr dks ywV jgh gaSA blfy, fiQj
dkyhdV leqnz ij igqpkA mlds vkxeu ds lkFk gh if'pe ds ns'kksa dh ls u;k Lons'kh vkanksyu 'kq: gqvk gSA
?kqliSB Hkkjr esa 'kq# gks xbZ FkhA 'kq#okr esa rks okLdks fn xkek tSls dbZ yqVsjs Hkkjr dk izkphu m|ksx eqyr% fodsfUnzr vFkZO;oLFkk dk jgk gSA
Hkkjr esa vk;sA mlds ckn mlh jkLrs ls Mp] kalhlh vkSj vaxzst Hkh /hjs /hjs NksVs&NksVs m|ksx] NksVh&NksVh rduhdsa vkSj NksVh&NksVh iwth vkSj O;fDrxr
djds vk;sA mudh txg daifu;ksa us ys yhA bfrgkl gesa crkrk gS fd bZLV ;k ifjokj dk lewg tks bu m|ksxksa esa yxk gqvk FkkA tSls diMk m|ksx esa
bf.M;k dEiuh us 1600 esa Hkkjr esa viuk lkezkT; LFkkfir djuk 'kq# fd;kA jaxkbZ] cqukbZ] drkbZ fiatkbZ] tSls dbZ rduhdh dkeksa dks vyx&vyx Lrjksa
dEiuh ds flikfg;ksa vkSj vf/dkfj;ksa us Hkkjr ds lkFk&lkFk nf{k.k iwoZ ij ckVdj iwjk diM+k m|ksx pyrk Fkk vkSj fons'kksa es O;kikj gksrk FkkA blh
,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ij Hkh dCtk fd;k vkSj ywVus dk dke 'kq# fd;kA ywVus ds rjg ykgsk m|kxs] tVw m|kxs] ydMh dk dke vkjS vU; nLrdkfj;kas dk m|kxs
lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr ds fons'k O;kikj] ftl ij LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa dk dCtk FkkA dh NksVs&NksVs vkSj fodsfUnzr vFkZO;oLFkk ds vk/kj ij pyrs FksA ysfdu tc
mldks Hkh bZLV bf.M;k daiuh us vius gkFk esa ys fy;k] D;ksafd LFkkuh; ls dEifu;ksa dk O;kikj 'kq# gqvk rc ls 'kks"k.k dk ,d u;k v;k; izkjaHk
O;kikfj;ksa ds tgktksa dks jksduk mUgsa ijs'kku djuk 'kq# fd;k rks mUgkasus lkjk gvq kA
fons'k O;kikj vaxzstksa ds gkFk esa ns fn;kA Hkkjr lksus dh fpfM+;k Fkk rks bUgha NksVs&NksVs vkSj fodsfUnzr m|ksxksa
1706 ds ckn kUlhfl;ksa us Hkh Hkkjr esa viuh ?kqliSB c<+kbZA ds vk/kj ij gh FkkA tSls&tSls dEifu;ksa ds vkus ls 'kks"k.k c<rk x;k vkSj
vaxzstksa vkSj kaUlhfl;ksa esa ;q gqvk] kUlhlh ijkLr gq, vkSj vaxzstksa us iwjs gekjk lkjk O;kikj vkSj m|ksx bu fons'kh dEifu;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrk x;k
Hkkjr ij viuk lkezkT; LFkkfir fd;kA bZLV bf.M;k dsoy ,d gh dEiuh oSls&oSls ge daxky gksrs x;sA fuos'k ds #i esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dh iwth
ugha FkhA if'peh ns'kksa us 16 oha 'krkCnh rd dbZ daifu;ka cuk yh Fkh ftudk cgqr de Fkh] ysfdu ywV dj ys tkus okyh lEifk ml rqyuk esa cgqr vf/
mn~ns'; ywVekjh djuk gh FkkA Hkkjr ds lkFk&lkFk vejhdk vkSj vhdk ds d FkhA 'kq#okr esa dEifu;ksa dks bl ywV dk ykblsal rks vaxzsth ljdkj us
ns'kksa esa Hkh bu dEifu;ksa us viuk dCtk tekuk 'kq# dj fn;k FkkA vius gh fn;k FkkA ysfdu vktknh ds ckn gekjh ljdkjksa us Hkh bu fons'kh daifu;ksa
jktkvksa ls ywV dk pkVZj ysdj vkSj lsuk ysdj ;g dEifu;ka vU; ns'kksa esa dks ywV dk ykblsal fn;k gSA bl fdrkc esa fn;s x;s dbZ ys[kksa ls ;g fl
tkrh Fkh vkSj O;kikj 'kq# djrh FkhA bfrgkl dk v;;u djas rks lkiQ irk gksrk gSA
pyrk gS fd bu dEifu;ksa ds ihNs buds ns'kksa dh jktkKk vkSj rU=k iwjh rjg tSls&tSls bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dh ywV vkSj vR;kpkj c<+rs x;s
enn djrk FkkA bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds ihNs bXyS.M dk iwjk ljdkjh rU=k
5 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 6

ol S &
s ol
S s Hkkjr eas mudk ifzrjk/ s Hkh c<r+k x;k FkkA nf{k.k vkjS cxaky ds dbZ eYVhus'kuy ekWuhVj uked if=kdk esa vaxszth esa Nis gq, ys[kksa dk fgUnh
fj;klrksa us bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dks iV[kuh Hkh nh FkhA 1857 ds us fonzksg ladyu gS ;g ys[k ubZ vktknh if=kdk esa Hkh Nis FksA buesa ls dqN ys[kksa
dh [kqyh ?kks"k.kk dj nh FkhA dsoy lSfud Lrj ij gh ugha cfYd caxky esa dk vuqokn jktho HkkbZ us gh fd;k FkkA bu ys[kksa esa vkadMs mlh le; ds
rks foKku vkjS rduhdh ds Lrj ij Hkh fonkzgs 'k#q gks x;k FkkA 1905 eas cxaky gS ysfdu vkt 15 o"kZ ckn Hkh mu ys[kksa dh ewy Hkkouk vkSj vf/d tkx`r
ds foHkktu ds iQy Lo#i Lons'kh vkanksyu 'kq# gqvk ftlesa caxky ds gks xbZ gSA
foHkktu dk fojk/ s vkjS vxat sz kas ds cfg"dkj dh 'k#qvkr gbqAZ 1916 eas xk/
a hth vkt ds bl Lons'kh vkanksyu dks rS;kj djus esa vkSj Hkkjr dks
ds vkus ds ckn rks Lons'kh vkanksyu us ubZ tehu rS;kj dhA vaxzsth gqdwer Lons'kh] Lokyach vkSj LokfHkekuh cukus ds fy, bl rjg dh fdrkcksa dk
dks jktuSfrd #i esa gVk;k tk;s blds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd #i es Hkh vaxszth mi;ksx gks rks budh lkFkZdrk blh esa gSA tSls tSls ge fons'khdj.k ds tky
lkezkT; dks gokLr fd;k tk;s blds fy, Lons'kh vkanksyu 'kq# gqvkA xka/hth] iQlsaxs oSls&oSls ;g ys[k gesa viuh lkFkZdrk fl djsaxsA bl fdrkc esa fliZQ
fryd vkSj vU; kfUrdkjh;ks ds usr`Ro esa 'kq# gqvk ;g Lons'kh vkanksyu us mnkjhdj.k ;k cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa ls lEcaf/r ys[k gh fy, x;s gaS] ckdh ys[k
fgUnqLrku ds ekjs x;sa m|ksxks ds fy, thfor djus dk dke fd;kA vU; fdrkcksa esa vk jgs gSaA
xka/hth dh lkjh ls u bUgh Lons'kh vkanksyu esa ls rS;kj gqbZ FkhA
1991 eas tc mnkjhdj.k vkjS o'Sohdj.k 'k:q gv q k rcls gh o'Sohdj.k
ls gksus okys uqdlkuksa dks ysdj NksVs&NksVs leqg mudk fojks/ djrs gh vk
jgs gSaA ikuh ds loky ij] leqnz esa eNyh idMus ds loky ij] fctyh esa
fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks cqykus ds loky ij] ?kksVkyksa }kjk ns'k dh ywV ds loky
ij vkanksyu gks jgs gSa ysfdu i- iw- Lokeh jkensoth ds usk`Ro esa Hkkjr
LokfHkeku dh 'kq:vkr ,d vuks[kh 'kq:vkr gS tks fons'kh dEifu;ksa dh ywV
vkSj Lons'kh ds vkxzg dks cMs Lrj ij mBk jgk gSA u dsoy vkokt mBk jgk
gS cfYd fons'kh lkeuksa ds fodYi Hkh rS;kj dj jgk gSA dsoy Lons'kh gh ugha
O;oLFkk ijhorZu dk liuk Hkh ns[k jgk gSA ;g liuk jktho HkkbZ dk liuk
gS blfy, bl lius dks vkxs ys tkdj lkdkj dju dk nkf;Ro ge lcdk
gAS
fiNys 20 o"kksZa esa jktho HkkbZ us ftruk cksyk gS mldh rqyuk esa
fy[kk cgqr de gSA muds fy[ks gq, ys[kksa vkSj fdrkcksa rFkk O;k[;kukas dks
fyf[kr #i esa ykus dh ;kstuk muds jgrs gh cu x;h Fkh ysfdu le;kHkko
ds dkj.k og laHko uk gks ldkA jktho HkkbZ ds tkus ds ckn mudk leLr
lkfgR; miyC/ djokus dh dksf'k'k gks jgh gSA mlh dM+h esa ;g fdrkc Hkh
'kkfey gSA muds fyf[kr vkSj cksys x,s lkfgR; ij yxHkx 20 fdrkcksa dk
ladyu rS;kj gks jgk gSA gekjk fo'okl gS fd vkxkeh 30 uoEcj rd ;g
lHkh fdrkcsa miyC/ gksaxhA ;g fdrkc ewyr% cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas ds ckjs esa

ds fy, cksy fn;k gS vkSj laHko gqvk rks mUgsa fnYyh ys tkus dh rS;kjh dj
2- jgk gw ogk Hkh MkDVjksa ls lEidZ pkyw gSA tSls gh dqN gksxk eSa rqjUr
crkxkA
blds ckn Mkboj us pk; ihdj nqckjk ls xkM+h pkyw dh vkSj eSa
fHkykbZ esa iQksu ij lEidZ djus dh dksf'k'k djrk jgkA vuwi HkkbZ ls ckr
Lons'kh ds izfr jktho HkkbZ dh gqbZ rks mUgksaus dgk fd vki tYnh ls tYnh vkbZ;s le; cgqr de gS] rc
eSaus dgk muls dgk fd fnYyh ys tkus dh ckr gks jgh gS vki fnYyh ysdj
vxk/ Jk vkSj rM+i dks fudfy,] rks mUgksaus dgk fd mudh gkykr ,slh ugha gS fd fnYyh ys tk;k
tk ldsA vki rks tYnh ls tYnh igqp tkbZ;sA rc eq>s FkksM+k 'kd gqvk fd
'kr%'kr ueu vHkh rd esjh ckr ugha gks ikbZ jktho HkkbZ ls] pDdj D;k gSA jktho HkkbZ
Lokeh th ls ckr dj jgs gS rks e> q ls D;kas ugha dj ik jgs gS ;k muds vklikl
ds yksx eq>s ckr D;ksa ugha djok jgs gaSA
29 uoEcj dh eugwl 'kke dks djhc 7%30 cts fdlh us iQksu djhc 12%15 ij Lokeh th dk fiQj ls iQksu vk;k mUgksaus rqjUr xkM+h
djds crk;k fd jktho HkkbZ dh rch;r Bhd ugha gS] mUgsa vLikrky esa HkrhZ jksdus ds fy, dgk] vkSj iQwV iQwVdj jksus yxs] yxkrkj 5&6 feuV rd jksrs
djk;k gS] os ml le; NRrhlx<+ ds izokl ij Fks vkSj ml fnu fHkykbZ esas jgsA eSa Hkh muds lkFk jksrk jgkA eSa vkokd gksdj lqurk jgkA 'kq: esa esjh
'kke dks Hkkjr LokfHkeku dh lHkk dks lacksf/r djus okys FksA tSls gh lwpuk le> esa dqN ugha vk;k] tc FkksM+k lakl feyh rks Lokeh th us dgk fd] vc
feyh rks eSus rqjUr jktho HkkbZ ds uEcj ij lEidZ djus dh dksf'k'k dh rks dqN ugha cpk] jktho HkkbZ gedks NksM+dj pys x;s----- eSaus D;k&D;k ugha lkspk
nksuksa uEcj can Fks] lEidZ ugha gks ldkA gfj}kj ls NRrhlx<+ ds lkfFk;ksa dk Fkk] lc dqN [kRe gks x;k] esjs gkFk iSjksa esa rkdr gh ugha cph gSA eSaus vius
uEcj ysdj iQksu yxk;k rks ckr gqbZ rc ;g lqfuf'pr gqvk fd okLro esa vkidks laHkkyrs gq, Lokeh th ls ,d gh izkFkZuk dh fd Lokeh th jktho HkkbZ
jktho HkkbZ dh rch;r Bhd ugha gS mUgsa vLikrky esa HkrhZ fd;k x;k gSA ds lius dks v/wjk ugha NksM+uk gS] fdlh Hkh dher ij iwjk djuk gSA ^Hkkjr
rqjUr eSaus iwNk fd Lokeh th dks [kcj dh ;k ugha rks mUgksaus crk;k fd gk& LokfHkeku* ds :i esa mUgksaus tks liuk ns[kk gS og iwjk gksuk pkfg, vki fdlh
Lokeh th dks lwpuk dj nh gS vkSj os [kqn bl ekeys esa MkWDVj ls ckr dj Hkh dher ij ;g yM+kbZ ugha :dus nsuk---- fiQj mUgksaus iwNk fd vkxs D;k
jgs gS vkSj ;fn fLFkfr T;knk [kjkc gqbZ rks fnYyh ys tkus dh O;oLFkk Hkh gks djuk gS rks eSaus mudks dgk fd jktho HkkbZ oS/kfud :i ls Hkkjr LokfHkeku
jgh gSA blds ckn eSaus dbZ ckj dksf'k'k dh ,d ckj jktho HkkbZ ckr gks tk;s ds jk"Vh; lfpo Fks blfy, mudk vafre laLdkj Hkkjr LokfHkeku ds eq[;
ysfdu fdlh Hkh rjg esjh muls ckr u gks ldhA le; [kjkc u djds rqjUr dk;kZy;] gfj}kj esa gh gksuk pkfg,] vki rS;kjh djokbZ;s eSa mUgsa ysdj vkrk
xkMh+ ls jk;ijq ds fy, fudy x;k ;g lkp s dj fd ;fn lHako gvq k rks loskxkze gwaA mlds ckn Lokeh th dk iQksu dV x;k] iQksu ij ckr djrs&djrs mudh
ys vk;saxs vkSj ;gh bykt djok ysaxsA vkokt ,dne fu<ky gks xbZ FkhA eSa Hkh lqUu gks x;k Fkk dqN Hkh le> esa
djhc 9%30 ds vklikl ukxiqj ds vkxs dgh <kcs ij Mkboj us pk; ugha vk jgk Fkk D;k d:] 'kjhj vkSj fnekx nksuksa dks tSls ydok ekj x;k
ihus ds fy, xkM+h jksdhA rHkh Lokeh th dk iQksu vk;k vkSj mUgksaus tkudkjh gksA dkB tSlk gks x;k FkkA
nh fd eSa Loea bl ekeys dks yxkrkj ns[k jgk gwjktho HkkbZ nokbZ ysus ls eSaus tc ls gks'k laHkyk Fkk rc ls fliQZ jktho HkkbZ dks fliZQ HkkbZ
euk dj jgs gSaA os ckj&ckj euk dj jgs gSa fd eq>s vaxzsth nokbZ ugha ysuh gh ugha] ek&cki ekudj] muds lkFk vkSj muds lkfu; esa FkkA vc oks
gS eq>s rks vk;Zqosfnd ;k gksE;ksiSFkh dh nok fHktok nh tk;s eSa mlh ls Bhd NksM+dj pys x;s rks dSls vkxs c<+sxsaA mudh fgEer ls ge fgEer ikrs Fks]
gks tkxkA fpUrk dh dksbZ ckr ugha gSA fiQj Hkh MkDVjksa dks vko';d bykt muds tks'k ls gesa tks'k feyrk Fkk] mudh fuMjrk ls gesa fuMjrk feyrh Fkh]

tc oks ngkM+ yxkdj fons'kh dEifu;ksa ds f[kykiQ cksyrs Fks rc gekjs vUnj vafre n'kZu ds fy, j[kk x;kA Nkhlx<+ ds eq[;ea=kh Mk-W je.k flag th
gkSlyk iSnk gksrk FkkA vc dgkls ;g lc feysxk iwjs jkLrs lHkh dks lwpuk viuh Jkatfy nsus vk;s] vkSj mlds ckn mUgsa ,;jiksVZ ysdj vk;s tgk
djrk jgkA fd ftudks Hkh laHko gks rqjUr gfj}kj igqpsA tks&tks jktho HkkbZ gtkjksa Hkkjr LokfHkeku ds dk;kZdrkZ mudh vafre fonkbZ nsus ds fy, [kM+s
dks viuk xq: ekurs Fks] viuk l[kk ekurs Fks] viuk HkkbZ ekurs Fks os lc FksA tSls gh jktho HkkbZ ogk igqps oSls gh muds n'kZu ds fy, yksxksa esa
gfj}kj igqpasA ;g lans'k lHkh dks igqpkus ds fy, cksyrk jgkA viQjkriQjh FkhA lc vius fiz; jktho HkkbZ dks vafre ckj ,d ut+j ns[k ysuk
lqcg djhc 4 cts fHkykbZ igqpk] vuwi HkkbZ ds lkFk ml vLirky pkgrs FkAs fiQj rks ncqkjk feyuk ugha gkxsk fliQZ ;knas gh jg tk;xsahA ogkvfare
esa igqp
k tgkjktho HkkbZ fpjfunzk esa ysVs FksA tc vkbZ-lh-;w esa igqp k rks os n'kZu ds ckn ,d NksVs ls gokbZ tgkt ls mUgsa ysdj ge gfj}kj ds fy,
fcLrj ij ysVs gq, FksA osUVhysVj py jgk FkkA d`fke lakl pkyw FkhA vlyh fudy iM+sA
lkal can FkhA vk[ks vk/kh [kqyh gqbZ FkhA tSls egkRek cq dh ysVh gqbZ izfrek jk;iqj ls gfj}kj dk liQj dksbZ lk<s rhu ?kaVs dk FkkA gekjk gokbZ
dh vk[ks [kqyh gqbZ gSa] Bhd oSlh gh] lekf/ tSlh fLFkfr FkhA irk ugha tgkt mM+kA gokbZ tgkt ds dqy pkj lhVsa FkhA ,d ij eSa Fkk vkSj nks ij
fdldk bartkj djrs gq, lkal fudyh Fkh ;k irk ugha D;k lksprs&lksprs Nkhlx<+ ds nks HkkbZ A jktho HkkbZ esjs cxy esa ysVs gq;s FksA ,d 6 iQqV ds
lkal fudyh] psgjk ,dne 'kkar FkkA dksbZ rdyhiQ ;k ijs'kkuh tSlk dqN Hkh cdls esa mudk 'kjhj can FkkA liQsn&liQsn cknyksa ds chp esa tc ge tk jgs
ugha yxkA psgjs ij ped cjdjkj FkhA MkDVj us vkdj dqN crk;k irk ugha Fks rc ckj&ckj ,slk yx jgk Fkk fd jktho HkkbZ dh vkRek Hkh] ;gha dgha
D;k dgkA cl bruk gh le> esa vk;k fd jktho HkkbZ ugha jgs] dsoy cknyksa esa chp esa gh gksxhA og gekjs lkFk gh py jgh gksxh] og rhu ?kaVs esjs
osaVhysVj pkyw gSA osUVhysVj fudkyus ds fy, dgk vkSj mudks 'kkafr ls lqyk thou esa u;k eksM+ ysdj vk;sA lcls igys rks ckj&ckj ;gh ckr eu esa vk
nsus ds fy, dgk] mudh [kqyh gqbZ vka[ksa can dh vkSj pj.kksa esa iz.kke fd;k] jgh FkhA vc D;k djsa] dSls djs] bl yM+kbZ dks dSls vkxs c<+k;s] dSls jktho
fliQZ ,d gh ckr eu ls fudyh bruh tYnh D;ksa pys x;sA vHkh rks cgqr HkkbZ ds liuksa dks iwjk djsaA jktho HkkbZ ds vUnj Hkkjr dks fons'kh laLfr
dke djuk FkkA cgqr yM+uk FkkA vius liuksa dk Lons'kh Hkkjr cukuk FkkA vkSj 'kks"k.k ls eqDr djkus dh vkSj Hkkjr dks Lons'kh] Lokoyach vksj LokfHkekuh
;g lp gS fd viuh vfUre lakl rd jktho HkkbZ viuh deZHkwfe esa MVs cukus dh tks rM+i Fkh] mldks dSls cjdjkj j[kk tk;sA mudh ;g rM+i lHkh
jgsA ns'k dks Lons'kh cukus ds vfHk;ku dks tu&tu rd igqpkus esa yxs jgs Hkkjrh;ksa esa dSls iznhIr dh tk;sA
tSls ,d lSfud yM+kbZ ds vfUre nkSj rd viuh fLFkfr ugha NksM+rk_ pkgs jktho HkkbZ dk iwjk thou vk[kksa ds lkeus ?kwe x;kA dSls 20 lky
mlds izk.k gh D;ksa u pys tk;s oSls gh jktho HkkbZ vfUre le; viuh dk ,d ukStoku] tks bykgkckn esa bathfu;j cuus vk;k] ?kjokyksa us vkbZ-,-
lejHkwfe esa gh FksA ,l-] ih-lh-,l ds [okc ns[kdj bykgkckn Hkstk] ns'k dh xjhch] Hkw[kejh vkSj
ml le; yxHkx 5 ct jgs FksA mudk 'kjhj lqcg 9&10 cts rd 'kk"sk.k o vU;k; dh yMk+bZ eas 'kkfey gks x;k] 'kk;n jktho HkkbZ eas kfardkfj;kas
htj esa j[kk x;kA ml le; Lokeh th dk f'kfoj f'kdksgkckn esa py jgk dk gh [kwu Fkk tks mUgsa bl {ks=k esa ysdj vk;kA muds thou ds lHkh
Fkk ogha ls mUgksaus jk"V dks jktho HkkbZ ds tkus dk lans'k fn;k] iwjs ns'k esa mrkj&p<+ko vk[kksa ds lkeus ?kwe x;s vkSj vUr esa reke fojks/ksa ds ckotwn
jktho HkkbZ dks tkuus okys vkjS pkgus okykas ds fy, ;g 'kkd s kdyq lna'sk lnek Hkkjr LokfHkeku ds :i esa ns'k izse dks ijoku p<+kus dk le; Hkh ns[kkA
igqpkus okyk FkkA muds vafre laLdkj dh [kcj nh xbZ dh og gfj}kj esa ysfdu vpkud ls ;g cszd yxh fd lcdqN 'kh'ks dh rjg VwVkA muds pj.kksa
gksxkA nwj&nwj ls yksx gfj}kj igqpus ds fy, fudy iM+sA ij gkFk j[kdj ladYi fy;k fd eSa thou Hkj jktho HkkbZ ds liuksa dks iwjk
lqcg 9 cts vLirky ds uhps okys fgLls esa gh mUgsa vafre n'kZu djus dk opu fuHkkxk] ftl rjg jktho HkkbZ vafre lkal rd ns'k dks
ds fy, j[kk x;k] fHkykbZ 'kgj ds gtkjksa Lons'kh izseh HkkbZ;ksa&cguksa us muds Lons'kh cukus dh yM+kbZ yM+rs jgs mlh rjg eSa Hkh vudh bl ijEijk dks vkxs
n'kuZ fd,A ykxskas ds vklw :d ugha jgs FkAs ejss rks vkl
w gh l[wk x;s FkAs vk[kas c<+krs gq, viuk iwjk thou blh yM+kbZ ds fy, lefiZr dj nwaxk viuh vafre
iRFkj gks xbZ Fkh] djhc 11 cts mudks jk;iqj ysdj x;s ogk ij Hkh mudks lkalksa rd ns'k dks Lons'kh cukus dh yM+kbZ dks tkjh j[kwaxk vkSj mudh bl

ijEijk dks vkxs c<+krs gq, viuk iwjk thou blh yM+kbZ ds fy, lefiZr dj dh rS;kjh 'kq: gks xbZA vafre laLdkj ds fy, BkBkjh ij fyVkus ls iwoZ jktho
nwxkA eu gh eu ;g ladYi fy;k vksj eu dks etcwr cuk;kA vklwvksa dks HkkbZ dks Luku djk;k x;kA lHkh izseh lkfFk;ksa us vius&vius gkFkksa ls
ikSaNk vkSj dBksj n; djds bl yM+kbZ dk twvk dks vius da/ksa ij Mky fugyk;k] ?kh panu yxk;k vkSj [kknh ds diM+s esa yisV dj mUgsa BBjh ij
fy;kA tc rd Hkkjr dks iw.kZ Lons'kh] iw.kZ Lokoyach vkSj LokfHkekuh ugha cuk fyVk;k x;k] mlds ckn oansekrje~ ds ukjksa ds lkFk jktho HkkbZ dks LoxZjFk
ysaxs rc rd pSu dh lkal ugha ysuh gS] cgqr lkjs yksxksa us dgk fd jktho esa fcBk;k x;kA ôansekrje~* vkSj ^jktho HkkbZ vej jgs* ds ukjksa ds lkFk
HkkbZ nqckjk ls vk;saxs bl v/wjh yM+kbZ dks iwjk djus ds fy,A ;fn ,slk gksrk jktho HkkbZ dks du[ky vkJe esa vafre n'kZu ds fy, j[kk x;k] Lokeh th
Hkh gS rks Hkh tc rd os vk;sa rc rd bldks ftUnk j[kuk vkSj pyk;s j[kus dh ekrkth ds vklw :d gh ugha jgs FksA ogkij gfj}kj ds gtkjksa yksxksa us
dh ftEesnkjh vius da/ksa ij mBk yh gSA Lokeh th dk rks vk'khokZn gS gh] jktho HkkbZ ds n'kZu fd;sA ogkls ?kkV rd jktho HkkbZ dks da?ks ij ys tk;k
vkSj jktho HkkbZ ds ekuus okys] pkgus okyksa dk vk'khokZn Hkh jgsxk ghA x;kA du[ky ?kkV ij mudh fprk ltkbZ xbAZ euSs Lokeh th ls vkxgz fd;k
djhc 5&6 cts ds vklikl gfj}kj vk x;k] ogkvkpk;Z cky".k fd Lokeh th vki jktho HkkbZ dks o/kZ ls xaMk cka/dj yk;s Fks vkSj vius
th jktho HkkbZ dks ysus vk;s FksA jktho HkkbZ dks ysdj lh/ Hkkjr LokfHkeku f'k"; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k FkkA blfy, vki viuh lU;kl ijEijk dks
ds dk;kZy; esa x;sA ogk jktho HkkbZ ds vafre n'kZu djus okyksa dk rkark NksM+dj eq[kkfXu vo'; nsaA Lokeh th us] vkpk;Z th us vkSj eSaus rhuksa us
yxuk 'kq: gks x;kA jktho HkkbZ vej jgs ds ukjksa ds lkFk mudk ifFkZo 'kjhj] feydj eq[kfXu nhA lHkh mifLFkr dk;Zdkkvksa us lfe/k Mkyh vkSj jktho
J`ky;e ds mlh fo'kky gky esa j[kk x;k tgk mUgksaus vius ,sfrgkfld HkkbZ iaprRo esa foyhu gks x;sA
O;k[;ku fn;s FkAs lkeus ogh ep a FkkA tgkjktho HkkbZ us Lokeh th ds lfu; vc mudk 'kjhj gekjs lkFk ugha gS ysfdu mudk fopkj] muds
esa ns'k ds ukStokuksa dks yydkjk Fkk vkSj mudh vkokt ij lSdM+kas thou nkuh ladYi gekjs lkFk gSa mUgsa gh iwjk djuk gSA xaxk esa mudh vfLFk;ksa dks bl
viuk lcdqN NksM+dj ^Hkkjr LokfHkeku* dh bl yM+kbZ esa dwns FksA muesa ls ladYi ds lkFk izokfgr fd;k fd jktho HkkbZ ds fopkj iwjs ns'k esa iQSykus gSaA
dkiQh thounkuh HkkbZ ogkFksA os lHkh grizHk Fks] mUgsa le> esa ugha vk jgk xaxk tgk&tgk tkrh gS ogk&ogk jktho HkkbZ ds fopkj iQSysaxsa vkSj mUgha
FkkA D;k djsaA jktho HkkbZ dks ciQZ dh flfYy;ksa ij fyVk;k x;k] mudks xehZ fdukjksa ij fiQj ls os iSnk gksaxsA jktho HkkbZ dh tUeHkwfe xaxk ds fdukjs gh
cgqr yxrh Fkh blfy, 'kk;n vius vafre le; esa os ciQZ ij ysVs FksA rc jgh vkSj os fiQj ls mUgha fdukjksa ij iSnk gksaxsA
rd ek&firkth Hkh vk x;sA mudks vHkh rd ugha crk;k x;k Fkk fd jktho Lons'kh ds izfr jktho HkkbZ dh vxk/ Jk vkSj rM+i dks 'kr%'kr
HkkbZ ugha jgsA gfj}kj esa gky esa izos'k ls igys gh mUgsa crk;k] gky esa izos'k ueu] blh rM+i vkSj Jk dks ysdj ge lc bl yM+kbZ dks tkjh j[ksxsa------
djrs gh firkth us foyki djrs gq, iwNk dh HkS;k dks dgkNksM+ vk;s] eSa D;k
tokc nsrk] esjs ikl dksbZ mRrj ugha Fkk] ,d cki vius csVs ds vafre n'kZu 13&2&2012 iznhi nhf{kr
ds fy, vk;k Fkk] og csVk ftlus ns'k lsok dk ozr ysdj Hkkjr ekdks fons'kh lsokxzke o/kZ
daifu;ksa ls eqDr djkus vkSj [kq'kgky Hkkjr cukus dh yM+kbZ NsM+h Fkh] mlds
vafre n'kZu ds fy, vk;s FksA ekckj&ckj jktho HkkbZ ds psgjs dks I;kj ls
Nw&Nwdj cksy jgh Fkh fd vkt gh rsjk tUefnu FkkA ,d ckj rks mB tk
ysfdu jktho HkkbZ rks 'kkar lks jgs FksA Lokeh th us lHkh dks <ka<l ca/k;k vkSj
dgk fd ge lc vkids csVs gaSA vki rks gtkj csVs okyh ekgksA nwj&nwj ls
lHkh lkfFk;ksa dk vkuk tkjh FkkA iqjkus&iqjkus lkFkh vk jgs Fks vafre n'kZu ds
fy,A jkr Hkj ;g lc pyrk jgkA
lqcg 8 cts du[ky ds ?kkV ij vafre laLdkj ds fy, ys tkus

gks] tks nqfu;k ls Hkw[k feVkus dk ,syku djrh gks] ftlus VfeZusVj VsDuksykWth
3- ij dCtk djds vkfndky ls chtksa ij nqfu;k Hkj ds fdlkuksa ds pys vk,
vf/dkjksa dks Nhuus dk iq[rk bartke dj fy;k gks vkSj ftlus nqfu;k dh
,d frgkbZ vkcknh dk isV Hkjus okys NksVs vkSj lhekUr fdlkuksa dk liQk;k
djus dk Bku fy;k gks] ml nkuo dkjiksjs'ku dk uke gS && eksulsaVksA
eksulsaVks eksulsaVks dk vkijkf/d bfrgkl
nqfu;ka ds iwjs [kk|ku ij dCts ekulsaVks vejhdk dh cgqjk"Vh; daiuh gS ftldk eq[;ky; felwjh
jkT; ds lsaV yqbZ 'kgj esa gSA blds izeq[k vf/dkjh gSa ckWc 'kSihjksA ;ksa rks ;g
daiuh 96 lky iqjkuh gS ij fiNys 3 lkyksa esa ,d ds ckn ,d cM+h daifu;ksa
dh rS;kjh dks [kjhn dj ;k vius esa feykdj blus nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h nSR;kdkj
daifu;ksa esa viuk LFkku cuk fy;k gSA ;ksa rks ;g daiuh vius gchZlkbM
([kjirokj&uk'kd) ^jkmaMvi* ds fy;s e'kgwj gS vkSj vHkh Hkh bldh
vk/h ls T;knk dekbZ blh ls gksrh gS ij vc ;g rsth ls cht vkSj iQlyksa
fiNys ek=k rhu lkyksa esa tks riwQkuh jrkj ls jkWdsV dh rjg ds {ks=k esa c<+ jgh gS vkSj nqfu;k dh [kk| vkiwfrZ ij dCtk djus dk bldk
vkleku Nwus yxh] vkSj ftlus cktkj esa viuh iwth 7-5 vjc MkWyj ls bjknk gSA ;fn tSo rduhdh dh orZeku fn'kk vkSj rjhdksa ij fu;a=k.k u gqvk
c<+kdj 96 vjc MkWyj (;kuh Hkkjr ljdkj ds o"kZ 1998&99 ds ctV ls rks dqN gh lkyksa esa ;g daiuh nqfu;k dh 5 vU; f"k daifu;ksa & uksokfVZt]
lok xquk T;knk) rd igqpkus dk deky fn[kk fn;k] ftlus tSo rduhdh ,xzks,oks] n~;wiksa] tsusdk vkSj MkWo ds lkFk nqfu;k dh [kk| vkiwfrZ dks gfFk;k
ds {ks=k esa lkykuk 46 djksM+ MkWyj 'kks/ ij [kpZ djds bl {ks=k esa kafr dj yxshA
Mkyh vkSj tSo rduhdh dh ekbkslkWV dk uke gkfly dj fy;k] vktdy eksulsaVks vius dks i;kZoj.k dk nksLr vkSj Hkkstu] LokLF;
ftlds 'ks;j LVkWd cktkj esa 11-50 MkWyj ls Nykax ekjdj 45 MkWyj ij igqp vkSj vk'kk dk >aMkcjnkj fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh gSA ijUrq mlds psgjs
x;s vkSj tks okyLVhV dk ghjks cu x;k] ftlus dsoy ,d lky (1998) esa ij ekuork ds izfr fd, x, t?kU; vijk/ksa ds cM+s&cM+s dkys /Ccs yxs gq,
8 vjc MkWyj iwth fuos'k dj tSfod bathfu;jh] ikS/ mRiknu (kai czhfMax)] gSaA fo;ruke ;q esa taxyksa dks lkiQ djus ds fy, eksulsaVks dk gchZlkbM
vk.kqfod tho foKku] [kk| izlaLdj.k (iQwM izkSlsflax)] nok m|ksx] gchZlkbM] ^,tsaV vkWjsat* uke ls bLrseky fd;k x;kA vejhdh lsuk us fo;ruke ij ;g
isLVhlkbM vkfn {ks=kksa dh <sj lkjh daifu;ksa dks foyhu djds ;k [kjhn djds tgj dksbZ 1-1 djksM+ xSyu fNM+dk ftlls 40 yk[k gsDVs;j tehu iznwf"kr gks
nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h f"k jlk;u tho m|ksx okyh fLoV~tjySaM dh daiuh xbZ] iQlysa vkSj gfj;kyh u"V gks xbZ] ikuh tgjhyk gks x;k vkSj dsoy ml
uksokfVZt dks iNkM+rh gqbZ pksVh ij igqp xbZ] ftldk dkjksckj vejhdk] le; ds yksxksa dh gh ftUnxh cjckn ugha gqbZ] vkxs tks muds cPps iSnk gq,]
dukMk] czkthy rFkk vU; ykrhuh vejhdh ns'k] tkiku] phu] Hkkjr vkSj os fo:fir vkSj fodykax iSnk gq,A blh daiuh us ,d vU; jlk;u cuk;k
vhdk esa iQSyk gks] vkSj ftlus 78 ns'kksa esa vius mRikn ij isVsaV djkus dh ftldk uke gS && ihlh chtA ;g fl gks x;k gS fd ;g jlk;u dSalj
is'kd'k dj yh gks] ftlds tSo bathfu;fjax ls rS;kj cht dsoy vejhdk esa vkSj tUenks"k iSnk djrk gSA
gh yxHkx nks djksM+ ,dM+ tehu esa cks, x, gSa vkSj ftldk bjknk bl lky i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k esa eksulsaVks dk ftruk cM+k ;ksxnku gS mruk gh
bl {ks=kiQy dks nwuk djus dk gks] tks nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h gchZlkbM mRiknd

Ny&iQjcsh vkjS gjskiQjsh eas Hkh gAS vejhdk dh i;koZj.k lja{k.k ,tl
as h (biZh,) fd tSo bathfu;jh ls rS;kj mldk mRikn vkjchth,l xk; dks f[kykus ls nw/
us vejhdk esa 93 [krjukd jklk;fud dpjs ds <sjksa] ftUgsa ^lqijiQaM lkbV* c<+rk gS] mldh nok ls fdlkuksa dh vkenuh c<+rh gS vkSj euq";ksa rFkk
dgk tkrk gS] ds fy, eksulsaVks dks ftEesnkj ekuk gS vkSj 1995 ds var rd tkuojksa ds fy, blesa dksbZ uqdlku ugha gSA vkjchth,l dk xk;ksa ij iz;ksx
ml ij 7-1 djksM+ MkWyj dk gtkZuk cuk FkkA eksulsaVks ij vU; i;kZoj.kh; djus okys 17 iQhlnh vejhdh fdlkuksa us bl ckr dh iqf"V dh gS fd bl
fouk'k dh HkjikbZ djus ds fy, 9 djksM MkWyj dh vkSj Hkh ftEesnkjh cuh nok ds iz;ksx ls mudk equkiQk c<+k ugha gSA oSKkfud ijh{k.kksa ls irk pyk
gSA blds ckotwn Hkh eksulsaVks us tgjhys gchZlkbM ds mRiknu esa deh ugha gS fd ;g nok xk;kas eas êfSLVVht* uked xHakhj chekjh c<k+rh gS ftlds dkj.k
vkus nh gSA gk] og >wBk izpkj vo'; dj jgh gS fd mlds mRiknu ls xk;ksa ds Fkuksa eas lwtu vk tkrh gSA blls dks'kksa esa foHkktu iSnk gks tkrk
fudyus okyh tgjhyh xSlksa dk fudkl 90 iQhlnh de djus dk mlus tks gS tks dSalj V~;wej iSnk djrk gSA blh dkj.k ;wjksih; la?k vkSj dukMk us
vfHk;ku 1980 esa 'kq: fd;k Fkk] og 1992 esa iwjk gks x;kA bl ckr ds izek.k vkjchth,l ij jksd yxk nh gS vkSj ;wjksi ds dksMsDl ,yh;a esaVsfj;al vk;kxs
feys gSa] fd vejhdk dh cM+h ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa tSls bZihbZ vkSj iQkSt dk us bl nok dks ljqf{kr ?kkfs"kr djus ds vejhdh iLzrko dks Bd q jk fn;k gSA
eksulsaVks ls lh/k lEidZ jgk gS vkSj budh enn ls eksulsaVks us vius vijk/
fNik, gSaA Mk;ksDlhu dks jklk;fud gfFk;kj ds rkSj ij bLrseky djus ij fo'o fot; ds c<+rs dne
vejhdh lsuk vkSj eksulsaVks ds chp gqbZ okrkZ dks vHkh Hkh xksiuh; j[kk tk eksulsaVks us viuk lkezkT; rwiQkuh jrkj ls c<+k;k gSA 130 ns'kksa esa
jgk gSA eksulsaVks dh Ny&iQjsch dk Toyar mnkgj.k gS ihlh cht dh lqj{kk bldk dkjksckj iQSy x;k gSA nqfu;k ds [kk| ra=k ij ,dkf/dkj djus ds bjkns
tkp A tc vkS|ksfxd tSo ijh{k.k iz;ksx'kkyk esa tkap gks jgh Fkh rks eksulaasVks ls blus nksgjh j.kuhfr viukbZ gSA bl j.kuhfr dk ,d fgLlk gS cht rFkk
us vius ,d VksDlksdksfyTLV dks bl iz;ksx'kkyk esa HkrhZ djkdj ijh{k.k dh f"k ls lacaf/r daifu;ksa dh [kjhn vkSj foy; (,Dohft'ku vkSj etZj)A
tkp iM+rky vius ekfiQd djk yhA 1974 esa bZihbZ dks irk pyk fd gtkjksa fiNys pkj lkyksa esa eksulsaVks us fuEufyf[kr daifu;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa dks [kjhnk
ijh{k.k /ks[kk/M+h ;k fiQtwy <ax ls fd, x, FksA bZihbZ ds uhfr fo'ys"kd ;k vius esa feyk;k gS %&
fofy;e ,atwj us eksulsaVks ds izfroknksa dks xkscj dk <sj dgk gSA vius 1- dsYyks] e dk jlk;u fMohtu 1 vjc MkWyj esa] 1995 esaA
vijk/ksa vkSj Ny iQjsch ij inkZ Mkyus ds fy, eksulsaVks fiNys 3 lkyksa ls 2- jks'k ls efgykvksa dh gsYFk ds;j lqfo/k,24 djksM+ MkWyj esa] 1995 esaA
vius dks ^thou foKku* dh daiuh ds :i esa izpkfjr dj jgh gSA lko/kuh 3- vejhdh cgqjk"Vh; daiuh MC;w- vkj- xzsl dh 'kk[kk ^,xzsflV~l* dh tSo
ds rkSj ij og vius [kk| mRiknksa ij vius uke dk yscy ugha yxkrhA og rduhdh lsokvksa dks] dikl vkSj lks;kchu ds isVsaVksa dks] 15 djksM+ MkWyj
/v q k/
kj ip
z kj dj jgh gS fd og vc jlk;u diauh ugha jghA ij fuEu vkd a M+s esa] 1996 esaA
mlds >wB dk inkZiQk'k djrs gSa 1995 esa eksulsaVks ds fofHkUu mRiknksa dh 4- dSyhiQksfuZ;k dh ikS/ tSo rduhdh daiuh ^dSythu* dk 49-9 izfr'kr
fch vkSj mlls izfr'kr vk; fuEu gSA jlk;u ls 41 %] f"k mRikn ls Hkkx 1996 esa] bl daiuh us iQScz&lScz VekVj pkyw fd;k FkkA
28 %] nok ls 19 %] [kk| vo;o ls 12 %A 5- tuojh 1997 esa ^gkWYMUl iQkmaMs'ku lhM~l*A vejhdk esa vuqekur%
tSlk ij dgk tk pqdk gS eksulsaVks dk fcdus okyk izeq[k mRikn 25&30 izfr'kr [ksrh ij eDdk blh daiuh ds chtksa ls cksbZ tkrh gSA
vHkh Hkh gchZlkbM&^jkm.Mvi* gS] tks tgjhyk jlk;u gSA bl le; nqfu;k 6- uoEcj 1997 esa czkthy dh cht daiuh & ^lsesaVht ,xzksljht*A bl
esa lcls cM+h f"k jlk;u daiuh eksulsaVks gSA 1997 esa bl daiuh dh f"k daiuh dk czkthy esa eDdk cht O;olk; ij 30 izfr'kr dCtk gSA
jlk;u fch 631-8 djksM+ MkWyj Fkh tcfd uksokfVZt dh 312-6] tsusdk dh 7- lsehuht dh lks;kchu daiuh ^,lxzks ,xzksuksfeDl* 26-7 djksM+ esa]
267-4] n~;wiksa dh 251-8] ,xzks,oks dh 235-2] os;j dh 225-4] jkWu&iwykSa dh 1997 esaA
220] MkWo dh 205 djksM+ MkWyj FkhA eksulSaVks ;g feF;k izpkj dj jgh gS
8- vDrcwj] 1997 eas vejhdk dh teskfseDl diauh ^feyfsu;e iQkekLZ;fwVdYl ywV ds rjhds vkSj bjkns
ds lkFk 11-8 djksM+ MkWyj dk 5 lky ds fy, lg;ksx le>kSrk] bl eksulsaVks dh fo'o fot; dh j.kuhfr dk nwljk i{k gS iQlyksa ds
le>kSrs ds rgr eksulsaVks dh ,d ubZ 'kk[kk [kM+h dh xbZ gS ftlesa chtksa ij isVsaV ysdj ,dkf/dkj dk;e djukA MCY;wVhvks ds isVsaV dkuwu us
yxHkx 100 oSKkfud tsuksfeDl rduhdh ds bLrseky ij feySfu;e ds 20 lky dk isVsaV ekuk gS] bldk ykHk eksulsaVksa mBk jgh gSA eksulsaVks dj
lkFk dke dj jgs gSaA D;k jgh gS\ nqfu;k ds vusd ns'kksa ds fdlkuksa us fdLe&fdLe ds cht
9- 1998 esa eksulsaVks us e; vkSj ykrhuh vejhdk] ;wjksi] ,f'k;k rFkk lkyksa&lky ds iz;ksx ls rS;kj fd, gSa] mu chtksa esa daiuh ,d thu bl izdkj
vhdk esa dkjfxy uked dEiuh ds vUrjjk"Vh; cht dkjksckj dks cnyrh gS ftlls cht fdlh jksx ;k gchZlkbM dk izfrjks/h cu tk,a vkSj fiQj
1-4 vjc MkWyj esa [kjhnkA ;g /a/k eDdk] lw;Zeq[kh vkSj jsilhM ds og nkok djrh gS fd og cht fdlkuksa dk ugha] mldh futh lEifk gSA
fodkl vkSj ekdsZfVax rFkk lks;kchu] vYiQkYiQk] cktjk] xsgwvkSj ladj vc isVsaV djkdj daiuh ml ij ,dkf/dkj] de ls de 20 lky ds fy,
pkoy ds cht dh ekdsZfVax dk FkkA djkrh gSA ,d ns'k esa isVsaV ysus ds ckn MCY;w- Vh- vks- dh enn ls og isVsaV
10- 1998 esa MsYVk ,aM ikbu ySaM daiuh dks 1-82 vjc MkWyj esa [kjhn fy;k] lHkh ns'kksa esa ykxw gks tk;sxkA eksulsaVks rks ,d dne vkxs gSA VfeZusVj
blls eksulsaVks dks dikl ds cht ds vejhdh cktkj esa 85 izfr'kr VsDuksykWth dk isVsaV mlds gkFk esa gSA vc bl rduhdh ls ,sls cht cuk
Hkkxhnkjh fey xbZ vkSj lkFk gh nqfu;k esa bl cht ds O;kikj ij etcwr jgs gSa tks dsoy ,d ckj gh mxsaxs ;kuh fdlku gj lky daiuh ls cht ysus
idM+ cu xbZA vejhdh f"k foHkkx ds lkFk MsYVk ,aM ikbu us tks isVsaV dks etcwj gksxkA eksulsaVks dh ,d ;kstuk vkSj gSA ,d ubZ rduhdh gS ftls
VfeZusVj VsDuksykWth ij ys j[kk Fkk] 3 ekpZ 1998 dks] og Hkh eksulsaVks ^,siksfefDVd VsDuksykWth* dgrs gSa] blds }kjk ikS/s ladj ard (gkbZfczM
ds vf/dkj esa vk x;kA Dyksu) rS;kj djus yxrs gSaA ;s gkbfczM Dyksu cht cgqr lLrs iM+rs gSaA
11- 11 ebZ 1998 dks vejhdk dh nwljs uEcj dh lcls cM+h daiuh MsdkYc vejhdk ds f"k foHkkx us 20 tuojh 1998 dks ^,siksfefDVd eDdk* ij
dks 2-3 vjc MkWyj esa vf/xzfgr dj fy;kA isVsaV ys fy;k gSA eksulsaVks us f"k foHkkx ls ;g isVsaV [kjhnus dk bjknk cuk
12- 1998 esa Hkkjr dh daiuh Egkbdks (egkjk"VgkbfczM lhM~l daiuh fy;k gSA
fyfeVsM) ds lkFk la;qDr m|eA Egkbdks ds isMvi ewY; dk 25 xquk eksulsaVks us tsusfVd bathfu;jh ls lks;kchu ds cht dh ,slh fdLe
Hkqxrku(180 djksM+ #-) djds blds 26 iQhlnh 'ks;j eksulsaVks us [kjhn iSnk dh gS ftl ij mldh ^gchZlkbM jkm.Mvi* dk vlj ugha gksrkA gk]
fy, gSaA caxywj ds Hkkjrh; foKku laLFkku (vkbZ-vkbZ-,l-lh-) esa 2-5 vU; [kjirokj [kRe gks tkrs gSaA bls ^jkm.Mvi jsMh lks;kchu* dgrs gaSA bl
fdLe dks mlus isVsaV djk fy;k gS vkSj vius isVsaV dh j{kk ds fy, mlus
djkMs+ MkyWj dk vunqku nd s j ogk'kk/s ,oa fodkl dUsnz dk;e fd;k gAS
1996 esa ,d ;kstuk pkyw dh gSA tks fdlku jkmaMvi jsMh lks;kchu cht
13- tqykbZ 1998 esa eksulsaVks us fczVsu dh daiuh ;wuhyhoj ds ;wjksih; xsgw
[kjhnrs gSa] mUgsa ,d djkjukes ij nLr[kr djus gksrs gSa ftldh 'krsZ gSa %
iztuu O;olk; & IykaV czhfMax baVjus'kuy dSafczt & dks 52-5 djksM+
fdlku dks eksulsaVks dks ;g vf/dkj nsuk gS fd mlds [ksrksa dk eksulsaVks
MkWyj esa [kjhn fy;kA
3 lky rd eqvk;uk dj lds] mls ekWfuVj dj lds rFkk [ksrksa dk ijh{k.k
14- 1 twu 1998 dks eksulsaVks dk foy; vejhdk dh 'kks/ vk/kfjr nok dj lds] fdlku dsoy eksulsaVks dk gchZlkbM jkm.Mvi gh bLrseky dj
m|ksx vkSj LokLF; j{kk mRikn daifu;ksa esa ,d cM+h daiuh vejhdu gkse ldsxk] fdlku dks cht cpkus vkSj fiQj ls cksus dk vf/dkj NksM+uk iM+sxk]
izkWMDV dkjiksjs'ku (,-,p-ih) esa gqvkA 33 vjc MkWyj dk ;g foy; nok fdlku dks oknk djuk gksxk fd og fdlh vU; O;fDr vFkok laLFkk dks cht
m|ksx dk lcls cM+k vkSj bfrgkl dk NBk lcls cM+k foy; FkkA foy; u csp ldsxk vkSj u ns ldsxkA fdlku dks fyf[kr :i ls ;g eatwj djuk
ds ckn ;g daiuh f"k jlk;u esa nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h daiuh cu xbZA gksxk fd vxj og bl le>kSrs ds fdlh Hkkx dk mYya?ku djrk gS rks mls

eksulasVks dks ml le; dh jkm.Mvi jsMh thu dh ykxw iQhl dk 100 xquk
xqf.kr LFkkukUrfjr chtksa dh bdkbZ dh la[;k nsuk gksxkA blesa odhy dh 4-
U;k;ksfpr iQhl rFkk [kpsZ Hkh tksM+us gkasxsA eksulsaVks us ,slk gh djkjukek
tsusfVd bathfu;jh ls cus dikl ds cht jkm.Mvi jsMh duksyk] eDdk]
pqdUnj ds chtksa ij Hkh ykxw fd;k gSA
eksulsaVks rFkk vU; tsusfVd bathfu;jh okyh nkuo daifu;ksa ds chp
?keklku ;q py jgk gS nqfu;k dh [kk| vkiwfrZ ij vf/d ls vf/d dCtk usLys
djus dkA bldk urhtk gks jgk gS ijEijkxr izkfrd chtksa dk fouk'k vkSj
tsusfVd bathfu;jh ls cus chtksa dk ckgqY;A eksulsaVks bl egk;q esa gj laHko yk[kksa f'k'kqvksa dk gR;kjk
pkysa viuk jgh gSA ljdkjh ra=k esa rsth ls ?kqliSB cuk jgh gSA fiNys
nks&rhu lkyksa esa vejhdk ds OgkbV gkml vkSj f"k foHkkx ds dbZ ps inksa
ij cBS s viQlj ekuslVasks eas 'kkfey gks x, gAaS oK S kfud ifzr"Bkukas eas Hkh mldh
igqp c<+ jgh gSA Hkkjr ds izfrf"Br laLFkku bf.M;u baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ lkbal]
caxywj esa mlus viuk dsUnz cuk fy;k gS ftlds ek;e ls Hkkjr dh leLr yk[kksa&djksM+ksa dh gR;k djus dk nq"deZ dksbZ nkuo gh dj ldrk
tSo fofo/rk ds Kku ij mldh igqp curh tk jgh gSA vejhdk esa lsaV yqbZ] gSA yksxksa dh gR;k djus ls Hkh dfBu dke gksrk gS yksxksa dh vkfndky ls
tgkeksulsaVks dk eq[;ky; gS] esa ;g daiuh ,d fo'kky ikS/ foKku dsUnz lu pyh vk jgh uSlfxZd] izkfrd vknr dh gR;k djuk vkSj mls dksbZ
2000 ls [kM+k dj jgh gS tks fo'o esa vius fdLe dk lcls cM+k dsUnz gksxkA
blesa eksulsaVks ds lkFk felwjh cksVsfudy xkMZu] dksyfEc;k fLFkr felwjh egknkuo gh dj ldrk gSA
fo'ofo|ky; vkSj lsaV yqbZ fLFkr okf'kaxVu fo'ofo|ky; 'kkfey gksaxsA 800 bl egknkuo us lSdM+ksa ^lsYlxYlZ* dks ulks dh iks'kkd igukdj
fdyks ehVj v/ZO;kl ds o`kh; {ks=k esa ;g dsUnz] gtkjksa ikS/ iztkfr;ksa ij ;wjksi ds dbZ ns'kksa ds vLirkyksa ds tPpk&cPpk okMks esa Hkst fn;kA bu
tsusfVd bathfu;jh dk iz;ksx djds] [kk| vkSj [ksrh ij daiuh jkt dk;e cgq:fi;k ulks us uotkr f'k'kqvksa dh ekrkvksa dks le>k;k % ge ulZ gASa ge
djus dk csfelky mnkgj.k cusxkA vkids vkSj vkids f'k'kq ds LokLF; ds ckjs esa vkidks MkWDVjh lykg nsuk
bl egk;q esa izpkj dk gfFk;kj O;kid :i ls bLrseky gks jgk gSA pkgrs gSaA vki vius f'k'kq dks viuk nw/ fiyk,axh rks ;g laHko gS fd vkids
nqfu;k ds cM+s&cM+s v[kckjksa esa eksulsaVks ds eksgd vkSj cM+s&cM+s Hkzked foKkiu 'kjhj ds jksx ds dhVk.kq Lruiku }kjk vkids f'k'kq ds 'kjhj esa igqpdj mldk
Nirs gSaA fczVsu ds ,d v[kckj esa eksulsaVks ds ,d foKkiu dk 'kh"kZd dgrk LokLF; fcxkM+ nsa vkSj vki dHkh ugha pkgsaxh fd vkidk f'k'kq tUe ds ckn
gS&Hkw[kh Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds fy;s fpUrk mudk isV ugha Hkjsxh] [kk| tSo
ls gh jksxxzLr gks tk;A fiQj vkidks Hkh vius LokLF; vkSj lkSUn;Z dk [;ky
rduhdh HkjsxhA eksulsaVks equkiQs ds ykyp esa vkSj nqfu;k Hkj esa viuk f"k
lkezkT; dk;e djus ds ikxyiu esa nqfu;k Hkj ds fdlkuksa ds gkFk ls muds j[kuk gAS cPps dks n/ w fiykus ls u dosy vkidk 'kjhj detkjs gkxsk] vkidk
cht] mudh vktknh Nhu jgh gS vkSj yk[kksa lky dh tSo fofo/rk dk uk'k 'kjhj cs:i Hkh gks tk,xkA gekjh vkidks usd lykg gS fd cPps vkSj vius
djds tgj vkjS ekuskd s Ypj ls nfqu;k dks ikVus dk nkuoh; nLqlkgl dj jgh gAS LokLF; vkSj lkSn;Z dh j{kk ds fy, vki cPps dks viuk nw/ u fiyk,A
ksr& eksulsaVks % fjlpZ iQkmaMs'ku iQkj lkbal VsDuksykWth ,aM bdksykWth] ubZ fnYyh] MkWDVjksa us cPpksa ds fy, ,d csgrjhu pht rS;kj dh gS ftlls cPps dks lHkh
FkMZ oYMZ fjltsal] eysf'k;k- vad&97] iks"kd rRo feyrs gSa vkSj cPpk cyoku vkSj fujksx gksrk gS vkSj mldh o`f
rsth ls gksrh gSA bl mins'k ds ckn ;s yM+fd;kekrkvksa dks cschiQwM ds h
lSEiy nsrh Fkha lkFk gh cksry vkSj fuIiyA ^lsYlxYlZ* dks ulZ dh iks'kkd
esa Hkstuk izpkj dk ,d rjhdk FkkA fdLe&fdLe ds vkked izpkj djds
bl ek;koh nkuo us ekrkvksa dks Lruiku djkus dh vknr NqM+kbZ vkSj nqfu;k dkWiQh&dgok taxy dk cM+k f'kdkjh
esa cschiQwM dk Hkkjh izpyu iSnk fd;k vkSj vk/h ls T;knk vkiwfrZ ij viuk cschiQwM ds {ks=k esa usLys dkiQh dq[;kr gS] ij mlds f'kdkj dk
dCtk tek;kA urhtk] nqfu;k esa] [kklrkSj ls rhljh nqfu;k esa] cschiQwM dh vlyh fu'kkuk dkWiQh vkSj dksdksvk gSA dksdksvk esa rks og 'kga'kkg gS mlh
xUnh cksryksa ls iSnk chekfj;ksa ls gj lky ejus okys cPpksa dh la[;k 15 yk[k rjg tSls pk; vkSj dkWiQh esa ;wuhyhoj gSA 1937 esa usLys us ^rqjUr dkWiQh*
rd igqp xbZA (bULVsaV dkWiQh) ykp dh vkSj tSls BaMs is; dk uke ysrs gh dksdkdksyk ;kn
;g egknkuo fLoV~tjySaM dh cgqjk"Vh; dEiuh usLys(NESLE) gSA vkrk gS oSls gh bULVsaV dkWiQh ds lkFk usLys dk uke tqM+ x;k gS vkSj og
vkfndky ls f'k'kq dks ekrk, Lruiku djkdj ikSf"Vd Hkkstu nsrh jgh gSa] ^dkWiQh ikoj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA usLys us viuk fojkV lkezkT; cukus
usLys us viuk O;kikfjd lkezkT; iQSykus ds fy, bl vknr dks [kRe fd;kA ds fy, viuh Hkkjh lEifk ds cy ij vf/xzg.k dh uhfr viukbZ gSA
blds tks [krjukd urhts nqfu;k esa lkeus vk,] mlls ;wjksi esa usLys ds vejhdk dh rhljh lcls cM+h dEiuh ^fgYl cznlZ* dks usLys us 1984 esa
f[kykiQ vkUnksyu pykA cschiQwM csch fdyj (f'k'kq gR;kjk) gS] bl ukjs ds [kjhn fy;kA fgYl cznlZ Hkquh vkSj filh dkWiQh ds O;olk; esa vejhdk esa
lkFk kal] bXyS.M esa gtkjksa efgykvksa us tqywl fudkysA fo'o LokLF; vxz.kh dEiuh FkhA blds vf/xzg.k ds iQyLo:i usLys vejhdk esa Nk x;kA
laxBu dks ;g fu;e cukuk iM+k fd cschiQwM ekds nw/ dk fodYi ugha gS blls izksRlkfgr gksdj fctyh dh jrkj ls usLys us mlh lky vejhdk esa ,d
;g cschiQwM iSdsV ij fy[kk gksuk pkfg,A Lruiku ds izpkj dks la;qDr jk"V vkSj cM+k f'kdkj fd;kA ;g Fkk vejhdh nqX/ nkuo ^dkusZ'ku*A dkusZ'ku [kqn
la?k us viuk oSf'od dk;Ze cuk;kA fo'o Lrj ij Lruiku dks fiQj ls vHks| f'kdkjh FkkA mlus cM+s iSekus ij ykrhuh vejhdk ds nw/ vkSj vU;
izfrf"Br djus ds dk;Zeksa ds ckotwn usLys vkSj fiQj vU; cschiQwM dEifu;ksa [kk| i;s cktkjkas ij dCtk tek;k FkkA ;g dEiuh vejhdk eas Hkh vx.zkh FkhA
us ekuork dks tks gkfu igqpkbZ gS] mldh HkjikbZ ugha gks ik jgh gSA bl nkuo mlds gkFk esa vejhdk ds bULVsaV dksdksvk cktkj dk 2@5 Hkkx Fkk tcfd
us dsoy Lruiku ds izfr vJk gh iSnk ugha dh gS] ekuo dk vk/kj iztuu uLys dk dsoy 10 izfr'kr FkkA [kk| is;ksa esa de ls de 200 fofo/ mRikn
izf;k ds izfr n`f"V cny nh gSA ekf'k'kq dks lhus ls yxkdj dsoy Lruiku dkusZ'ku ds izpfyr Fks ftuesa dkWiQh esV dkiQh e'kgwj FkkA dkusZ'ku ds
gh ugha djkrh] Lusg] eerk dh /kjk Hkh izokfgr djrh gS tks ekuo lekt vf/xzg.k ls fLol fotsrk usLys dks vejhdk esa vikj /jksgj fey xbZA
dh igyh cqfu;knh bdkbZ] ifjokj dks lhaprh gSA Lruiku dks rksM+us dh dkds kv
s k {k=sk eas uLsys dks ofS'od lkekzT; foLrkj nuss ds fy, egoi.wkZ ?kVuk
izf;k ogha ugha #dhA f'k'kq dk ikyu ekds fcuk gks ldrk gS] rks f'k'kq dh Fkh usLys }kjk baXyS.M dh izfl dEiuh jkmuVh eSfd.Vks'k dks gM+i ysukA
mRifk ekds fcuk D;ksa ugha gks ldrh \ Lruiku ls ekdk lkSUn;Z fcxM+rk dksdksvk ij Hkkjh dCtk djds usLys us vusd izdkj ds pkWdysV czkaM nqfu;k
gS rks f'k'kq dks ukS eghus xHkZ esa /kj.k djus ls lkSUn;Z vkSj 'kjhj nksuksa fcxM+rs ds cktkj esa NksM+ j[ks gSaA
gaS vkSj vR;f/d d"V Hkh mBkuk iM+rk gSA fcuk d"V ds cPps iSnk gks ldsa] usLys dk eq[;ky; fLoV~tjyS.M esa oosbZ esa fLFkr gSA nqfu;k dh
bl fopkj dks usLys tSls nkuoksa us izksRlkfgr fd;k vkSj mldk urhtk vkt lcls cM+h [kk| is; mRiknd dEifu;ksa esa bldk LFkku NBk gSA 1992 ds
fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA dgkrd lH;rk igqp xbZ gS] bldk uewuk vejhdk dh ,d vkdM+s ds vuqlkj mldk cktkj iwthdj.k (ekdsZV dsfiVykbts'ku)
Vkbe if=kdk ds gky ds vd a eas Nis y[sk ds bl 'kh"kd Z ls feyrk gS % ^lDsl 24-6 Fkk vkSj fo'o Js.kh (oYMZ jsad) 35 FkhA mlh lky bldh fch
euksjatu ds fy, gS] iztuu ds fy, ugha* (lsDl bt iQkWj fjf,'ku ,.M 35-6 vjc MkWyj Fkh rFkk okf"kZd o`f nj 8-4 izfr'kr FkhA vc rks ;s la[;k,a
ukWV iQkWj izksf,'ku)A D;k ;g foMEcuk ugha gS fd ,d rjiQ rks usLys dk c<+ xbZ gSaA fiQfyi ekSfjl] dksdkdksyk] izkWDVj ,aM xSEcy] isIlhdks (lHkh
izrhd fpUg (yksxks) ?kksalys esa cSBh fpfM+;k vkSj mlds pgpgkrs cPps gSa vkSj vejhdh) vkSj ;wuhyhoj(baXyS.M] gkySaM) blls dqN vkxs gSaA
nwljh rjiQ mlh usLys us euq"; dk ?kkaslyk (ifjokj) rksM+us dk dqdeZ djus ftl fot; iFk ij pydj ;g dEiuh vkxs c<+h] mldk jgL; bl
esa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA dEiuh ds ps;jeSu ds 'kCnksa esa ;g gS & îgyk] tks dqN gekjs mRikn gSa mUgha
esa ls fdlh ds iwjd ds vf/xzg.k dh ryk'k esa ge jgrs gSa & nwljk] gekjh lcls T;knk [kpZ djrk gSA ,d iqjkus vkdMs+ ds vuqlkj 1993 esa dsoy ,d
fnypLih mu O;olk;ksa esa jgrh gS tgkdksbZ vkSj l`tu'khyrk vkSj uohurk lky esa Hkkjr esa usLys us 45 djksM+ #i;s ekdsZfVax ij [kpZ fd,A blesa ls
fn[kk jgk gS vkSj fdlh us u, O;olk; dk dsUnz rks [kM+k dj fy;k gS ij 75 izfr'kr /u dsoy Vsfyfotu ij foKkiu nsus ij O;; gqvkA iksyksa (n
mlds ikl foLrkj ds fy, u rks fokh; {kerk gS vkSj u vUrjjk"Vh; feaV foFk , gksy) ds ykap ds ,d lky ckn gh foKkiu ds cy ij usLys
laHkkouk,--- ;gk] usLys lgt tksM+hnkj cu tkrk gS D;ksafd gekjs ikl fokh; us ,d lky (1994) esa 8-5 djksM+ #i;s dek,A mlds foKkiu dh gh
{kerk gS vkSj D;ksafd gekjs vUrjjk"Vh; lEidZ gSa vkSj igys ls gh laxBu djkekr gS fd bULVsaV dkWiQh dh fch FkksM+s ls le; esa 8 izfr'kr ls c<+dj
ekStwn gSA njvly vU; cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dh Hkkfr usLys Hkh vck/ xfr 30 izfr'kr gks xbZA
ls vf/uk;dokn dh rjiQ c<+dj [kk| is; lkezkT;okn LFkkfir dj jgk gSA usLys ds xzkgd vehj oxZ ds yksx gksrs gSaA lekt dh heh ijr
dks og y{; cukrk gAS Hkkjr eas yxHkx 14 djkMs+ vehj ykxs gaS ftudh l[a;k
Hkkjr esa usLys dk dkjksckj baXyS.M vkSj teZuh dh dqy vkcknh ds cjkcj gSA bUgha vehj yksxksa ds fy,
uLsys mu eVqB~ h Hkj cgjqk"Vh; dEifu;kas eas ls gS tks vktknh ls igys blds 'kkunkj foKkiu gksrs gSa vkSj mUgha ds fy, mlds mRiknA blh otg
Hkh Hkkjr esa dkjksckj dj jgh FkhaA ;g dEiuh dsoy daMasLM nw/ vkSj cschiQwM ls vU; izfrLi/hZ dEifu;ksa dh rqyuk esa usLys dk dkjksckj nwuh jrkj ls c<+k
dk vk;kr djrh FkhA vktknh ds ckn tc ns'k esa ^vk;kr dk fodYi* gSA usLys ds fLoV~tjySaM ds ekfyd ekurs gSa fd ;wjksi dk cktkj mlds
fudkyus dh uhfr pyh rks usLys ds lkeus nks fodYi Fks % ;k rks viuk mRiknksa ds fy, larÌr gks x;k gSA vhdk xjhc gS] blfy, ogk[kir dh
dkjksckj cUn djs] ;k Hkkjr esa gh mRiknu bdkbZ [kM+h djsA blus nwljk jkLrk xqtkb'k ugha gSA Hkkjr] phu] baMksusf'k;k vkfn ns'k ,sls gSa tgkmPp e;oxZ
viuk;kA 1962 esa eksxk(iatkc) esa mlus igyk nw/ mRikn dkj[kkuk yxk;kA vkSj vehjksa dh la[;k yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA blfy, usLys bu ns'kksa ij iwjh
dMaLsaV n/
w ] (feYdeMs] feYdeMs Ml s VZ feDl)] ccshiQMw (yDsVkt s us] uLsVkt
s u)] rkdr yxk jgk gSA
pk; dkWiQh dk nw/(,ozhMs Ms;jh czkbVuj)] nw/ dk ikmMj(,ozhMs xksYM] ,ozhMs Ny iQjsch dk jktk
LysaMj)] ?kh(,ozhMs ?kh)] dkWiQh(usLdSiQs] lujkbt)] pVuh (eSxh xksYM lkWl] dkjiksjsV txr dk ,d ewy ea=k gS % tks dEiuh ftruh cM+h gksxh]
exSh lhtfuxa] exSh liw ----)] pkdW yVs (uLsys ihzfe;e] feYd pkd W yVs] feYdh mruh gh T;knk Ny iQjsch vkSj gsjk&iQsjh dh mldh gjdrsa gksaxhA bl {ks=k
ckj] ap] fjpMk] ckj ou] iksyks] fdVdSV ---) tSls vusd mRikn ;g esa usLys dk fjdkMZ de f?kukSuk ugha gSA cschiQwM ds izpkj ds fy, blus tks
dEiuh cuk jgh gSA vuSfrd rjhds viuk, gSa vkSj yk[kksa f'k'kqvksa ls mudk thou Nhuk gS] bldh
Hkkjr esa mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr 1991 esa ykxw gksus ij fons'kh cgqjk"Vh; ppkZ rks ij gks pqdh gSA usLys dkiQh ?kfV;k fdLe dh iQjsch Hkh djrk gSA
dEifu;kas dks luqgjk volj fey x;k vius dkjkcskj dk rt s h ls foLrkj djus rfeyukMq ds miHkksDrk mRikn LVkWfdLV la?k us f'kdk;r dh gS fd usLys
ds fy,A usLys us bldk [kwc ykHk mBk;k gSA blus ns'kh mRikndksa ds lkFk euekus <ax ls LVkWfdLVksa dks cny nsrk gS] iqjkus LVkWfdLVksa dks lkeku u nsdj
lk>k O;olk; 'kq: fd;k gSA vkblhe ds fy, okMhyky vkSj vpkj ds fy, u, dks ns nsrk gSA bl la?k us usLys ds mRiknksa ds cfg"dkj dh /edh nh
dksfMZ;k iQwM~l ds lkFk xBca/u fd;k gSA fiNys vkB lkyksa esa usLys us Hkkjr gSA ;g mRiknkas ds iSdsV ij ftruk otu fy[krk gS mlls de otu mRikn
esa dUiQsD'kujh] vkblhe vkSj is; ds {ks=k esa dkiQh c<+r gkfly dh gS vkSj dk gksrk gSA blds mRikn cksul] eSxhuwMy] lujkbt dkiQh ikmMj ds iSdsV
gj lky ntZuksa u, mRikn cktkj esa Mkys gSaA de otu ds ik, x, gSaA rfeyukMq ds [kqnjk O;kikjh la?k us 1996 esa usLys
'kkgh O;olk;h ds mRiknksa dks cspus ls bUdkj dj fn;k vkSj usLys dks mlds mRikn okil
usLys ds mRikn mis{kkr egxs gksrs gSaA mudh ekdsZfVax ij usLys dj fn,A

1995 esa usLys ij iatkc LokLF; foHkkx us ^flaFksfVd nw/* cspus dk
vkjksi yxk;kA iatkc ds fiQjkstiqj 'kgj esa usLys ds nw/ dh lSEiy esa 5-
^flaFksfVd nw/* dh feykoV ikbZ xbZA flaFksfVd nw/ LokLF; ds fy, vR;Ur
[krjukd gksrk gSA bl ckr ds fy, fnYyh ls ,d tkp ny Hkstk x;k ij
usLys us vius dkj[kkus esa mls ?kqlus ugha fn;k D;ksafd blls dkuwu vkSj
O;oLFkk dh leL;k,iSnk gks ldrh FkhaA
Hkkjr esa 1992 esa f'k'kq vkgkj dkuwu cu x;k gSA blds rgr tujy eksVlZ
ekrkvkas vkjS LokLF; dfe;Zkas dks eqr liasy nusk rFkk vLirkykas eas ip z kj djuk
tqeZ gS ij usLys yxkrkj f'k'kq jksxksa ds MkWDVjksa ds lEesyuksa dks izk;ksftr djrk lcls vf/d tgjhyh xSl
jgk gSA
usLys mRiknu 'kqYd ls cpus dh /ks[kk/M+h djrk gSA vius mRikn
vius dkj[kkus esa u cukdj fdlh vlaxfBr {ks=k ds y?kq m|ksx esa vius
NksMus okyh daiuh
lkeku cuokrk gS ftlls mRiknu 'kqYd u nsuk iM+sA blls dkjhxjksa dks de
osru nsuk iM+rk gS vkSj laxfBr Jfedksa ls ikyk Hkh ugh iM+rkA bl izdkj
usLys us 2-13 djksM+ #i, dk mRiknu dj cpk;k gSA fu;kZr esa Hkh usLys
/ks[kk/M+h djrk gSA 1993 esa Hkkjr ds dkWiQh cksMZ dks irk pyk fd tks dkWiQh
fu;kZr ds fy, [kjhnh xbZ Fkh] mls usLys us ?kjsyw cktkj esa cspkA tc dkWiQh tc lu~ 1993 esa tujy eksVlZ Hkkjr esa vkbZ Fkh rks bldk flj
cksMZ us tkp dh rks igys rks usLys us dkWiQh cksMZ dh tkp ds vf/dkj dks ekFks Lokxr fd;k x;k FkkA bldh iz'kalk esa cgqr lh ckrsa dgh xbZ Fkha % ns'k
gh pqukSrh nhA cM+h eqf'dy ls usLys us eatwj fd;k fd dqN ek=kk esa fu;kZr esas dkj cukus ds cM+s&cMs+ dkj[kkus yxk,xh ftlesa gtkjksa yksxksa dks jkstxkj
dh dkWiQh ?kjsyw cktkj esa csph xbZ gSA ij tkp ny ds lkFk usLys us lg;ksx feysxkA nwljh ckr ;g dgh xbZ Fkh] [kklrkSj ls ns'k ds mPpoxZ ds yksxksa ds
ugha fd;kA fdlh u fdlh cgkus ls tkp ny ds lnL;ksa dks eksxk ls fnYyh
}kjk] fd ,d fgUnqLrkuh vEcsLMj dkj dks ns[krs vkSj pykrs th c x;k gSA
ykSVk fn;kA bl chp okf.kT; ea=kky; ds ofj"B vf/dkjh dh rjiQ ls ,d
VsysDl dkWiQh cksMZ dks izkIr gqvk ftlesa tkp lfefr ds fu.kZ; dks j dj mlus ,dkf/dkj (eksuksiksyh) tek j[kk gS] tujy eksVlZ mlds
fn;k x;kA dkWiQh cksMZ dks ;g Hkh /edh nh xbZ fd usLys tSls cM+s fu;kZrdksa ,dkf/dkj dks rksM+sxh izfrLi/kZ [kM+h djdsA tSls fgVyj ds usr`Ro esa ukft;ksa
ds lkFk ,slk lywd fd;k x;k rks dkWiQh cksMZ dks gh cUn dj fn;k tk,xkA us ,d >wB dks lkS ckj cksy dj lp cukus esa egkjr gkfly dh Fkh] ukft;ksa
dkiWQh ckMsZ us uLsys dks vxyh dkiWQh uhykeh ls jkd s fn;k FkkA okf.kT; e=akky; dk u;k vorkj tujy eksVlZ muls ihNs ugha gSA tujy eksVlZ fgUnqLrku
ds vkns'k ij ;g jksd Hkh cksMZ dks gVkuh iM+hA esa vkdj jkstxkj c<+k;sxk ;g rks mlus [kwc izpkfjr fd;k ysfdu tks mlus
uLsys dh gjdrkas dh lp w h yEch gAS Jhyd a k eas uLsys n/
w eas gkbMkt
s u fNik;k og lp ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa vkus ls igys tujy eksVlZ us vejhdk
isjkSDlkbM feykrk gS tks ml ns'k ds [kk| dkuwu la[;k 26] 1980 ds esa viuh 29 bdkb;ksa esa rkyk Mkyk Fkk vkSj 74 gtkj dkexkjksa dks lM+d ij
f[kykiQ gSA Jhyadk ds dLVe vf/dkfj;ksa us usLys ds nw/ ikmMj dh vk;kr [kM+k dj fn;k FkkA tgkrd izfrLi/kZ dk loky gS] tujy eksVlZ us 'kiFk
dh ml [ksi dks okil dj fn;k tks iksyS.M ls vkbZ FkhA og jsfM;ks,fDVo FkhA yh gS fd og izfrLi/kZ dks iwjh rjg [kRe dj nsxkA
lanHkZ&fLol Vhulh bu bafM;k] ek;e cqDl 1996] FkMZ oYMZ fjltsZal ua-&40] 1993 tujy eksVlZ vejhdk dh eksVj okgu cukus okyh lcls cM+h
cgqjk"Vh; dEiuh gS ftldk eq[; dsUnz ^MsVk;V* esa gSA blds lh-bZ-vks- jkcVZ
LVsEisy gSa ftudh lkykuk ru[okg vkB yk[k pkSlB gtkj MkWyj ;kuh rhu
djksM+ vLlh yk[k #i;s ls ij gSA bl dEiuh dk dkjksckj nqfu;k ds vusd 1 cgqr vf/d ukbVkstu vkDlkbM NksM+us
ns'kksa esa gS ij blus ykrhuh vejhdk& eSfDldks] czkthy vkfn ns'kksa esa viuk okys okil fy, okguksa dh la[;k 2902000
dkjksckj cgqr c<+k;k gSA 2 vR;f/d gkbMksdkcZu NksMus ds
nqfu;k esa isVksy ds /q, dk iznw"k.k iQSykus esa lcls cM+k ;ksxnku dkj.k okfil okguksa dh la[;k 1171843
tujy eksVlZ dk gS vkSj ;g /qvkgok ds iznw"k.k dk lcls cM+k dkj.k gSA 3 [kjkc dSVsyhfVd duoVZjksa ds
bl /q,esa dkcZu eksuksvkDlkbZM] ukbVkstu vkDlkbZM vkSj gkbMksdkcZu tSls dkj.k okil okguksa dh la[;k 1178000
tgjhys jklk;fud ;kSfxd gksrs gSa tks Luk;qra=k dks detksj djus] fny dh 4 [kjkc /qvk fu;a=k.k e'khujh ds
chekfj;kiQSykus] lkl ds jksx iQSykus] vk[k esa rdyhiQ iSnk djus ;gkrd dkj.k okil okguksa dh la[;k 1160000
fd e`R;q iSnk djus esa vR;ar lgk;d gksrs gSaA nqfu;k esa vuqekur% ipiu 5 vR;f/d dkcZu eksuks vkDlkbM NksM+us
djksM+ eksVj okgu & dkj] Vd vkSj vU; O;kikfjd okgu gSa tks nqfu;k ds ds dkj.k okil okguksa dh la[;k 500000
dqy isVksy] Mhty mRiknu dk ,d frgkbZ ih tkrs gSaA bu okguksa ls ftruh 6 vR;f/d ok"if.kd /qvkNksM+us ds
dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM fudyrh gS mldk 2 izfr'kr tujy eksVlZ ds okgu dkj.k okil okguksa dh la[;k 598588
fudkyrs gSaA Hkkjr esa ;g fdruk uqdlku igqp krh gS bldk rks lgh vkdM+k
miyC/ ugha gS] fliQZ vejhdk eas bl /q, ls tks chekfj;kiQSyrh gSa muds ;g rks jgh /q,ls iznw"k.k iQSykus dh ckrA tgktujy eksVlZ ds
bykt dh dher lkykuk iphl vjc Mky W j ds yxHkx gAS nfqu;k ds tks lcls dkj[kkus gSa ogkih-lh-ch- rFkk vU; tgjhys jlk;u dkj[kkuksa ls fudyrs gSa
vehj 29 ns'k gSa] ftUgksaus vks-bZ-lh-Mh- laxBu cuk j[kk gS] blesa dqy dkcZu vkSj pkjksa rjiQ tgj iQSykrs gSaA bl tgj dk o`rkar tujy eksVlZ dk ,d
MkbZvkDlkbM dk 11 izfr'kr vkSj ukbVkstu vkDlkbM dk 8 izfr'kr vkSj vKkr dkexkj bu 'kCnksa esa djrk gS & eSa tujy eksVlZ ds fjfej IykaV
gkbMks dkcZu dk 6 izfr'kr dsoy tujy eksVlZ ls iSnk gksrk gSA tujy esa dke djrk gwA eaS fjfej IykaV ls fudys tgjhys jlk;u iznw"k.k ds ckjs esa
eksVlZ mu lkjs fu;e&dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djrk gS ftlls b/u dh cpr cgqr fpafrr gwfjfej IykaV esa ge okguksa ds cEij isaV djrs gSaA isaV xu o
gksA vejhdh ljdkj us b/u dh cpr ds ekun.M c<+k, FksA tujy eksVlZ isaV ykbuksa dks lkiQ djus ds fy, ge jlk;u lkyosaV bLrseky djrs gSaA ge
us vU; okgu fuekZrkvksa ds lkFk vejhdh ljdkj ij Hkkjh ncko Mkydj bu iVas dh liQkbZ ds fy, lkyoVas dks xu vkjS ykbu ds vkj&ikj Hkt s rs gAaS lHkh
ekun.Mksa dks de djk;k vkSj [kqn bl izdkj Hkkjh equkiQk dek;kA lu~ 1985 nzO; lkyosaV tehu ds uhps dh ukyh ls gksrs gq, ,d ikbi esa tkrs gSa tks
esa bl dEiuh us 27-5 ,e-th-th- LVSaMMZ dk ikyu ugha fd;k FkkA 1986 esa fjfej IykaV ds cxy esa cgus okyh ugj esa feyrs gSaA
vejhdk dk jk"Vh; jktekxZ ;krk;kr lqj{kk iz'kklu tujy eksVlZ ij eSfDldks esa ekVkeksjksl LFkku ij tujy eksVlZ ds dkj[kkus ls tks
ekun.Mksa dk mYya?ku djus ds fy, 38-5 djksM+ MkWyj dk tqekZuk djus okyk xank ikuh fudyrk gS mlesa tgjhys lkyosaV & tkbZyhu dh ek=kk cgqr FkhA
Fkk ijUrq tujy eksVlZ us ljdkj esa nko&isap pykdj ekun.M de djk fy, ;g vejhdh ekunaMksa ls Ng gtkj Ng lkS xquk T;knk FkhA Lej.kh; gS fd
vkSj tqekZus ls cp xbZA tkbyhu lkl dh ijs'kkuh] Lej.k'kfDr xk;c gksuk] gsejst vkSj iQsiQM+s] ftxj
tujy eksVlZ ds okgu nqfu;k Hkj esa /q,ds ekun.Mksa dk mYya?ku vkjS xnqZs ds jkxs inSk djrh gAS dkj[kkus dk tkbyhu ;Dqr ikuh [krsh ds Must s
djrs gSaA dsoy vejhdk esa gh 1982 ls 1990 rd ljdkj ds vkns'k ij ;k ugj esa tkrk gS tks vkxs pydj jhvksxzkaM esa feyrh gSA jhvksxzkaM ihus ds ikuh
LosPNk ls tujy eksVlZ us ipgkj yk[k dkjsa okil ys yhaA uhps ds vkdM+s dk cMk+ krs gAS 1990 eas vejhdk dh i;koZj.k ljq{kk ,tl as h b-Zih-,- us tujy
pkaaSdkus okys gSaA eksVlZ dks vkns'k fn;k Fkk fd og U;w;kdZ ds eklhuk LFkku ij dkj[kkus ds
fy, 7-8 djksM+ MkWylZ liQkbZ ds fy, nsA bl dkj[kkus vkSj mlds vkl&ikl
ds bykds esa ih-lh-ch- esa bZih, us fiQj tujy eksVlZ vkSj vU; nks dEifu;ksa esa dgk x;k gS] bfrgkl dh lokZf/d ykecfUn;ksa esa ls ,d ykecUnh nwljs
ij 3-54 djksM+ MkWyj tqekZuk fn;k FkkA ;g lcls cM+k tqekZuk FkkA vksgkb;ks egk;q esa gqbZA bl ;q dks thrus ds fy, fMVkbV (tujy eksVlZ) us
izns'k ds ykM~Zl dLcs esa tujy eksVlZ ds dkj[kkus ls tks jklk;fud tgj pkjksa vejhdk dh enn essa dksbZ dksj&dlj u NksM+h FkhA
rjiQ iQSy jgk gS mlds f[kykiQ ;wukbVsM vkVks oDlZ dh 'kk[kk us odlZ m/j nwljh vksj teZuh esa ukth ;q rS;kfj;ksa esa tujy vfoHkkT;
vxsULV VkfDldsfedy gstkMZl uked laxBu [kM+k fd;kA vax FkhA 1929 esa gh teZuh dh eksVj cukus okyh lcls cM+h daiuh ^vksiSy*
tSlh fd lHkh cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dh uhfr gS] izfrLi/kZ esa vkxs dks tujy eksVlZ us [kjhn fy;k FkkA ;q 'kq: gksrs gh teZuh esa tujy eksVlZ
c<+us ds fy, vkSj viuh izfrLi/hZ dEifu;ksa dks oLr djus ds fy, tujy ds lkjs dkj[kkus iwjh rkSj ls iQkSt ds ,vjkV vkSj Vd cukus ds fy, cny
eksVlZ us viuk equkiQk c<+kus dk lcls cM+k gfFk;kj cuk;k gS & dkexkjksa dh x,A 1939 ls 1945 rd tujy eksVlZ ds jlSy 'kk;e dkj[kkus esa teZuh
NVuhA dkjksa ds nke lLrs gksa ftlls dkjsa [kwc fcdsa] bldk lcls vklku ds lcls egoiw.kZ ceo"kZd foeku ds izkWiYlu iz.kkyh dk 50 izfr'kr fgLlk
mik; gS] dkexkjksa dh NVuhA fiNys n'kd ds var esa rhl gtkj dkexkjksa r;Skj gv q kA teuZh ds tujy ekVslZ ds lkjs dkj[kkus ceo"kd Z foeku vkjS tVs
dh NVuh bl dEiuh us dh vkSj bl n'kd ds e; rd ipgkj gtkj yM+kdw foeku cukus esa tqVs jgsA
dkexkj fudkys x,A tgk dkexkjksa dks T;knk ru[okg nsuh gksrh gS ogk egk;q dh fouk'kyhyk ls cps gq, vkSj e`rdksa ds ifjokjhtu
dkj[kkus can dj fn, tkrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa esa u, dkj[kkus yxk, tkrs fLoV~tjySaM dh cSadksa ls rks gtkZuk ekxus dh dk;Zokgh dj gh jgs gSa] D;ksafd
gSa D;ksafd ogklLrs etnwj fey tkrs gSaA ukft;ksa us ywV dk lkjk /u bUgha cSadksa esa tek fd;k FkkA os tujy eksVlZ
tujy eksVlZ us ok;q iznw"k.k] ty iznw"k.k vkSj Hkw iznw"k.k iQSykdj ls Hkh gtkZuk olwy djus dh rS;kjh dj jgs gSa fd ;q ds fouk'k vkSj ujlagkj
ekuo thou ds fy, [krjk iSnk fd;k gS] yksxksa dk jkstxkj [kRe dj fn;k ds fy, og de nks"kh ugha FkkA egk;q ds }kjk fo'o dk fouk'k djus okyh
gS vkSj blls Hkh cM+k vijk/ fd;k gS fd lekt esa xSj cjkcjh dks c<+k;k gSA nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa dks enn djds equkiQk dekus dk f?kukSuk bfrgkl cgqjk"Vh;
blds fy, ljdkjksa esa ?kqliSB djds mPpoxZ dh ru[okgsa c<+okbZ gaS ftlls daifu;ksa dk jgk gS] tujy eksVlZ ml bfrgkl dk fu"Vre iUuk gSA
dkj [kjhnus ds fy, mPp e;e oxZ ds tsc esa vf/d /u gksA tks rhljh
nqfu;k ds ns'kksa ds ij ds nl izfr'kr yksx gSa muds ikl ,d ls Hkh T;knk
dkjsa igqp tk,] bldh ;kstuk py jgh gSA Hkkjr esa ikpos osru vk;ksx dh
fliQkfj'ksa vkrs gh dkjksa dh rknkn vk'kk ls dgha vf/d c<+ xbZ gSA urhtru
ns'k dh dqy lEifk dk vf/dka'k Hkkx dkj/kjh vehjksa dh tsc esas tk jgk
gS vkSj xjhc lkekU; lqfo/kvksa ls Hkh oafpr gks jgs gSaA vehjksa ds fy, rst
jrkj okyh vkjkensg dkjsa vkSj xjhcksa dks ekjus ds fy, bu dkjksa dk /qvkA
tujy eksVlZ u;k ukth gS] ;g ckr ek=k miek ugha ;FkkFkZ gSA nwljs
egk;q esa cM+h eksVj daifu;ksa iQksMZ] kbLyj vkSj tujy eksVlZ us ;q ds
nksuksa i{kksa ds fy, t:jh ;q lkexzh eqgS;k djkbZ] bl dke esa tujy eksVlZ
lcls vkxs FkhA ys[kd czSMiQksM LuSy us 'kh?kz izdkf'kr gksus okyh viuh iqLrd
esa ;q esa tujy eksVlZ dh f?kukSuh Hkwfedk dk pkSadkus okyk foLr`r v;;u
fd;k gSA vejhdk dh vkehZ dksj vkWiQ bathfu;lZ ds fy, tujy eksVlZ ds
vejhdh dkj[kkuksa esa ,vjkV batu cusA 1997 dh daiuh dh okf"kZd jiV
ds ckn vkjts jksukWYM usfoLdks] dk uEcj vkrk gSA xSj&dkuwuh dke vkSj
6- Ny&iQjsch djus esa bl dEiuh dk nqfu;k esa dksbZ eqdkcyk ugha dj ldrkA
bl ij <sjksa eqdnes py jgs gSa vkSj lSdM+ksa vjc MkWyj dk tqekZuk gqvk gSA
dkuwuh nsunkjh ds dkj.k lcls T;knk equkiQk dekus okyh vkSj vR;kf/d
xfr'khy dEiuh gksus ds okctwn okyLVhV esa bldh dher de gSA vejhdh
fiQfyi ekSfjl iz'kklu esa lHkh vejhdh cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dh ?kqliSB jgrh gS ij iz'kklu
dks izHkkfor djus vkSj mldh lf; enn ysus esa fiQfyi ekSfjl dk dksbZ
lkuh ugha gSA
ekSRk ds O;kikfj;ksa dk ljrkt bfrgkl dh ,d >yd
vejhdk dh fiQfyi ekSfjl ewyr% fczrkuh dEiuh gSA lu~ 1847 esa
yanu dh ckaM LVhV esa fiQfyi ekSfjl uke ds ,d ukStoku us ,d NksVh&lh
chM+h dh nqdku [kksyh A dqN lky ckn bl ;qod us viuh flxjsV cukuk 'kq:
dj fn;k vkSj vius uke ls ,d dEiuh cuk yhA 1902 esa bl dEiuh dh
rEckdw dh nqfu;k dh 'kg'kkg fiQfyi ekSfjl vejhdk dh NBs
,d 'kk[kk U;w;kdZ esa [kqyhA ml le; vejhdk esa ?keklku flxjsV egk;q
uEcj dh lcls cMh+ cgjqk"Vh; dEiuh gAS ;g lcls T;knk euqkiQk dekus okyh
py jgk Fkk ftlesa vesfjdu VkscSdks dEiuh us vU; izfrLi/hZ dEifu;ksa ij
dEiuh gSA bldk nqfu;k ds 180 ns'kksa esa dkjksckj pyrk gSA bldk yksxks
dCtk tek fy;kA ;gh ugha] mlus fczrkuh cktkj ij geyk fd;kA ml le;
(izrhd fpUg) ?kksM+s ij ,d [kkl vnk esa lokj vkneh & dkC;k; vkSj
fczVsu esa vesfjdu VkscSdks dEiuh vkSj bEihfj;y VkscSdks dEiuh us nqfu;k
bldk lcls vf/d izpfyr czkaM ekyZcksjks nqfu;k ds dksus&dksus esa fn[kkbZ
ds 'ks"k cktkjksa dks vkil esa ckV fy;kA 1911 esa vejhdh lqizhe dksVZ us
iM+rk gSA ekyZcksjks ds izR;sd fMCcs ij twfy;l lhtj dk ukjk fy[kk gksrk gS%
vesfjdu VkscSdks dEiuh dss N% Hkkx dj fn,&pkj vejhdh dCts esa x,]
Veni Vidi Vici (eSa vk;k] eSaus ns[kk] eSaus thr fy;k)A ;g dEiuh yxHkx
nks fczVsu dsA lu~ 1950 ds n'kd rd ;s dEifu;kdkjksckj djrh jghaA buds
160 czkaM ukeksa dh flxjsVsa cukrh gSA vdsys ekyZcksjks flxjsV dk ^xqMfoy*
eqdkcys esa fiQfyi ekSfjl rks pqfg;k FkhA 1919 esa dqN vejhdh fuos'kdksa us
ewY; 10 fcfy;u ;kuh 10 vjc MkWyj gSA lu~ 1991 esa iwjh nqfu;k esa yxHkx
bl dEiuh dks [kjhn fy;kA 1929 dh Hkkjh eUnh ds le; flxjsV ds nke
5-5 fVfy;u ;kuh lk<+s ikp gtkj vjc flxjsVsa fcdh] ftlesa fiQfyi eSfjl
egxs gks x,A fiQfyi ekSfjl us lLrh flxjsVksa dh Js.kh esa vius dks j[kk vkSj
dh cuh flxjsVksa dk fgLlk 11 izfr'kr FkkA fiNys 10&15 lkyksa esa bldk
bldh fch c<+us yxhA nwljs egk;q ds lekIr gksus rd ;g dEiuh
// a k vejhdk ds ckgj 20 ifzr'kr ifzro"kZ dh jrkj ls c<+ jgk gS vkjS bldh
vejhdk dh lcls T;knk fcdus okyh pkSFkh dEiuh cu xbZA
fch pkSxquh gks xbZ gSA 1993 esa vUrjjk"Vh; cktkj esa blds 61 izfr'kr
lu~ 1954 esa fiQfyi ekSfjl dk flrkjk pedkA oSf'od foKkiu
mRikn dh [kir gksrh Fkh tks 1996 esa 66 izfr'kr gks xbZA foKkiu ij lcls
iQeZ dk tUenkrk fy;ks cusZV us ekyZcksjks flxjsV ds dkC;k; ^yksxk* dh
vf/d [kpZ djus okyh pksVh dh 10 dEifu;ksa esa fiQfyi ekSfjl gSA 1996
dYiuk dhA dEiuh us bl yksxks ds lkFk vius czkaM dk foKkiu Û;w;kdZ
esa blus foKkiu ij 3 fcfy;u MkWyj [kpZ fd,A 1990 ls bl daiuh ds
VkbEl* v[kckj esa fd;k ftldk peRdkjh ifj.kke gqvkA rhl fnu esa
vejhdk ls ckgj foKkiu ctV esa 72 izfr'kr dh c<+kskjh gqbZ gSA vejhdh
dEiuh pksVh ij igqp xbZA dksdkdksyk Hkh cgqr cM+h vejhdh cgqjk"Vh;
ljdkj ds jktLo esa lcls vf/d ;ksxnku djus okyh ;g cgqjk"Vh; daiuh
dEiuh gS tks 1886 ls py jgh gS] ij nqfu;k esa ftrus iq:"k] h vkSj cPps
gS tks vejhdh pquko vfHk;kuksa eas Hkh fny [kksydj /u nsrh gSA bl daiuh
dksd ihrs gSa muls T;knk ekyZcksjks flxjsV ihrs gSaA
dkuwuh nko&isap vkSj ljdkjh ?kqliSB esa ekfgj xksiuh; nLrkost izdk'k esa vkrs tk jgs gSa ftuls irk pyrk gS fd bUgksaus
nqfu;k dh vf/dka'k ekSrksa esa lM+d nq?kZVuk,] dSalj] eysfj;k] gStk oSKkfud rF;ksa dks nckus esa] ljdkjh dk;Zokgh jksdus esa dSls&dSls gFkdaMs
tSls jksx rks gSa gh] rEckdw Hkh ihNs ugha gSA rEckdw ls mRiUu chekfj;ksa & viuk, gSaA pqukoksa esa Hkkjh jde nsdj dkuwu fuekZrkvksa dks vius vuqdwy
dSalj] nek ls gj lky 25 yk[k yksx ejrs gSa ;k xaHkhj chekj ik;s tkrs gSaA cuk, j[kk gSA n'kdksa rd lkk esa cSBs yksx fiQfyi ekSfjl rFkk vU; flxjsV
lu~ 1990 esa rEckdw vkSj LokLF; ij gq, lkrosa fo'o lEesyu esa vejhdk dEifu;ksa dk cpko tukks'k ls djrs jgs gSaA
ds rRdkyhu LokLF; vkSj ekuo lsokvksa ds lgk;d lfpo MkW- tsEl vks eslu vejhdk esa tc tu ncko c<+rk x;k] vusd tu laxBuksa tSls
us dgk Fkk & ^^flxjsV dEifu;ksa dk U;wure dk;Ze gS muds mRiknksa ds LVsV] us'kuy lsaVj iQkWj VkscSdks h fdM~l (rEckdw eqDr cPpksa ds fy,
dkj.k gj lky tks 25 yk[k xzkgd ejrs gSa ;k chekj gksrs gSa muds cnys u, jk"Vh; dsUnz)] vesfjdUl iQkWj ukWuLeksdlZ jkbV~l (/weziku u djus okyksa ds
xzkgd [kkstuk vkSj tks flxjsV ihuk NksM+ nsrs gSa mudh txg ij yk[kksa u, vf/dkjksa ds fy, vejhdh)] LekWd h isuflYokfu;k] othZfu;k xSLi
yksxksa dks flxjsV ihus ds fy, rS;kj djukA flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds vkked (GASP)]ifCyd flVhtUl us rFkk vejhdk ds 40 jkT;kas ds egkf/oDRkkvkas
izpkj ls tu LokLF; dh rckgh ds f[kykiQ vejhdk esa dbZ lewg [kM+s gks x, us flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds fo: eqdnes nk;j dj fn,A bu lcdh ekx Fkh fd
vkSj mUgksaus flxjsV dEifu;ksa] [kklrkSj ls fiQfyi ekSfjl vkSj vkjtsvkj /weziku fu"ks/d dkuwu cusA ysfdu flxjsV dEifu;kdc gkj ekuus okyh
usfcLdks ds fo: tuer cukus rFkk dkuwuh dk;Zokgh djus dk vfHk;ku NsM+ Fkha \ lkjs nko&isap yxkdj bUgksaus pkSadkus okyk lkglh dne mBk;k vkSj
fn;kA fiQfyi ekSfjl rFkk vU; flxjsV dEifu;kviuk y{; cPPkksa dks cukrh 20 twu 1997 dks ,d le>kSrk djkus esa dke;kc gks x,A lHkh tu laxBuksa
gSa D;ksafd cPps yEcs le; rd muds xzkgd cus jgrs gSaA vejhdk esa tehuh us ôSf'od rEckdw le>kSrk* djus dk ?kksj fojks/ fd;kA mudk dguk Fkk
Lrj ij dke djus okyk ,d lxaBu gS STAR- Stop Teenage Addiction fd jkT;ksa }kjk esfMdy lgk;rk gsrq eqdneksa esa rks le>kSrk fd;k tk ldrk
to Tobacco cPpksa esa flxjsV dh yr jksdksA blds laLFkkid tks VkbZ dk gS] mlls vkxs dqN ugha D;ksafd vU; le>kSrksa ls lkiQ&lkiQ flxjsV
dguk gS] fudksfVu dh yr ;s dEifu;kcPpksa esa bruh [kqYye [kqYyk <ax dEifu;ksa dks gh ykHk feysxkA îfCyd flVhtUl* tu laxBu us lkiQ 'kCnksa
ls Mkyrh gSa] bruh cs'kehZ ls /weziku djus okyksa dks fo'okl fnykrh gSa fd esa dgk] ^flxjsV dEifu;ksa ls le>kSrk djus dk eryc gS jk{klksa ls
viuk O;fDrxr uqdlku fd, fcuk os /weziku pkyw j[k ldrs gSaA ^dEiuh le>krSkA ;s ekrS ds O;kikjh fdlh ckgjh vkneh ls dgha cgsrj rjhds ls vius
jk{kl* gh mudk ,d ek=k uke gks ldrk gS tks muds O;ogkj dk lgh <ax /a/ks dks le>rs gSaA bldk eryc gS fd bu ij yxk, x, gj dkuwu ds
ls o.kZu djsA eSlk pw lSV ds egkf/oDrk LVkWd g'kZcktZu us dgk gS] ^^cPpksa fy, rFkk mlls cp fudyus ds fy, bUgksaus igys ls gh rjdhc lksp j[kh
dk flxjsV ihuk [krjukd lkoZtfud LokLF; leL;k gSA cPps brus NksVs gksrh gSA bl m|ksx us flxjsV ds [krjksa ds ckjs esa nqfu;k dh turk ls
gksrs gSa fd os flxjsV ihus dk pquko le>cw> dj ugha dj ikrsA ckj&ckj vkSj [kqYye[kqYyk >wB cksyk gSA ,sls yksxksa ls dksbZ Hkh le>nkj
flxjsV dEifu;k/ks[kk/kM+h vkSj Ny&iQjsch ls viuk /U/k c<+krh O;fDr le>kSrk djus dks jkth ugha gksxkA* bl ckr ij lHkh laxBu ,der
gSaA 1993 ds uoEcj esa fe;keh (yksfjMk) esa dbZ flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds Fks fd ,d ckj flxjsV dEifu;ksa ls le>kSrk gks x;k rks /weziku dks lekIr
izcU/kdksa us gyiQukes ds lkFk c;ku fn;k fd rEckdw ls fu.kZ;kRed :i ls djus dh eqfge BaMh iM+ tk,xhA ysfdu vkf[kj esa le>kSrk gks gh x;kA bl
dSalj ugha gksrk] fd flxjsV ihus dh yr ugha iM+rh vkSj flxjsVksa ds foKkiu le>kSrs ds eq[; fcUnq bl izdkj gSa &
dk y{; u, ihus okys ugha gksrsA dEifu;ksa ds izpkj ls vejhdk esa 1987 esa] 1- flxjsV dEifu;k/weziku ls iSnk gqbZ chekfj;ksa ds eqvkots ds :i
tc 18 lky ls de mez ds flxjsV ihus okys cPps dsoy 0-5 izfr'kr Fks] esa 368-5 fcfy;u MkWyj 25 lkyksa esa Hkqxrku djsaxhA
ds ckn mudk izfr'kr 32-8 igqp x;kA /hjs&/hjs flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds 2- ;s dEifu;kfoKkiu vkSj ekdsZfVax ij izfrcU/ksa dks eatwj djsaxhA
3- dEifu;kbl ckr ds fy;s opuc gkasxh fd vxys 10 lkyksa esa
vejhdk esa ;qok /weziku dh nj 60 izfr'kr ?kVk,axhA [kksyus ls gqbZA nqfu;k dh vk/h ls T;knk vkcknh ,f'k;k esa jgrh gS] ;kuh dqy
4- dEifu;ksa ds f[kykiQ py jgs lHkh eqdnes lqy>k fy, tk,axsA 540 djksM+ esa ls 310 djksM+A ,f'k;k esa flxjsV dh [kir 5 iQhlnh lkykuk
5- vejhdk dh iwQM ,aM Mx ,MfefuLVs'ku (,iQ-Mh-,-) dk vf/dkj dh nj ls c<+ jgh gSA 1989 esa ;g [kir 142 fcfy;u rd igqp xbZ ftlesa
flxjsV dEifu;ksa ij lhfer dj fn;k tk,xkA fiQfyi ekSfjl dk fgLlk 72 fcfy;u FkkA
6- flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds yk[kksa xksiuh; nLrkost xksiuh; jgsaxsA jhxu iz'kklu esa O;kikj izfrfuf/ DysVu ;wVj FksA vLlh ds n'kd
7- flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds fons'kksa ds O;kikj ij dksbZ izfrcU/ ugha yxsxkA esa fiQfyi ekSfjl dk /U/k ,f'k;k esa c<+kus esa ;wVj dk ;ksxnku fiQfyi ekSfjl
bl le>kSrs dk Js; fiQfyi ekSfjl eas eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/dkjh ds yksxks dkC;k; ds ckn nwljs uEcj ij FkkA bl O;fDr us vejhdk ds lqij
(lhbZvks) T;kss lh ckbZfcy dks feyk gSA bl le>kSrs esa etsnkj 301 dkuwu dh /edh ns& nsdj tkiku] nf{k.k dksfj;k] rkboku] FkkbZySaM]
ckr ;g gS fd 368-5 fcfy;u MkWyj dk Hkqxrku dj eqDr gksxk] dEcksfM;k vkfn ns'kksa ds cktkj vejhdh flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds fy, [kqyok,]
fglkc yxkus ij irk pyk fd 25 lkyksa esa dEifu;ksa dk bldk ftl rjg vius O;kikj ?kkVs dks iwjk djus ds fy, 19 oha lnh eas fczfV'k bZLV
dsoy ,d frgkbZ gh Hkjuk iM+sxkA vkSj og Hkh ;g dEifu;ka turk bafM;k dEiuh us Hkkjr dh viQhe] phu ds cktkjksa esa Hkj nh Fkh] Bhd oSls
ls olwysaxh flxjsVksa dk nke vkSj fons'kksa esa viuk /a/k c<+kdjA gh fiQfyi ekSfjl vkSj DysVu ;wVj oSlk gh eqDr cktkj dk >aMk fgykrs gq,
fo'o fot; ,f'k;k esa mrjsA ;s dEifu;kbl O;fDr ls bruh mir Fkha fd tktZ cq'k
vejhdk dh flxjsV nkuo fiQfyi ekSfjl rFkk vU; dEifu;ksa dks ds lkk esa vkus ij tc bl O;fDr dks f"k lfpo cuk;k rks rqjUr fiQfyi
vius ns'k esa tu fojks/ vkSj ipM+ksa ls eqfDRk fey xbZ ij mudh lk[k vkSj ekSfjl us mUgsa fof'k"V lEekuuh; vfrfFk ds :i esa fnu esa vkeaf=kr fd;k
fch ij cqjk vlj iM+k gSA oky LVhV esa budh dksfV ph ugha gSA bldh vkSj bldh izfr}Unh dEiuh vkjtsvkj us jkf=k Hkkstu ij bUgsa vkeaf=kr fd;k
HkjikbZ djus ds fy, ;s Hkw[ks HksfM+;s dh rjg nqfu;k ds vU; ns'kksa] [kklrkSj ftlesa ,d O;fDr dk Hkkstu [kpZ 500 MkWyj ;kuh 60 gtkj :i, FkkA
ls ,f'k;k esa vkked :i ls fudy iM+s gSaA ;ksa rks budk /U/k igys ls fiQfyi ekSfjl ds vke.k vkSj fot; ds rkSj rjhdksa dh ,d >yd
gh bu ns'kksa esa deksos'k py jgk FkkA vLlh ds n'kd esa vejhdk esa flxjsV ;gkge ns jgs gSaA
dh fch 6 izfr'kr ?kV xbZA mldh HkjikbZ ds fy, vejhdh dEifu;ksa us tkiku
vU; ns'kksa esa viuh fch 4 izfr'kr c<+k yhA bl ns'k esa flxjsV ihus okyksa dh vkcknh dqy vkcknh dk 60
fons'kksa esa fch c<+kus esa fiQfyi ekSfjl rFkk vU; dEifu;ska dh izfr'kr gSA ;s vius ns'k dh cuh flxjsV gh ihrs FksA vLlh ds n'kd esa
vejhdh iz'kklu] [kklrkSj ls vejhdh O;kikj izfrfuf/ ds lkFk feyh Hkxr vejhdh O;kikj izfrfuf/ DysVu ;wVj us lqij 301 dh /edh nh] ;kuh vxj
jgh gSA vLlh ds n'kd esa vejhdk esa eanh dk nkSj 'kq: gks x;kA bl n'kd tkiku vejhdh flxjsVksa ds fy, viuk cktkj ugha [kksysxk rks vejhdk dks
ds e; eas vejhdk eas O;kikj ?kkVk e[q; eqk cu x;k FkkA bldh dN q HkjikbZ tkus okyk tkiku dk fu;kZr cUn dj fn;k tk,xkA bldk vlj gqvk vkSj
djus ds fy, fiQfyi ekSfjl rFkk vU; flxjsV dEifu;k iz'kklu ds lkFk 1990 rd vejhdh dEifu;ksa us tkiku ds flxjsV cktkj ds 15-5 izfr'kr
fons'kh cktkjksa dks vejhdh flxjsVksa ds fy, [kqyokus esa tqV xbZA fiQfyi fgLls ij dCtk dj fy;k ftlesa 10 izfr'kr dsoy fiQfyi ekSfjl dk FkkA
ekSfjl dh 1989 dh lkykuk jiV esa cM+s iQ ls ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k fd rkboku
^^vejhdh Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa gekjk ldy ;ksxnku 2-4 fcfy;u gSA 1990 bl ns'k dh ljdkj us fons'kh flxjsVksa ds izos'k dks jksdus ds fy,
rd vejhdh flxjsVksa dk fu;kZr vk;kr ds eqdkcys 4-45 fcfy;u T;knk gks bruk VSDl yxk fn;k Fkk fd fons'kh flxjsVsa nslh flxjsVksa ls rhu xquh egxh
x;k tks pkj lky igys dh rqyuk esa pkSxquk c<+ x;kA FkhaA urhtur fons'kh flxjsVksa dk fgLlk dsoy 1 izfr'kr FkkA lqij 301 dh
vejhdh flxjsV fu;kZr dh o`f eq[;r% ,f'k;k ds cktkjksa dks /edh dk tknqbZ vlj iM+k vkSj 1988 ds izkjaHk esa VSDl gVk fn;k x;k vkSj
dsoy ,d lky esa fons'kh flxjsVksa us 21 izfr'kr cktkj ij dCtk dj fy;kA dks ekyZcksjks flxjsV dh eqr lsaiy HksaV djrh FkhaA yM+dksa ds eqg ls flxjsV
nf{k.k dksfj;k yxkdj fn;klykbZ ls mUgsa lqyxk nsrh FkhaA
vejhdh dEifu;ksa rFkk iz'kklu ds fy, lcls dfBu cktkj dksfj;k phu
dk FkkA bl ns'k esa rhu pkSFkkbZ iq:"k flxjsV ihrs gSa vkSj efgykvksa esa flxjsV bl ns'k esa nqfu;k ds dqy fcdus okyh flxjsVksa dh 28 izfr'kr
ihus dh yr cM+h rsth ls c<+ jgh gSA nf{k.k dksfj;k ds flxjsV cktkj esa [kir gkrsh gAS ;kas rks ljdkj us fon'skh flxjVskas ij M;~Vwh h 'kkiW] vUrjjk"Vh;
fons'kh ?kqliSB u ds cjkcj FkhA 1985 esa flxjsV cktkj ij fonsf'k;ksa dk gksVyksa ds vykok izfrcU/ yxk j[ks gSa] ij ;gkekyZcksjks dh Lexfyax cgqr
fgLlk dsoy 0-2 izfr'kr FkkA lqij 301 dk ck.k ;gkHkh pyk;k x;k vkSj gksrh gSA tSls&tSls phu dk O;kikj vejhdk ls c<+ jgk gSA vejhdh flxjsVksa
1989 esa fiQfyi ekSfjl dk 'ks;j 4-5 izfr'kr ij igqp x;kA bl lky bl dh ?kqliSB phu esa c<+ jgh gSA fiQfyi ekSfjl dh ?kqliSB phu ds iz'kklu
ns'k esa 91 fcfy;u flxjsVksa dh [kir gqbZ FkhA esa dkiQh gSA phu dks vfr ilUn jk"V (Most Favoured Nation) dk
dksfj;k dh jk"Vh; vk; esa nslh flxjsV m|ksx dk cM+k ;ksxnku FkkA fcuk 'krZ ntkZ fnykus esa fiQfyi ekSfjl ds lhbZvks T;kWs ckbfcy us vejhdh
vLlh ds n'kd esa ljdkjh ctV dk 10 izfr'kr bu dEifu;ksa ls vkrk Fkk iz'kklu dks lger fd;k vkSj phu ds iwoZ jk"Vifr ft;kax tsfeu us mUgsa
vkSj 1]30]000 yksx rEckdw dh [ksrh esa yxs FksA bl ns'k esa dkuwu brus dM+s O;fDrxr :i ls /U;okn fn;k FkkA
Fks fd ;fn dksbZ dksfj;koklh fons'kh flxjsV ihrs ik;k tkrk Fkk rks ml ij ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ds vykok iwoZ ;wjksi ds ns'kksa] iksySaM] psdksLyksokfd;k
1250 MkWyj dk tqekZuk rFkk dSn dh ltk feyrh FkhA fons'kh dEifu;ksa dks vkfn esa Hkh ;g dEiuh viuh fot; irkdk iQgjk jgh gSA ftu ns'kksa esa
nq'eu rFkk fons'kh flxjsV ihus okyksa dks ns'knzksgh ekuk tkrk FkkA fiQfyi flxjsV dh [kir de gS] mUgsa fo'ks"k y{; cuk;k gSA budk y{; gS lu
ekSfjl us jhxu iz'kklu ds vUrxZr eaMyh ds lnL; ekbdy Msoj dks vius 2025 rd nqfu;k ds 50 djksM+ yksxksa dks flxjsV ihus dh yr Mkyuk] ;kuh
LVkiQ esa fy;kA bl O;fDr dh dksfj;k ds rRdkyhu jk"Vifr pqu nw oku nqfu;k dh 1@10 vkcknh dks u'kk] chekjh vkSj&ekSr dk fuea=k.k nsukA ;s
rd O;fDrxr igqp FkhA 1988 esa lkjk [ksy cny x;kA bl ckr ds izek.k vHkkxs T;knkrj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa jgrs gSaA ;s cM+s xk;dksa dks] f[kykfM+;ksa dks
feyrs gSa fd vejhdh [kqfiQ;k ,tsalh lhvkbZ, ds ,d HkwriwoZ vf/dkjh us vius cSuj rys xokrs gSa] f[kykrs gSa] fiQYeksa] baVjusV] dscy Vhoh ij foKkiu
pqids ls fiQfyi ekSfjl ds mRikn dksfj;k ds LVksjksa esa Hkjokus esa egoiw.kZ nsrs gSa vkSj xjhc nqfu;k ds cPpksa vkSj ukStokuksa dks vius paxqy esa iQlkrs gSaA
Hkwfedk vnk dh FkhA efgykvksa esa iq:"kksa dh cjkcjh dh Hkkouk dk ,d ok; izrhd ds :i esa
FkkbZ y S . M flxjsV dks LFkkfir djus esa ;s nkuo liQy gks jgs gSa vkSj efgykvksa esa flxjsV
lu~ 1974 ls gh ,f'k;k esa FkkbZyS.M dh ljdkj /weziku ij jksd dh yr c<+ jgh gSA dqy urhtk ;g gS fd xjhc ns'kksa esa tgk[kkus ds fy,
yxkus esa lHkh fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vxz.kh FkhA urhtur 1980 ds n'kd dh Hkkstu vkSj ihus ds fy, lkiQ ikuh ugha gS] ogk dh xk<+h dekbZ flxjsV
lekfIr rd /weziku djus okyksa dh la[;k cgqr ?kV xbZA ljdkj us lHkh dEifu;k[kklrkSj ls fiQfyi ekSfjl ls mM+ jgh gS vkSj ihNs NksM+ jgh gS ekSr
fons'kh flxjsVksa ij izfrcU/ yxk fn;k FkkA ij fiQfyi ekSfjl dk ekyZcksjks vkSj vkSj chekjhA
vU; vejhdh&fczrkuh flxjsVksa dh Lexfyax gksrh jgh_ ;gkrd fd bUgksaus Hkkjr Hkh pisV esa
5 ls 8 iQhlnh cktkj ij dCtk dj fy;kA lqij 301 ds gfFk;kj us ;gkds vaxzsth gqdwer ds le; ls gh Hkkjr esa fons'kh flxjsV dEifu;ksa dk
cktkj Hkh [kqyok fn,A opZLo jgk gSA vkbZVhlh us Hkkjr dh nslh 100 flxjsV dEifu;ksa dks mtkM+k
dEcks f M;k FkkA bl le; ch,Vh (fczfV'k vesfjdy VkscSdks) Hkkjr ij NkbZ gS vkSj Hkkjr
fiQfyi ekfSjl us ;gkds uxj ukeW iQsUg eas gkVsykas rFkk dkiQh gkmlkas ds 50 izfr'kr cktkj ij mldk dCtk gSA
ds lkeus yky&lisQn iks'kkd esa flxjsV yM+fd;k[kM+h dj nh] tks ukStokuksa
mnkjhdj.k vkSj Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds u, nkSj esa fiQfyi ekSfjl bl ns'k as

esa tky iSQykus esa yxk gSA Hkkjr ds iwoZ m|ksx ea=kh fldUnj c[r us bl
dEiuh rFkk vU; vejhdh dEifu;ksa dks 'kr izfr'kr bfDoVh ds lkFk viuk
7-
dkjksckj djus dh vuqefr ns nh FkhA vc fons'kh flxjsVksa ds vk;kr ij lHkh
izfrcU/ lekIr dj fn, x, gSaA
[krjukd oSf'od lkft'k gksDLV

fiQfyi ekSfjl dh nwjxkeh j.kuhfr gS ftlls fcuk fdlh izfrjks/ ds
og (rFkk vU; vejhdh flxjsV dEifu;k) nqfu;k Hkj ds cktkjksa esa ?kkr yxkdj geyk djus okyh
csjksdVksd ?kql ldsaA gky gh esa blus nks cM+s dne xksiuh; <ax ls mBk, gSaA
vejhdk esa cM+h cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dk xBca/u gS ftldk uke gS ^vejhdk
teZu nok dEiuh
yhM~l vkWu VsM* ftlus ykWfcax ij 1997 esa 50 yk[k MkWyj [kpZ fd,A bl
xBcU/u dh enn ls fiQfyi ekSfjl us iQkLV&VSd ifj;kstukvksa dk dkuwu
cuokus esa vxqokbZ dhA bl dkuwu ls vejhdk dks nqfu;k esa O;kikj le>kSrs
djus esa dfBukbZ ugha gksxh vkSj flxjsV dEifu;klc rjiQ iSQy tk,axhA ,d rks nq'eu os gksrs gSa tks lh/s ,ykfu;k geyk djrs gSa nwljs os
ij tks T;knk xkisuh;] njwxkeh ifj.kke okys dne gS og gS ,e,vkbZ gkrss gaS tks yEch ?kkr yxk;s cB
S s jgrs gaS ij ij ls nkLsr dh rjg crkoZ djrs
gSa vkSj ekSdk ikdj dCtk dj ysrs gSaA nwljs izdkj ds nq'eu T;knk [krjukd
(iwt h fuos'k dk cgqi{kh; le>kSrk) dk elfonk rS;kj djus esa fiQfyi ekSfjl
gksrs gSa vkSj T;knk rckgh dj Mkyrs gSaA jksxksa ds bykt ds fy, mEnk fdLe
dh izeq[k HkwfedkA bl le>kSrs ds gks tkus ij ;s dEifu;kfdlh Hkh ns'k
dh nokb;kcukus dk f<a<ksjk ihVus okyh teZuh dh dEiuh gksDLV nwljs izdkj
dh ljdkj ds f[kykiQ cjkcjh ds Lrj ij eqdnek pyk ldrh gSa tks muds
dh nq'eu gSA gksDLV dEiuh vejhdh dEiuh n~;wiksa ds ckn jlk;u m|ksx esa
O;kikj ij fu;a=k.k djuk pkgsaxsA bl le>kSrs ds rgr bu dEifu;ksa ds ?kkVs
nqfu;k dh nwljh cM+h dEiuh gSA ewy uke gksDLV ,uh ls izfl bl dEiuh
dh HkjikbZ nslh ljdkjksa dks djuh iM+sxh vkSj jk"Vh; rFkk LFkkuh; dkuwuksa dks
us nqfu;k Hkj ds cktkjksa ij viuk tky iSQykus ds fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa cM+s&cM+s
j djuk iM+sxkA
etZj fd, gSa] 1995 esa blus vejhdk dh dEiuh esfVvksu esjSyMksu vkSj
ksr % kalhlh dEiuh #lSy ;wDykiQ dk vf/xzg.k 35 vjc MkWyj esa fd;k vkSj vc
1 eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj % fnl- 1993] tqykbZ&vxLr 1997] fnl- 1997 bldk u;k uke gksDLV esfjvksu #lSy ( ,p ,e vkj ) gks x;k gSA Hkkjr
tqykbZ&vxLr 1998] vDrwcj 1998A esa Hkh blus risfnd uk'kd nok,vkSj fjiSQafiflu cukus okyh vxz.kh dEiuh
2- FkMZ oYMZ fjltsZUl % vad la-& 40] 1993 Y;wfiu dsfedYl dks [kjhn fy;k gSA Hkkjr esa mnkjhdj.k ds nkSj dk Qk;nk
3- Xykscy ,xzs'ku % n ds'k iQkWj oYMZ mBkrs g,q ey w teuZ dEiuh us viuh Hkkjrh; 'kk[kk eas it w h fuo'sk dkiQh c<k+
LVSaMM~lZ ,.M cksYM ;w-,l-,D'ku pSysaftax fiQfyi ekSfjl ,.M
vkj-ts-vkj- usfoLdks & ^buiSQDV^] cksLVu (;w-,l-) }kjk izdkf'kr
fn;k gSA 1996 esa bl dEiuh ds nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds ca/ funs'kd cjukMZ bZ-
jiV gkSiQeSu us vxys 5 lkyksa esa Hkkjr esa 80 djksM+ Mw;w'kek dh iwth fuos'k dk
,yku fd;k FkkA blds cy ij ;g dEiuh vU; Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa dks [kjhnus
vkSj vius esa foy;u (etZj) dk dke djsxhA

esa xSj O;kikfjd eqk ckSfd lEink vf/dkj 'kkfey djk;k x;k Fkk ftlls fy;s vUrjjk"Vh; lfU/ gqbZ gS ij dEifu;k tSo MdSrh djus ls ckt ugha
rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'kksa ds isVsaV dkuwu cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa ds ekfiQd cuok;s vkrhaA gksDLV us Hkkjr ls tSfod&tsusfVd lalk/uksa dh Hkkjh pksjh dh gS vkSj
tk ldsa vkSj blesa mUgsa liQyrk fey xbZA bl p ds iwjs gksus ij fo'o muls Hkkjh ek=kk eas O;kolkf;d euqkiQk dek jgh gAaS dbZ inkFkkaZs ij mlus iVsVas
O;kikj laxBu dh LFkkiuk 1995 esa gqbZ vkSj mlesa fVIl dks 'kkfey fd;k vf/dkj Hkh izkIr dj fy;s gSaA
x;kA fVIl ds rgr Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa dks vius isVsaV dkuwuksa esa mRikn isVsaV vijk/ksa dk fjdkMZ % pksjh] MdSrh] gR;k tSls lkekftd
lu~ 2005 rd 'kkfey djus dh vfuok;Zrk gSA gksDLV rFkk vU; teZu nok vijk/ksa ls T;knk [krjukd vijk/ cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;k dj jgh gaSA vius
dEifu;k2005 dh izrh{kk esa ?kkr yxk, cSBh gSaA izfr}U}h dk liQk;k djuk] gtkjksa yksxksa dh jksth&jksVh Nhuuk] lkeku dk
mRikn isVsaV ykxw gksrs gh] mudk Hkkjrh; nok cktkj ij dCtk gks nke c<+kdj lekt dks Bxuk dqNsd vijk/ gSaA eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj us uCcs
tk,xk vkSj viuh ethZ ls nokvksa ds nke c<++k;saxsA blh ?kkr esa gksDLV us ds n'kd esa 100 dkjiksjsV vijkf/;ksa dh lwph izdkf'kr dh gS] mlesa gksDLV
Hkkjr esa viuh 'kks/ vkSj fodkl (vkj ,.M Mh) lqfo/k, cUn dj nh gSaA dk LFkku ckjgoka gSA gksDLV us lksjosV dh euekuh dher r; djus vkSj
Hkkjr ds ij teZuh dh ljdkj vkSj ogkdh dEifu;ksa dk fiNys cktkj 'ks;j fu/kZfjr djus esa vesfjdk vkSj vU; ns'kksa esa 17 lky ls py jgs
dbZ lkyksa ls ncko iM+ jgk gSA teZuh iwth fuos'k ds fy, 'krZ ds :i esa os vUrjjk"Vh; "kM~;a=k esa Hkkx fy;kA vesfjdk ds la?kh; vf/dkfj;ksa us gksDLV
Hkkjr ds isVsaV dkuwu] fons'kh iwth fuos'k uhfr vkfn] cnyokuk pkg jgk gSA vkSj gksDLV dh iQwM buxzsfM;safV fctusl ;wfuV ds iwoZ ekdsZfVax eSustj cuZM
VkUliQj izkbflax dh Ny&iQjsch % cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kHkkjr ls jksekg ij eqdnek pyk;k ftlesa gksDLV us viuk dlwj dcwy fd;k vkSj
iwth ftl Ny&iQjsch ls ys tkrh gSa muesa VkUliQj izkbflax tkuh ekuh 3-6 djksM+ MkWyj dk tqekZuk nsus ij jkth gks x;kA jksekg us Hkh dlwj eatwj
rjdhc gSA bl rjdhc esa] fdlh dEiuh dh] estcku ns'k dh lfClfM;jh ml fd;k gS vkSj "kM~;a=k esa Hkkx ysus ds vijk/ ds fy, 2 yk[k 50 gtkj MkWyj
ns'k dh dj pksjh djus ds fy, og vius equkisQ dks de dher ij fn[kkrs dk tqekZuk nsuk eatwj fd;kA lkFk gh gksDLV vkSj jksekg us muds f[kykiQ py
gSa] vkSj ewy dEiuh ls tks lkeku vkrk gS] mldk nke T;knk fn[kkrs gSaA jgh ljdkjh tkp esa Hkh lg;ksx dk ok;nk fd;kA ;g tqekZus ebZ 1999 esa gq,
ljdkj ds fy, bl Ny&iQjsch dks idM+uk vklku ugha gksrkA gAaS
gksDLV bafM;k us 1996 esa viuh teZu dEiuh ls nok cukus ds fy, tgjhys jlk;uksa dk /a/k % Hkkjr esa îh-oh-lh-* ;kuh iksfyfoukby
fFk;ksczksehu jlk;u ftl Hkko ij vk;kr fd;k og vUrjjk"Vh; Hkko dk lkr DyksjkbM dk /a/k teZuh dh cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa us 'kq: fd;kA ih-oh-lh- la;a=k
xquk T;knk FkkA Hkkjr ljdkj ds jlk;u vkSj isVks jlk;u foHkkx dks gksDLV 1968 esa teZuh dh dEiuh ch-,-,l-,iQ- dh enn ls National Organic
ds f[kykiQ dk;oZkgh djuh iMh+A fFk;kcskzeshu ls {k; jkxs dh nok iVskDsVhiQkbyhu Chemical Industries Ltd. (us'kuy vkxsfud dsfedy baMLVht fy-) us
rS;kj dh tkrh gSA gksDLV us 1995 esa fFk;ksczksehu 5172 #- izfr fdyks vk;kr LFkkfir fd;k FkkA lHkh IykfLVdksa esa ih-oh-lh lcls T;knk [krjukd gksrk gSA
dh tcfd vU; nok fuekZrkvksa us blh le; bl j;klu dks 888 #- ds Hkko bl le; dbZ teZu dEifu;k ih- oh-lh- esa iwth fuos'k dj jgh gSa ftuesa
ls exk;kA gksDLV ,th Hkh gSA ih-oh-lh ds cukus esa vkSj fuLrkj.k esa MkvksDlhu iSnk gksrh
tSo MdSrh % tSo fofo/rk esa Hkkjr cgqr lEiUu ns'k gSA cgqjk"Vh; gS tks lcls Hk;adj flUFksfVd jlk;u gS vkSj ;g dSalj] yhoj V~;wej vkSj
dEifu;ksa dh fuxkg bl lEiUu tSo fofo/rk ij yxh gSA ns'k ds yk[kksa tUe fofr;kiSnk djrk gSA rjg&rjg ds jax inkFkZ (MkbZ LViQ) Hkh gksDLV
fdLe ds cht- ikS/s] tM+h cwfV;ksa dks bl ns'k ds fdlkuksa vkSj tkudkj yksxksa cukrk gS tks iznw"k.k iSQykus esa [krjukd inkFkZ gksrs gSaA
vkSj tuleqnk;ksa us gtkjksa lkyksa esa fodflr fd;k gSA fons'kh dEifu;kbl gksDLV dh xq.kork dk feFkd % Hkkjr esa vke /kj.kk ;g gS fd
tSfod lEifr dh pksjh djds fons'k ys tkrh gSa vkSj mu ij FkksM+h&lh teZu nokb;kvkSj [kklrkSj ls gksDLV dh nokb;kmRre DokfyVh dh gksrh
tsusfVd bathfu;jh djds mUgsa isVsaV djk jgh gSaA tSo fofo/rk dh j{kk ds gSaA ysfdu 1995 esa gksDLV ?kfV;k fdLe dh nok cukrs idM+k x;kA gksDLV
bafM;k us viuh nks yksdfiz; nokb;kcjkyxu vkSj isQLVy :l dks fu;kZr dh

FkhA :l dh ,d 'kks/ laxBu lsUVy yscksjsVjht dh tkp ij ;s nokb;ka 8-
?kfV;k fdLe dh fudyhaA :l ds vf/dkfj;ksa us bu nokb;ksa dh fch ij
jksd yxk nhA
ekuo fojks/h dEiuh % cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kvUrjjk"Vh; izfrLi/kZ
esa vkxs c<+us ds fy, vkSj vf/d ls vf/d equkiQk cVksjus ds fy, euekus
<ax ls vius dkjhxjksa dh NaVuh djrh gSaA gksDLV Hkh bl dqdeZ esa fdlh
flVh cSad
ls ihNs ughas gSA blus vius dkj[kkus esa LoSfPNd vodk'k ;kstuk ykxw dj
j[kh gSA blds vykok ;g dEiuh fgUnqLrku esa viuk dkjksckj eq[; :i ls
?kksVkysckt vejhdh cSad
blfy, c<+k jgh gS fd teZuh dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa cgqr lLrk Je feyrk
gSA ,d Jfed dks teZuh esa tks ikfjJfed fn;k tkrk gS] mlh ikfjJfed
ls 127 Hkkjrh; etnwj fey ldrs gSaA
lLrs Je] lLrs dPps eky vkSj cM++s cktkj ds vkd"kZ.k us gksDLV Ng&lkr lky igys gq, izfrHkwfr ?kksVkys ds ckjs esa ge lc tkurs
dks Hkkjr tSls ns'k dks ywVus dk izksRlkgu fn;kA gh gSaA ,slk vuqeku gS fd ml ?kksVkys esa ns'k ds gtkjksa NksVs&cM+s izfrHkwfr
/kjdksa ds de ls de ikp gtkj djksM+ #i, ns'k ds ckgj pys x,A ljdkj
lanHkZ % n fj;fyVh vkWiQ iQksjsu bUosLVesUV~l us laln ds nksuksa lnuksa dh ,d la;qDr tkp lfefr Hkh cSBkbZ ysfdu og
ys[kd % doytht flag] ek;e cqDl] 1997 lfefr Hkh u crk ldh fd bruh foiqy /ujkf'k dkSu vkSj dSls ns'k ds ckgj
ys x;kA ?kksVkys ds le; dbZ fons'kh cSadksa ds uke fy, tk jgs FksA fdlh
i=kdkj us rRdkyhu foRrea=kh MkW- eueksgu flag ls loky fd;k % dgk tk
jgk gS] ;g ?kksVkyk rks fons'kh cSadksa dh dkjrwr gS] vkidks bl ckjs esa D;k
dguk gS \ MkW eueksgu flag us tokc fn;k Fkk& ^vkbZ gSo fLVy isQFk bu
iQksjsu cSaDl* (esjk vHkh Hkh fons'kh cSadksa esa fo'okl gS) ;gh ^fo'okl* Fkk
ftldh otg ls ;g cSad bruh cM+h jde ns'k ls pqjk ys x, vkSj dksbZ mudk
cky ckdk u dj ldkA
fczVsu dh LVS.MMZ pkVZMZ cSad vkSj vesfjdk dh ,-,u- tsM fxzaMyst]
;w-,l- cSad] cSad vkWiQ vesfjdk ds lkFk bl ?kksVkys esa lcls izeq[k Hkwfedk
ftl cSad us fuHkk;h Fkh] og gS vesfjdk dh flVh cSadA bldh nqfu;k ds
yxHkx lHkh ns'kksa esa 'kk[kk,gSaA
csfelky jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkj % caSafdax {ks=k esa flVh cSad ,d
cM+h rkdr gSA bl rkdr dks vtss; 'kfDr cukus ds ms'; ls uoEcj 1999
esa flVh cSad us chek dEiuh ^VSoylZ* ds lkFk foy; fd;k vkSj ubZ dEiuh
dk uke ^flVh xzqi* gks x;kA njvly ;g foy; ekStwnk dkuwuksa ds f[kykiQ

FkkA vesfjdk esa ,d dkuwu Fkk ftls Xykl LVhxky dkuwu dgrs Fks tks cSad] dks nxashA blls miHkkDsrk dh xkisuh;rk lekIr gks tk,xhA ij lcls cMh+ ckr
chek vkSj flD;ksfjVh iQeksZa dh lk>k ekyfd;r dks jksdrk FkkA ;g dkuwu ;g gS fd bl dkuwu ls cSadksa dks ;g vf/dkj fey x;k gS fd os xjhcksa dks
blfy, cuk;k x;k Fkk fd cSad vkSj chek dEifu;k ,d lhek ls T;knk lsok nsus ls budkj dj ldsaxh] ;kfu flVh xzqi O;oLFkk xjhcksa ds fy, ugha
foRrh; rkdr u cu ik, D;kfasd cMh+ rkdr cu tkus ls os n'sk dh jktufSrd gAaS
vkSj vkfFkZd lRrk dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA nf{k.k dksfj;k esa Ny&iQjsch % ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k esa
vefsjdk eas cdaS ] chek vkjS okLrfod ifjlEifr m|kxs rhukas feydj uktk;t rjhdksa ls /u Hkstus esa flVh cSad dk fjdkMZ dkiQh xUnk gSA 1994
,slk {ks=k cukrs gSa tks vesfjdk ds vU; lHkh {ks=kksa ds eqdkcys lcls T;knk esa nf{k.k dksfj;k dh jkt/kuh fl;ksy esa flVh cSad dh 'kk[kk us 6-5 djksM+
/u pqukoksa ds fy;s tqVkrk gS vkSj ;g dke fu;fer :i ls djrk gSA ;g MkWyj gsjkisQjh djds ns'k ds ckgj uktk;t rjhds ls HkstsA lsoUFk Ms ,MosafVLV
{ks=k vius }kjk ,d=k fd;k x;k /u vius fglkc ls [kpZ djrk gS vkSj ppZ ds uke ij flVh cSad us gkxdkx dh dsMhyksMZ buosLVesaV dEiuh ls
jktuhfr dks vius fgr esa izHkkfor djrk gSA dqN vakadM+s bl izdkj gSa&& le>kSrk djds ;g /u ns'k ds ckgj fudky fn;kA
1998 esa bl {ks=k us 20 djksM+ MkWyj ykfcax ij [kpZ fd, vkSj ;g jkf'k 1999 Hkkjr esa 'kqHkfpUrd dk iguk udkc
esa vkSj vf/d c<+ xbZA 1997&98 esa bl {ks=k us 15 djksM+ MkWyj pqukoksa esa Hkkjr esa flVh cSad xjhcksa vkSj efgykvkssa dh 'kqHkfpUrd gS] ;g Nfo
[kpZ fd, vkSj fuLlansg 1999 esa ;g /ujkf'k dkiQh c<+ xbZ gksxhA ;g cukus ds fy, bl cSad us u;k rjhdk fudkyk gSA 1997 esa bl cSad us nks
/u [kklrkSj ls mu laln lnL;ksa ds pqukoksa esa yxk tks laln dh cSafdax Hkkjrh; xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa (,u th vks) dks rhu lky ds fy, 5 yk[k
lfefr ds ;k fokh; lsokvksa ds dkuwu cukus okyh lfefr;ksa ds lnL; FksA MkWyj dk vuqnku fn;kA bl /ujkf'k ds ek;e ls ;s laxBu 'kgjh fiNM+h
flVh xqzi us vius uktk;t foy; dks tk;t cukus ds fy, u;k efgykvksa dks vius iSjksa ij [kM+k djsaxsA ;s laxBu bl /u ls nks dke djsaxs&
dkuwu cukus dh ykWfcax 'kq: dj nhA flVh xzqi ds la;qDr v;{k lsaMh ok;y ,d lxaBukRed <kp k [kMk+ djuk vkjS nl w js fiNMh+ efgykvkas dks m|e yxkus
rFkk izeq[k iSjksdkj jkstsj ysoh us iz'kklu rFkk dkxzsl esa ?kqliSB cuk yh] ;gk ds fy, NksVs vklku dtsZ nsukA flVh cSad ds n; esa fiNM+h efgykvksa ds
rd fd u, dkuwu ds elfons cukus esa mudk lh/ gkFk jgkA flVh cSad us fy, d#.kk dSls tx xbZ \ flVh cSad xUns gFkdaMs viukrh gS ftlls bldh
vkf[kjh rq#i ds iRrs dh pky esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dj nh fd tSls gh u;k dkuwu cgqr cnukeh gqbZ gSA efgykvksa ls 90 iQhlnh ls T;knk dtZ dh vnk;xh
cu tk,xk] flVh xzqi ds la;qDr in ij gky gh esa vodk'k xzg.k djus okys vklkuh ls gks tkrh gSA lkFk gh lekt ds 'kqHkfpUrd dh Nfo rks curh gh
vejhdh foRr lfpo&:fcu dh fu;qfDr dh tk,xhA :fcu us u, dkuwu dks gSA bl ns'k ds T;knkrj ,u th vks ljdkjh ;k fons'kh iSls ij /U/k dj jgs
ikl djkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA gSaA flVh cSad us dqN /u nsdj mUgsa viuh Nfo cukus vkSj NksVh m/kjh dk
urhtru Xykl&LVhxky dkuwu j fd;k x;k vkSj mldh txg /U/k pykus esa bLrseky djuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA
foRrh; lsok, vk/wfudhdj.k dkuwu (iQkbusaf'k;y lfoZlst ekWMukZbts'ku ekfiQ;k ekfiQd xq.MbZ
,DV) ikl gks x;k vkSj yksx HkkSpDds gksdj ns[krss jg x,A bl u, dkuwu 1995&97 esa v[kckjksa esa flVh cSad dh xq.MbZ dh [kcjsa dkiQh NihaA
us foRrh; m|ksx esa lRrk ds dsUnzhdj.k ds [krjs cgqr c<+k fn, gaSA lcls nqfu;k esa f'kdkxks ds ekfiQ;k lcls T;knk cnuke gSaA ij flVh cSad us mUgsa
cM+k [krjk rks ;g gS fd flVh xzqi dh rjg foRrh; m|ksx lRrk ds Hkh ihNs NksM+ fn;kA 9 iQjojh 1995 dks bafM;u ,Dlizsl esa [kcj Nih ftldk
dsUnzh;dj.k dk [krjk c<+sxkA ns'k dh foRrh; vkfFkZd lRrk dqN gkFkksa esa 'kh"kZd Fkk & dtZ olwyh ds fy, flVh cSad ds ,tsaVksa us xqnsZ fudkyus dh
pyh tk,xhA ;fn os ladV esa iM+rs gSa rks iwjs ns'k ds djnkrkvksa dks mldh /edh nhA 5 tuojh 1997 dks VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k esa fiQj ,slh gh [kcj
HkjikbZ djuh gksxhA bu foRrh; nkuoksa dks miHkksDrkvksa dh foRrh; LokLF; NihA flVh cSad us vius dtsZ dh mxkgh ds fy, 'kgj ds xq.Mksa dks Bsdk
laca/h] vkSj vU; O;fDrxr tkudkfj;kjgsaxh tks os viuh lg;ksxh 'kk[kkvksa fn;kA ;s xq.Ms dtZ ysus okyksa dks rjg&rjg ls Mjkrs&/edkrs FksA ,slh Hkh
[kcjas feyh fd ;s xqaMs dtZnkj dk LdwVj] eksVj lkbfdy ;k dkj mBk ykrs
FksA ;s xaqMs dtZnkjksa dks ;g Hkh lq>ko nsrs Fks fd vxj okil djus dks iSls 9-
ugha gSa rkss vk[k] ;r] isQiQM+s ;k xqnsZ csp ldrs gSaA os dtZ okil u djus
okyksa dh gkFk ;k Vkx rksM+us dh /edh Hkh nsrs FksA
foRrh; ladV ds le; nxkckth
1991 esa Hkkjr esa fons'kh eqnzk dk ladV iSnk gks x;k ftldh otg
ls bl ns'k dks fo'o cSad vkSj eqnzk dks"k dh 'krksZa ij dtZ ysuk iM+k] viuh
ukb
ukbZd
Z
eqnzk dk voewY;u djuk iM+kA ml ladV ds le; flVh cSad us ns'k ds lkFk
Hkkjh /ks[ksckth dk lywd fd;kA 5 flrEcj 1991 dks bafM;u ,Dliszl us bl
fu"Vre ooSf'od
Sf'od vFk
vFkZO;oLFkk
ZO;oLFkk dk
nxkckth dk mYys[k ,d [kcj esa fd;k ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk& ^flVh cSad us
Hkkjr dh dtZ&fo'oluh;rk dks uqdlku igqpk;kA* bl [kcj esa U;w;kdZ ls
mR"Vre uk;d
izdkf'kr iztkrh; lkIrkfgd Û;wt bafM;k* dk gokyk nsrs gq, bl ckr dk
mYys[k fd;k fd nqfu;k dh pksVh dh cSadksa esa ls ,d flVh cSad us tc
tuojh ds eghus esa Hkkjr dk foRrh; ladV pje lhek ij Fkk] ml ns'k dh
dtZ&fo'oluh;rk dks Hkkjh pksV igqpkbZA bldk urhtk ;g gqvk fd vU; lfpu rsUnqydj tSls ukeh&fxjkeh ntZuksa f[kykM+h ftlds twrksa dks
cM+h vejhdh cSadksa ls Hkh /u fudkyus dh ck<+ vk xbZA 'kku ls igu dj [ksyrs rks gSa gh lkFk gh Vsyhfotu ij mudk izpkj dj
flVh cSad ds dqR;ksa dh isQgfjLr yEch gSA lu~ 1991 esa bl cSad nqfu;k ds djksM+ksa yksxksa ds eu esa oSls gh twrs iguus dh yyd iSnk djrs gSa]
us vius Lopkfyr Vsyj e'khuksa ds vk;kr esa vk;kr vkSj dLVe Mw;wVh u Hkjus nqfu;k Hkj esa [ksyksa ds cM+s&cM+s vk;kstu izk;ksftr djus dk ftldk ;'k iSQyk
esa pkyckth dhA idM+s tkus ij bls 2 djksM+ :i, dLVe vf/dkfj;ksa dks gqvk gks] tks ekuoh; ms';ksa ds izfr lefiZr gksus dh ph uSfrd ckrsa dgrh
Hkjus iM+sA 1992&93 esa Hkkjr dh dbZ dEifu;kbl cSad dh Hkz"V ;kstukvksa gks] ml dEiuh dk psgjk fdruk f?kukSuk gS vkSj mlus fdrus /r~deZ fd,
ds pDdj esa iQl xbZ vkSj Hkkjh uqdlku mBk;kA buesa ,vj bafM;k] fot;k gSa] bldk [kqyklk rc gqvk tc mlds vius gh gkFkksa mlds iki dk ?kM+k iQwV
cSad vkSj xsazfle fyfeVsM 'kkfey FkhaA bl cSad us Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds iMk+A
dkuwuksa dk [kqydj mYya?ku fd;k vkSj ,d lky ( 1991 ) esa 58 djksM+ :i, f[kykfM+;ksa ds twrs cukus okyh nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h dEiuh gS
dk uktk;t equkiQk dek;k tcfd mlh lky ;g cSad mRrjh vesfjdk vkSj vesfjdk dh dEiuh ukbZdA blds T;knkrj dkj[kkus vesfjdk ds ckgj gSaA
vkLVsfy;k esa ?kkVs ij dkjksckj dj jgh FkhA ,f'k;k esa mlds 150 dkj[kkus gSa ftuesa 4]50]500 dkjhxj dke djrs gSaA
izfrHkwfr ?kksVkykas esa tc eqEcbZ mPp U;k;ky; esa eqdnek py jgk ;s dkj[kkus fo;ruke] bMakusfs'k;k] gkxdkx] phu vkjS nf{k.k dkfsj;k eas gAaS bl
Fkk rc U;k;ewfrZ okfj;kok us flVh cSad dh dM+h vkykspuk dh vkSj >wBs] iQthZ dEiuh ds mRiknu dk cM+k Hkkx lcdk.VSfDaVx ls gksrk gS tks nwj njkt ds
rjhds viukus rFkk csbekuh Hkjs r nsus dk nks"kh ik;kA xans] fiNM+s bykdksa esa pyrk gSA ij Hkkjh izpkj vkSj foKkiuckth ls
lanHkZ % 1- eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj & fnlEcj 1999
vUrjjk"Vh; Lrj ij ;g daiuh vius mRikndksa dks 'kqrk vkSj xq.koRrk dh
2- bUnzkusV & iQjojh 2000
izfrewfrZ ds :i esa is'k djrh gSA
ukbZd vkSj ,slh gh vU; cgqjk"Vh; daifu;krhljh nqfu;k ds yksxksa

dks jkstxkj nsus rFkk bu ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd rjDdh djus dk budk dksbZ ms'; vPNk djus dh t:jr gSA fjiksVZ esa vU; cgqr&lh ckrsa dgh xb tks ukbZd
ugha gksrk] gkykfd os dgrh ;gh gSaA muds pquko ds eq[; dkj.k gSa % dh vlfy;r dks mtkxj djrh gSaA ij bl jiV dks nck fn;k x;kA
(1) rhljh nqfu;k esa Je csgn lLrk gksrk gSA fo;ruke dh ,d dkjhxj ij uoEcj 1997 esa ;g fjiksVZ yhd gksdj lsukaflLdks dh laLFkk
efgyk dks 10-5 ?kaVs jkst dke djkds 6 fnu dh etnwjh bl daiuh ls 10 ^VkUlus'kuy fjlkslZ ,.M ,D'ku lsaVj* (VSd ) ds gkFk iM+ xbZA fiQj bl
MkWyj feyrh gS tks blh daiuh ds vejhdh dkjhxj dh ,d ?kaVs dh etnwjh laLFkk us ukbZd ds dqdeksZa dks mtkxj djuk 'kq: fd;kA bl jiV ls ukbZd
ls Hkh de gSA (2) rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'kksa esa Je dkuwu vkSj i;kZoj.k ij [kpZ fo;ruke ds dkj[kkukssa esa 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u ds os mnkgj.k lkeus vk,
ugha djuk iM+rk tcfd mlh dke ds fy, bUgsa vius ns'k esa cM+h /ujkf'k ftudh ppkZ ij dh x;h gAS ;g Hkh mtkxj gv q k fd dkj[kkus eas vueqkfsnr
nsuh gksrh gSA (3) rhljh nqfu;k ds dkjhxj] fo'ks"kr% efgyk,vkSj cPps lLrs ek=kk ls 177 xquk dkjhxj (T;knk dkjhxj) dke djrss gSa vkSj ,d dkj[kkus
gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vf/d vkKkdkjh vkSj des: gksrs gSaA muls fodflr ns'kksa ds ,d foHkkx esa 100 dkexkj ;qofr;klkal ds jksxksa dh f'kdkj gSaA cky Je
ds dkjhxjksa ds eqdkcys T;knk dke fy;k tk ldrk gSA dk [kwc nq#i;ksx bu dkj[kkuksa esa gksrk gSA
ukbZd ds twrksa ds dkj[kkuksa esa] pkgs os fo;ruke esa gks] ;k fo[;kr iQeZ vULVZ ,.M ;ax dh jiV eas ukbd ds f[kykiQ yxk,
baMksusf'k;k esa ;k vU; LFkkuksa ij] cM+h la[;k esa ;qofr;kvkSj cPps dke djrs tk jgs os lkjs vkjksi lgh lkfcr gq, tks dbZ lekt dehZ lewg le;≤
gaSA budk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ds lkFk&lkFk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ;kSu mRihM+u cgqr gksrk ij ukbd ds ij yxkrs jgs FksA ekpZ 1997 essa fo;ruke dh ,d yscj okp
gSA Bsdsnkjksa }kjk dke djkus ls ;g 'kks"k.k vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gS nqfu;k Hkj jiV ls ;g lekpkj izdkf'kr gks pqdk Fkk fd ukbd ds dkj[kkuksa esa Je
esa cky etnwjh ds f[kykiQ gYyk epkus okyh vejhdh ljdkj ukbZd dh cky dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku gksrk gS] de etnwjh nh tkrh gS] ;qofr;ksa dk ;kSu 'kks"k.k
etnwjh ij pqIih lk/s jgrh gSA gksrk gS vkSj dkj[kkuksa dk okrkoj.k LokLF; ds fy, [krjukd gSA mldss ckn
'kks"k.k&mRihM+u dk HkaMkiQksM+ 15 flrEcj dks gkxdkx dh bZlkbZ vkS|ksfxd lfefr us phu esa ukbZd dh
1996 esa 25 ?kaVs pyus okyh lh-ch-,l- U;wt dh ,d i=kdkj jkscVkZ Bsdsnkjksa ds 'kks"k.k ds nLrkost izdkf'kr fd,A lfefr us dgk fd phu ds
ckfLdu us ;g jiV nh fd fo;ruke esa ukbZd ds dkj[kkuksa esa dke djus dkjhxjkaas dh gkyr fo;ruke ds dkjhxjksa ls cnrj gSA 8 uoEcj 1997 dks
okys dkjhxjksa dks ,d ?kaVs dh etnwjh 20 lsaV feyrh gSA mUgksaus ;g [kcj Û;w;kdZ VkbEl* us ;ax dh jiV dks m`r djrs gq, fy[kk fd gks phfeUg
Hkh nh fd dkj[kkus ds ,d lqijokbtj us 15 efgyk dkjhxjksa ds flj ij pksV flVh ds miuxj esa cus ukbZd ds dkj[kkus esa 77 iQhlnh dkjhxj lkal ds
ekjh vkjS 25 feuV cB S us ds fy, etcjw fd;kA jkcsVkZ us ;g Hkh [kcj mtkxj jksx ds f'kdkj gSaA
dh fd daiuh dk ,d dksfj;kbZ lqijokbtj vusd efgyk dkjhxjksa ds lkFk lPpkbZ ij inkZ Mkyus dh Ny&iQjsch
cykRdkj djds Hkkx x;kA 15 flrEcj dk ^n U;w fjifCyd* i=k us ,d ys[k ,Mw Xykl dk
ukbZd daiuh ij ;g vkjksi Hkh yx jgs Fks fd mlds Bsdsnkjksa ds izdkf'kr fd;k ftlesa vULVZ ,.M ;ax dh jiV ds ,d dFku dks pqukSrh nh
dkj[kkuksa esa Je vkSj i;kZoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;kaBhd ugha gSaA daiuh us nqfu;k xbZ gS fd daiuh vius dkjhxjksa ds lkFk vPNk lywd dj jgh gSA ^ys[k esa
dks ;g fn[kkus ds fy, fd mlds dkj[kkus fu;eksa ds vuqlkj py jgs gSa] dgk x;k fd jiV esa ftu dUlYVsaV ls lykg&e'kfojk djus dh ckr fy[kh
ekuokf/dkj vkSj la;qDr jk"Vesa vf/oDrk vkSj vVykaVk ds iwoZ es;j vkSj gS] og >wB gS] muls dHkh ckr ugha gqbZA ;ax us tks c;ku fjdkMZ fd, gSa os
jktnwr jgs ,UMw ;ax dh ,dkmafVx iQeZ vULVZ ,.M ;ax ls viuk vkWfMV mu yksxksa }kjk vuqokn fd, x, Fks ftUgsa daiuh }kjk fu;qDr fd;k x;k gSA*
djk;kA ;g iQeZ nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h iQeksZa esa ls gS tks ;g dke djrh gSA ,d lky rd ukbZd us vULVZ ,.M ;ax dh jiV dks nck, j[kkA
bl iQeZ us ukbZd dh dsoy 15 iSQDVfj;ksa dks ns[kkA bl iQeZ dh jiV esa dgk mlus igys v[kckjkas eas foKkiu nd
s j jiV ds os Hkkx Nik, tks mlds ekfiQd
x;k fd ;g daiuh vius dkjhxjksa ds lkFk vPNk lywd dj jgh gS] gk] vkSj fy[ks x, FksA fiQj mlus dguk 'kq: dj fn;k fd ;g jiV ^vkmV vkiWQ MsV*
gAS vc ukbd Z ds dkj[kkukas ds gkykr cgrq vPNs gks x, gAaS mlus MkVZ ekmFk
fctusl Ldwy ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls ,d losZ{k.k izk;ksftr djk;k ftlesa dgk x;k 10-
fd ukbZd vR;Ur okafNr vkSj vPNs osru ds in nsrk gSA
ysfdu lektdehZ lewgksa vkSj lekpkj&i=kksa ds ys[kksa dk ukbZd ij
bruk ncko cuk fd ebZ 1998 esa ukbZd dks eatwj djuk iM+k fd mlds
dkj[kkuksa esa lc dqN Bhd ugha gSA mlus viuh xyfr;klq/kjus dk opu
Hkh fn;k A
;wuksdy
ij ukbZd viuh gjdrksa ls ckt ugha vk jgk gSA vHkh Hkh mlds
dkj[kkuksa esa iznwf"kr] tgjhyh ok;q gS] cgqr de osru fn;k tkrk gS] ;qofr;ksa
ltk;krk cuk,xk cUnjxkg
dk ;kSu 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA lLrs Je dh ryk'k esa ;g daiuh ,d ns'k ls nwljs
ns'k esa tkrh gSA 'kks"k.k ij gh bl daiuh dk equkiQk fVdk gSA mnkgj.k ds
fy, 1996 esa bl daiuh us 9-2 vjc MkWyj dk equkiQk dek;kA
ukbZd dh lcls T;knk izrkM+uk fo;ruke us lgh gSA ;g ns'k
vesfjdk ds 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr ugha ik jgk gS lkB vkSj lRrj ds n'kd esa blus vkf[kj 20 viSzy 2000 dks ysfVusaV duZy izrki lkos us eqacbZ ds
vesfjdh ceckjh dh csfelky wjrk ns[kh lkE;okn dks lekIr djus ds uke vLirky esa lkal rksM+ gh nhA ;g Fkk ;wuksdy dk Hkkjr dks igyk rksgiQkA
ij] uCcs ds n'kd vkSj vc ubZ lnh esa og ukbZd tSlh mifuos'koknh daifu;ksa 56 o"khZ; izrki lkos lsuk ls fjVk;j gksdj xqtjkr ds cylkM ftys ds
dh izrkM+uk dk f'kdkj gSA mejxko esa jgrs Fks vkSj fdukjk cpkvks la?k"kZ lfefr ds v;{k FksA ;g
lfefr dsUnz vkSj xqtjkr ljdkj ls vesfjdk dh rsy dEiuh ;wuksdy dks
lanHkZ & eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj 1997 mejxko esa cuk, tkus okys cUnjxkg dks fn, x;s Bsds dk fojks/ dj jgh
bUnzkusV& iQjojh 2000 gS D;ksafd ml bykds eas canjxkg dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gS vkSj izLrkfor
cUnjxkg ls dksbZ 70]000 eNqvkjkssa vkSj fdlkuksa dh ftUnxh rckg gks
tk,xhA fon'skh dEiuh vk, mldk fojk/ s xko ds ykxs djas ] rks bldk lcd
fl[kkus dh fgnk;r dsUnz ljdkj ds x`gea=kh us iqfyl dks ns nh FkhA 8 vizSy
dh jkr ds 1 cts lksrs gq, duZy lkos dks iqfyl mBk ys xbZ vkSj bruh pksVsa
flj esa ekjh fd os csgks'k gks x, vkSj nks&nks vkijs'ku ds ckn Hkh os gks'k esa
u vk, vkSj lalkj ls py clsA
rsy&xSl dEiuh
;wuksdy dSyhiQksfuZ;k ( vesfjdk ) esa fLFkr vesfjdk dh ,d izeq[k
rsy vkSj xSl dEiuh gSA nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh canjxkg cukus dk bl dEiuh
dks dksbZ vuqHko gS] ,slk dksbZ izek.k ugha gS] fiQj Hkh bls ejksyh&mejxko esa
cUnjxkg cukus dk Bsdk fey x;k gSA oLrqr% bl dEiuh dk eq[; /a/k
iQksfly bZa/ku dk mRiknu gSA vesfjdk dh dbZ vU; dEifu;kW Hkkjr esa og

/a/k dj jgh gSa ftuesa mUgsa fo'ks"kKrk gkfly ugha gSA ;wuksdy ftl Hkkjrh; mRrjkf/dkjh us bl ij iqufoZpkj dk ok;nk fd;k gSA dkjiksjsV txr ds
dEiuh ds lkFk canjxkg fuekZ.k dk dke djus tk jgh gS og gS us'kuy vk/qfud bfrgkl esa ;g igyh ;kfpdk gS ftlesa ,d cgqjk"Vh; dEiuh dk
VsyhdkWe bafM;k fyfeVsM (usVsYdks)] ;g nwjlapkj dh dEiuh gS ftldk pkVZj j djus vkSj dEiuh dks cUn djus dh ekax dh xbZ gSA bl ;kfpdk
eq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa gSA dk vkys[k yks;ksyk ykW Ldwy ds izks- jkWcVZ csUlsu us rS;kj fd;k gSA 127 i`"Bksa
i;kZoj.k fouk'kd dEiuh dh bl ;kfpdk esa ;wuksdy ij fuEufyf[kr izeq[k vkjksi yxk, gSa&
i;kZoj.k fouk'kd dEiuh ds :i esa ;wuksdy dk fjdkWMZ vR;Ur 1- bl dEiuh us dbZ ekSdksa ij fuxe dkuwu rksM+s gSaA
vijk/iw.kZ jgk gSA Xoknywi ds leqnz esa ;g dEiuh 40 lky rd yxkrkj 2- 1969 esa lkUrk ckjcjk pSuy esa tks isVksy dk Hkkjh fc[kjko gqvk
isVksfy;e fFkuj Mkyrh jgh ftldh ek=kk 85 yk[k xSyu rd igqp xbZA Fkk mlds fy, ;wuksdy ftEesnkj FkkA
Hkwfexr ty dks Hkh Hkkjh ek=kk esa iznwf"kr fd;kA ;g iznw"k.k bruk tgjhyk 3- dEiuh us iznw"k.k iSQykus ds vusd dke fd, FksA
Fkk fd dEiuh dks viuk vijk/ eatwj djus ds fy, 1994 esa etcwj gksuk 4- O;olk; vkSj ekuo lqj{kk vkSj LokLF; ds izko/kuksa dk mYya?ku
iM+kA vijk/ Lohdkjus dh otg ls dSyhiQksfuZ;k ds vf/dkfj;ksa us bl dEiuh djus ds lSdM+ksa mnkgj.k FksA
ds 33 vfHk;ksx ekiQ dj fn,A blh izdkj lsu kaflLdks [kkM+h ds ,foyk rV 5- dEiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa ds lkFk cnlywd fd;k x;k FkkA
vkSj lku cukZMhuks njsZ dks Hkh blus iznwf"kr fd;kA E;kuekj ( cekZ ) esa bl 6- viQxkfuLrku vkSj E;kuekj (cekZ) esa ekuokf/dkj ds guu esa bl
dEiuh us ?kus taxyksa ls gksdj ikbi ykbusa Mkyh gSa ftldh otg ls fjgk;lh dEiuh dk gkFk FkkA
7- bl dEiuh us jktuSfrd lRrk vius gkFk esa ys j[kh gSA
cfLr;ku"V gks xbZ gSa vkSj i;kZoj.k dk Hkh fouk'k gqvk gSA 1997 esa vesfjdk
dh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,tsalh (bZih,) us bl dEiuh dks uksfVl fn;k ftlesa bl Hkkjr ljdkj dh eq nh
na h vk
vk[ks
[ ksa
dEiuh }kjk 41 {ks=kksa dks u"V djus dk vijk/h ik;kA bl uksfVl ds ckn fdlh ns'k dh lhekvksa dh j{kk djuk ljdkj dk igyk nkf;Ro gksrk
dEiuh }kjk u"V fd, x, {ks=kksa dh lwph esa 41 {ks=k vkSj tqM+ x,A gSA leqnz ij cUnjxkg cukus dk dke ns'k dh ftEesnkj laLFkk dks fn;k tkrk
vijk/kssa ds fy, tqekZus gSA ;wuksdy tSlh vkijkf/d pfj=k okyh dEiuh ftls rsy&xSl cspus ds
vykok dksbZ vuqHko ugha gS] mls cUnjxkg cukus dk Bsdk nsuk vklkuh ls
;wuksdy dks Xoknywi esa leqnzh ty dks tgjhyk djus ds vijk/ esa
le> esa ugha vkrkA ljdkj us ;wuksdy ds dqdeksZa Hkjs bfrgkl ls vk[ksa dSls
ekpZ 1994 esa 15 yk[k MkWyj dk tqekZuk Hkjuk iM+kA 1998 esa ;wuksdy ij dbZ
en yh \ ns'k dh lhek dh j{kk djus okys ys- duZy lkos dh gR;k D;ksa djkbZ
vijk/ksa ds tqekZus gq,A vykLdk esa iznw"k.k iSQykus dk bls nks"kh ik;k x;k vkSj
\ cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dh ek;koh nqfu;k dks le>us ds fy, bu lokyksa dk
blds ij 70 yk[k MkWyj dk tqekZuk Bksadk x;kA dSyhiQksfuZ;k ds ,d 'kgj
tokc [kkstuk gksxkA
dks bl dEiuh ds rsy vo'ks"k us nks Hkkxksa esa ckV fn;kA bl tqeZ ds fy,
laUnHkZ % eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj] fnlEcj 1998] tqykbZ@vxLr 1999 bu n use vkiWQ
blds ij vf/dkfj;kas us 20 djkMs+ Mky W j dk teqkuZk fd;kA ;uwkd s y dk ,d MsoyiesaV ejksyh csj iksVZ izkstsDV dh LraHk tkp dh jiV] vizSy &2000
ekeyk e; dSfyiQksfuZ;k esa gqvk tgkbl dEiuh us Hkkjh iznw"k.k iSQyk fn;k
FkkA bl ekeys esa bl ij 4 djksM+ 38 yk[k MkWyj dk tqekZuk gqvkA
;uk
uw kd
uks s y dk pkVZj j djkus dh ;kfpdk
;wuksdy ds i;kZoj.kh;] ikfjfLFkdh; vkSj ekuoh; vijk/ brus c<+rs
x, fd flrEcj 1994 esa vesfjdk ds 30 ukxfjd lewgksa us ;wuksdy ds
f[kykiQ dSyhiQksfuZ;k ds ,VkuhZ tujy dks ,d ;kfpdk nhA ml le; ds
,VkuhZ tujy MkWu yWxzsu FksA mUgksaus ;g ;kfpdk eatwj ugha dh ij muds
bu nsonwrksa esa lcls vkxs Mkm dksfuZx dEiuh gSA ;g flfydku

11- tSy ls Lru baIykaV cukrh gSA blus vius Lru baIykaV ls cktkj dks ikV fn;k
vkSj vjcksa MkWyj dh lEifr bl /a/s ls cVksjh gS vkSj viuk lkezkT; nqfu;k
Hkj esa [kM+k dj fn;k gSA ysfdu tc tuLokLF; LokFkZ gks rks foifRr vkus esa
nsj ugha yxrhA gtkjksa efgykvksa dks rdyhiQ gksus yxh vkSj urhtk fudyk
Mkm dksfuZx] ,LVktsusdk Lru dSalj ds :i esaA
ckr ;g gS fd fdruh Hkh lko/kuh D;ksa u cjrh tk;] baIykaVksa ls
flfydku tsy efgykvksa ds 'kjhj esa fjl tkrk gS vkSj /hjs&/hjs 'kjhj esa dSalj
dSalj iSnk djus okyh daiuh iSnk dj nsrk gSA 7&8 lky igys vesfjdk esa bl izdkj ls dSalj ihfM+r
efgykvkas dh l[a;k gtkjkas eas FkhA nl gtkj ls T;knk efgykvkas us Mkm dkfsuxZ
dEiuh vkSj bl ?kiys esa 'kkfey vU; yksxksa ds f[kykiQ eqdnek nk;j fd;kA
bu eqdneksa esa ihfM+r efgykvksa us vkjksi yxk;k fd baIykaV yxokus ds ckn
os chekj jgus yxh gSa vkSj dqN rks ges'kk ds fy, iwjh rjg ls iaxq gks xbZ gSaA
nks lky igys fo'o LokLF; laxBu ( MCyw- ,p- vks- ) dh lapkyd
tks lkekU; :i ls lHkh dks chekjh gqbZ] mls ^bLdySjksMekZ* dgrs gaS blds
laLFkk&fo'o LokLF; lHkk us ,d izLrko j[kk ftlesa lnL; ns'kksa ls vkxzg
vykok bLDySjksflt] ywiql] rjg dh fdLe&fdLe dh chekfj;kefgykvksa esa
fd;k x;k fd os lfquf'pr djas fd nok vkjS LokLF; uhfr;kas eas O;kikfjd fgrkas
ikbZ xbZ gSa vkSj ;s dSalj dh rjg gh [krjukd gSaA
ds ctk; tu LokLF; fgrksa dh izkFkfedrk jgsA nqfu;k ds lHkh ns'k bls eatwj
djus dks rS;kj Fks] ij vesfjdk us vM+axk yxk fn;kA mlus lq>k;k fd bl >wB vkSj Ny iQjsch
izLrko ds cnys ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd ^tu LokLF; vkSj O;kikfjd flfydku tsy ds 'kjhj ij D;k izHkko iM+rs gSa] bl ij dEiuh us
fgr ,d&nwljs ls lqlaxr jgsaA* nok vkSj MkDVjksa ds nsonwrksa ds chp ;enwr 1988 esa iz;ksx djk, FksA bu iz;ksxksa ls blds ?kkrd vlj ds urhtksa dh
fcBkus dk uk;kc lq>ko vesfjdk us fn;k D;ksafd ogk nok dEifu;kW vkSj tkudkjh mls feyh FkhA ij dEiuh us bu rF;ksa dks fNik;kA myVs Mkm ds
MkWDVj yk[kksa dh la[;k esa vesfjdk vkSj vU; ns'kksa esa fo'oklh yksxksa dks ekSr dk;Zdkjh mik;{k xSjh ,aMjlu us oDrO; fn;k] ^ gekjh dEiuh ds ckgj gqbZ
ds tky esa iQlk jgs gSaA ekSr ds tky esa iQalkus dk ,d mnkgj.k nok dEiuh 'kks/ksa ls tks oSKkfud izek.k feys gSa muls ge izksRlkfgr gq, gSaA bu 'kks/ksa
Mkm dksfuZx gSA us fl fd;k gS fd Lru baIykaV vkSj jksxksa esa dksbZ fu.kkZ;d lEcU/ ugha gSA*
tky ,sls iSQyk;k x;k 1993 ds 'kq: esa vesfjdk ds ,d tu laxBu ifCyd
flVhtu* us ns'k dh la?kh; ljdkj ls vkxzg fd;k fd flfydkWu Lru
dqN if'pe ds ^MkWDVjksa dks nok dEifu;ksa us iVk;k vkSj muls
baIykaVksa dh lqj{kk ij >wBh jiV nsus ij ljdkj dks Mkm dkfuZx ds f[kykiQ
efgykvksa dks ;g lykg fnykbZ fd Lruksa dk NksVk gksuk ,d fdLe dh chekjh
vkijkf/d tqeZ dk eqdnek djuk pkfg,A bl tu laxBu ds LokLF; 'kks/
gS ftldk bykt* djkuk pkfg,A bl ckr dk /qvak/kj izpkj fd;k x;k vkSj
izdks"B ds funs'kd MkW- flMuh oksYiQ us ljdkj ds [kk| vkSj nok iz'kklu
efgykvksa esa cM+s Lru dk ikxyiu iSnk dj fn;kA cM+h cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;k
( ,iQ Mh , ) dks fy[kk] gekjk fo'okl gS fd Mkm dksfuZx dEiuh us vius
efgykvksa dh fpUrk nwj djus ds fy, nsonwr dh rjg dwn iM+ha vkSj bl jksx
esfMdy midj.kksa] [kklrkSj ls Lru baIykaVksa esa flfydku ds mi;ksx ds lqj{kk
ds mipkj ds fy, ^Lru baIykaV* cuk MkysA vuqeku gS fd 15&20 yk[k
rF;ksa dks tkucw> dj fNikus esa la?kh; dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA tc
efgyk, bu baIykaVksa dks yxk, ?kwe jgh gSaA

ls dEiuh us >wBh jiV nh gS] rc ls lSdM+ksa ugha rks nfl;ksa gtkj efgyk,W vesfjdk esa pysA
xaHkhj jksx dhs f'kdkj cu xbZ gaSA vr% gekjk fo'okl gS fd ,iQMh, dks ij ^rw Mky&Mky] eSa ikr&ikr*! ,LVktsusdk us viuh j.kuhfr cny
dEiuh ds f[kykiQ vkijkf/d vfHk;kstu pykuk pkfg,A* nhA tu laxBuksa ls nks dne vkxs c<+dj mlus izpkj fd;k fd efgykvksa dks
tu ncko ds rgr Mkm dkfuZx dks 1992 ds ekpZ esa Lru baIykaVksa Lru dSalj gks gh ugha] bl ckr dh fpUrk djuh pkfg,A mlus if=kdkvksa vkSj
ds cktkj ls viuk gkFk [khapuk iM+kA mlus lkjh frdM+esa yxkdj efgykvksa Vsyhfotu ij ,d csgwnk foKkiu fn;k ftlesa ,d efgyk dh ihB fn[kkbZ tks
ds eqdneksa dks jiQk&niQk djus ds fy, 4-75 vjc MkWyj dk Hkqxrku Hkjus ,d gydh iV~Vh ds vykok uaxh FkhA mlds ij 'khZ"kd Fkk] If you care
dh is'kd'k dhA tksUl gkWifdUl fo'ofo|ky; ds ltZjh ds izkisQlj ukWeZu about breast cancer, care, more about being a 1.7 than a 36
,aMjlu] tks Lru baIykaV ls iSnk gksus okys LokLF; ladVksa ds fo'ks"kK gSa] us B. (;fn vkidks Lru dSalj dh fpUrk gS rks 1-7 u fd 36 ch] gksus dh
Mkm ds bl le>kSrs dks xaHkhj /ks[kk crk;kA mUgksaus vuqeku yxk;k fd Lru fpUrk dhft,A) 1-7 ,d ijh{k.k ds ifj.kke dh la[;k gS ftlls irk pyrk
baIykaVksa ls tks LokLF; dks uqdlku igqpk gS] og 169 vjc MkWyj ls de dk gS fd fdlh efgyk dks Lru dSalj gksus dk [krjk gSA Vsyhfotu foKkiu esa
ugha gSA* /hjs&/hjs ls ;g lUns'k Hkh ns fn;k fd gj efgyk dks Lru dSalj dk [krjk
Mkm dksfuZx ds vijk/ dsoy tqekZuk Hkjus ls iwjs ugha gksaxs] mlds gSA fiQj foKkiu ds uhps fy[kk] There is something, you can do,
vf/dkfj;ksa dks tsy Hkstuk pkfg,A (dqN ,slh pht gS tks vki dj ldrh gSaA) vkSj cM+s lw{e rjhds ls og pht
D;k g]aS og Hkh crk nhA VeSkDslhiQsu dk u;k ckzMauke uky
s okMDSl (Nolvadex)
b/j ,d dEiuh us efgykvksa dks jksxksa vkSj Lru dSalj dh osnuk
fy[k fn;kA
esa djkgus ds fy, >ksad fn;k] rks nwljh nok dEiuh&,LVktsusdk us nwljs tky
vc Lru dSalj ds mipkj ds fy, ugha] mlls cpko ds fy, izpkj
esa iQlk;kA tsusdk vesfjdk dh nok dEiuh gS vkSj ,LVk fLoV~tjyS.M dhA
djus esa ,LVktsusdk lcls vkxs gks xbZA cpko dk tks gfFk;kj tu laxBu
bUgksaus vkil esa foy; djds ,LVktsusdk dEiuh cukbZ gSA blus Hkh efgykvksa
bLrseky dj jgs Fks] dEiuh us Hkh ogh gfFk;kj bLrseky fd;k vkSj viuh
esa Lru dSalj ds Mj dk ykHk mBkdj viuh equkiQk[kksjh dk tky efgykvksa
fch cgqr c<+k yhA tu laxBu blds ihNs iM+s jgs vkSj ljdkj ij ncko
ij MkykA cuk;k fd bldh tkp gks fd okdbZ bl nok ls Lru dSalj dk [krjk ?kV
fujkyh Ny iQjsch tkrk gSA tkp esa u rks mPp [krjs dks Bhd ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k vkSj
Lru dSalj ds mipkj esa tsusdk dEiuh dh nok VseksDlhisQu 1997 u og lkjh lkexzh miyC/ gqbZ ftlls lgh vkdyu gks ldsA oSKkfudksa]
ls bLrseky gksrh vk jgh gSA MkWDVj yksx bldks ysus dh lykg ml n'kk esa 'kks/drkZvksa vkSj efgyk laxBuksa us tkp ds rjhdksa ij dM+h vkifRr;kdhA
nsrs gSa tc fdlh efgyk dk Lru dSalj dk vkijs'ku gks pqdk gks vkSj fiQj bu lcdks utjankt djrs gq, tkp dk urhtk ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k fd
ls dSalj dkss mHkjus ls jksduk gksA mu jksfx;ksa dks Hkh ;g nok nh tkrh Fkh uksYokMSDl ls Lru dSalj dk [krjk 44 izfr'kr ?kV tkrk gSA tkp esa ;g
ftuds fy, Lrj dSalj dk [krjk izekf.kr gks pqdk gksA bl nok ds ^lkbM t:j dgk x;k fd mPp [krjs dh fLFkfr esa gh ,slk gksrk gSA
bisQDV* cgqr [kjkc gksrs gSaA ij dEiuh nok ds lkFk nh tkus okyh tkudkjh dEiuh us mPp Lrjh; [krjs dh ckr dks ,d rjiQ ljdk dj fiQj
esa mls fNikrh jghA jksfx;ksa dks vuko';d :i ls vkSj ek=kk ls vf/d nok Hkkjh izpkj bl izdkj 'kq: dj fn;k gS] Nolvadex is the only drug
nsus ls LokLF; dh leL;k,c<+us yxhA vLlh vkSj uCcs ds n'kdksa esa bl nok proven to reduce breast cancer incidence by 44% in women
ds f[kykiQ tu laxBuksa us tutkx`fr ds dk;Ze pyk,A jk"Vh; dSalj at high risk of developing the disease vkSj bl izdkj ,d ckj fiQj
laLFkku rFkk dbZ efgyk laxBuksa us Lru dSalj ls dSls cpko gks lds] bldh tu LokLF; ds ij cktkj ds equkisQ dh thr gqbZA
vkokt mBkbZA mipkj ls csgrj cpko gS] mlds fy, O;kid vfHk;ku lanHkZ êYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj &1999 flrEcj] 1999

vesfjdk esa uhe iSnk ugha gksrk ysfdu vesfjdk dh ,d cgqjk"Vh;
12- dEiuh&&MCy-wvkj- xl sz us uhe ds vk"Sk/h; x.qkkas ij iVsVas djk fy;k gAS Hkkjr
tSo lEink ds fy, fo'o izfl gSA xzsl nqfu;k dh igyh dEiuh gS ftlus
Hkkjr dh tSo&lEink ij igyk Mkdk Mkyk gSA vc rks vesfjdk vkSj teZuh
dh dbZ dEifu;ksa us uhe ds fofHkUu vkS"k/h; vkSj dhVuk'kd xq.kksa ij de
MCY;w- vkj- xzsl ls de 36 isVsaV ys fy, gSaA uhe ds ckn] Hkkjr dh gYnh] rqylh] djsyk]
cSaxu] vnjd] cklerh pkoy tSls ntZuksa tSo inkFkksZa vkSj chtksa ij isVsaV ys
fy, gSaA ywV dk tks lw=kik=k xzsl us 'kq: fd;k] vc og cM+s iSekus ij c<+ jgk
uhe pksj gSA Hkkjr esa tho :iksa ij isVsaV ugha fn;k tkrk A fdUrq fo'o O;kikj laxBu
ds fVIl dkuwuksa ds rgr Hkkjr dks vius isVsaV dkuwuksa esa fiNys lky
la'kks/ku djuk iM+k gS vkSj vuU; foi.ku vf/dkj (bZ ,e vkj) dh O;oLFkk
djuh iM+h gSA bl la'kks/u ds gksus ls vc xzsl tSlh fons'kh dEifu;kvius
uhe dk isM+ Hkkjr dh /jrh dh nsu gSA gtkjksa lky ls Hkkjroklh ns'k esa isVsaV ysdj ikp lky ds fy, Hkkjrh; tSo lEink ij ,dN=k dCtk
uhe ds xq.kksa dks ij[krs jgs gSa vkSj jkstejkZ ds thou esa bLrseky djrs jgs djsaxh vkSj fjeksV daVksy xqykeh dk lw=kikr djsxhA
gSaA uhe dh nkrqu ?kj&?kj esa tkrh gSA uhe ds rsy ls nok,curh gSa] uhe ^xzsl dEiuh* vesfjdk dh lcls cnuke cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa esa
dh ifRr;krFkk fuacksyh dh [kyh] [kkn vkSj dhVuk'kd ds :i esa dke vkrh fxuh tkrh gSA eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj dh 1999 dh lcls ?k`f.kr nl dEifu;ksa
gSA uhe dh rkth dksiysa jDr'kks/d gSaA uhe dh ifRr;ksa dks ikuh esa dh lwph esa bldk uke gSA bls fiNyh lnh dh lcls Hk;kog vkne[kksj
mckydj Luku djus ls peZjksx Bhd gksrs gSaA tc pspd dk izdksi Fkk] rc dEifu;ksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA
jksxh ds ikl uhe dh ifRr;kj[kh tkrh FkhaA uhe ds vusd vn~Hkqr xq.kksa dks bl jlk;u dEiuh us yxkrkj dSls uj gR;k dh gS] bldk o`rkUr
oS| gh ugha] Hkkjr dk gj vke vkneh tkurk FkkA nks&<kbZ gtkj o"kZ igys tc ^, flfoy ,D'ku* uked iqLrd ls feyrk gSA blh uke dh ,d vesfjdh
Hkkjr dk lEcU/ ;wjksi dh izkphu lH;rk ds fy, izfl ns'k ;wuku ls tqM+k] fiQYe Hkh cuh gSA bl iqLrd vkSj fiQYe essa vesfjdk dh eSlkpqlSV jkT; ds
ml le; dh ,d dgkuh izfl gSA ;wuku ds gdheksa us Hkkjr ds oS|ksa dh OgkscuZ uxj ds ikuh esa bl dEiuh }kjk feyk, x, tgjhys jlk;u vkSj ikuh
ijh{kk ysus ,d ;wukuh dks ;g funsZ'k nsdj Hkkjr Hkstk fd og jkLrs Hkj beyh ihus ls ikp cPpksa vkSj ,d izkS<+ dh fry&frydj ejus dh dFkk gSA jlk;u
dh ifRr;kavkjS iQy [kk,xk rFkk beyh ds iMs+ ds uhps jkr dks lk,sxkA Hkkjr feys ikuh us ogkds fuokfl;ksa esa xaHkhj fyEiQks lkbfVd jDr dSalj iSnk dj
igqprs&igqp rs mldk lkjk 'kjhj iQksMs&iQqafl;ksa ls yn x;kA mlus Hkkjr ds fn;k FkkA xzsl dEiuh us vius jlk;u dkj[kkus dk tgjhyk dpjk 'kgj esa
,d oS| ls lykg yhA oS| us dgk&bldk bykt gekjs ikl ugha] vius ns'k gh isQad fn;k ftlls ikuh ds nks dqvksa dk ty fo"kkDr gks x;kA dEiuh us
ykSV tkvks vkSj vius gdheksa ls bykt djkvksA gk] jkLrs esa tgkfeys] uhe igys rks i;kZoj.k j{kd ,tsafl;ksa ds lkeus >wB cksyk fd mlds dkj[kkus ds
dh eqyk;e ifRr;k[kkrs jguk vkSj uhe ds isM+ ds uhps lksukA ;wuku igqp dj dpjs esa dksbZ tgjhyk jlk;u ugha gSA ij tc mldk vijk/ fl gks x;k
mlus vius gdhe ls eqykdr dh rks mls lgh lyker ns[kdj gdhe dks rks mlus viuk vijk/ eatwj fd;kA mls ihfM+r vkB ifjokjksa dks vLlh yk[k
Hkkjh vk'p;Z gqvkA mlus iwNk& D;k rqeus beyh dk bLrseky ugha fd;k Fkk MkyW j dk ev q kotk nusk iMk+ vkjS >B
w ckys us vkjS U;k; ifz;k dks xeqjkg djus
\ gk] fd;k Fkk vkSj ej.kklUu gks x;k FkkA rks D;k bykt fd;k \ dqN ds vijk/ fd fy, nl gtkj MkWyj tqekZuk Hkjuk iM+kA
ugha] cl uhe dh ifRr;k [kkbZ vkSj uhe ds isM+ ds uhps lks;k*A xzsl dEiuh ds ,d vkSj gR;kjs :i dh [kcj gky gh esa fl;kVy
(vesfjdk) ls izdkf'kr v[kckj& n fl;kVy iksLV baVsyhtsalj us ,d
ys[kekyk esa nh gSA v[kckj ds eqrkfcd vesfjdk ds eksaVkuk izns'k ds fyCch 13-
'kgj ds ikl dh [kku dh ekfyd xzsl dEiuh gSA fiNyh rhl lkyksa ls ;g
dEiuh ikl ds tksuksykbV ioZr ls oehZD;wykbV HkaMkjksa dk [kuu dj jgh gSaA
oehZD;wykbV dh ijrksa ds uhps VseksykbV uked ,tosLVl ds HkaMkj gSaA lSdM+ksa
lkyksa ls ;g vR;Ur tgjhyk inkFkZ tehu ds vUnj nck iM+k Fkk vkSj dksbZ
uqdlku ugha igqp krk FkkA xzsl dEiuh dh [knku ls yxHkx ikp gtkj fdyks
,- ch- ch-
,tosLVl gj jkst gok esa mM+rk gS tks gok ds lkFk vklikl ds bykds esa iSQy
tkrk gSA bl tgj ls de ls de 192 yksxksa dh ekSr gks pqdh gSA vkSj de
Hkz"Vkpkj dk
pk
pk f[kykM+h
ls de 375 yksxksa esa bl chekjh dh tkp gks pqdh gSA gj jkst 10&15 ejhtksa
esa ;g jksx ik;k tkrk gSA
dksbZ 15 lkyksa rd dEiuh [kku ds vklikl jgus okys yksxksa dks
xqejkg djrh jghA crkrh jgh fd [kku ls dksbZ Hkh tgjhyk inkFkZ ugha
fudyrk gSA mlus ljdkjksa dks Hkh iVkdj j[kkA ljdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa us Hkh jkt/kuh fnYyh ds cM+s&cM+s ekxks ij iznw"k.k ij dkcw ikus ds fy,
yksxksa dks lko/ku ugha fd;kA 1984 ls yksxksa us dEiuh ij 187 eqdnes Bksads ikS/ks yxk, x, gSaA ikni j{kdksa ij yxs NksVs lqUnj cksMks ij fy[kk gS % xzhu
gSaA ;s eqdnes dEiuh dh [kku ds deZpkfj;ksa rFkk ifjokjhtuksa us nk;j fd, fnYyh ,-ch-ch-A igyh n`f"V esa eu esa Jk iSnk gksrh gS& tufgr ds fy,
gSaA vHkh 120 eqdnes yfEcr gSaA dEiuh us ;k rks dpgjh ls ckgj ihfM+r fdruk vPNk dke dj jgk gS ,-ch-ch-A
ifjokj ls ys&nsdj le>kSrk dj fy;k gS ;k gtkZuk&tqekZuk Hkjk gSA 'kgj esa ij dkSu gS ;g ,-ch-ch- \ rhu&pkj lky igys ,-ch-ch- ds lcls cM+s
,sls ifjokj Hkh gSa ftuesa rhu ih<+h ds yksx xzsl dEiuh ds tgj ls ejs gSaA vf/dkjh Hkkjr vk;s FksA ,d izsl dkUsal esa mUgksaus dgk Fkk & ^^ge uEcj
dc rd ;g flyflyk pyxsk] dkbsZ ugha tkurkA dEiuh ds ljdkj ls djhch ,d jguk pkgrs gSaA ge izfr}U}h dks cnkZ'r ugha djrsA** dkSu gS izfr}U}h
laca/k gSaA ljdkj dh enn ls dksbZ dEiuh fdlh 'kgj dks dSls mtkM+ ldrh ,-ch-ch- dk \ Hkkjr dk izfrf"Br lkoZtfud izfr"Bku ch-,p-bZ-,yA
gS] ogkds fuokfl;ksa dks dSls ekj ldrh gS] bldk 'keZukd mnkgj.k MCyw- lu~ 1991&92 esa ns'k esa gokyk dkaM mNyk A lHkh jktuSfrd nyksa
vkj- xszl dEiuh gSA (lkE;okfn;ksa dks NksM+dj) ds cM+s usrkvksa vkSj cM+s&cM+s ukSdj'kkgksa ds uke ml
?kksVkys esa 'kkfey FksA ns'k grizHk gks x;k ml dkaM dh [kcj lqudj ! fons'k
lanHkZ & eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj & fnlEcj & 1999 ls /u vk, vkSj og d'ehj ds vkradokfn;ksa rd igqps] ,sls dkaM esa ns'k ds
ew/ZU; usrk vkSj viQlj 'kkfey gksa] blls T;knk fu"V dke D;k gks ldrk
gSA ns'k dh turk u]s izsl us usrkvksa vkSj viQljksa dks [kwc dkslk] [kjh&[kksVh
lqukbZA ij ns'k ds cgqr de yksx tkurs Fks fd bl gokyk dkaM ukVd dk
eq[; lw=k/kj ,-ch-ch FkkA
ifjp;
,-ch-ch- dk iwjk uke gS ,f'k;k czkmu cksosjhA ;g fLoVtjySaM dh
cgqjk"Vh; dEiuh gS ftldk eq[;ky; T;wfj[k esa gSA ;g nqfu;k dh fo'kkyre

100 dEifu;ksa esa ls ,d gSA Hkkjr esa bldk eq[; dk;kZy; fnYyh esa gS] ij 4-, lh lh cscdkWd ( , lh ,y ) % 1995 esa ,-ch-ch- us ck;yj
dkjksckj xqtjkr] egkjk"V] dukZVd] if'pe caxky] rfeyukMq vkSj gfj;k.kk cukus okyh dEiuh , lh ,y ds 76 izfr'kr 'ks;j [kjhn fy,A igys bl
esa iSQyk gqvk gSA 1995 esa Hkkjr esa bldk lkykuk dkjksckj 20-8 djksM+ MkWyj dEiuh dks dsUnzh; ljdkj us chekj dEiuh cuk;k fiQj ,-ch-ch- dks csp fn;kA
Fkk tks vc c<+dj yxHkx 1 vjc MkWyj gks x;k gSA ;g dEiuh fctyh csprs le; ljdkj us vU; dEifu;ksa dh cksyh vkeaf=kr ugha dh A vkS|ksfxd
mRiknu] fctyh VkUlfe'ku vkSj fMLVhO;q'ku esa rFkk fctyh ds foRr fu;eu cksMZ (ch vkbZ ,iQ vkj) us tkZ ea=kky; ls iwNk Hkh fd
midj.kksa&tsusjsVlZ] eksVlZ] fLopxh;j] VSi psatj] fo|qr HkV~Vh] duoVZl] vUrjjk"Vh; VsaMj D;ksa ugha exk,A mlus ,-ch-ch- dk p;u j Hkh dj fn;kA
Vsyh ehVj midj.k] VcksZpsatlZ] ljfdV czsdlZ] ikoj dsiflVlZ] bysDVWkfud ij ljdkj us ,-ch-ch ls gh lkSnk iVk;kA , lh ,y ds vf/xzg.k ls ,-ch-ch-
daVksy ;wfuV vkfn ds {ks=k esa vxz.kh gSA 1995 esa mnkjhdj.k dk ykHk mBkus dks cM+h izfr"Bk fey xbZ vkSj cktkj ij ,dkf/dkj dh gSfl;r fey xbZA
okyh dEifu;ksa eas ,-ch-ch- ,d Fkh ftlus vius bfDoVh 'ks;j 36-8 izfr'kr 5-fu'kkuk ch ,p bZ ,y ij % ,-ch- ch- dks , lh ,y lkSai dj Hkkjr
ls c<+kdj 51 izfr'kr dj fy,A vc rks blds 'ks;j 100 izfr'kr rd igqp ljdkj us 60 esxkokV ls vf/d {kerk okys ckW;yj ds {ks=k esa ch,pbZ,y dk
x, gSaA izfr}Unh [kM+k dj fn;kA fctyh mRiknu ds midj.kksa ds fuekZ.k esa ch,pbZ,y
foy; vkSj vf/xzg.k esa Ny&iQjsch % ,d lkekU; vkdM+k ;g gS us vPNk uke dek;k gSA ;g dEiuh dHkh ?kkVs esa ugha jgh] bls fons'kksa ls
fd ftruh fons'kh iwt h fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fodflr] vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa ls vkrh Hkh vkMZj feyrs gSaA ,-ch-ch- Ny iQjsch djds bl Hkkjrh; dEiuh dks rksM+us
gS] mldk yxHkx 85 izfr'kr fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh dEifu;ksa ds foy; vkSj es yxh gSAljdkj ds viQljksa ls feydj mldh dksf'k'k gS fd bl dEiuh
vf/xzg.k esa bLrseky gksrh gSA ,-ch-ch- bl {ks=k esa vxqvk gSA blus fiNys dh N% bdkb;ksa dks vyx&vyx dj fn;k tk;] mUgsa chekj ?kksf"kr djk;k
7 lkyksa esa dbZ foy; vkSj vf/xzg.k fd, gSa_ buesa ls dqN izeq[k tk; vkSj fiQj ,d&,d djds [kjhn fy;k tk;A Hkz"V rjhds viukus esa ,-
fuEufyf[kr gSa% ch-ch- dk dksbZ eqdkcyk ugha dj ldrkA
1-ysDV bafM;k dk foy; % ysDV bafM;k ,-ch-ch- dh ,d ?kwl vkSj ?kksVkyksa dk bfrgkl
lclhfM;jh gS tks iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k midj.k] vkS|ksfxd ia[ks vkSj Cyksvj] fiNys 9 lkykas eas ,-ch-ch- dk uke Hk"zVkpkj ds dbZ ekeykas eas vk;k gAS
bysDVksLVsfVd izSlhfiVsVlZ vkfn cukrh FkhA 1993 esa , ch-ch- us ySDV dk yksdkseksfVo batu [kjhn esa ?kksVkyk % Hkkjr ljdkj ds jy s e=akky;
foy; dj fy;kA us 1991 esa ,f'k;u MsoyiesaV cSad ls 19 djksM+ MkWyj dk .k fy;k] ftlls
2- Vsyj bULVzwesaV dEiuh ( bafM;k )] ;wuholZy % 1994 esa ,-ch- og 5000 v'o 'kfDr ds 30 fo|rq ykd s keskfsVo bt
a u [kjhn ld]s ch,pb,Zy
ch-us Vsyj dEiuh ds 40 izfr'kr 'ks;j [kjhn fy, vkSj bULVqesaVs'ku m|ksx dk VsaMj de nke dk Fkk fiQj Hkh vkiwfrZ dk vkns'k ,-ch-ch- dks izkIr gqvkA
esa viuk n[ky tek fy;kA 1995 esa ;s 'ks;j c<+dj 51 izfr'kr gks x, vkSj jsyea=kh ij ?kwl ysus ds vkjksi yxk, x,A v[kckjksa esa bl ij [kwc fy[kk x;kA
,-ch-ch- gkbZosYVst dscYl fy- esa ,-ch-ch- ds 51 izfr'kr 'sk;j gSaA bu vkykspukvksa ds dkj.k jsyos dUosa'ku desVh us bl ekeys dh tkp dhA
3- ,l , bZ ds vf/xzg.k esa pkyckth % fLopxh;j cukus okyh lHkh nyksa ds 18 lkalnksa dh bl lfefr us loZlEefr ls viuh fjiksVZ esa
dEiuh ,l , bZ esa ,-ch-ch- ds 'ks;j dsoy 33 izfr'kr FksA 1993 esa ,-ch-ch fy[kkA
us bl dEiuh dks gfFk;kus dh dksf'k'k dhA ,-ch-ch- us gsjk&isQjh djds ftu 1- jsyos ds rduhdh vf/dkfj;ksa dh Hkh ;g jk; gS Hkkjr esa
'ks;jksa dh cktkj esa dher 300 :- izfr 'ks;j Fkh] mUgsa 100 : izfr 'ks;j ls miyC/ rduhdh dkiQh vPNh gS blfy, fons'kh VsDuksykWth exkus dh
dCts esa djds 51 izfr'kr 'ks;j ys fy,A dEiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa@'ks;j /kjdksa vko';drk ugha gSA fiQj fons'kh VsDuksykth ,d rks Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
us ,-ch-ch- ds f[kykiQ la?k"kZ fd;kA fnYyh gkbZdksVZ esa eqdnek fd;kA vkSj ekfiQd ugha gS nwljs Hkkjrh; fprjatu yksdkseksfVo oDlZ us 5000 v'o
dksVZ us ,-ch-ch- dks jksdkA 'kfDr ds batu igys ls gh cuk fn, gSa ftudh tkp ij[k py jgh gSA
ch ,p bZ ,y us Hkh ,slk batu cuk fy;k gSA fprjatu ds cus ,d batu

dh dher 3 djksM+ vkSj ch,pbZ,y ds cus batu dh dher pkj djksM+ #i;s 14-
gS tcfd ,-ch-ch- ds vk;kfrr batu dh dher 18 djksM+ :- gksxhA lfefr
us vkSj Hkh vk{ksiiw.kZ ckrsa viuh fjiksVZ esa fy[kh vkSj laLrqfr nh fd ,-ch-ch-
dks fn;k gv q k Bds k j fd;k tk,] Hkys gh mls 40 yk[k Mky W j dfeVeVas pktZ
ds :i esa Hkqxrku dj fn, gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj us bl fjiksVZ dks jh dh Vksdjh
esa iQsad fn;k vkSj ,-ch-ch- ds yksdkseksfVd batu exk, x,A
n~;wiksa
2- gokyk ?kksVkyk % yxHkx 65 djksM+ #i, 1988 ls 1991
ds chp ns'k ds jktusrkvksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa dks bl ckr ds fy, fn, x, fd
Hkwe.My esa tgj ?kksyus
os cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dks Bsds nsaA blesa 80 izfr'kr /u ,-ch-ch- vkSj th-bZ-
lh- vyLFke lewg vkSj lsxysx dUlksfVZ;e ls fn;k x;k gSA ,-ch-ch- dh esa ljrkt
fnypLih 180 esxkokV ds ;wjh ok/s ifj;kstuk dk Bsdk izkIr djus esa FkhA
bu ?kksVkyksa ds vykok ,-ch-ch- us Hkkjr dh tkZ uhfr cnyokus esa
ljdkj ds ij vuqfpr rjhds ls dkiQh ncko Mkyk gSA ljdkj esa cSBs mPp
vf/dkfj;ksa dks xSjdkuwuh <a+x ls izHkkfor dj tkZ {ks=k esa fons'kh futh iwth n~;wiksa vkstksu fouk'k esa nqfu;k dk usr`Ro djrh gS vkSj tgjhyk
fuos'k dh uhfr cuok yhA dpjk iSnk djus okyh nqfu;k esa lcls cM+h daiuh gSA ysfdu rqjkZ ;g gS fd
Hkkjh ?kwl nsdj vkuu&iQkuu esa ljdkj ls Bsds ys ysuk ,-ch-ch- dh n;~iwkas ^diauh i;koZj.kokn* (Corporate environmentalism) dk vkfo"dkj
fo'ks"krk gSA jkrksajkr Bsds izkIr djuk ,-ch-ch- ds fy, ekewyh lh ckr gSA djus dk Js; ysrh gS vkSj mldk lcls cM+k vf/dkjh vius dks êq[;
vkijkf/d dkjukes i;kZoj.k vf/dkjh* ?kksf"kr djrk gSA bl daiuh dks nks ckj vejhdk dh
,uVhihlh ds rkypsj dkj[kkus esa ,-ch-ch- dk yxk;k gqvk VcksZ lcls fu"Vre daifu;ksa dh lwph esa 'kkfey gksus dk Hkh Js; feyk gSA
tujsVj 4 vDVwcj 1995 dks iQV x;k blls 1000 esxkokV dh fctyh vejhdk dh izfl if=kdk ^êYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj }kjk tkjh dh tkus okyh
dk uqdlku gqvk vkSj 3000 djksM+ # dk uqdlku ,uVhihlh dks mBkuk iM+kA okf"kZd lwph esa 1991 esa n~;wiksa dks vejhdk dh fu"Vre iznw"k.kdkjh dEiuh
fctyh dk mRiknu 15 fnu rd cUn jgkA ,slk tujsVjksa ds fuekZ.k esa nks"k ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k vkSj fiQj 1993 esa bls vejhdk dk lcls cM+k i;kZoj.k
ds dkj.k gqvkA mM+hlk mPp U;k;ky; esa 1991 ls ,-ch-ch- ij ,d eqdnek vijk/h ik;k x;kA
py jgk gS ftles fn bf.M;u pktZ kse fy- us ,-ch-ch- ij okf.kfT;d n~;wiksa dh LFkkiuk ,d sap vizoklh bZ-vkbZ-Mw- ikaV us 1802 esa
/ks[kk/kM+h vkSj vuSfrd rkSj rjhds viukus dk vkjksi yxk;k gSA bl dEiuh vejhdk ds foyfeaxVu ds ikl nsykojs uked LFkku ij dhA ;g dEiuh 'kq:
us 108 esxkokV {kerk dk fctyh?kj cukus dk Bsdk ,-ch-ch- dks fn;k FkkA esa xu rFkk CykfLVax ikmMj cukrh FkhA c<+rh gqbZ izfr;ksfxrk rFkk ?kVrs gq,
;g dkj[kkuk dsoy 60 esxkoV fctyh gh cuk ik jgk gSA equkiQs ds ncko esa blus viuk /a/k cnyk rFkk 1909 esa blus flaFksfVd
iQkbcj dk mRiknu djuk 'kq: fd;kA Mw- ikaV n fiQYM fjiksVZ twu & 1997
lanHkZ&fLol Vh ,u lh bu bafM;k] ek;e cqDl izdk'ku
ds vuqlkj] ^^1996 esa n~;wiksa dk dqy jsosU;w 43-8 fcfy;u MkWyj Fkk rFkk 70
ns'kksa esa dEiuh dk O;kolkf;d izfrfuf/Ro FkkA

bldk eq[; O;olk; jlk;u] isVksfy;e] iQkbcj m|ksx ikWyhej] i;kZoj.k dh j{kd daiuh gS vkSj bl izpkj dk urhtk ;g gqvk fd 1990 esa
dks;yk] dhVuk'kd vkSj iQiQwn uk'kdA bldh izeq[k 'ks;j /kjd daiuh gS vejhdk dh i;kZoj.k laj{kd ,tsalh (bZih,) dk ^lerki eaMyh; laj{k.k
^lhxkze* tks vU; m|kxskas ds vykok ekVss vukt ls 'kjkc cukus dk dke Hkkjr iqjLdkj* bl daiuh dks feykA 1991 esa tks u, rF; mtkxj gq, muls bZih,
esa dj jgh gSA us vuqeku yxk;k fd vkstksu ijr ds yxkrkj iryk iM+rs tkus ls vxys 50
fo'o ds i;kZoj.k fouk'k esa vkstksu ijr esa Nsn gksuk lcls lkyksa esa peM+h ds dSalj ls nks yk[k ls vf/d ekSras gksaxh vkSj ,d djksM+ 20
[krjukd ?kVuk gSA izfr us lw;Z ls vkus okyh ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa ls i`Foh ds yk[k yksxksa dks peM+h dk dSalj gks tk,xkA n~;wiksa daiuh ds 'ks;j /kjdksa us
izkf.k;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, i`Foh ds pkjksa rjiQ vkstksu xSl dk ,d dop cuk tu ncko esa ;g fu.kZ; ysuk pkgk fd 1995 rd lh-,iQ-lh- dk mRiknu jksd
j[kk gSA vkstksu vkDlhtu dk gh ,d :i gSA vkDlhtu esa nks ijek.kq gksrs fn;k tk; ijUrq daiuh us ;g fu.kZ; ugha gksus fn;kA
gSa vkSj vkstksu esa rhuA fdlh {ks=k esa tc vkstksu vkdk'k ls iwjh rjg lekIr 1992 rd ;g fufoZokn :i ls fl gks x;k Fkk fd ftl jrkj
gks tkrh gS rc dgk tkrk gS fd vkstksu ijr esa Nsn gks x;kA n~;wiksa us bl ls lh-,iQ-lh- xSlksa ls vkstksu dk {kj.k gks jgk Fkk] mkjh xksykZ esa vkstksu
dke esa vxqvkbZ dh gSA 1925 esa n~;wiksa vkSj tujy eksVlZ ds oSKkfudksa us ijr esa Nsn gksuk Vkyk ugha tk ldrkA blds Hk;adj urhtksa ls nqfu;k esa
lh-,iQ-lh- (Dyksjks yksjks dkcZu) jlk;uksa dh [kkst dhA bu jlk;uksa dk fpUrk gks jgh FkhA dSalj dk [krjk c<+ jgk Fkk] yksxksa dh vk[kksa dks Hkh Hkkjh
m|ksx esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa mi;ksx gksrk tk jgk gSA 1974 esa oSKkfudksa dks bl [krjk iSnk gks x;k FkkA ysfdu n~;wiksa viuh Ny&iQjsch vkSj pkyckth ls ckt
ckr dk Kku gqvk fd vkstksu fouk'k ds fy, lh-,iQ-lh- ftEesnkj gSA 1975 ugha vk jgk FkkA 1992 esa bl daiuh us vejhdk ds e'kgwj v[kckj Û;w;kdZ
esa vejhdk ds jk"Vifr Hkou ds ,d dk;Zny us lh-,iQ-lh- dks fpUrk dk VkbEl* esa iwjs i`"B dk foKkiu fn;k ftlesa dgk x;k] ^^ftruh tYnh laHko
fo"k; ?kksf"kr fd;kA n~;wiksa us vkked :[k viuk;k vkSj psrkouh ns Mkyh fd gksxk] ge lh-,iQ-lh- cspuk cUn dj nsaxs] ysfdu dsoy vejhdk vkSj vU;
fcuk rF;ksa dks tkus gq, lh-,iQ-lh- ds f[kykiQ dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha gksuh fodflr ns'kksa esaA ;gh ugha] nqfu;k dh vk[kksa esa /wy >ksadus ds fy, bl
pkfg,A vejhdk dh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,tsalh vkSj Hkkstu rFkk nok iz'kklu daiuh us cM+s&cM+s foKkiu Nik, ftuesa ?kks"k.kk dh x;h fd lh-,iQ-lh- ds
,tsalh us xSjt:jh lh-,iQ-lh- ,sjks lksyks dks izfrcaf/r dj fn;kA ysfdu n~;wiksa fodYi ds :i esa daiuh ,plh,iQlh (gkbZMks Dyksjks yksjks dkcZu) cspsxh
us fons'kksa esa ,jks lksyks ds fy, lh-,iQ-lh- dh fch tkjh j[khA 1980 esa D;kfasd ;s xlSas ^î;koZj.k nf`"V ls icz
q (Environmentally enlightened)
vejhdk ds uklk mixzgksa us bl ckr dh iqf"V dh fd varfj{k esa vkstksu dh gSaA ij ;g dsoy /ks[kk gSA ,d oSKkfud us irk yxk;k gS fd vkstksu ds
deh gks jgh gSA 1985 esa vVykafVd vaVkfVd ds ij vkstksu ijr esa Nsn fy, bu xSlksa ls ftruk uqdlku n~;wiksa us vkdk gS] mlls de ls de 3 xquh
gks x;kA 1987 esa oSKkfudksa us ;g Hkh iq"V fd;k fd ;s Nsn lh-,iQ-lh- ds T;knk gkfudkjd ;s xSlsa gSaA
dkj.k gqvkA ij n~;wiksa us viuk dkjksckj dk;e j[kkA tc 1988 esa oSKkfudksa cPpksa ds efLr"d dks {kfr % viuh egokdk{akk ds lkeus ekuork
us crk;k fd 'khrks".k dfVcU/ksa esa vkstksu dh ek=kk de gksrh tk jgh gS rks dk fouk'k dksbZ ek;us ugha j[krk] n~;wiksa us ;gh ea=k viuk;k gSA bl daiuh
n~;wiksa us pj.kc rjhds ls lh-,iQ-lh- dks ?kVkus dh ?kks"k.kk rks dh ijUrq dksbZ us VhbZ,y (VsVk bFkkby ysM) dh [kkst dh gS tks isVksy esa feyk;k tkus okyk
le; lhek fuf'pr ugha dhA ,d lky ckn irk pyk fd mkjh /zqo ds ij inkFkZ gSA bl jlk;u us Hkkjh uqdlku igqpk;k gSA 1990 esa fo'o LokLF;
Hkh vkstksu ijr esa Nsn gks x;k gSA gsyflUdh lEesyu esa nqfu;k Hkj ds ns'kksa laxBu ds oSKkfud MkW- dkyZ 'kkbZ us dgk Fkk] ^îsVksy esa ysM ('kh'kk) feykuk
us lu~ 2000 rd lh-,iQ-lh- dks pj.kc rjhds ls lekIr djus dh ?kks"k.kk chloha lnh dh Hkwy gSA vkSj lHkh daifu;ksa us bl tgjhys jlk;u VhbZ,y
dhA teZuh dh daiuh gkWDLVu us 1995 rd xSj Dyksjhu ;qDr lh-,iQ-lh- dk mRiknu djuk cUn dj fn;k gSA ;g n~;wiksa gS tks bldk vfUre mRiknd
fodYi [kkstus dk fu.kZ; fd;k ijUrq n~;wiksa us bls vkxs Vyokus ds fy, iSjoh cpk gSA fodflr ns'kksa esa muds fojks/ ds dkj.k ogk;g mRiknu ugha djrk]
'kq: dj nhA mYVs bl daiuh us bl ckr dk /qvk/kj izpkj fd;k fd og ij fodkl'khy xjhc ns'kksa esa /M+Yys ls bl daiuh dk ;g mRikn isVksy esa
feyk;k tkrk gSA iQiQwn uk'kd vkSj Urduk'kh dkuwu&1992 ds rgr etnwj lqj{kk ekud
oSKkfudksa us [kkst dh gS fd 'kh'kk (ysM) ls efLr"d dks] [kklrkSj fu;e cuk FkkA blds rgr lqj{kkRed p'ek yxkuk vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;kA
ls cPpksa ds efLr"d dks Hkkjh uqdlku igqprk gSA vxj FkksM+k lk gh 'kh'kk blls 35 yk[k etnwjksa dks lqj{kk iznku dh x;hA bl dkuwu dh vogsyuk
[kwu esa fey tk; rks mlls cqf dk gkl gksrk gS] lh[kus dh {kerk de gks djrs gq, n~;wiksa us 380 ckj viuk dhVuk'kd tgktksa ls HkstkA bZih, us n~;wiksa
tkrh gSA Lej.k'kfDr detksj iM+ tkrh gS vkSj cPpksa ds O;ogkj esa xM+cfM+;k ds nks dhVuk'kdksa CysMSDl vkSj ,DLVktkbZu&2 ij 19 yk[k MkWyj dk tqekZuk
iSnk gksus yxrh gSaA isVksy esa feyk 'kh'kk gok esa iSQyrk gS vkSj bl iznw"k.k dk fd;kA daiuh us buls 94 yk[k Mkyj dek, FksA
efLr"d {kfr ls lh/k lEcU/ ik;k x;k gSA bl tgj ds Hk;adj urhtksa dks biZh, dk vueqku gS fd nfl;kas gtkj [krs etnjwkas dks gj lky n;~iwkas
ns[kdj bldk iz;ksx vejhdk] dukMk] tkiku vkSj vkLVsfy;k esa izfrcfU/r ds tgjhys dhVuk'kdksa dh otg ls chekjh vkSj gkfu igqprh gSA lkykuk 15
dj fn;k x;k gSA n~;wiksa VhbZ,y dk mRiknu vejhdk esa ugha dj ldrkA yk[k yksxksa dks eksfr;kfcUn dh chekjh gksrh gSA
ysfdu bl ekSr ds lkSnkxj dh Hkw[k dks fojke dgk\ blus eSfDldks dh ,d
daiuh VhbZ,e,l, esa 40 izfr'kr 'ks;j yxkdj ogk ls bldk mRiknu f"k {ks=k esa n~;wiksa dh ?kqliSB
djkdj vU; ns'kksa dks VhbZ,y dk fu;kZr fd;k gSA nqfu;k esa 'kh'ks ds tgj n~;wiksa ,dkf/dkjh iwthokn dk lqUnj mnkgj.k gSA ik;ksfu;j gkbZfczM
ls lcls vf/d leL;k,a ftu ns'kksa esa iSnk gks jgh gSa] eSfDldks muesa ls ,d baVjus'kuy dk vf/xzg.k djds blus ;g lkfcr dj fn;k gS fd Hkfo"; ds
gAS f"k dk HkkX; fu;ark n~;wiksa gh gSA ,slk vuqeku yxk;k tk jgk gS fd n~;wiksa
ekuo fufeZr lcls cM+k gknlk % 1991 esa vejhdk esa cgqr cM+k f"k gknlk vkilh gksM+ dks de djus ds fy, eksUlsaVks dk Hkh vf/xzg.k dj ldrh gSA
gqvk] 'kk;n bfrgkl dk lcls cM+kA ns'k ds 500 fdlkuksa us n~;wiksa dk nwljs 'kCnksa esa n~;wiksa fo'o fot; dh rS;kjh esa yxh gSA
iQiQwnuk'kd (iQaxhlkbM) csuysV Mh ,iQ [kjhnkA dgk tkrk gS fd blesa n~;wiksa us 1975 esa Hkkjr esa O;olk; dh 'kq:vkr dh rFkk mnkjhdj.k
[kjirokj uk'kd (gchZlkbM) Fkk ftlus lkjh iQly u"V dj nh] lc ikS/ ds ckn blus vius O;olk; dks O;kid cuk;kA n~;wiksa bafM;k dk izsflMsaV dsusFk
s ej x;sA fdlkuksa dks crkSj gtkZus ds daiuh us 50 djksM+ MkWyj dk Hkqxrku ih- gksLVys cgqr xoZ ds lkFk dgrk gS fd ^êaS cgqr xoZ ls dguk pkgrk gw
fd;kA ij 1992 ds uoEcj esa daiuh us ;g dgdj fd daiuh us 'kks/ djds fd Hkkjr esa gekjk O;olk; gekjs xf.kr ds fglkc ls py jgk gS] ge vius
;g urhtk fudkyk gS fd ikS/s csuysV Mh ,iQ dh otg ls ugha ejs Fks Hkqxrku ms'; izkIr djus esa lQy jgs gSaA
jksd fn;kA daiuh dk ps;jeSu ,Mxj cqykMZ lkjs dkuwuh nkoisap yxk jgk gS n~;wiksa ds Hkkjrh; f"k cktkj esa eq[;r% rhu mRikn gSaA ;s lHkh
ftlls fdlkuksa dks gtkZuk u nsuk iM+sA fiQj Hkh vejhdk dh dbZ vnkyrksa mRikn dkokZesaV xzqi ds gSaA dkokZesaV xzqi ds eq[;r% lHkh isLVhlkbM~l
us n~;wiksa ij Hkkjh tqekZuk Bksadk gSA mlds tgjhys mRiknksa ds fy, lh-,iQ-lh- vR;kf/d tgjhys gSaA ;wfu;u dkckZbM Hkksiky esa tks dhVuk'kd cuk jgh Fkh
yksfjMk dh vnkyr us 5 yk[k MkWyj dh ltk ,d VekVj mRiknd fdlku os lHkh dhVuk'kd dkokZesaV xzqi ds FksA
dh f'kdk;r ij vkSj 25 yk[k MkWyj dh vtwcs ikS/s vkSj >kfM+;ka mRiknd vc vkb, ge ns[krs gSa fd n~;wiksa tks mRikn Hkkjrh; cktkj esa csp
nwljs fdlku dh f'kdk;r ij rFkk tkftZ;k esa ,d f'kdk;r ij 42 yk[k jgh gS os dkSu ls mRikn gSa rFkk bu mRiknksa dh Hkkjrh; f"k cktkj esa D;k
MkWyj dh ltk lqukbZ xbZA mi;ksfxrk gS \
vizSy 1998 esa vejhdk dh bZih, us n~;wiksa dks lcls cM+h ltk n~;wiksa }kjk izLrqr igyk dhVuk'kd gS feFkksfeyA fo'o LokLF;
lqukbZA bZih, us n~;wiksa dks fgnk;r nh Fkh fd og ml dhVuk'kd dks tgktksa laxBu ds eqrkfcd feFkksfey iQLVZ&ch xzqi dk vR;f/d tgjhyk dhVuk'kd
ls u Hksts ftuds cksjksa ij ;g u fy[kk gks fd bl mRikn ds bLrseky ds gSA bldk mi;ksx fo'o esa lHkh ns'kksa esa yxHkx izfrcaf/r gSA Hkkjr esa n~;wiksa
le; vk[kksa ij lqj{kkRed p'ek yxkuk t:jh gSA vejhdk ds dhVuk'kd] feFkksfey dk O;olk; eq[;r% /kuqdk isLVhlkbM~l] b-Z vkbZ-Mh- isjh rFkk baMks
xYiQ ds ek;e ls djrh gSA vc n~;wiksa bu iQkewZysVjksa ds lkFk&lkFk Lo;a Hkh vLohdkj djrs g,q lHkh iQlykas ;gkrd fd iQykas eas Hkh cp s uk 'k:q dj fn;kA
feFkksfey dk forj.k dj jgh gSA o"kZ 1992&93 esa bldk fo; fliQZ 40 bl fo"kSys dhVuk'kd dk fNM+dko djrs&djrs cgqr lkjs dhVuk'kd
,e- Vh- Fkk tks fd 1996&97 esa 160 ,e-Vh- gks x;kA ikp lkyksa esa bl fo"kSys fNM+dko djus okys etnwj fNM+dko djrs le; csgks'kh ds nkSjksa ds f'kdkj gksus
dhVuk'kd dk Hkkjrh; f"k cktkj esa fo; bl izdkj jgk & yxs rFkk dqN ej Hkh x, ysfdu fdlh us dksbZ ;ku ugha fn;kA vkt Hkh
o"kZ [kir ,e- Vh- etnwj bl dhVuk'kd dk fNM+dko djrs le; csgks'kh ds f'kdkj gks jgs gSa
1992&93 41-10 rFkk ej jgs gSa ysfdu n~;wiksa dk equkiQk cjdjkj gSA esFkksfey fcd jgk gSA
1993&94 70-00 usrkvksa] O;kikfj;ksa rFkk rFkkdfFkr cqfthfo;ksa ds lg;ksx ls n~;wiksa Hkkjrh;
1994&95 70-00 fdlkuksa dk 'kks"k.k dj jgh gSA
1995&96 100-00 n~;wiksa dk nwljk mRikn gS csuysVA 1968 esa n~;wiksa us csukfey dh
1996&97 160-00 [kkst dhA bZ-ih-,- ds vuqlkj csukfey uked iQiQwn uk'kd izkf.k;ksa esa dSalj]
gkykfd dEiuh dk ekuuk gS fd blds fo; esa o`f dk dkj.k uiqaldrk] va/kiu rFkk ;r 'kks/ iSnk dj ldrk gSA csukfey (csuysV)
feFkaksfey dh Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa esa vR;f/d ekx gS] ijUrq fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk ds izHkko ls vejhdk esa fcuk vk[kksa ds cPps iSnk gq, gSaA vejhdh U;k;ky;
gS fd dEiuh dh vkked O;kolkf;d j.kuhfr rFkk dhVuk'kd fosrkvksa esa csuysV (csukfey) dks ysdj 20 eqdnes fopkjk/hu gSaA
}kjk feFkksfey ds ckjs esa Hkzked izpkj ds lkFk&lkFk yEcs le; rd m/kj n~;wiksa dk rhljk mRikn gS esatsVA esadkstsc 1960 esa n~;wiksa rFkk jkse
nsus dh otg ls feFkksfey ds cktkj esa o`f gqbZ gSA ,.M gkl uked dEiuh us bl iQiQwn uk'kd dh [kkst dhA ,d ijh{k.k ds
1988 esa vka/z izns'k esa dikl dh iQlyksa ij lwfM+;ksa dk tksjnkj vuqlkj esadkstsc pwgksa esa 'kqzk.kq dks vlkekU; cuk nsrk gS ftlls iSnk gksus
vke.k gqvkA cktkj esa miyC/ izpfyr lHkh dhVuk'kdksa ds izfr lwfM+;ksa esa okyh larfr;kfodykax iSnk gksrh gSaA blds izHkko ls i{kh nsj ls vaMs nsrs gSaA
izfrjks/d {kerk fodflr gks tkus dh otg ls leLr dhVuk'kd lwfM+;ksa dks ;g lHakkouk O;Dr dh tk jgh gS fd ed as kt
s cs ikzf.k;kas eas dlaS j inSk dj ldrk
fu;af=kr dj ikus esa vliQy jgsA gsDV~l] lS.Mkst rFkk jSfyl ds ncko esa gSA LohMu rFkk ukosZ esa bldk mi;ksx cgqr gh vko';d gksus ij fd;k tkrk
dsUnzh; ljdkj us gksLVkfFk;ku] Vk;tksiQkl] ekofjd] ywoSfyusV rFkk MsuhVkWy gSA 1996&97 esa 8850 ,e-Vh- esadkstsc Hkkjr esa fcdk ftlesa baMksfiQy] jkse
iQsuizksiSFkzhu Hkkjrh; cktkj esa ykus dk iSQlyk fd;kA tc ;g iSQlyk gks jgk ,.M gkl rFkk n~;wiksa dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk gSA
Fkk rks ml le; ,d pkSFkk uke Hkh Fkk ysusV esFkksfey] ftls ;g dgdj Hkkjr esa n~;wiksa ds iljrs iko % uk;yksu 6-6 ifj;kstuk dk
[kkfjt dj fn;k x;k fd ;g dhVuk'kd vR;f/d fo"kSyk gS rFkk vejhdh dkj[kkuk yxkus dk ykblsal xksok ljdkj ds ^vkfFkZd fodkl vk;ksx* dh
cktkj esa ;g mRikn /hjs&/hjs viuh fo"kkDrrk dh otg ls viuk cktkj [kks enn ls bls 1983 esa fey x;k FkkA ,d Hkkjrh; daiuh Fkkij ds lg;ksx ls
jgk gSA ckr ;gha [kRe gks xbZA n~;wiksa ;g dkj[kkuk djhe LFkku ij 600 djksM+ #i;s dh ykxr ls yxkus
lu~ 1991&92 esa oh-ih-flag lkk esa vk, vkSj dqN le; i'pkr~ okyh FkhA ;g izLrkfor dkj[kkuk uk;yksu 6-6 rS;kj djus okyk nqfu;k dk
mudh ljdkj fxj xbZA oh-ih-flag dh ljdkj fxjus ds ckn iz/kuea=kh cus lcls cM+k dkj[kkuk gksrk ftlesa gj lky 13]000 Vu uk;yksu rUrq vkSj
panz'ks[kjA panz'ks[kj dh ljdkj ds f"k ea=kh cus pkS/kjh nsoh ykyA fdlku 5500 Vu uk;yksu /kxk mRiknu dk izLrko FkkA
iq=k pkS/kjh nsoh yky us vkuu&iQkuu esa ysusV (esFkksfey) dks Hkkjrh; cktkj bl ifj;kstuk dks eatwj djkus ds fy, daiuh us lHkh gFkdaMs
esa cspus dh vuqefr ns nh ysfdu 'krZ ;g j[kh fd n~;wiksa rFkk n~;wiksa dk viuk,A uewus ds fy, dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa & fxjh'k xkscjs ,d izeq[k
forjd enzkl fLFkr dksjkseaMy baMsx ysusV (esFkksfey) dks fliZQ dikl esa uk;yksu 6-6 fojks/h dk;ZdrkZ FkkA mls daiuh us 5 gtkj #i;s ekfld osru
cspsxk] ysfdu ,d ckj vuqefr feyus ds ckn dEiuh us lkjh 'krksZa dks vkSj ,d thi nsdj viuh ukSdjh ij yxk fy;kA xkao okyksa ds cfg"dkj ds
dkj.k xkscjs dks ukSdjh NksM+uh iM+hA xksok esa fojks/ i{k dh ikVhZ ds fo/k;d
MkW- dkf'kukFk tkoeh us rks ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd ^êsjh yk'k ij dkj[kkuk 15-
cusxkA daiuh us ,slk ^peRdkj* dj fn;k fd ckn esa MkW- tkYeh daiuh ds
izoDrk rFkk laj{kd cu x;sA
'kq: ls gh i;kZoj.kfonksa us rFkk xkookfl;ksa us bl iznw"k.k iSQykus okys
dkj[kkus dk fojks/ fd;kA tu ncko esa uoEcj 1990 esa xksok
fo/kulHkk dh ,d ^lnu lfefr* us fufoZokn :i ls laLrqfr dh fd ;g
lhck xk;xh
ifj;kstuk u pkyw dh tk; D;ksafd blesa vusd xM+cfM+;krks gSa gh] iznw"k.k dk
Hkkjh [krjk gSA ij ljdkj us bl lfefr dh laLrqfr ugha ekuh vkSj dkj[kkuk
ekSr vkSj ywV dk f[kykMh+
cuus yxkA ij xkookfl;ksa dk vkUnksyu Hkh c<+rk x;kA djhe dh uk;yksu
6-6 fojks/h ukxfjd lfefr us ljdkjh vf/dkfj;ksa dks ifj;kstuk j djus
rFkk voS/ fuekZ.k gVkus ds fy, psrkouh nhA blls igys djhe dh iapk;r
us daiuh dks ^dkj.k crkvks uksfVl* Hkh fn;k Fkk fd D;ksa u mldh voS/
bekjrsa vkSj jkLrksa dks jksdrh gqbZ pgkjnhokj gVk nh tk;A iapk;r ds vuqlkj lhck xk;xh fLoV~tjyS.M dh cgqjk"Vh; dEiuh gS tks vktknh ds
daiuh us fuekZ.k djus dh btktr iapk;r ls ugha yh Fkh vkSj mlus tks lky 1947 ls Hkkjr esa fgUnqLrku lhck xk;xh fyfeVsM ds uke ls dkjksckj
fuekZ.k dk;Z fd;k Fkk] og f"k Hkwfe ij Fkk tks bekjrh Hkwfe esa cnyh ugha dj jgh gSA blds dkj[kkus egkjk"Vesa etxko (eqEcbZ) vkSj xksok esa lkUrk
tk ldrh FkhA eksfudk esa gSaA ;g eq[; :i ls nok vkSj jlk;uksa dh dEiuh gS ij /hjs&
tc xkooklh ljdkj vkSj daiuh dh feyh Hkxr ls vkftt vk x, /hjs blus vkSj Hkh dkjksckj 'kq: dj fn, gSa tSls jax (MkbZ) ,fMflo] ikWyhej]
rks mUgksaus lh/h dk;Zokgh djus dh Bku yhA 7 vDrwcj 1994 dks mUgksasus isLVhlkbM] ohMhlkbM ([kjirokj uk'kd)] VsDlVkby lgk;d mRikn vkfnA
dkj[kkus dh uhao Mkyus ds dke dks jksdkA xkolkfl;ksa ds Mj ls daiuh ds ;g dEiuh Hkkjr dh pksVh dh lkS cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj f"k
400 dkjhxj vkSj pkSdhnkj Hkkx x;sA xkookfl;ksa us dkj[kkus dks tkus okyh jlk;u cukus okyh cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa esa pksVh dh ikp dEifu;ksa esa bldk
lM+d ij iRFkj Mkydj jksd fn;kA 21 vDVwcj 1994 dks fiQj nks gtkj ls LFkku vkrk gAS lu~ 1973 rd Hkkjr eas ;g dEiuh ey w dEiuh dh lkS iQhlnh
T;knk xkookfl;ksa dh HkhM+ us geyk cksy fn;k] dbZ bekjrksa vkSj ,d ekyfd;r dh 'kk[kk FkhA ijUrq 1973 esa iQsjk dkuwu cu tkus ds ckn bls
pgkjnhokj dks oLr dj fn;kA dbZ egxs fuek.Zk midj.kkas dks tyk fn;k vkjS vius lkB izfr'kr 'ks;j Hkkjr esa cspus iM+sA 1991 esa mnkjhdj.k dh gok ns'k
,d djksM+ #i;s ls T;knk dk uqdlku fd;kA vkUnksyu pyrk jgk] iqfyl esa cgus ds iQyLo:i bl dEiuh us viuk <kpk cny fn;kA 1996 esa iqjkuh
iQk;fjax esa ,d ukStoku dh ekSr gqbZ ij xko okys MVs jgs vkSj vUrr% daiuh dEiuh ds vykok blus ,d lkS izfr'kr ekfydh okyh ubZ dEiuh lhck
dks xksok NksM+uk iM+kA ij n~;wiksa xksok NksM+dj mM+hlk vkSj rfeyukMq esa viuk bf.M;k rhu djksM+ MkWyj dh ykxr yxkdj 'kq: dj nh tks jlk;u vkSj nok
dkjksckj iSQyk jgh gSA ds vykok fixesaV /U/ks] dkUVsDV ysal vkSj VsDlVkby lgk;d mRikn Hkh
ksr % Multinationals and the Environment By Kenny Bruno. TWN, cukrh gSA mnkjhdj.k ds nkSj esa bl dEiuh us vius vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa
2. Multinational monitor Dec. 98, May 98 dkiQh izlkj fd;k gS vkSj dkiQh /u dek;k gSA
1- Hkqxrku larqyu ij Hkkjh cks> % l Hkh cM+h cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dh rjg
lhck xk;xh us Hkh le;≤ ij nkok fd;k gS fd og fu;kZr esa Hkkx ysdj

Hkkjr dk fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj c<+kus esa ;ksxnku djsxhA ij gdhdr dqN vkSj 4- bUlkuksa ij fxuhfix dh rjg ijh{k.k % lhck xk;xh dk fgUnqLrku esa
gSA 1992 ls 1995 ds vkadM+s ;g lkiQ tkfgj djrs gSa fd bl dEiuh us jlk;u vkSj isLVhlkbM dk Hkkjh dkjksckj pyrk gSA budk euq"; ds 'kjhj ij
djksM+ksa dh eqnzk ns'k ds ckgj Hksth] tSlh fd uhps dh rkfydk ls Li"V gS % D;k izHkko iM+rk gS bldk ijh{k.k bl dEiuh us yksxksa ds ij fd;kA 1975
1992 1993 1994 1995 esa bl dEiuh us vius Û;wokksu isLVhlkbM* dks pkyhl Hkkjrh;ksa ds ij
vk;kr 19-19 23-38 40-90 67-79 fNM+dkA 1976 esa bl dEiuh us fe esa ,d T;knk dBksj isLVhlkbZM
fu;krZ 24-03 13-65 23-08 40-85 ^xSfyksu* dks Ng cPpksa ij fNM+dk ftldk cPpksa ds LokLF; ij iQkSju
&?kkVk@$euqkiQk $4-84 &9-73 &17-82 &26-94 [krjukd vlj gqvkA
2- [krjukd nokvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, cnuke % Hkkjr eas dkjkcskj ds vius 5- tgjhys jlk;u % fgUnqLrku lhck xk;xh dk xksok ds lkUrk eksfudk
yEcs bfrgkl esa Ny iQjsch djus vkSj LokLF; ds fy, gkfudkjd nokvksa dk dkj[kkus esa jklk;fud inkFkkaasZ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA dkj[kkus ds ?ksjs esa bl
fuekZ.k djus esa bl dEiuh us dbZ ckj fookn [kM+s fd, gSaA ljdkj dh nok dEiuh us ckjg ,dM+ dh ,d >hy Hkh ys j[kh gSA ;gkij isLVhlkbM] jsthu
uhfr vius ekfiQd cuokus vkSj uqdlkunk;d nokvksa dks cktkj esa cspus ds vkSj lEi`Dr ikfy,LVj jsthu rFkk oL=k m|ksx] peM+k m|ksx] dkxt vkSj
fy, fu;e cuokus esa bl dEiuh us dkiQh gsjkisQjh dh gSA fMV~jtsUV m|ksx ds fy, MkbZ rS;kj gksrh gSaA bu mRiknksa ds fy, bu dkj[kkuksa
vLlh ds n'kd ds e; esa bl dEiuh dh nLr fujks/d nks nokvksa esa vR;Ur tgjhys jlk;uksa dk Hk.Mkj.k vkSj mi;ksx gksrk gSA uhps dh lwph
eDSlkiQkeZ vkjS ,UVkcsk;kisQkeZ us Hkkjr vkjS Hkkjr ds ckgj dkiQh fookn mRiUu esa bl dEiuh ds vR;Ur tgjhys jlk;uksa ds uke fn, gq, gSa %
fd;kA bu nksuksa nokvksa esa fDy;ksDohuksy uke dh nok gksrh gS tks Hk;adj
Luk;q ?kkrd fl gks pqdh gSA bldh otg ls yxkrkj nnZ] vaxkas dh iQkfyt] lhck xk;xh ds dkj[kkus esa Hk.Mkfjr vkSj bLrseky gksus okys tgjhys jlk;u
is'kkc fu;U=k.k vHkko] va/kiu vkSj dHkh&dHkh ekSr Hkh gks tkrh gSA dsoy jlk;u tgjhykiu
tkiku esa bu nokvksa us 11000 jksfx;ksa dks Hkkjh uqdlku igqpk;kA nqfu;k Hkj kldsfeMku vR;f/d tgjhyh
esa bl dEiuh ds fojks/ esa vkoktas mBha] bl ij eqdnes pyk, x, vkSj eksukshlsQkWl vR;f/d tgjhyh
vUrr% dEiuh dks cktkj ls bu nokvksa dks okfil ysus ij etcwj gksuk iM+kA Mh-Mh-oh-ih- vR;f/d tgjhyh
lhck xk;xh us ,d vkSj LokLF; ds fy, gkfudkjd nok fudkyh gS Vksyq,u Mhvklkslk,usV vR;f/d tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
ftldk uke gS ^vkDLkiQucwVktksu*A lhck xk;xh us bls ipkl ds n'kd esa ,lsVhyhu tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
[kkstk FkkA bl nokbZ ls nqfu;k esa cM+h la[;k esa ekSrsa gqbZ gSa vusd ns'kksa us bl ,hyksukbVhy tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
nok ij izfrcU/k yxk fn;k gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh LokLF; ea=kky; us fo'ks"k jksxksa veksfu;k xSl tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
tSls&^LikUMykbfVl* vkSj ^thvkFkZjkbfVl* ds fy, blds mi;ksx dh cUsthu tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
vuqefr nh gS ij ;s nok [kqys cktkj esa /M+Yys ls fcd jgh gSA Dyksjks csUthu tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
3- nok ds uke ij ywV % Hkkjr ljdkj us 1995 esa ubZ nok uhfr ?kksf"kr lkbDyksgsDlkuksu tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
dh ftlls nokvksa dk fofu;a=khdj.k gqvkA bldk vuqfpr ykHk mBkdj MkbDyksjks bFksu tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
fgUnqLrku lhck xk;xh us viuh nokvksa ds nke ,dne c<+k fn,A mnkgj.k ds ,ihDykjskMskbMhu tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
fy, nek jksx ds mipkj esa dke vkus okyh 50 feyhxzke dh xksfy;ksa ôksoju* ,Fkkby ,lhVsV tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
dk nke uCcs izfr'kr c<+k fn;k vkSj 100 feyhxzke dk nke 120 izfr'kr c<+k iQkjeyMhgkbM tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
fn;kA vkblksizksisuksy tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
vkbZlksizksikby vYdksgy tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
feFksukWy tgjhyh] Toyu'khy 16-
vYeqfu;e DyksjkbM tgjhyh] dksjksflo (ijh lrg dks
f?klus okyk)
feFkkby DyksjkbM tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
esFkhyhlksD;qVkby dhVksu
fiQuksy
tgjhyh] Toyu'khy
tgjhyh] ijh lrg dks gVkus okyk
ekbkslkWV
vkSj Toyu'khy
Vksyq,u tgjhyh] Toyu'khy fryLeh nqfu;k dk 'kga'kkg
VkbesFkkby iQkliQkbV tgjhyh] dksjksflo (ijh lrg dks
f?klus okyk)
Dyksjy tgjhyh] ijh lrg dks gVkus okyk
DyksjkslhVkby DyksjkbM tgjhyh] ijh lrg dks gVkus okyk
D;ewku tgjhyh] ijh lrg dks gVkus okyk dEI;wVj iz.kkyh vkSj vuqiz;ksx ds cktkj esa ekbkslkWV lcls cM+h
iQkliQksjlVkbZDyksjkbM tgjhyh] ijh lrg dks gVkus okyk cgqjk"Vh; dEiuh gSA dqN gh lkyksa esa bls pksVh dh dEiuh cukus dk Js;
6- tSo rduhdh j.kuhfr % bl dEiuh us vius dkjksckj esa gS blds ekfyd fcy xsV~l dksA lw>&cw> vkSj frdM+e dk /uh fcy xsV~l
[krjukd rduhdh vkSj izf;kvksa dk lgkjk ysuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA blus nqfu;k ds lcls vehj vknfe;ksa esa ls ,d gS ftldh vkenuh 100 vjc
cht dh 'kk[kk Hkh [kksy yh gS ftlesa tSo rduhdh }kjk eDdk] lks;kchu] (fcfy;u) MkWyj vkdh tkrh gSA vuqeku gS fd vxys pkj lky esa ;g
cktjk vkSj dikl ds u, cht rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA vesfjdk] ;wjksi] Hkkjr esa vjcifr (fcysfu;j) nqfu;k dk igyk 'ka[kifr (fVysfu;j) cu tk,xk vkSj
Hkh bu ubZ rduhd ls iSnk fd, x, chtksa dk fojks/ gks jgk gSA blds mlds ,d lky ckn iwjs fczVsu dks [kjhn ldsxkA vkt Hkh og pkgs rks
ckotwn Hkh ;g dEiuh tSfod :i ls rS;kj chtksa dk dkjksckj bl ns'k esa iSQyk flaxkiqj vkSj btjk;y dks [kjhn ldrk gSA izfrLi/hZ] nq'eu dks oLr djus
jgh gSA dh izo`fk okyk ;g rSarkyhl lky dk vkneh bDdhloha lnh dks fryLeh
7- etnwj fojks/h uhfr;k % lHkh cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dh rjg ;g dEiuh nqfu;k cukus vkSj viuh eqV~Bh esa j[kus dk liuk ns[k jgk gSA bl fryLeh
Hkh vius deZpkfj;ksa ds izfr vPNk O;ogkj ugha djrhA ges'kk bldh dksf'k'k nqfu;k esa gj lqcg dbZ fVfy;u MkWyjksa dh nqfu;k ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj
jgrh gS deZpkfj;ksa dh NVuh ,oa djuk mudks LoSfPNd vodk'k xzg.k rd dN q ld s .sMkas eas gh vkoktkgh gks tk,xh vkjS fdlh dks ,d Hkh Mky W j ukVs
djkukA deZpkfj;ksa dks de osru nsuk bl dEiuh ds fy;s vke ckr gSA ds n'kZu ugha gksaxs] nqdkuksa esa ?kqls fcuk dkjksa] fdrkcksa vkSj u tkus
tuojh 1994 esa bl dEiuh us dkj[kkus esa rkykcanh dj nh FkhA gM+rkyh fdl&fdl pht dh [kjhn&iQjks[r gks tk;sxh] nrjksa esa dksbZ iQkby ;k
deZpkfj;ksa dks ^xq.Mksa ls fiVok;k Fkk vkSj etnwjksa dh >kasifM+;ksa esa vkx yxokbZ dkxt u fn[ksxk] LVs'kuksa ij fVdV [kjhnus ds fy, yEch drkjsa u fn[ksaxh
FkhA* vkSj ?kj rks iwjk dk iwjk usVoYMZ gksxk] csM:e esa fjeksV ls ,DVhosfVM vkSj ,M
ksr% fLol Vh,ulht bu bf.M;k (ek;e cqDl) ls lkHkkj (ED) ls dLVekbTZM nhokj inkZ gkxsk tks lcjss dh [kcj]as LVkd W ] jkr dh Mkd
vkSj vkidh eu ilUn [ksy Vheksa ds rkts Ldksj nsxk] pkSds esa ,d vkSj ;a=k
yxk gksxk tks ihys i=kksa] uqL[kksa] [kkus ihus ds lkekuksa vkfn dh iwjh tkudkjh

nsxk vkSj ;g flyflyk ?kj ds vkaxu vkSj ihNs ds cxhps rd pysxkA vf/d cktkj ij dCtk dj fy;k gSA urhtk ;g gqvk gS fd ekbkslkWV
njvly ;g fryLeh nqfu;k cu jgh gS fiNys 20&25 lkyksa esa gqbZ dh fo.Mkst ds fcuk vkSj ekbkslkWV ,Iyhds'kUl [kjhns fcuk cM+s ih-lh-
lwpuk rduhdh kfUr lsA yx jgk gS fd bfrgkl fiQj vius dks nqgjk jgk fuekZrkvksa ls ih-lh- [kjhnuk yxHkx vlaHko gks x;k gSA dk;kZy; mRikndrk
gSA 200&250 lky igys gqbZ vkS|ksfxd kfUr us nqfu;k dk uD'kk cny vuqiz;ksxksa esa Hkh ekbkslkWV us 90 iQhlnh vf/dkj tek fy;k gSA vkWijsfVax
MkykA bl kfUr ls mRiUu ubZ rkdr ls ySl gksdj ;wjksi ds ns'k nqfu;k esa flLVe vkSj vuqiz;ksxksa us czkmt+j cktkj ij ,dkf/dkj tek fy;k gSA
viuk vf/d ls vf/d dCtk djus vkSj ywVus fudy iM+s vkSj jkT; fdLe&fdLe ds vuqiz;ksxksa ij ekbkslkWV us Hkkjh ncko Mkydj
mifuos'kokn dk yEck nkSj pykA vkS|ksfxd kfUr ls dgha T;knk 'kfDr'kkyh muds vius mRiknkas ds lkFk ekbkl s kWV dk ckzmtj+ forfjr djk;kA ;gh ugha
lwpuk rduhdh kfUr gSA blls tks lkbcjLisl iSnk gqvk gS] ml ij vf/d iQkbyksa ds egoiw.kZ lq/kjs laLdj.kksa dk ykblsal nsus dh 'krZ ds :i esa
ls vf/d txg ?ksjus dh xykdkV nkSM+ eph gSA ekbkslkWV bl nkSM+ esa vU; ekbkslkWV us ekbkslkWV ,DlIyksjj dk forj.k djus ds fy, Hkh bu
nkSM+us okyksa dks yxM+h ekjrk gqvk lcls vkxs fudy x;k gSA bysDVkWfud esy fuekZrkvksa ls dgkA fo.Mkst MsLdVki esa vuqdwy txg ikus ;k rduhdh
(bZ&esy) us lkjh nqfu;k dks iyHkj esa tksM+ fn;k gS vkSj bysDVkWfud dkelZ lwpuk ysus ;k ekbkslkWV ds fofHkUu ykblsal rd igqp cuk, j[kus ds fy,
iwjs O;kikj dk Lo:i gh cny jgk gS vkSj bl pdkpkSa/ Hkjh izf;k esa ls rsth ekbkslkWV ds izfr}afn;ksa us ekbkslkWV ds czkmt+j dks vkxs c<+k;kA
ls tUe ys jgk gS cgqjk"Vh; mifuos'kokn (dkjiksjsV dkyksfu;fyTe)A ekbkslkWV us yksdfiz; osc lkbVksa tSls tksu dkWe dks [kjhn fy;k
dgkuh ,dkf/dkj tekus dh tks dEI;wVj [ksyksa esa bLrseky gksrk gS vkSj muesa os lkWVos;j yxk fn, ftu
dEI;wVj txr ds vkWijsfVax flLVe lkWVos;j cktkj vkSj dk;kZy; ij ekbkslkWV dk ekfydkuk gd gSA ekbkslkWV us izR;sd fo.Mkst yxkus
mRiknd vuqiz;ksx (vkWfiQl izkWMfDVfoVh ,Iyhds'kUl) cktkj esa viuk vkSj vkWfiQl lhMh ds lkFk eqr osc vkWFkfjax Vwy fn, ftlls ,sls osc ist
,dkf/dkj tekus ds fy, ekbkslkWV us ;q Lrj dk vfHk;ku pyk;kA rS;kj gq, tks dsoy ekbkslkWV loZj vkSj ekbkslkV rduhdh ls pyrs gSaA
mlus 'kq#vkr dh czkmtj cktkj ij dCtk djus lsA blds fy, mlus vius blds vykok] ekbkl s kWV us vius vkiWjfsVxa flLVe vkjS ,Iyhd'sku
izfr}af};ksa] [kklrkSj ls ûsVLdsi^ dks liQk;k djus ds fy, Hk;kud j.kuhfr;k dks yxkrkj cnyk ftldh otg ls xkzgdkas dks ekbkl s kWV ckzmtj+ ds vykok
rS;kj dhA ij ls mldh j.kuhfr;k Hkys gh dkuwu lEer fn[krh gksa] ij vkjS dkbsZ puquk O;kogkfjd ugha jgkA ekbkl s kWV fo.Mkt s 98 eas lh/s ckzmtj
mlus ,aVhVLV dkuwuksa dks rksM+us vkSj dkuwu&brj dne mBkus esa dksbZ ladksp dks cuk fn;k ftlls dksbZ ekbkslkWV czkmt+j dks yxk, vkSj bLrseky fd,
ugha fd;kA mlus vius fo'kky fjtoZ dk bLrseky djds cktkj 'ks;j [kjhn fcuk fo.Mkst dks [kjhn gh ugha ldrkA
Mkys vkSj Hkkjh iwth >ksaddj vius mRiknksa dks fodflr vkSj izpkfjr fd;kA dfj'es Ny&iQjsch ds % ekuo efLr"d fdruh rhoz xfr ls dke dj
ekbkslkWV us ?kks"k.kk dh fd mldk czkmtj eqr feysxkA blls usVLdsi ldrk gS] ;g dEI;wVj ds fodkl ls fl gks x;k gS vkSj ekuo efLr"d
tSlh dEifu;ksa ds fy, czkmtj dk iSlk ysuk dfBu gks x;kA ekbkslkWV fdrus lw{e <ax ls mPp dksfV dh Ny&iQjsch] pkyckth dj ldrk gS] ;g
us eyw midj.k (ih-lh-) fuekrZkvkas (vkbs,Ze) ij ncko Mkydj mUgas jkth dj ekbkslkWV us fl dj fn;k gSA dEI;wVj {ks=k esa e'kgwj dEifu;k
fy;k fd os u, dEI;wVjksa dks dsoy ekbkslkWV czkmtj ds lkFk gh lIykbZ tSls&b.Vsy] ,iy] lu] usVLdsi] ,vks,y vkSj dbZ vU; dks u"V djus ds
djsaA ekbkslkWV us baVjusV lsok iznkrkvksa dks uxn Hkqxrku fn,] eqr loZj fy, ekbkslkWV }kjk viuk, x, pkSadkus okys gFkdaMs /hjs&/hjs izdk'k esa vk
lkVos;j fn, vkSj izpkjkRed lqfo/k, nh bl 'krZ ij fd os ekbkslkWV jgs gSaA flkUr :i ls eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj eqDr cktkj dh nqgkbZ nsus okyh]
ds czkmtj bLrseky djsaA dksbZ dEiuh fdruh ,dkf/dkjoknh vkSj wj gks ldrh gS] og ekbkslkWV
bl j.kuhfr ls ekbkslkWV us ilZuy dEI;wVj (ih-lh-) dks pykus us fn[kk fn;k gSA vius lkezkT; ds vlhe foLrkj ds fy, usiksfy;u vkSj
ds fy, dke vkus okys vkWijsfVax flLVe lkVos;j esa 90 iQhlnh ls fgVyj dks Hkh ekbkslkWV us iNkM+ fn;k gSA ekbkslkWV us fl dj fn;k
gS fd eqDr cktkj esa izfrLi/kZ ds fy, xaqtkb'k ugha] izfr}a}h dks oLr djuk dkjiksbaV dk ladsr feyrk gS ;g dkjiksbaV ekbkslkWV dh 'kk[kk gS tks dkj
gh mldk ,dek=k y{; gSA dk /a/k djrh gS vkSj vksVksckbVy dh izfr}Unh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, lu ekbksflLVe dks ysaA ;g dEiuh ekbkslkWV 'kga'kkg dks pqukSrh % ekbkslkWV dh pdkpkSa/k vkSj fodkl dh pkSadkus
dks dbZ {ks=kksa esa cjkcj dh VDdj ns jgh gS tSls loZj ekdsZV esa tgklu ds okyh jrkj rFkk it w hoknh O;oLFkk eas vjcifr ds ifzr lgt lEeku ds dkj.k
dEI;wVj vkSj lkWVos;j mRikn fo.Mkst ,uVh ij pyus okys ekbkslkWV loZj fcy xsV~l vkSj mldh dEiuh ds izfr tks nsoRo dk Hkko Fkk] og muds dkys
mRiknksa ls izfrLi/kZ ysrs gSaA ekbkslkWV us lu }kjk [kksth gqbZ ubZ dkjukeksa dks fNik, FkkA /hjs&/hjs ;s mtkxj gksus yxs vkSj fojks/ ds Loj
rduhdh&tkok dks u"V djus dh dksf'k'ksa dh gaSA tkok ,slh rduhd gS mBus yxs gSaA
ftlesa ,d ckj fy[kk izksxzke gj txg pyrk gSA ;g ,slh rduhd gS fd vejhdh ljdkj dk U;k; foHkkx ekbkslkWV dh ckg ,saBdj vius
vxj fdlh e'khu esa tkok rduhd dk i;kZIr vk/kj gS rks mlesa lkVos;j izfr}af};ksa dks nckus rFkk viuk ,dkf/dkj dk;e djus] ubZ rduhfd;ksa dks
;k gkMoZ;sj dl S k Hkh yxk gk]s og e'khu tkok ikzxskze dks pyk,xhA tkok ikzxskze u"V djus rFkk baVjusV dh [kqyh O;oLFkk ij viuk vf/dkj tekus ds
vusd fdLe ds u, miHkksDrk bysDVkWfud la;a=kksa esa rFkk dscy lsV Vki dqpkas dks le> x;k gS vkSj ekbkslkWV ds fo: dkuwuh dk;Zokgh 'kq: dj
ckDlksa esa bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA nh gSA U;k; foHkkx us ekbkslkWV ds f[kykiQ <sj lkjs lcwr bdV~Bs fd,
tkok dh pqukSrh ls ekbkslkWV ds ,dkf/dkj dks [krjk gSA gSaA ljdkj ekurh gS fd ekbkslkWV us vusd izdkj ds izfrLi/kZ fojks/h
blfy, tkok ds f[kykiQ ekbkslkWV us ;q NsM+ fn;k gS vkSj og Hkh xUns dk;Z fd, gSa vkSj baVjusV ds xzkgd lkVos;j cktkj ij ,dkf/dkj tekus
gFkdaMs viukdjA blds fy, ekbkslkWV tkok dk îfjof/Zr* laLdj.k dh dksf'k'k dh gSA ljdkj us tks c;ku fn, gSa vkSj ^MksD;wesaV* is'k fd, gSa
fo'ks"k :i ls cukdj tkok dks gh tgj ns nsxkA mudk lquuk&i<+uk miU;kl tSlk yxrk gSA
ekbkslkWV dk nwljk fu'kkuk baVjusV gSA og baVjusV ds lpZ batu ij ekbkl s kWV dks lcls vf/d iHzkko'kkyh puqkrSh ,d xjS&ljdkjh
ekdsZV ij viuk izHkqRo tekuk pkgrk gSA og baVjusV lkexzh dks izkIr djus Lo;alsoh laLFkk&dUT;wej izkstsDV vkWu VsDuksykWth vkSj mlds funs'kd tsEl
okys xzkgd lkVos;j ij dCtk djuk pkgrk gSA vxj mlus ,slk dj fy;k yc ls feyh gSA bl laLFkk us ykbuDl uked ,d dEI;wVj vkWijsfVax flLVe
rks loZj IysViQkekasZ ij Hkh dCtk djuk 'kq: dj nsxkA og ,sls xzkgd loZj dks izksRlkgu nsdj ekbkslkWV ds f[kykiQ [kM+k fd;k gSA ;ksa rks 1991 esa
fMtk;u djsxk tks ekbkslkWV loZj ds lkFk csgrj <ax ls dke dj ldsaxsA fiQuyS.M ds ,d fo|kFkhZ ykbul VksjokYM~l us bl flLVe dks bZtkn fd;k]
tSls fd yksVl 123 ls csgrj ,e-,l-Mksl vkSj fo.Mkst vk/kfjr ,Dlsy dke ysfdu bldk dksbZ ekfyd ugha gSA blesa gtkjksa izksxzke VwYl vkSj vuqiz;ksx
djrs gSaA vxj ekbkslkWV bl iQjsch esa dke;kc gks x;k rks og baVjusV dk gSa ftUgsa gtkjska Lo;alsod fuLokFkZHkko ls rS;kj dj jgs gSaA ykbuDl okLro
pfj=k gh cny nsxkA vkt baVjusV ds [kqys ekud gSa] vkSj ml ij fdlh dk esa ,d vkUnksyu cu x;k gS tks ekbkslkWV ds ,dkf/dkj vkSj vkfFkZd ,oa
ekfydkuk gd ugha gSA ekbkslkV vxj baVjusV usohxs'ku vkSj baVjusV jktuSfrd izHkqRo dks pqukSrh ns jgk gSA njvly ;g mPp rduhdh
izksVksdksYl dks izHkkfor djus esa dke;kc gks x;k rks baVjusV ,d cUn lkbcjLisl miHkksDrk dks vkWijsfVo gSA ;g ,dkf/dkj fojks/h fodkl ekWMy
ekfydkuk ekud dh laLFkk cudj jg tk,xh ftl ij vUrr% ekbkslkWV gSA ;g flLVe fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj ij py tkrk gSA lcls cM+h kfUrdkjh
dk dCtk gksxkA ckr blesa ;g gS fd bldk dksbZ ekfyd ugha cu ldrkA
lpZ batu ekdsZV ij dCtk gksus dk D;k urhtk gks ldrk gS]
bldk ,d mnkgj.k ysaA baVjusV dk ,d lkbV gS vksVksckbVy tks dkj csprk
gSA baVjusV dk ,d lpZ batu&ykbdksl ,sls izksxzke dj fn;k x;k fd
vksVksckbVy ls lh/s tqM+ ikuk vlaHko gks x;k vkSj gj ckj xzkgd dks
ifj;kstuk fodkl izf;k ij [kpZ fd, gSa] blesa dksbZ ifj;kstuk O;; 'kkfey
17- ugha gSA
Hkkjr ds fodkl] Hkkjrh; O;oLFkk ds lq/kj vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa ds LokLF;
f'k{kk] [kq'kgkyh dh ;g fpUrk fdlds dysts esa mB jgh gS\ vejhdk ds
,ujkWu MsoyiesaV dkjiksjs'ku (fodkl fuxe) ds Xykscy iQkbusal dh mik;{k
,ujkWu fy.Mk ikolZ ds fny esaA tc mUgksaus vejhdh izfrfuf/ lHkk (;w,l gkml
vkWiQ fjizstsaVsfVl) dh ,d lfefr ds lkeus 1995 esa c;ku fn;k FkkA >wB
fodkl elhgk ds pksxs esa vkSj Ny&iQjsch ds bl iqfyUns dk inkZiQk'k fiNys 5 o"kZ dh ?kVukvksa us dj
fn;k gSA Hkkjr esa ftruh fons'kh dEifu;k vkbZ gSa muesa lcls T;knk
[krjukd yqVsjk fooknLin jgh gS vejhdk dh xSl dk /a/k djus okyh lcls cM+h dEiuh
,ujkWuA blus rsy vkSj izkfrd xSl ls Hkkjr esa fctyh cukus ds fy,
egkjk"V ds jRukfxjh ftys esa xqgkxj ds ikl dkj[kkuk yxk;k gSA bl
ifj;kstuk dk uke MkHkksy fo|qr ifj;kstuk gS ftlesa vLlh iQhlnh 'ks;j
,ujkWu dk gS] nl iQhlnh tujy bysfDVd dk vkSj nl iQhlnh foLVsy
^gekjh vkSj vU; dEifu;ksa dh rjg izkbosV ikfVZ;kvc bu (Hkkjr
dEiuh dkA bl ifj;kstuk dh ykxr iwth 91 djksM+ MkWyj gS vkSj ;g fctyh
tSls) ns'kksa esa izkbosV bUkLVDpj ifj;kstukvksa dks [kM+h dj ldrh gSa] mUgsa
cukdj egkjk"VjkT; fo|rq ifj"kn dks cp s xskA bl ifj;kts uk dh {kerk igys
pyk ldrh gSa vkSj mudh ekfyd cu ldrh gSaA ,slk djus dh izf;k esa]
pj.k esa 695 esxkokV gS vkSj nwljs pj.k esa 1320 esxkokV vfrfjDr {kerk
izkbosV ikfVZ;kos nks eq[; ckrsa izkIr dj ldrh gSa ftUgsa vejhdk dh fons'kh
c<+ tk,xhA egkjk"Vljdkj ls 20 twu 1992 dks bldk bdjkjukek gqvkA
lgk;rk ;kstuk,yEcs le; ls (fcuk vf/d liQyrk ds) izkIr djus dh
8 fnlEcj 1993 dks fctyh [kjhn le>kSrk (ih-ih-,-) gqvkA dsUnz ljdkj ds
dksf'k'k esa yxh gqbZ gSa %
dsUnzh; fo|qr izkf/dj.k (lh-bZ-,-) dh vuqefr ebZ 1996 esa 13 fnu dh
1- ;s ifj;kstuk,dke pkyw djus dks etcwj djus okyh ?kVukvksa dh
ljdkj ds iz/kuea=kh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us R;kx&i=k nsus ls dqN ?kaVs igys
Hkfwedk vnk dj jgh gaS ftudh otg ls et s cku n'skkas dks dkuuw vkjS uhfrxr
nh FkhA 1997 esa ifj;kstuk esa fo|qr fuekZ.k dk dke 'kq: gks x;kA
ifjorZu vfUre :i ls ykxw djus dks etcwj gksuk iM+ jgk gSA bu ifjorZuksa
,ujkWu dk eq[;ky; la;qDr jk"V vejhdk ds gwLVu uxj esa gSaA
dks ykxw djus dh ckr cgqr fnuksa ls dgh tk jgh FkhA
bldh uhao Mkyus okys vkSj eq[; vkf/dkjh dSusFk ys gSa tks iwoZ vejhdh
2- bl ifj;kstukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk LFkkuh; lg;ksx ikus ds fy,
jk"Vifr tkWtZ cq'k ds nksLr vkSj orZeku jk"Vifr fcy fDyaVu ds xksYiQ [ksy
izkbosV fodkldkkZ LokLF; lqfo/k,] Ldwy vkSj ,sls gh vU; dk;Z bu ns'kksa
ds lkFkh gSaA bl dEiuh dk dkjksckj dbZ ns'kksa esa py jgk gSA blus vtsZVkbuk
dh orZeku leL;kvksa ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa [kM+s dj jgs gSaA
ls fpyh rd xSl dh ikbi ykbu Mkyh gSA fiQyhihUl] dqoSr] phu] rqdhZ]
^^bl izf;k ls xqtjrs gq, dke djus ls Hkkjr ds vf/dkfj;ksa esa
ikfdLrku] :l esa fctyh ds dkj[kkus yxk, gSaA
Hkkjr ds fy, t:jh dkuwuh vkSj uhfrxr ifjorZuksa dh ;FkkFkZ vkSj Bksl le>
iSnk gqbZ vkSj Hkkjrh; cSadks dks ifj;kstuk] m/kj izk.kkfy;ksa dh ;FkkFkZ vkSj Bksl
nko&isap Hkjk le>kSrk
le> feyh gSA blds vykok] gekjh dEiuh us vius gh /u dh ,d cM+h jktuSfrd nyksa vkSj ljdkjh ra=k dks viuh eqV~Bh esa ysdj viuk /a/k dSls
ek=kk && yxHkx 2 djksM+ MkWyj ;kuh 62 djksM+ #i;s dsoy bl f'k{kk vkSj pyk;k tkrk gS] bldk csfelky uewuk ,ujkWu dk egkjk"Vljdkj ds lkFk

le>krSk gAS 1990 ds 'k:q eas tc dkxal sz ikVhZ dk ekgkjk"Veas 'kklu Fkk] 'kjn ml ij fctyh dkj[kkuk yxkus esa enn dh FkhA Hkkjr esa okbtuj us lh-vkbZ-
iokj eq[;ea=kh Fks] ml le; izf'k{k.k ds ukeij 62 djksM+ #i;k ljdkj dks ,- ls iwjh tkudkjh ysdj gj dher ij ,ujkWu dk lkSnk iVk;k vkSj Hkkjr dk
?kwl nsdj dkj[kkuk [kksyus dk ykbZlsal ,ujkWu us izkIr fd;k FkkA ml jktnwr in NksMus ds ckn mUgsa ,ujkWu ds 'kklhe.My esa LFkku fey x;kA
le>kSrs ds fojks/ esa dgk x;k fd ,ujkWu dh fctyh egkjk"Vfo|qr ifj"kn FkkbZyS.M dk fctyh dkj[kkuk ,ujkWu us 20 izfr'kr T;knk equkiQk ysdj
dh cuh fctyh ls T;knk egxh gksxhA ml ij 16 izfr'kr equkiQs dh xkjaVh gfFk;k;k FkkA dqoSr esa fctyh mRiknu dk dke ,ujkWu us cq'k iz'kklu ds
nsuh gksxh vkSj lkjk Hkqxrku Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk MkWyj esa fd;k tk,xkA [kkM+h ;q esa lsukf/dkjh Fkkel dslh dh enn ls izkIr fd;kA vtsZVkbuk essa
bl ifj;kstuk ds nks"kksa ds dkj.k fo'ocSad us Hkh iwth fuos'k ds fy, nh gqbZ xSl ikbl fcNkus dk Bsdk jk"Virh cq'k ds csVs vkSj VsDlkl ds xouZj ds
vthZ [kkfjt dj nh Fkh] D;ksafd ;g cgqr egxh ifj;kstuk Fkh vkSj ,ujkWu ekiZQr vtZsVkbuk ds rRdkyhu jk"Vifr ij ncko Mkydj fy;kA b.Mksusf'k;k
32 izfr'kr equkiQs dk nkok dj jgk Fkk tks vejhdk esa equkiQs dh nj dk esa viuk dkjksckj iSQykus ds fy, ,ujkWu dks vejhdh ljdkj ls /u feykA
3 xquk vf/d FkkA Hkkjr esa ,ujkWu dk fojks/
fojks/ ds bu eqksa dks ysdj egkjk"Vds foi{kh ny] f'kolsuk vkSj 'kq: ls gh Hkkjr esa ,ujkWu ifj;kstuk dk fojks/ gks jgk gS vkSj vHkh
Hkktik us bl ifj;kstuk dk Hkkjh fojks/ fd;k] pquko ds nkSjku ,ujkWu dks Hkh py jgk gSA jRukfxfj ftys ds LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa] fdlkuksa] eNqvkjksa] ns'k
eqk cuk;k vkSj dgk fd ;fn os lkk esa vk, rks ,ujkWu dks vjc lkxj esa ds vusd tulxBuksa us cM+s&cM+s izn'kZu] /jus vkSj lR;kxzg fd, gSa ysfdu
iQsad nsaxsA f'kolsuk&Hkktik xBca/u us lkk esa vkrs gh ,ujkWu le>kSrk j ljdkjksa us izn'kZudkfj;ksa dh ckr lquus ds ctk; mu ij ykfB;k] xksfy;k
dj fn;kA ysfdu dqN gh fnuksa esa ,ujkWu us ubZ ljdkj ij tknw Mkyk ftlus cjlkbZ gS vkjS ty s ds lh[akpkas eas cUn fd;k gAS egkjkVmPp U;k;ky; eas nk;j
vius fu.kZ; ij fiQj ls fopkj djus ds fy, ,d lfefr xfBr dhA bl ,d ;kfpdk esa U;k;ky; us ,ujkWu ifj;kstuk dks can djus dk vkns'k rks ugha
lfefr us dqy 11 fnu esa jiV ns nh fd dqN la'kks/u ds lkFk ;g fookfnr fn;k ijUrq ifj;kstuk ds fojksf/;ksa dh ckrksa dks lgh ik;kA iSQlys esa fy[kk
ifj;kstuk fiQj ls eatwj dh tk ldrh gS vkSj f'kolsuk&Hkktik ljdkj us gS] ^^,ujkWu ds lkFk iwjk le>kSrk bl ckr dk mnkgj.k gS fd dSls detksj
ifj;kstuk dks eatwjh ns nhA fLFkfr ij ugha jguk pkfg, vkSj nwljs i{k dks vius gkFk esa igy ysus ds fy,
Ny&iQjsch /ks[kk/kM+h dk oSf'od bfrgkl dSls ugha NksM+uk pkfg,A ;|fi ljdkj us ,slk ,glkl djk;k yksxksa dks fd
,ujkWu us Hkkjr esa tks dqN fd;k mlds pfj=k ds vuq:i gSA ,ujkWu ,ujkWu ds lkFk le>kSrk j dj fn;k x;k Fkk ysfdu njvly og dHkh Hkh
vejhdh ljdkj ds cM+s vf/dkfj;ksa vkSj ogkdh [kqfiQ;k ,tsalh lh-vkbZ-,- dh j ugha fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj blds dkj.k ljdkj gh tkurh gksxhA var esa
enn ls viuk dkjksckj nqfu;k eas iSQykrh gSA tSls gh egkjk"Vdh Hkktik@ ttksa us vius iSQlys esa fy[kk gS ^^gekjh jk; esa tks cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;k
f'kolsuk xBca/u ljdkj us ,ujkWu dk le>kSrk j fd;k] vejhdk tkZ fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa iwth yxkuk pkgrh gSa] mUgsa bu ns'kksa ds yksxksa dks f'kf{kr
foHkkx ds lfpo us ,d /edh Hkjk oDrO; fn;kA (,ujkWu) ifj;kstuk ds djus dh ph&ph ckrsa ugha djuh pkfg,A iwth fuos'k dkjus dk iSQlyk
ikVZujksa vkSj Hkkjr ljdkjksa ds chp gq, le>kSrksa dks udkjuk dsoy MkHkksy Hkkjh equkiQs ds vk/kj ij fy;k tkrk gSA
ifj;kstuk dks gh ladV esa ugha Mkysxk] mu lHkh vU; futh tkZ ,ujkWu le>kSrs esa Hkkjh /ks[kk/kM+h gqbZ gSa] /wl nh xbZ gS] ns'k dk iSlk
ifj;kstukvksa dks ladV esa Mky nsxk ftuds fy, ns'k dks varjjk"Vh; iwth dh ywVus dh lkft'k jph xbZ gS vkSj ns'k dks viekfur fd;k x;k gSA ;g lkjs
t:jr gSA Hkkjr esa ,ujkWu dk le>kSrk djkus esa vejhdh jktnwr sad vkjksi dsoy egkjk"VmPp U;k;ky; us gh eatwjh ugha fd, gSa cfYd Hkkjr
okbtuj dk eq[; gkFk FkkA okbZtuj fgUnqLrku ls igys FkkbZyS.M esa vejhdh ds egkfu;a=kd vkSj ys[kkdj (lh-,-th-) us viuh okf"kZd jiV esa Hkh iq"V
jktnwr jgs vkSj ogkvejhdk ds lcls cM+s iQkSth vM~Ms dks ,ujkWu dks nsus vkSj fd, gSaA jiV esa lkiQ dgk x;k gS fd ,ujkWu dk le>kSrk xank O;ogkj FkkA

;g Hkkjh ?kkVs dk lkSnk FkkA

jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa dk [kjhnnkj 18-
,ujkWu cM+s&cM+s jktuSfrd nyksa dks [kjhndj viuk dkjksckj [kM+k
djrk gSA blds mnkgj.k&vejhdk] Hkkjr] fiQyhihUl] vtsZVkbuk ns'kksa ls
feyrs gSaA rktk mnkgj.k fczVsu dk gS tgk1998 esa ,ujkWu us lkk:<+ yscj
ikVhZ dks 75 gtkj ikSaM fn, vkSj blds cnys esa cs&lsDlokVj ds vf/xzg.k
dh et a jwh ikzIr dj yhA ,ujkuW dk dke djus dk rjhdk D;k gS ;g et q kfacd
isIlh dksdk&dksdk dksyk
ds [knku ea=kh ds bl dFku ls Li"V gks tkrk gS % ^^vejhdk us eq>s iwjh
lgk;rk can djus dh /edh nhA vxj eSa dEiuh (,ujkWu) dks izkfrd xSl
ljdkjh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj [krjukd
fjtoZ dks bLrseky djus ls jksdwx kA
vkfok
tgjhyk ikuh gS dksd isIlh esa
lanHkZ % 1- ,ujkWu daVksolhZ
ys[kd&fxjh'k pUnz] 'kkUruq nhf{kr] lqcks/ ckxysA
2- eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj
tqykbZ] vxLV 1995
3- bUnzkusV 5 vxLr 2003 dks Hkkjr ds lHkh Vh- oh- pSuyksa ,oa lekpkj i=kksa
flrEcj 1997] iQjojh] 2000
4- n fgUnw fctusl ykbu
esa isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds ckjs esa ,d Hk;adj lR; mn~?kkfVr gqvkA
tuojh 20] 1997 fnYyh dh ,d oSKkfud laLFkk ^lsUVj iQkj lkbUl ,.M ,uok;jesaUV* dh ,d
[kksth jiV esa crk;k x;k fd isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds lHkh BaMs is;kasa esa
vR;Ur tgjhys ,oa [krjukd dhVuk'kd jlk;u feys gq;s gSaA miZ;qDr laLFkk
dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds 12 uewuksa dh tkap dh x;hA
blesa ik;k x;k fd bu lHkh uewukas esa cgqr vf/d ek=kk esa jklk;fud
dhVuk'kd tSls Dyksjksik;jhiQkl] eSykfFk;ku] Mh- Mh- Vh-] fyUMsu vkfn feys
gq;s gSaA ;s lHkh dhVuk'kd 'kjhj ds fy;s vR;Ur gh gkfudkjd gksrs gSaA bu
dhVuk'kdksa dk 'kjhj ds LokLFk; ij cgqr gh [kjkc vlj gksrk gSA bu
dhVuk'kdksa dk yhoj] fdMuh] 'kjhj ds izfrjks/d ra=k] iztuu ra=k] raf=kdk
ra=k] 'olu ra=k vkfn ij cgqr cqjk vlj gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s fyUMsu
uked dhVuk'kd ls 'kjhj esa dSUlj gksrk gS rFkk 'kjhj dh lHkh xzafFk;ksa dkss
Hkkjh uqdlku igqprk gSA fyUMsu dhVuk'kd dh 40 feyhxzke ek=kk fdlh Hkh
efgyk ;k iq#"k dh iztuu {kerk dks lekIr dj nsrh gSA bl fyUMsu ls yhoj
dk dSUlj rFkk fdMuh dk dSUlj Hkh gksrk gSA 'kjhj ds n; dks jDr nsus
okyh ufy;ksa dks Hkh fyUMsu {kfrxzLr dj nsrk gSA blh rjg Mh- Mh- Vh- uke

dk jklk;fud dhVuk'kd iq#"kksa ds oh;Z esa 'kqk.kqvksa dh la[;k dks cgqr de lsUVj iQkj lk;Ul ,.M ,uok;jesUV }kjk ebZ 2003 esa isIlh ,oa
dj nsrk gS rFkk fL=k;ksa esa o{k dSUlj dks iSnk djrk gSA Dyksjksik;jhiQkWl uke dksdk dksyk ds lHkh czkaMksa dh tkap dh x;hA ftleas ik;k x;k fd ;wjksih;
dk tgjhyk dhVuk'kd euq"; ds raf=kdk ra=k dks u"V dj ldrk gS rFkk ekudksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjrh; isIlh ,oa dksd esa 21 xquk vf/d fyUMsu
fnekxh fodkl dks jksd nsrk gSA bl tgjhys dhVuk'kd ls euq"; 'kjhj esa ([krjukd jklk;fud dhVuk'kd)] 42 xquk vf/d Mh- Mh- Vh-] 72 xquk
ekalisf'k;kvR;Ur detksj gks tkrh gSaA eSykfFk;ku uke ds jklk;fud tgj vf/d Dyksjksik;jhiQkWl] 196 xquk vf/d eSykfFk;ku mifLFkr gSA lh- ,l-
ls tUetkr 'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk vkrh gS rFkk 'kjhj ds fdlh Hkh fgLls esa bZ- laLFkk dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa vesfjdk ls yk;s gq;s isIlh ,oa dksdkdksyk ds lHkh
i{kk?kkr gks ldrk gSA 6 vxLr 2003 dks bl fo"k; ij yksdlHkk esa dkiQh czkUM+ksa dh Hkh tkap dh x;hA ysfdu bu vejhdh uewuksa esa dqN Hkh jklk;fud
gaxkek gqvkA yksdlHkk ds vusd lnL;ksa us ljdkj ls ekax dh fd bl fo"k; dhVuk'kd ugha ik;s x;sA
ij Li"Vhdj.k ns vkSj iwjs ns'k dks crk;s fd lp D;k gS\ lh- ,l- bZ- dh fjiksVZ ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj us vU; ljdkjh
ljdkj dh vksj ls tokc nsrs gq;s LokLFk; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=kh iz;ksx'kkykvksa dks Hkh isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk dh tkap ds fy;s dgkA eSlwj dh
lq"kek LojkT; us yksdlHkk esa dgk fd tYnh gh ljdkj bl fo"k; ij tkap izfl iz;ksx'kkyk lsUVy iQwM VsDuksyksth fjlpZ bULVhL;wV vkSj dydRrk dh
djk;sxhA blh rjg 21 vxLr 2003 dks jkT;lHkk esa Hkh cgl gq;hA ogka Hkh iz;ksx'kkyk lsUVy iQwM yscksjsVjh us Hkh isIlh dksyk ,oa dksdk dksyk ds uewuksa
eU=kh egksn;k us blh rjg dk vk'oklu fn;kA vUr esa yksdlHkk v;{k ds dh tkap dhA lh- ,iQ- Vh- vkj- vkbZ- (eSlwj) dh fjiksVZ esa Hkh crk;k x;k
funsZ'k ij la;qDr lalnh; lfefr x+Bu djus dk iQSlyk fd;k x;kA bl rjg fd isIlh ,oa dksdkdksyk ds uewuksa esa Dyksjksik;jhiQkWl] eSykfFk;ku] Mh- Mh- Vh-
22 vxLr 2003 dks ljdkj }kjk isIlh&dksdk dksyk dh tkap ds fy;s ,oa fyUMsu tSls [krjukd dhVuk'kd jlk;u ekStwn gSaA blh rjg dydRrk
la;qDr lalnh; lfefr ds xBu dh vf/lwpuk tkjh dh x;hA bl lalnh; dh iz;ksx'kkyk lsUVy iQwM yscksjsVjh }kjk dh x;h tkap esa Hkh ;g ik;k x;k
lfefr esa 10 lkaln yksdlHkk ls ,oa 5 lkaln jkT;lHkk ls fy;s x;sA lfefr fd isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk esa jklk;fud dhVuk'kd mifLFkr gSaA fnYyh ds
dk v;{k 'kjn iokj dks cuk;k x;kA lfefr esa yksdlHkk ls vuar dqekj] dsUnzh; iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa Hkh isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk ds
Mk- l/q k ;kno] je'sk pUsuhFkyk] vorkj flga HkMk+uk] d-s ;jsUuuk;M]q b-Z vgen] uewuksa dh tkap dh x;hA blesa Hkh ik;k x;k fd isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk esa
jathr dqekj ikatk] vf[kys'k ;kno vkSj vkfuy clq dks fy;k x;kA blh rjg jklk;fud dhVuk'kd eSykfFk;ku] Mh- Mh- Vh-] fyUMsu rFkk Dyksjksik;jh iQkWl
lfefr eas jkT;lHkk ls ,l- ,l- vgyowkfy;k] iFòhjkt pOgk.k] lt a ; fu:ie] ekStwn gSaA blh rjg dsjy ljdkj us Hkh caxykSj ds Jhjke vkS|ksfxd 'kks/
izsepUn xqIrk] iz'kkar pVZth dks fy;k x;kA lfefr dks ;g tkap djus dh dsUnz esa isIlh&dksd dh tkap djk;h] mlesa Hkh ik;k x;k fd isIlh&dksd esa
ftEesnkjh nh x;h fd isIlh dksdk&dksyk ds tks Hkh czkaM Hkkjr esa fcd jgs gSa jklk;fud dhVuk'kd gSaA mM+hlk ljdkj us tkap djk;h vkSj mlesa Hkh
muesa jklk;fud dhVuk'kd gSa ;k ugha\ lkFk gh lkFk lfefr dks ;g Hkh dhVuk'kd isIlh&dksd esa feys ik;s x;sA ftruh Hkh iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa
ftEesnkjh nh x;h fd og ljdkj dks BaMs is;ksa dh xq.koRrk cuk;s j[kus ds iIslh&dkd s ds ckjs eas tkp
a dh x;h] os lHkh i;zkxs'kkyk;as vR;Ur gh ifzrf"Br
fy;s Hkh lq>ko nsA bl lfefr ds fy;s Mk- ,l- ds- [kUuk] Mk- ,u- ih- gSa vkSj vUrjjk"Vh; Lrj dh ekuh tkrh gSaA
vfXugks=kh] Mk- th- R;kxjktu dks fo'ks"kK ds :i esa fu;qDr fd;k x;kA bl yxHkx 6 ekg dh tkap&ij[k vkSj nLrkosth lcwrksa dk v;;u]
lfefr us 4 iQjojh 2004 dks viuh fjiksVZ laLkn ds lkeus is'k dhA bl fo'ys"k.k djus ds ckn la;qDr lalnh; lfefr us viuh tkap jiV laln ds
fjiksVZ dks cukus esa la;qDr lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus dbZ ea=kky; is'k gq;sA lkeus ,oa ns'k ds lkeus izLrqr dhA bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj îsIlh ,oa dksdk
ns'k ds dbZ fo'ks"kK ,oa laLFkkvksa dh vksj ls Hkh lfefr dks dkiQh tkudkfj;ka dksyk ds lHkh czkUM+ksa esa [krjukd jklk;fud dhVuk'kd eSykfFk;ku] Mh- Mh-
nh x;haA Vh-] fyUMsu ,oa Dyksjksik;jhiQkWl] ;wjksih; ekun.M+ksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/d

ek=kk esa gSaA* la;qDr lalnh; lfefr dk ;g fu"d"kZ mu lHkh iz;ksx'kkykvksa gSA blh dSiQhu ds dkj.k fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ckj&ckj BaMk is; ihus dh yr
dh fjiksVZ ij vk/kfjr gS] ftuesa isIlh&dksd ds uewuksa dh tkap dh x;h FkhA yx tkrh gSA lkV fMaDl esa dkcZu MkbZ vkDlkbM xSl Hkh feykbZ tkrh gSA
lalnh; lfefr ds vkdM+ksa ds vuqlkj BaMs is;kas dk iwjh nqfu;k esa izfr bl xSl dks feykus dk eq[; dkj.k mu lw{e thok.kqvksa dks lkV fMaDl esa
O;fDr izfro"kZ miHkksx 67-5 yhVj gSA lu~ 2001 esa iwjh nqfu;k esa 412 vjc iuius ls jksduk tks lkV fMaDl esa iSnk gks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd lkV fMaDl
yhVj BaMs is;ksa (lkV fMaDl) dh fch gq;hA mRrjh vejhdk esa lcls vf/ esa ehBkiu gksrk gSA lkV fMaDl esa dqN ,flM (vEy) Hkh feyk;s tkrs gS
d lkV fMaDl (BaMs is;) dh fch gksrh gSA nqfu;k esa tks dqy BaMk is; tSls& iQkLiQksfjd ,sflM] flfVd ,sflM] eSfyd ,sflM vkfnA bu ,sflM+ksa dk
fcdrk gS] mldk 27% vdsys mRrjh vejhdk (la;qDr jkT; vejhdk) esa dk;Z lkV fMDal ds ehBsiu dk larqyu cukus dk T;knk gksrk gSA bu lkV
fcdrk gSA vejhdk esa izfro"kZ izfr O;fDr lkV fMaDl dh [kir 192 yhVj fMaDl esa jax iSnk djus okys dqN jlk;u Hkh feyk;s tkrs gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy;s
gSA fiQj mlds ckn ;wjksi dk LFkku vkrk gS tgka nqfu;k dh 21% lkV fMDal dSjkesy dks feykus ij BaMs is;ksa dk jax xgjk yky&Hkwjk gks tkrk gSA bu BaMs
(BaMs is;) fcdrs gSaA ;wjksi esa izfr O;fDr izfro"kZ BaMs is;ksa dk miHkksx 50- is;ksa esa iksVsf'k;e lkWjosV RkFkk lksfM;e cssUtks,sV tSls jlk;u Hkh feyk;s tkrs
8 yhVj gSA vc mnkjhdj.k dh gok esa BaMs is;ksa dk cktkj ,f'k;k ,oa iwohZ gSaA bu jlk;uksa dks ifjj{kd (Preservatives) ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
;wjksi esa Hkh c<+rk tk jgk gSA vejhdh dEifu;ksa isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk us gSA lkV fMaDl esa isfDVu uke dk jlk;u Hkh feyk;k tkrk gSA bl jlk;u
mnkjhdj.k dk Hkjiwj iQk;nk mBkrs gq;s ,f'k;k ds dbZ ns'kksa esa RkFkk vjc ds dk dke BaMs is;ksa dh lkUnzrk c<+kus esa gksrk gSA
dbZ ns'kksa esa Hkh cktkj cuk;k gSA vkt ds le; esa ekuk tkrk gS fd ,f'k;k Hkkjr ns'k esa BaMs is;ksa dks cukus ,oa cspus ds fy;s ,d dkuwu gS]
ds ns'kksa rFkk vjc ns'kksa esa BaMs is;ksa dk cktkj lcls vf/d rsth ls c<+ jgk ftls vko';d oLrq vf/fu;e 1955 ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl vf/
gSA ,f'k;k esa ftu ns'kksa esa isIlh&dksd dk cktkj rsth ls c<+k gS os gSa& fu;e ds vk/kj ij ,iQ- ih- vk-s (Fruit Product Order) 1955 eas tkjh fd;k
ikfdLrku] fo;ruke] Hkkjr ,oa bUMksusf'k;kA Hkkjr ljdkj ds vkdM+ksa ds x;k FkkA blh vk/kj ij dEifu;ksa dks BaMs is; cukus ,oa cspus dk ykblsUl
vuqlkj lu~ 2001 esa 654 djksM+ cksrysa BaMs is;ksa dh fcdhaA Hkkjr esa izfr fn;k tkrk gSA ysfdu bl dkuwu esa ,slh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS] ftlds vk/
O;fDr [kir ds vuqlkj BaMs is; dk miHkksx nqfu;k esa lcls de gSA Hkkjr kj ij BaMs is;ksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys ikuh dh xq.koRrk dk dksbZ ekud r; fd;k
esa izfr O;fDr izfr o"kZ vkSlru 6 cksryksa dh [kir gksrh gSA FkkbyS.M ns'k tk ldsA Hkkjr dh vktknh ds 58 lky chr tkus ds ckn Hkh ljdkj us ihus
esa izfr O;fDr izfro"kZ 80 cksryksa dh [kir gksrh gSA vejhdk esa BaMs is;ksa dh ds ikuh dh mPp xq.koRrk dk dksbZ ekud r; gh ugha fd;kA blh dk iQk;nk
800 cksryksa dh [kir izfr O;fDr izfr o"kZ gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa fnYyh 'kgj esa mBkrs gq;s isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk tSlh fons'kh dEifu;kcgqr gh ?kfV;k ,oa
lcls vf/d BaMs is;ksa dh fch gksrh gSA fnYyh jgus okys yksxksa ds fglkc jklk;fud dhVuk'kdksa ls feyk gqvk ikuh BaMs is; cukus esa xr 14 o"kksZa ls
ls izfr O;fDr izfro"kZ fnYyh esa 50 cksryksa dh [kir BaMs is;ksa dh gksrh gSA bLrseky djrh jgha gSaA
la;qDr lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus izLrqr fd;s x;s nLrkostksa ds vk/ lalnh; lfefr ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa dksdk&dksyk ds 52 dkj[kkus
kj ij lkV fMaDl esa feyk;s tkus okys jklk;fud inkFkksZa dk fooj.k bl gSa] ftuesa ls 27 dkj[kkus dksdk&dksyk dEiuh ds gSa rFkk ckdh 25 dkj[kkus
izdkj gS & lkV fMDal cukus esa ikuh dk iz;ksx lcls vf/d gksrk gSA vU; nwljh Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa ds gSa] ysfdu buesa mRiknu iwjk dksdk&dksyk
yxHkx 86% ls 92% rd ikuh lkV fMaDl esa gksrk gSA bl ikuh esa dEiuh ds fy;s gh gksrk gSA blh rjg isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds iwjs Hkkjr esa
ehBkiu ykus ds fy;s ,LijVse uke dk jlk;u feyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lShu 38 dkj[kkus gSa ftuesa ls 17 dkj[kkus dEiuh ds Lo;a ds gSa ,oa 21 dkj[kkus
ls Hkh vf/d ehBk gksrk gSA ,LijVse] lShu ls 200 xquk vf/d ehBk gksrk vU; nwljh Hkkjrh; dEifu;kas ds g]aS ftueas iIslh&dky s k ds fy;s mRiknu gkrsk gAS
gSA lkV fMaDl cukus esa dSiQhu uke dk jklk;fud inkFkZ Hkh feyk;k tkrk iIslh ,oa dkd s k&dky
s k dEifu;kas }kjk llanh; lfefr dks nh x;h tkudkjh ds

vulqkj iIslh ,oa dkd s k&dky s k ds BMas i;skas dh ,d lky dh dy q fch 4000 fd;k tkrk gSA vejhdk vkSj ;wjksi esa ikuh dh xq.koRrk ds ekud cgqr gh
djkMs+ :i;s dh gAS ps ,oa dM+s gksrs gSaA blls Li"V gS fd ;wjksi ,oa vejhdk dks NksM+dj
Hkkjr ns'k esa ikuh dh mPp xq.koRrk ds dksbZ ekud fu/kZfjr ugha nqfu;k ds reke nwljs ns'kksa esa isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ktks ikuh dk
gksus ds dkj.k la;qDr lalnh; lfefr us ekuk fd bl fn'kk esa tYnh gh bLrseky djrha gS og ikuh mPp xq.koRrk dk ugha gksrk gSA vFkkZr~
dkuuw cukus dh t:jr gAS ftlds vk/kj ij ikuh dh x.qkoRrk dks r; fd;k vejhdk&;wjksi dks NksM+dj nqfu;k ds lHkh ns'kksa esa isIlh&dksd ds BaMs is;ksa
tk ldsA lfefr ds vuqlkj ikuh dh xq.koRrk dk bl rjg fu/kZj.k djuk esa jklk;fud dhVuk'kd feys gq;s ikuh dk gh bLrseky gksrk gSA bl feykoVh
pkfg, fd ikuh esa fdlh Hkh fdLe ds jklk;fud dhVuk'kd ugha gksaA dksbZ vkjS tgjhys ikuh ds bLresky djus ds ekeys ij iIslh&dkd s dEiuh ds vf/
Hkh BaMk is; cuus ds ckn gh tkap fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd og 'kjhj ds fy;s dkfj;ksa dk dguk gS fd ge BaMs is;ksa esa bLrseky gksus okys ikuh dh mPp
lqjf{kr gS ;k ugha\ vFkkZr ikuh ds iz;ksx ls cuus okys vfUre mRikn dh xq.koRrk dh dksbZ xkjaVh ugha ys ldrs gSaA
gh xq.koRrk dks tkap dk vk/kj cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A lkekU; :i ls BMas i;s dh ,d ckrsy cukdj cp s us eas 10 yhVj ikuh
tc la;qDr lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dk [kpkZ vkrk gSA gkykafd cksry esa ek=k 300 feyh gh BaMk is; gksrk gSA
dEifu;ksa ds vf/dkjh izLrqr gq;s rks muls dbZ iz'u fd;s x;sA lfefr dh ckdh ikuh cksry dks /ksus eas rFkk vU; e'khujh iz;ksx esa [kpZ gksrk gSA Hkkjr
vksj ls ,d egRoiw.kZ iz'u ;g fd;k x;k fd D;k BaMs is;kas esa bLrseky fd;s ns'k esa lky esa yxHkx 600 djksM+ ls 700 djksM+ cksry izfro"kZ BaMs is;ksa dh
tkus okyh 'kqxj dh xq.koRrk dh tkap dh tkrh gS\ rks bl iz'u ds mRrj fcdrh gSaA ftu ij iwjh rjg ls vejhdh dEifu;ksa isIlh dksyk ,oa dksdk
esa isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk nksauksa gh dEifu;ksa ds vf/dkfj;ksa us tokc dksyk dk ,dkf/dkj gSA vFkkZr~ Hkkjr esa izfro"kZ 6000 djksM+ yhVj ls 7000
fn;k ge BaMs is;ksa esa feyk;h tkus okyh 'kqxj dh tkap ugha djrs gSa] D;ksafd djksM+ yhVj ikuh izfro"kZ bu dksyk dEifu;ksa ds }kjk bLrseky fd;k tk jgk
gekjh ,slh ijEijk ugha gSA lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus izLrqr gq;s] cksry can gSA tc la;qDr lalnh; lfefr us bl ikuh ds iz;ksx ij Hkkjr ljdkj dh
ikuh cukus vkSj cspus okys la?k ds v;{k ds vuqlkj BaMs is;ksa esa bLrseky laLFkk dsUnzh; HkwxHkZ ty fu;ked (lsUVy xzkmUM okVj ,FkkWfjVh) dks ryc
gksus okys ikuh dks cgqr vklkuh ls 'kq cuk;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy;s fd;k rks ,d vk'p;Ztud tkudkjh feyhA bl laLFkk ds vf/dkfj;ksa dks
Hkkjr esa dbZ rduhdsa miyC/ gSaA bl ikuh dks 'kq cukus ds fy;s izfr yhVj tc iwNk x;k fd D;k ljdkj] bu dksyk dEifu;ksa ls HkwxHkZ ty ds
ek=k 2 ls 4 iSls dk gh [kpkZ vkrk gSA bl dFku ls Li"V gS fd ikuh dks bLrseky dk dksbZ 'kqYd ysrh gS\rks vf/dkfj;ksa us dgk fd gekjh
BaMs is;ksa esa bLrseky gksus ls iwoZ iw.kZ 'kq cukus ds fy;s ek=k 2 ls 4 iSls tkudkjh essa ljdkj ,slk dksbZ 'kqYd ikuh ds fy;s bu dksyk dEifu;ksa ls ugha
izfr yhVj dk [kpkZ vkrk gS vkSj blds fy;s rduhd Hkh vklkuh ls miyC/ ysrh gSA tcfd gekjh ljdkj [ksrksa esa Hkh ikuh NksM+us dk VSDl ysrh gSA
gSA ysfdu fiQj Hkh isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk tSlh fons'kh dEifu;k ikuh dks fdruh gSjkuh dh ckr gS fd isIlh dksyk ,oa dksdk dksyk tSlh fons'kh
fcuk 'kq cuk;s gh ?kfV;k ,oa jklk;fud dhVuk'kd feys gq;s ikuh dks gh dEifu;k Hkkjr ds cs'kdherh HkwxHkZ ty dk bLrseky djds gtkjksa djksM+
bLrseky djrh gSaA la;qDr lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus isIlh&dksd ds vf/ :i;s dek jgha gSa vkSj gekjh ljdkj bl ikuh ij dEifu;ksa ls dksbZ 'kqYd Hkh
dkfj;ksa us jklk;fud dhVuk'kd feys gq;s ikuh ds bLrseky ds ckjs esa cksyrs ugha ys jgh gSA ,d vksj Hkkjr ns'k ds 2 yk[k ls vf/d xko ihus ds ikuh
gq;s dgk fd nqfu;k ds vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa ihus okys ikuh dk gh iz;ksx BaMs ls oafpr gSa] nwljh vkSj isIlh dksyk vkSj dksdk dksyk tSlh dEifu;kgj lky
is; cukus esa ;s dEifu;kdjrh gSaA ysfdu vejhdk vkSj ;wjksi esa ikuh dh gtkjksa djksM+ yhVj ikuh dh cjcknh esa yxh gq;h gSaA ftl ikuh ls Hkkjr ds
'kqrk dk vf/d ;ku j[kk tkrk gSA blfy;s vejhdk vkSj ;wjksi esa BaMs is; yk[kksa yksxksa ,oa i'kqvksa dks viuh I;kl cq>kus dk bartke gks ldrk gS] ogh
cukus ds igys ikuh dks jklk;fud dhVuk'kdksa ls eqDr cukdj gh bLrsseky cs'kdherh ikuh tehu ls nksgu djds BaMs is;ksa esa cjckn fd;k tk jgk gSA

o"kkZ ty dh cwan&canw tc /jrh esa mrjrh gS rks gtkjksa yk[kksa o"kksZa esa HkwxHkZ ek=k 20% t#jr Hkwfe dh lrg ij miyC/ ty ls iwjh gksrh gSA
ty lafpr gksrk gSA bl HkwxHkZ ty ij igyk vf/dkj mu djksM+ksa Hkkjr lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus Hkkjr ns'k ds dbZ fo'ks"kKksa }kjk jklk;fud
okfl;ksa ,oa i'kqvksa dk gS ftUgsa viuh I;kl cq>kus ds fy;s bl ty dh t:jr dhVuk'kdksa ds 'kjhj ij gksus okys nq"izHkkoksa ds ckjs esa dkiQh tkudkjh nh x;hA
gSA fiQj nwljk vf/dkj mu djksM+ksa fdlkuksa dk gS tks ns'k ds yksxksa dk isV tks jklk;fud dhVuk'kd isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk esa ik;s tkrs gSa] muesa Mh-Mh-
Hkjus ds fy;s bl ty dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA rhljk vf/dkj ;fn gks ldrk gS Vh] Dyksjks ik;jhiQkl ,oa eSykfFk;ku izeq[k gSaA bu dhVuk'kd jlk;uksa dk
rks mu m|ksxksa dk gS tks gekjs thou ds fy;s vR;Ur t:jh ,oa mi;ksxh ekuo 'kjhj ij D;k&D;k nq"izHkko gksrk gS] bl ij lalnh; lfefr us tks
oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrs gSaA BaMs is; cukuk rks dksbZ t:jh m|ksx ugha gSA tkudkjh nh] og bl izdkj gS &
bu BaMs is;ksa ds fcuk Hkh gekjk thou vPNs ls pyrk jgk gS] vkxs Hkh pyrk
jgsxkA blfy;s BaMs is;ksa ds uke ij isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk tSlh dEifu;ksa }kjk fyUMsu dh ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %
cjckn fd;s tk jgs Hkkjr ds cs'kdherh HkwxHkZ ty dks cpkus dh vR;Ur fyUMsu gekjs 'kjhj esa tkus ds ckn olh; rdksa esa tek gks tkrk
t:jr gSA ftl ns'k ds vf/dka'k Hkkxksa esa vkSlru gj lky lw[kk iM+rk gks] gSA ;g 'kjhj ds yhoj] fdMuh rFkk izfrjks/d rU=k dks u"V djrk gS vkSj
ftl ns'k ds yk[kksa xko ,oa djksM+ksa euq";] i'kq] i{kh ihus ds ikuh dks rjlrs dSalj iSnk djrk gSA ekuo 'kjhj dh lHkh xzfUFk;ksa ij Hk;adj nq"izHkko fyUMsu
gksa ogka gj lky BaMs is;ksa ds uke ij gtkjksa djksM+ yhVj ikuh dks cjckn djuk dk gksrk gSA
,d jk"Vh; vijk/ gSA Mh-Mh-Vh dk ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %
la;qDr lalnh; lfefr us viuh tkap esa ik;k fd ftu&ftu LFkkuksa Mh-Mh-Vh- efgykvksa ds o{kLFky ds dSalj ds fy;s eq[; ftEesnkj
ij isIlh&dksyk vkSj dksdk&dksyk ds IykUV (dkj[kkus) yxs gq;s gSa] ogka dh jlk;u gSA ekuo 'kjhj dh lSDl {kerk dks cgqr de djus dk dke djrk
LFkkuh; o/ S kfud lLaFkkvkas (tl S s xkze ip
a k;r] uxjifj"kn vkfn) l]s HkxwHktZ y gSA iq#"kksa ds oh;Z esa 'kqk.kqvksa dh {kerk de djus dk dk;Z Hkh ;g Mh-Mh-Vh-
fudkyus dh vuqefr Hkh bu dEifu;ksa us ugha yh gSA eqEcbZ 'kgj esa gh isIlh jlk;u djrk gSA
dksyk ,ao dksdk dksyk dEiuh us egkuxj ikfydk ls HkwxHkZty fudkyus dh Dyksjks ik;jh iQkWl dk nq"izHkko %
vueqfr yh gAS bl ekeys eas dkd s k&dkys k dEiuh us djsy jkT; ds IykpheMk ekuo 'kjhj ds rfU=kdk rU=k] Fkk;jkbM xzfUFk] rFkk ekalisf'k;ksa ij
esa LFkkuh; xzke iapk;r ls vuqefr fy;s fcuk gh izfrfnu djksM+ksa yhVj ikuh Hk;adj nq"izHkko bl jlk;u dk gksrk gSA
fudkyuk 'kq: fd;kA blds pyrs xko dk HkwxHkZ ty cgqr gh de gks x;kA eSykfFk;ku dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %
vc ml xko esa ihus ds fy;s ,oa f"k ds fy;s Hkh HkwxHkZ ty miyC/ ugha eSykfFk;ku dk lcls vf/d nq"izHkko 'kjhj ds lHkh vaxksa ij iM+rk
gSA blhdkj.k dksdkdksyk dEiuh vkSj IykpheMk xko ds ukxfjdksa dk gSA bl jlk;u ds dkj.k i{kk?kkr dk lcls vf/d [krjk gksrk gSA
dksdk&dksyk ds la;=k dks cUn djkus ds fy;s vkUnksyu py jgk gSA dSiQhu dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %
xzkeiapk;r IykpheMk us dksdk&dksyk dEiuh dks bl lEcU/ esa uksfVl ns bl jlk;u dk 'kjhj ij dkiQh cqjk vlj gksrk gSA vfunzk] ?kcjkgV]
fn;k fd dEiuh viuh ikuh dh O;oLFkk dgha vkSj ls djsA fpUrk] fpM+fpM+kiu vkfn chekfj;ka dSiQhu ds dkj.k gksrh gSaA bl dSiQhu ds
HkwxHkZ ty ds va/k/qa/ nq#i;ksx dks jksdus ds fy;s vHkh rd Hkkjr dkj.k gfM~M;ksa esa vkWLVh;ks ikjksfll ukedh Hkh chekjh gksrh gSA ;fn xHkZorh
ljdkj us ;k jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa us dksbZ Hkh dkuwu ;k fu;e ugha cuk;s gSaA fL=k;ksa ds 'kjhj esa dSiQhu dh ek=kk dqN vf/d gks tk;s rks fiQj iSnk gksus okyk
blh dk iQk;nk isIlh dksyk ,oa dksdk dksyk tSlh dEifu;ka mBk jgha gSaA cPps ds 'kjhj esa dkiQh fofr;ka gks tkrh gSaA
Hkkjr ns'k esa ihus ds ikuh dh 80% t#jr HkwxHkZ ty ls gh iwjh gksrh gSA BaMs is;ksa esa ehBkiu ykus okys jlk;uksa dk nq"izHkko %

BaMs is;ksa esa ehBkiu ykus ds fy;s lShu] ,LijVse rFkk phuh dk cspus dk O;kikfjd izLrko fn;kA dSUMyj dks bl izLrko es fo'ks"k ne ugha
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lcls vf/d mi;ksx ,LijVse rFkk lShu dk gksrk fn[kk vr% mlus ,d Mkyj izfr cksry ds nj ls cksry cUn djus dk vf/
gSA ;s nksuksa gh jlk;u ew=kfi.M ds dSalj dks iSnk djrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s dkj csp fn;k] Fkkel ,oa OgkbVgsM us ckVfyax vf/dkj dk mi&Bsdk {ks=kh;
nksuksa jlk;u 'kjhj dh lHkh xzfUFk;ksa ij cgqr cqjk vlj Mkyrs gSaA ,LijVse ckVyjksa dks fn;k vkSj bl rjg fo; vf/dkj ds lkFk ckVfyax ifr dk
jlk;u ls xHkZLFk f'k'kq ij cgqr cqjk vlj iM+rk gSA pyu gqvk tks fd vktrd 'khry is; m|ksx dh fo'oO;kih eq[; /kjk gSA
lgh gSA vc rd dSUMyj dh dksdkdksyk daiuh iw.kZ:is.k lkeus vk pqdh Fkh vkSj og
bls 1919 bZ- es 25 fefy;u Mkyj esa cspus ds dkfcy cu pqdk FkkA u;s
dksyk dEifu;ksa dh 'kq:vkr [kjhnnkj vVykUVk ds m|eh vusZLV oqMjiQ Fks ftuds iq=k jkcVZ us dksd dks
vkt dh nUrdFkk cuk;kA tc 1923 esa jkcVZ oqMjiQ us dk;Z lEHkkyk] rc
1860 o 1870 ds n'kd esa x`g ;q ds i'pkr vesfjdk esa fo'ks"kr% dksdk dksyk us dWukMk] D;wck vkSj I;qfjVksfjdks esa izos'k fd;k] ysfdu
mtM+s nf{k.kh fgLlksa esa ,d Hk;adj eUnh ds nkSj ds :i esa jgsA ;q ds vUrjkZ"Vh; cktkj eas ;g vutku gh jgkA ;g oqMjiQ dh dYiuk ds vuq:i
i'pkrfofHkf"kdk ds izHkkoksa dks n'kkZrs gq, vVyk.Vk ds ,d v[kckj us fy[kk ugha jgkA vius cksMZ vkiQ MkbjsDVlZ dh vogsyuk djrs gq, mlus ;wjksi esa is;
^^fo"kkn] Xykfu] mUekn] lj nnZ] 'kjkc[kksjh] /qd&/qdh vkSj ;gk rd fd dks pykus dh dksf'k'k dh vkSj mlesa liQyrk ikus ij mlus fons'k fo;
uiqaldrk dh Hkjekj gS fuf'Pkr :i ls ,slh voLFkk uhe&gdheksa vkSj Nn~e foHkkx [kksy fy;k fdUrq iwjs fo'o eas dksdkdksyk dh mifLFkfr dk ,dek=k
fpfdRldksa ds fy, cM+h moZj Fkh tks rRdky funku o jksx 'keu dk nkok lcls egRoiw.kZ dkj.k Fkk f}rh; fo'o ;qA vejhdu lSfudksa dks] (GI) og
djrs FksA bl rjg bZ-la- 1885 esa tkWu isEcVZu uked vVyk.Vk ds ,d tgkHkh gksa muds gkFk eas ,d dksd dh cksry Fkekus ds oqMjiQ ds fu.kZ; us
iQkekZflLV us ^sUp okbu dksyk & ,d vkn'kZ ukfM+;ksa o 'kkjhfjd {kerkvksa vPNk ykHk fn;kA vejhdu ljdkj us txg&txg ckVfyxa l;a=ak dh LFkkiuk
dk m}hid* uke ls iaft;u djk;k tks fd rhu Vkax okys ,d ik=k esa irokj djok;h D;ksafd gjs jax dh ;s cksrysa ?kj dh ;knksa ls ihfM+r lSU;ksa dk eukscy
}kjk fgykdj cuk;k x;k ,d is; FkkA ;g is; dksdhu] FkksM+h 'kjkc ,oa vU; c<+kus esa lgk;d gksrh FkhaA
dqN vkSj oLrqvksa dks feykdj cuk;k x;kA 1886 bZ esa isEcVZu us 'kjkc ds bl nkSjku og nwljk O;fDr dgk Fkk\ isIlh dh dgkuh dkiQh
cnys dSiQhu dk iz;ksx fd;k rFkk lqxU/ ds fy;s dksyk iQy dk lRo mrkj&p<+ko ls Hkjh gS] vkSj mldh gjsd miyfC/ dBhu yM+kbZ ds ckn
feyk;kA is; dk uke Hkh cny dj rc dksdk&dksyk j[kk x;k ftlesa nksuks gkfly dh gbqZ gAS iIslh dk ikzjEHk Hkh dkd
s dh rjg gh gv q kA mkjh djSkfsyuk
v{kj dks LisUlj fyfi eas fy[kk x;k tks fd ns[kus esa vkSj vkd"kZd yxus ds ,d nok cukus okys] dSysc czSMgSe us 1898 eas isIlh&dksyk uke ls ,d
yxsA ysfdu isEcVZu dksbZ O;kikjh ugha Fks vkSj mUgksus ^dksd* iQkeqZys dks (tks vkSj jkeck.k is; dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bl ckj ;g is; fliQZ cngteh nwj djus
fd vc epsZUMkbl 7 dgykrk gS] ,d frtksjh esa lqjf{kr j[kk gqvk gS) ek=k ds fy;s yk;k x;kA lu~ 1902 eas czSMgSe us ,d O;kikj fpUg (VsMekdZ) dk
2300 Mkyj ds cnys tkftZ;k ds O;kikjh ,sl dSUMyj dks 1889 bZ- esa csp it
a hdj.k djk;k rFkk xHakhjrk ls O;kikj 'k:q fd;kA lu~ 1905 eas budk igyk
fn;kA ;g dSUMyj gh Fkk ftlus bl is; ds o`grj cktkjkssa dks cuk;kA mlus ckVfyax l;aU=k yxkA lu~ 1902 ds ek=k 8000 xSyu ls czSMgSe 1907 esa
bl is; ds ?kksy dks Fkksd O;kikjh;ksa dks cspk tks fd NksVs nqdkuksa dks csprs 100]000 xSyu dh fch djus yxk FkkA izFke fo'o ;q ds lekIr gksrs
Fks tks vius nqdkuksa eas xSl okyk ikuh (lksMk okVj) feykdj lksMk iQkmUVsuksa gh phuh dh dhersa vkdk'k Nqus yxha vkSj isIlh dh eqf'dyksa phuh cktkj ij
(lksMkokVj dh nqdkuksa) esa vkiwfrZ djrs FksA blh o"kZ csUtkfeu ,iQ Fkkel ,oa idM+ cukrs&cukrs ns[kk fd 1920 esa dhersa vkSa/s eqag tehu ij fxjus yxha
tksliQ ih- OgkbVgsM us dSUMyj ls feydj dksdkdksyk dks cksryksa esa Hkjdj FkhA lu~ 1923 esa daiuh dk fnokyk fudy x;kA jkW; esxjtsy uked oky

LVhV 'ks;j cktkj ds ,d nyky us czSMgSe ls daiuh dks ys fy;k] ysfdu bl vejhdu jk"Vh; izn'kZuh esa isIlh ihrs gq, iQksVks Fkk ftls izeq[krk ds lkFk
rF; ds ckotwn mlus viuk dkiQh iSlk blesa yxk;k] 'ks;j cktkj ds cSB daiuh us Hkquk fy;kA isIlh dh ,dlw=kh; foKkiu ;kstuk] (ftldh ppkZ ckn
tkus ds dkj.k ,d ckj fiQj daiuh fnokfy;k gks xbZA bl ckj isIlh ds mkj es dh xbZ gS) us oLrqr% dksd dks bruk >d>ksj fn;k fd mls O;kikj txr
ds fy;s pkYlZ xqFk elhgk cukA ykV dSUMh daiuh ds v;{k xqFk us isIlh dh lcls cM+h Hkwy dgs tkus okys dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s etcwj dj fn;kA
ds iQkeZqys dks cnyk vkSj vius 'khry is; ds nqdkuksa es gh j[kkA lu~ 1933 ;g dksd }kjk isIlh ds ehBs Lokn ls VDdj ysus ds fy;s Û;w dksdk* dk
rd fiQj ls Mwcus dh iqjkuh vuqHkwfr okil vkus yxhA xqFk ds ikl daiuh cktkj eas mrkjuk FkkA isIlh dks bl /qrZrk iw.kZ iz;ksx dk iQk;nk Û;w dksd*
dks] dksd daiuh dks 'keZukd rjhds ls cspus ds vykok dksbZ mik; ugha cpk ds vkus dk ugha cfYd iqjkus dksd ds gV tkus dk gqvkA blls xzkgdksa esa
FkkA ysfdu dksd us bl rjg dh va/dkje; Hkfo";okyh daiuh dks [kjnhus vlarks"k iSnk gksus ls fiQj ls iqjkus dksd dks ^dksd Dykfld* ds u;s uke
esa dksbZ :fp ugha yh] tks fd ,d cM+h Hkwy FkhA mcjus dh vafre ps"Vk eas ls cktkj eas vkuk iM+kA vkf[kj ,d is; ds iQkeqZys esa cnyko gksus ls turk
xqFk us ,d lkSnk is'k fd;k&12 vkaSl dh cksry fliQZ 5 lsUV es] tks fd ml esa D;ksa gypy vkSj HkM+kl iSnk gqbZ\ tks fd fliQZ& ,siy dEI;qVj daiuh ds
ewY; ij nqxuk eky FkkA varr% fch ,oa equkiQk nksuks gh c<+us yxkA ysfdu losZlokZ LVho tksUl ds 'kCnksa esa &^^lqxfU/r phuh ?kqyk ikuh gSA bl rF;
xqFk ds HkkX; eas isIlh dks T;knk fnuksa rd pykuk ugha fy[kk Fkk vkSj dks le>us ds fy;s dksd ;k FkksM+k gVdj isIlh dk vFkZ le>uk t:jh gSA
deZpkfj;ksa dh gM+rky ds pyrs mls inR;kx djuk iM+kA lu~ 1938 esa okYVj tSlk fd isIlh ds orZeku v;{k ,oa eq[; dk;Zikyd vf/dkjh jkstj
eSd us daiuh dh deku laHkkyh vkSj mlus vkd"kZd foKkiuksa dk flyflyk ,ufjdks dgrs gSa fd] ^^;g fliQZ phuh vkSj lqxa/ksa dk feJ.k ugha gS] cfYd
'kq: fd;k] tks vkt Hkh isIlh ds foi.ku dh eq[; 'kSyh gSA vR;f/d jlfl dk<+k gSA vFkok dkUlkl ds v[kckj ds lEiknd fofy;e OgkbZV
yksdfiz; dkfed LVhi] jsfM;ks foKkiu vUrr% daiuh dks lkeus ys vkbZ] ds iz'kfLr ds vuqlkj vejhdk ds lc dqN dk lkj dksdkdksyk gSA f}rh;
rcrd f}rh; fo'o ;q 'kq: gks pqdk Fkk] ftlesa isIlh] dksd dh Hkkafr fo'o ;q esa lSfudksa ds fy;s izrhd :i esa tks 'kq:vkr gqbZ Fkh og vc ,d
HkkX;'kkyh ugha cu ikbZA phuh dk fu;a=k.k isIlh ds fy;s ,d /Ddk Fkk tks ^jk"Vizrhd* esa :ikarfjr gks pqdk gSA dksd dk fu'kku lH;rk dk fu'kku
fd oqMjiQ dh ns'kHkDr Nfo ds pyrs dksd dks ugha >syuk iM+k vkSj ;qksrj gSA tSlk fd dgrs gSa & tc vki dgha ,d dksdkdksyk dk fu'kku ugha
rsth us isIlh ds ^îQk;ns dk lkSnk dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA daiuh ds ykHk ns[krs gSa rks le>sa fd vki lH;rk dh lhek ikj dj pqds gSaA dksd dk
dk xzkiQ yxkrkj fxjrk x;k vkSj iru dk ;g nkSj lu~ 1949 es vy LVhy lkUVk DykWt foKkiu] mldh ns'kizsfedrk] ;gh vejhdk gSA ek=k 400 lky
ds v;{k cuus rd tkjh jgkA LVhy us fo'ks"k <ax dh cksryksa ds iz;ksx ds ds bfrgkl okys ,d ns'k dh] dksd ,d ijEijk gSA isIlh Hkh vejhdhiu dks
lkFk u;s rjhdksa dh foi.ku uhfr dh 'kq:vkr fd;k ,oa isIlh dks ^de gh Hkqukrk gS ysfdu FkksM+s nwljs rjg lsA ;g toku vejhdk gS] fuMj vkSj FkksM+k
dSyksjh dk rktxh okyk is;* ds :i esa izpkj fd;k] HkkX; fiQj iyVk vkSj lu~ m.M Hkh ysfdu lcdqN ,d bZekunkj O;kikjh tSlk] nksuksa is;ksa eas lekurk
1959 rd daiuh 700 % equkiQk dekus rd iagqp xbZA vc isIlh] dksd ;g gS fd nksuks] cksryksa eas vejhdh liukas dks csprs gaSA bl rjg vejhdh
dh ,d dV~Vj izfr}Unh cuus dh fLFkfr es igqp xbZA lu~ 1963 esa MksuYM feFkd dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
,e- dSUMy dk vkxeu gqvk] vkSj mlds ckn fiQj isIlh us îsIlh pSysUt* fiNys rhu n'kdkas us bu daiuh ;k fuxeksa (dkiksZjs'ku) dks fo'o
izfr;ksfxrk dk izorZu fd;k tks fd ,d va/k Lokn ijh{k.k dk flyflyk Fkk ds 50 cM+s HkkX;'kkyh;ksa dh lwph (iQkpqZu fyLV) esa p<+rs ns[kkA ;g dbZ
tks txg&txg ij tu&lk/kj.k ds lkeus vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk Fkk ftlesa dkj.kksa ls gqvkA igyk&'khry is; m|ksx dh rsth&mkstd foKkiu rFkk
turk us isIlh ds ehBs Lokn dks dksd ds Lokn ls T;knk ilUn fd;kA dSUMy foi.ku] vejhdk eas bldk csrgk'kk foi.ku bUgsa ogk dk ua ,d dk is;
dh lcls cM+h thr dk lun rRdkyhu :l ds iz/ku [kzq"pso dk ekLdks esa cukuk tks fd ihus ds fy;s ikuh dks Hkh ihNs NkMs+ fn;kA nlw jk&dkds ,oa iIslh
nksuksa dk lEcaf/r ,oa vlEcaf/r {ks=kksa esa O;kikj dk foLrkj] mnkgj.k ds rd lhfer j[kuk FkkA ;g dksd ds fy;s vdYiuh; Fkk] D;ksafd fo'o esa
fy;s dksd daiuh dksyfEc;k fiDplZ uked fiQYe daiuh dk ekfyd cuk dgha Hkh dksd 100% LokfeRo okyh bdkbZ eas gh ewy ?kksy dk mRiknu djrh
rFkk ^?kksLVcLVl* tSlh fiQYe fuekZ.k fd;k] tcfd isIlh us lsou&vi] VSdks jghA lcls cqjh ckr ;g Fkh fd ijexksiuh;] VLV daiuh] tkftZ;ks ds frtksjh
csy] kbVks&ys] fiTt+k gV ds vf/xzg.k ds lkFk gh 16]000 dsUVdh k;M esa lqjf{kr epsZUMkbl 7 x (tgkrd igqp fliQZ daiuh ds rhu mPpinLFk
fpdu cspus okyh bdkbZ;ksa dks [kjhn fy;kA oLrqr% isIlh dEiuh ds dqy vf/dkjh] tks fd ,d lkFk ogkrd liQj ugha djrs Fks ,oa viuh e`R;q gksus
O;kikj dk ek=k 38% 'khry is; dk fgLlk gSA rhljk & bu is;kas dh dh lwjr esa fdlh nwljs vf/dkjh dks ukfer djds pyrs Fks) dks mtkxj
vUrjjk"Vh; mifLFkfr gS& vkt fo'o ds 155 ns'kksa eas dksd ,oa 151 ns'kksa esa djuk iM+rkA bl dkj.k dksdk dksyk Hkkjr ls izLFkku dj x;kA
isIlh fcdrh gSA 'kk;n fo'o bfrgkl dk dksbZ fo'ofotsrk Hkh bruh tehu bu ?kVukeksa ds ckn gh Hkkjrh; 'khry is; m|ksx vius Lo:i esa
ugha thrk gkxsk ftruh bu nks cgjqk"Vh; dEifu;kas us gkfly dhA vUrjjk"Vh; fodflr gqvkA dksd ds ckWVyj pj.kthr flag us dSEik dksyk cktkj eas
'khry is; cktkj dk 90% bu nks dEifu;ksa ds dCts esa gSA fof'k"V mrkjk] ikysZ ds jes'k pkSgku us FkElvi rFkk M~;wd ,oa LisUlj tSls nwljs
cgqjk"Vh; daiuh ds vuq:i nksuksa dEifu;ksa dk edln fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fuekZrk cktkj esa vk;sA vkt cktkj dh fgLlsnkjh yxHkx fuEu :i ls gS%
fliQZ 'khry is; cspus dk ugha gS] tks fd vHkh rd foykflrk dh oLrq gS] ikysZ&65%] I;ksj fMaDl& 19%] vU;& 16%
cfYd ,d thou'kSyh Fkksiuk gS tks fd ogk ds fuoklh ogu u dj ldsaA 'khry is; m|ksx us vR;qke fodYi is'k djus dk 'kkunkj ekspkZ
nksuks gh fo'o esa vejhdk ds iz/kU; foLrkj rFkk ?kqliSB ds i;kZ;okph cu fy;k gSA ikysZ vkt vhdk] e;&iwoZ] lksfo;r la?k ,oa vejhdk dks fu;kZr
pqds gSaA isIlh dh mifLFkfr gj txg fliQZ O;kikfjd dkj.kksa ls gh ugha gS djrk gSA tc fd] nks jk"Vh; egkcyh ikysZ ,oa I;ksj fMaDl ds lkFk {ks=kh;
ftldk lk{; fpyh tSls ns'k ds dVq vuqHkoksa ls Li"V gS] ysfdu ;s ?kVuk;sa m|ksx tSls M~;wd] LisUlj ,oa vc eSDMkoy Hkh gSaA
ckn eas foLrkfjr dh tk;saxhA nksuks cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dk Hkkjr esa inkiZ.k ysfdu u rks dksd vkSj u gh isIlh vHkh lekIr gks x;s FksA os ,d
yxHkx ,d gh le; eas gqvkA ysfdu isIlh vius iqjkus lLrs is'kd'k (dksd fdukjs gVdj #[k ns[k jgs Fks vkSj bUrtkj dj jgs FksA muds fy;s ;g ,d
ds 4 vkus esa 6 vkSal ds eqdkcys 5 vkus eas 10 vkSal) ds ckotwn ipkl ds ekspsZ dh gkj Fkh u fd ;q esa gkj fo'ks"kdj isIlh vdsys jkt djus dh /
n'kd ds e; esa viuh nqdku lesVus dks ck; gqvkA dksd ukeek=k dh qu esa dksd }kjk gkjh gqbZ tehu gfFk;kus ds fy;s rS;kj gks jgh FkhA bUrtkj
izfr}afnrk ds chp ,dN=k jkt djrk jgkA dksd ,oa isIlh ds vkxeu ds dk ;g [ksy pyrk jgk vkSj vksjosy ds 1984 ds nks lky ckn isIlh us viuk
iwoZ ;g {ks=k iw.kZ :i ls vlaxfBr jgk ftleas dqN v/ZLopkfyr rFkk gkFk ekSdk vkrs ns[kkA
ls pyus okys ;a=kksa ds tfj;s izfr feuV T;knk ls T;knk 10 ls 20 cksry
mRiknu FkkA vkt ds 600 cksry izfr feuV dh rqyuk esa ;s iqjkuh iQSfDV;k Hkkjr esa dksdk daifu;ksa dk lkezkT;
vius LFkkuh; cktkjksa dks gh T;knkrj xksyhokyh cksryksa eas vkiwfrZ djrh FkhaA Hkkjr ges'kk gh bu nks 'khry is; egkcfy;ksa ds fy;s
ty&'kks/u] fo; vf/dkj ;gkrd fd foKkiu rd dk dgha uke ugha Lof.keZHkfwe] ,oa [kk;sk gvq k LoxZ dk feJ.k jgkA îIslhdks oYMZ okbM cosjt
s *&
FkkA bu cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa ds vkxeu us iwjs O;kikj izf;k eas kafr t:j ds v;{k ,oa eq[; dk;Zikyd vf/dkjh jkstj ,ufjdks Hkkjr dks 85 djksM+
iSnk dj nh] ysfdu blesa fdlh LFkkuh; m|ksx dks u rks 'kkfey fd;k x;k] I;klh vkRekvksa dk xje ns'k dgrs gSaA Hkkjr dh laHkkouk;sa vikj gSaA Hkkjr
vkSj u gh ;g lEHk+o FkkA ;g fLFkfr lu~ 1977 rd ljdkj ds cnyus ,oa esa 'khry is; dh [kir izfr O;fDr ek=k 2-8 cksry izfr o"kZ gS tcfd
lkFk gh fu;eksa ds ifjorZu rd pyrh jghA u;s fu;eksa ds rgr fons'kh eqnzk caXykns'k eas ;g [kir 26 cksry gSA ikfdLrku esa izfr O;fDr [kir 13]
fu;a=k.k dkuwu (FERA) ds vuqlkj cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dks 40% fgLls FkkbZyS.M esa 86] vkSj ;wjksi rFkk vejhdk esa ;g la[;k e'k% 180 vkSj 386
gSA isIlh bu vkdM+ksa dks Hkzfer djus ds fy;s mi;ksx dj jgk gS vkSj izfro"kZ vk;kr dh O;oLFkk dj mldh Lora=k ckWVyjksa dks fch ,oa vkiwfrZ] 5)
lEHkkfor c<+kskjh 900 dk y{; is'k dj jgk gSA fo'o esa 'khry is; dh isIlhdks 'khry is; ds ?kksy ds vk;kr esa yxus okys Mkyj jkf'k ds rhuxquk
c<k+skjh dh nj vklS ru 6 ls 8% rd fLFkj gAS (Hkkjr eas 1990&91 eas c<k+skjh ykxr ds fu;kZr dh O;oLFkkiukA
nj fLFkj Fkh) tcfd isIlh ds vkdM+s dkiQh c<+s&p<+s gSa] blesa dksbZ lansg ugha bl fo"k; esa ;g iz'kfLr tksM+k x;k fd dSls isIlh daiuh vius vjcksa
gS fd Hkkjr isIlh tSlh cgqjk"Vh; daifu;ksa ds fy;s ,d mi;qDr f'kdkjxkg Mkyj dh mifLFkfr ,oa fo'o] fo'ks"kdj e;&iwoZ ds vuqHko rFkk vius laiw.kZ
gS vkSj isIlh us vius lHkh laosndksa dks mfpr volj dh rkd eas rS;kj j[kkA rduhfd ,oa izcU/ ds vuqHkoksa ds lkFk ,d lgh ikVZuj cu jgk gSA 1) ns'k
;g isIlh dks vPNh rjg ls irk Fkk fd ek=k 'khry is; dks viuh ds f"k {ks=k ds izkFkfed 'kfDr dk mRFkku] 2) u;s fu;kZr voljksa dk
>ksyh eas j[kdj og Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh rjg izos'k ugha ik ldrkA gkykafd fuekZ.k ,oa fons'kh eqnzk dk 3%1 ds fu;kZr&vk;kr vuqikr ls] vkgj.k 3)
Hkkjr dh uhfr;klu~ 1977 ds ckn dkiQh uje gksrh xbaZ] ysfdu ;g vlEHko mRikn x.qkokk ,oa Hkkjr eas fu;krZ Nfo dh c<k+bZ 4) [kk| ll a k/u] idS fstxa
gh Fkk fd dksbZ Hkh dV~V~j lektoknh ns'k 'khry is; tSlh ,d xSj izkFkfedrk ,oa 'khry is; fuekZrk ds loksZR"V rduhdksa dk fcuk fons'kh eqnzk [kpZ fd;s
,oa xSj&t:jh oLrq ds O;kikj dks NwV ns nsA ;g ,d lkFkZd voLFkk gksrh vk;kr 5) nqljs lacaf/r O;kikjksa ds fy;s bl ifj;kstuk dk mhid dk dke
vxj ^mUgsa dsd [kkus nks* dh Nfo cukus nsrs rks gekjs usrkvksa dh yksdfiz;rk djuk 6) 'khry is; m|ksx ds c<+kus esa 7) vkS|ksfxd foLrkj ls midj.kksa
eas Hk;d a j deh vk ldrh Fkh vkjS muds fy, ;g jktufSrd vkRegR;k gkrshA ds fuekZ.k dks etcwrh ls c<+kus ds voljksa dk iztuu 8) m|ksxksa ,oa f"k
;g isIlh dks Li"V vkHkkl FkkA vr% ml oDr vko';drk Fkh dFkkud esa {ks=kksa eas jkstxkj ds voljksa ds cuus ds lkFk f"k] [kqnjkfch rFkk forj.k
FkksM+s ifjorZu dhA 'khry is; dks ihNs j[kdj turk dks Lohdk;Z eq[kkSVk eas {ks=kh; m|e ds volj ,oa 9) miHkksDrk cktkj ds foLrkj ls ljdkjh vk;
lkeus j[kus dh vko';drk Fkh] blfy;s [kk| oLrq lalk/u dk <ksax 'kq: esa etcwr c<+kskjhA
gv
q kA ;g vuHqko fd;k x;k fd ;fn dkbsZ ikzFkfed :i ls [kk| ll a k/u dk;Z izLrko ds var es ;g fu"d"kZ dgk x;k fd ;g vius foLr`r y{;ksa
ij dsfUnzr] tks fd lh/s rkSj ij f"k vFkZ'kkL=k ls lacf/r gks ,slh&ifj;kstuk ds dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk ds fdrus vuq:i gS rFkk] ^^jk"Vh; izkFkfedrkvksa tSls
ykbZ tk;s rks mls lgh ek;us es NwV fey ldrh gSA 'khry is; rc ,d fu;kZr] f"k] jkstxkj ,oa rduhfd Kku eas fo'ks"k :i ls lgk;d gSA foLrkj
fdukjs jgs vkSj iwjh ifj;kstuk ds lgk;d :i esa miyC/ jgsA bruk LFkkfir ls ;gh 20 fefy;u :i;s ds l;qaDr m|e dk izLrko FkkA ;g izLrko
djus ds ckn isIlh us MUdu bafM;k dh lg;ksxh laLFkk (,xzks izksMDV~l~ izFkkuqlkj Nkuchu ls xqtjus ds ckn mPpkf/dkfj;ksa] ftuds vf/dkj {ks=k esa
,DliksVZ bafM;k izk- fy-) ls ,d la;qkQ m|e dk xBtksM+ fd;kA vizSy 25] ;g ifj;kstuk iM+rh gS] vxzlkfjr fd;k x;kA ,sls gh ,d vf/dkjh laLFkk
1985 dks m|ksx fodkl ea=kky; ds lfpo dks ,d vk'k; i=k tek fd;k îatkc ,xzks bUMLVht dkiksZjs'ku* ls ftlds funs'kd vferkHk ik.Ms Fks] isIlh
x;kA (;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg;s fd ml oDr [kk| lalk/u ea=kky; dk xBu ,oa MUdu us lykg ,oa lg;ksx ds fy;s laidZ fd;kA MUdu ,UVjizkbt ds
ugha gqvk Fkk) la;qDr m|e ds mn~ns'; esa ;g dgk x;k fd ^^Hkkjr eas rS;kj dkjiksjsV fjlkslsZt mik;{k ,u-ds-izlkn dks lacksf/r ,d i=k esa ik.Ms us
f"k vk/kfjr mRiknksa ds fu;kZr dh mUufr ,oa fodkl rFkk isIlhdks ds fy[kkA
mRiknksa dk Hkkjr esa izorZu o fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djuk]^^ bu y{;ksa ds Hkkjr ljdkj dks fn;s x;s vkids izkFkZuk i=k dks eSus ns[kk vkSj ik;k
vuq:i la;qDr m|e dh LFkkiuk 1) Hkkjr esa mRiknu ,oa fu;kZr iz;klksa esa fd izLrkfor [kk| oLrq m|ksx ds ykHk ds i{k esa tks nkos fd;s x;s gSa os iwjh
iwt
h dh O;oLFkk 2) pqfuans mRiknksa ,oa lsokvksa dk foLr`r vUrjjk"Vh; cktkj rjg ls vlxar gAS [kk| ll a k/u O;olk; eas iMu+s okys ukeek=k ds iHzkko rFkk
eas fu;kZr] 3) isIlh dksyk bUVjus'kuy ls lacaf/r rduhdksa dks] fons'kh eqnzk oLrqr% dksbZ u;h iwth dk u yxuk vkSj fdlh u;s rdfud dk iz;ksx bl
dks ckgj Hksts fcuk] izkIr djuk] 4) îsIlh dks bUd* ls lkUnz ?kksy ds izLrko esa u gksus ds dkj.k bl izLrko ds iatkc ljdkj ds leFkZu izkfIr ds
fy;s eq>ls dksbZ leFkZu ;k odkyr dh vis{kk u djsa]^^ ml oDr ns'k esa bldh O;k[;k djrh gSA
isIlh ds vkus dh igyh dksf'k'k dh ;g izfrf;k jghA (ikUMs ds n`f"Vdks.k fe- ts-lh-pksiM+k] ofj"B mik;{k oksYVkl ,oa iatkc ljdkj esa esjs
isIlh dh nwljh dksf'k'k ds lUnHkZ esa dkiQh egRoiw.kZ gaSA) dgus dh lkfFk;ksa ls fopkj foe"kZ gqvkA eSus ljnkj izdk'k flag ckny ls Hkh ckrsa dhA
vko';drk ugha gS fd isIlh ds izLrko fdlh dks Hkjek ugha ik, vkSj lkanz bu ppkZvksa ds vk/kj ij esjk ;g lqfuf'pr er gS fd ;g izLrko ,oa izkFkZuk
?kksy dk vk;kr ugha fd;k tk ldk rFkk ?kjsyq 'kqYd {ks=k (DTA) eas fons'kh i=k] tSlk fd ;g gS] ljdkjh Lohfr ;k iatkc ljdkj dk iw.kZ leFkZu ugha
vkoMZ dk iz;ksx u gks ldus ds vk/kj ij [kfjt dj fn;k x;kA ik ldrk gSA orZeku izLrko dk fliQZ lq/kj gh ugha cfYd iwjh rjg ls R;kx
ysfdu isIlh bruh vklkuh ls gkj ekuus okyk ugha FkkA ;gha ij dj ,d u;k izLrko nsuk gksxkA u;s izLrko ds iatkc ljdkj ls iwjk leFkZu
jes'k okaxy (orZeku izcU/ funs'kd] isIlh iQwM~l~ bfUM;k) dk vkxeu gksrk ikus dh vk'kk dh tk ldrh gS] ;fn bls fuEufyf[kr rjhds ls cuk;k tk;s
gSA yUnu laLFkk esa dke djus ds ckn ^gj eqf'dy vklku* ds :i esa ;g --------eaS vk'kk djrk gwfd ;g Vy s Dsl xIqr j[kk tk+,xk rFkk oreZku eas bldh
[;kr g,qA iIslh ds f'kdkfj;kas us okxay ls lEidZ fd;k] vkjS mlds ckn muls dksbZ ppkZ MUdu ds lkFk ugha dh tk,A eaS fiQj ls dgrk gw fd ugha dh
feJ (bZthIV) eas izos'k djkus ds dk;Z dks lk/kA MUdu dh iw.kZ vliQyrk tk;sA ;fn mijksDr lq>ko Lohdk;Z gkas rks eaS pkgrk gwfd vki rqjar jkT;iky
ds i'pkr okaxy dks 1) dBhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks gy djus dh {kerk ,oa 2) Jh vtqZu flag ;k eq[; lfpo Jh ih-,p-oS".ko dks igys dh eqykdkrksa dk
,d vfuoklh Hkkjrh; gksus ds dkj.k eSnku eas yk;k x;kA gokyk nsrs gq, ,oa mijksDr rjhdksa ds rgr xBcU/u dh laHkkoukvksa dks
isIlh vc bl rF; dks gn;axe dj pqdk Fkk fd mlds ifj;kstuk crkrs gq, fy[kasA ;g i=k isIlh ds rjiQ ls tkuk pkfg;s u fd MUdu] oksYVkl
dh Lohfr ds fy;s jktuSfrd izpkj ,oa lgkjs dh vko';drk gh izeq[k gSA ;k fdlh Hkkjrh; laLFkk dh vksj lsA ,dckj bl vk'k; dk i=k Hkstus ds
mlus ;g Hkh tku fy;k Fkk fd [kk| lalk/u ds uke ij okd~+tky iQSYkkuk i'pkr esjk lq>ko gS fd vkidh Vksyh pUMhx<+ ,oa iatkc esa rhu ;k pkj fnu
dkiQh ugha gSA mudks ckr djus ds fy;s lkFkZd] foLr`r ,oa fof'k"V ykHkokys jgdj izLrko ds eqkas ij foLrkj ls dk;Z djs rFkk lHkh mPpkf/dkfj;ksa ls ,oa
rdksZa dh vko';drk gSA bu ckrksa dks fnekx es j[kdj mUgksusa viuh vkf[kjh jktuSfrd O;fDr;ksa ls feysA bR;knh-----
dksf'k'k 'kq: dhA vkSj ;g dguk iMs+xk fd ;s mudh vksj ls ,d cgqr gh iatkc ljdkj ls lEc ,d Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok ds vf/dkjh
laxfBr o lqfu;ksftr iz;kl Fkk] tcfd ;g ,d egkure dk ,d laLFkk ftldk fd og 'kq: esa fojks/ dj pqdk gks] bl rjg ds
/ks[kk Fkk tks fd ns'k dks Hkksxuk FkkA bl ckj muds lkFkh Fks ljdkjh laLFkk i=kkpkj ds izHkko dks xaHkhj dguk Hkh de gh gSA bl cfq iyV dk dj.k
iatkc ,xzks baMLVht dkiksZjs'ku (PAIC) rFkk VkVk dh laLFkk oksYVkl tks fd D;k gS\ ik.Ms ds uh;r dh foHkkxh; tkp t:jh yxrh gSA
(PAIC) ds lkFk oksyiQkeZ uke ls 'khry is; m|ksx esa viuh dksf'k'k ns[k vxLr 6]1986 dks varr% (PAIC) us isIlhdks bUd ds lkFk
pqds Fks tks cgqr liQy ugha gks ikbZA ^^la;qDr f"k m|ksx m|e fo'ks"kdj [kk| lalk/u ds {ks=k ds fy;s ,d
mijksDr vferkHk ik.Ms+] tks fd MUdu ds izLrko dks fljs ls udkj fons'kh lg;ksx gsrq vkSipkfjd izkFkZuki=k is'k fd;kA
pqds Fks] vc blh ifj;kstuk dh Lohfr ds dj leFkZd ds :i eas [kM+s gq,A ;g la;qDr m|e bl ckj (PAIC) isIlhdks ,oa MUdu dh txg
10 vxLr] 1985 dks mUgkasus ,d xqIr VsysDl (PAIC) ls isIlhdks ds kbZLV VkVk dh lg;ksxh oksYVkl fyfeVsM dk lfEeyu FkkA bl ckj [kk| lalk/u
vyczkbZV ,oa usLVj dkcsfuy&ofj"B mik;{k] isIlhdks] dks lacksf/r dj ds ij tksj Mkyk x;k rFkk 'khry is; dks de egRo fn;k x;kA isIlh dks
HkstkA iwjh rjg ls iyVh [kkdj vc og ,d e;LFk ,oa pkVqdkfjrk dh gn lcd fey pqdk FkkA dqN Hkh gks izLrko eas dksbZ fo'ks"k fHkUurk ugha FkhA bl
rd lgk;d cusA mUgksaus isIlh dks jktuSfrd ,oa ukSdj'kkgh lgkjksa dks ij ckn esa foLr`r ppkZ dh tk;sxhA tks Hkh gks izLrko dk laf{kIr i;kZoyksdu
,df=kr djus dk lq>ko fn;kA ik.M+s dk VsysDl (micU/ esa eqfnzr) Lo;a fuEukafdr gSA isIlhdks] ,oa oksYVkl fy- }kjk ,d la;qDr m|e dk izorZuA
ekfydkuk & fons'kh % isIlhdks & 39-89% 1986 dks [kk| ,oa ukxfjd vkiwfrZ eU=kky; ds lfpo oh- fot;'ks[kju us
Hkkjrh; &60-11% (PAIC) oksYVkl m|ksx eU=kky; ds m|ksx fodkl foHkkx ds lfpo dks fy[kk%
dqy bfDoVh & :- 9 djksM+ ^^lHkh izeq[k y{k.kksa ds lkFk ns'k ds ykHkkFkZ] bR;kfn ------ izLrko ds
dqy iwth & :- 22-55 djksM+ i{k esa ugha gSA isIlhdks dh 30% O;kikj f=ke oLrqvksa dks Hkkjr esa cspus
m|e ds eq[; ?kVd dh ifj;kstuk [kk| lalk/u m|ksx dks {kfr igqpk;sxhA
& f"k vuqla/ku dsUnz (iwth fuos'k & 1-55 djksM+) 22 tuojh] 1987 dks vkfFkZd O;kikj foHkkx (fMikVZesUV vkiQ
& vkyw@fpIl lalk/u bdkbZ;k (fuos'k & 8 djksM+) bdksukWfed viQs;j) ,iQ-,u-Vh-,UM Vh lsD'ku us fuEufyf[kr ckrsa dgh %
& iQy@lCth lalk/u bdkbZ;k (fuos'k & 7-5 djksM-) 'khry is; U;wure izkFkfedrk dk {ks=k gSA bl {ks=k esa isIlhdks ds vkxeu
& 'khry is; lkanz ?kksy bdkbZ (fuos'k & 5-5 djksM+) ls ?kjsyq mRikndksa dks lE;d {kfr gksxhA iz'u gS fd fdl izdkj fons'kh eqnzk
& dPps eky dk mi;ksx (iatkc esa) & 80]000 fefVd Vu dk fuxZeu ,oa fu;kZr vk; ds leUo; ij izHkkoh :i ls utj j[kh tk;A
uk'kikrh] VekVj] lso] vke (iQy@lCth mRiknu dk 25%) iz'u tks fd ;ku esa j[kuk gS] ;g gS fd ,d ckj bdkbZ ds LFkkiuk ds
20]000 fefVd Vu vkyw ,oa 'k"; (dqy mRiknu dk 7%) i'pkr ljdkj ds ikl izLrkfor fu;kZr ds u gksus ij D;k fodYi jgsxk\
&fu;kZr izfrcrk % 27 ebZ] 1987 dks ,d fo'ks"k PAB us fu'p; fd;k fd f"k
& dqy dkj[kkus esa mRiknu ewY; dk 50% foHkkx ds vfrfjDr lfpo ds usr`Ro esa ,d ny [kk|] iQy ,oa lCth lalk/
& fons'kh eqnzk dk vk;r&fu;kZr dk vuqikr 3%1 (fuxZe eas iwthxr u m|ksx esa rduhfd ;ksX;rk ,oa fo'ks"kKrk ds lkFk ,slh rduhd dks tkpus
;U=kkfn] dPpk eky] fMfoMs.M bR;kfn lfEefyr) ,oa ifj;kts uk eas LFkkukUrfjr djus dh {kerk dh tkp djxshA vkxs dgk x;k
& fu;kZr izfrcrk vof/ 10 o"kZ fd ;g ny isIlh dh 60% fu;kZr dh mkjnkf;Ro ds fuokZg ds bPNk dk
& U;wure lfEefyr fu;kZr vk; izfrcrk :&200 djksM+A vkdyu djsxh f"k vuqla/ku rFkk f"k lalk/u eas isIlhdks dh ;ksX;rk ,oa
;g isIlh ds vius gh 'kCnksa es izLrko dk foLr`r lkjka'k gSA /ks[kk/ vuqHko ds ckjs esa fo'ks"k ppkZ esa 27 ebZ dh cSBd esa [kk| foHkkx us ;g dgk
M+h dh vkSj xgjh tkp ckn esa nh tk;sxhA fd muds ikl isIlhdks dh ;ksX;rk ,oa vuqHko ds fo"k; eas dksbZ fuf'pr
lwpuk ugha gSA lkFk gh PAIC }kjk dksbZ fuf'pr vk'oklu Hkh ugha fn;k x;k
gAS
ukSdj'kkgh Nkuchu ;g r; fd;k x;k fd f"k lalk/u] [kk| ,oa lCth lalk/u
fdlh Hkh ifj;kstuk dh Lohfr ds fy;s ;g lk/kj.k izf;k gS rduhd ds LFkkukarj.k ds rduhdh ;ksX;rk ds fo"k; esa PAB dks tkp ,oa
fd lacaf/r eU=kky; izLrko dks ifj;kstuk Lohfr ifj"kn (PAB) dks nsrk vkdyu ds fy;s vkSj foLr`r lwpukvksa dh vko';drk gSA
gSA bl izLrko ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh ;gh fd;k x;kA PAB us viuh Nkuchu isIlh vxLr 10]1987 dks PAB dh ,d vkSj cSBd cqykbZ xbZ] ysfdu
dks miyC/ vkarfjd [kk| vfrfjDr lfpo] f"k foHkkx }kjk rduhdh i{k esa muds lwpukvksa dks tek
lalk/u rdfudksa dks esutj j[k dj 'kq: fd;k] gksusokys rduhdksa ds u djus ds dkj.k dksbZ fu.kZ; ugha fy;k tk ldk] tks Hkh gks f"k foHkkx
LFkkukUrj.k dh izfr ,oa rjhds] blls mRi gksus okys jkstxkj ds volj dks bl fo"k; esa i=kkpkj tkjh j[kus dks dgk x;kA tSlk fd ;gkirk pyrk
bR;kfnA blds fy;s PAB eas pqus x;s lfpoksa dh 16 flrEcj] 1986 dks gS] [kk| lalk/u isIlhdks dh rduhdh {kerk ds ckjs esa ftKklkvksa ds rgr
cB
S d gbqAZ ckn eas PAIC ds viQlj ykxs f"k ,oa lgdkfjrk lfpo Jhfuokl vfrfjDr lfpo] f"k foHkkx PAB dks tkudkjh nas]CFTRI, eSlwj dks Hkh
'kkL=kh ls feys ,oa ifj;kstuk ds fuLrkj.kksa ds fy;s izkFkZuk fdA 22 uoEcj
rduhdh lacaf/r fo"k;ksa dks tkpus dks dgk x;k gSA tks Hkh rduhd gS] mls Hkkjr esa gh fodflr fd;k x;k gS vkSj mls csgrj
nl fnuksa ds ckn cqyk;s x;s nwljs cSBd esa vfrfjDr lfpo] f"k Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
}kjk ekxs x;s fofunZs'kuksa ds tokc esa CSIR us ntZ djk;k fd] isIlhdks dk 2) Hkkjrh; 'khry is; m|ksx viuh rkdr vkSj {kerk ls gh vkxs
izLrko rduhdh foLrkj dk [kqyklk ugha djrhA vkxs] isIlhdks ,oa mldh c<k+ gS vkxs Hkh c<r+k jgxskA Hkkjrh; 'khryi;s m|kxs dks fdlh fon'skh dEiuh
lg;ksxh daiuh;k fliQZ vkyw ,oa eDds ds mRiknksa ds la'kks/u dh vuqHkoh dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gSA vHkh Hkkjrh; cktkj esa 'khry is;ksa ds fy;s tks
gAaS Lo;aiw.kZrk gS] og fons'kh dEiuh ds vkus ls VwVsxhA
mijksDr ukSdj'kkgh Nkuchu dh esjh izfr ls ;g Li"V gS fd ;g 3) isIlh dksyk tSlh dEifu;ksa ds vejhdh xqIrpj laLFkk lh-vkbZ-
izLrko ewyHkwr eqksa dks Nqikus eas liQy ugha gks ikbZA ;g Li"V Fkk fd uke ,- ds lkFk ?kkfs"kr lEcU/ g]S vkjS iIslh dky s k dk Hkkjr vkuk [krjs dk lpwd
ds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh rduhdh LFkkukUrj.k ugha gksus okyk FkkA fiQj PAB us gAS
fljs ls bl izLrko dks vLohr D;ksa ugha fd;k\ blds ckn 22-55 djksM+ 4) isIlh dksyk dEiuh ds ok;ns fcYdqy Hkh ;ku nsus yk;d ugha
dh ;g ifj;kstuk eaf=keaMy dks vxzlkfjr fd;k x;kA 6 flrEcj] 1988 dks gaSA isIlh dEiuh us fu;kZr ds tks ok;ns fd;s gSa] os lHkh [kks[kys lkfcr gksaxs
iwjs izLrko dks rkRdkfyu iz/ku ea=kh jktho xka/h }kjk Lo;a pqus gq, eaf=k;ksa isIlh dksyk dh iwjh utj Hkkjr ds ?kjsyw cktkj ij yxh gq;h gS vkSj ;g
ds ,d ny dks Hkstk x;kA 'kq: esa rkRdkyhu foRrea=kh ,u-Mh-frokjh bl ny dEiuh Hkkjr ds ?kjsyw cktkj ij dCtk djuk pkgrh gSA
ds usrk Fks] ysfdu mudh txg ljnkj cwVk flag dks ;g in fn;k x;k tks 5) ;fn isIlh dEiuh Hkkjr ds fdlkuksa vkSj f"k dk dqN Hkyk
fd isIlh ds vuqjkxh ds :i eas tkfgj FksA ;g iwjh izf;k ljdkj dh viuh djuk pkgrh gS] rks mls Hkkjr ls okil pyk tkuk pkfg,A
gh cukbZ gqbZ uhfr;ksa ds izfr opucrk ,oa ukSdj'kkgh dh lansgkRed ij fy[kh x;h lHkh ckrsa Hkkjr ds izeq[k lekpkj i=kksa eas izdkf'kr
dk;Z'kSyh ds fy;s dbZ lokyksa dks tUe nsrh gSA ;g bl ifj;kstuk izLrko dh gqbZa rFkk laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa Hkh ppkZ esa vk;haA laln esa ljdkj dh vksj
[kqyh izxfr Fkh tc rd fd bls loksZPp Lrj ls fuLrkfjr fd;k x;kA vkf[kj ls dbZ ckj dgk x;k fd isIlh dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa fo'ks"k 'kks/ vkSj fodkl
brus fojk/ s vkjS fojk/s kHkkl okyh ,d ifj;kts uk dks D;kas Lohr fd;k x;k\ ds dk;Z ds fy;s dgk tk;sxk] ftlls fdlkuksa dks ,oa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx
dks ykHk gksxkA ysfdu gj ckj isIlh dh vksj ls dgk x;k fd fliQZ 'kks/ ,oa
fodkl ds dk;Z esa isIlh dksyk dEiuh ugha vk;sxhA isIlh dEiuh dk Hkkjr
isIlhdksyk ds izkstsDV dks dSls eatwjh feyh\ ljdkj ds lkFk ,d iSdst Mhy gqvk Fkk blesa Hkkjr ds cktkj esa 'khry
Hkkjr eas ftruk fojks/ isIlh dksyk ds vkus ij gqvk] mruk fdlh is; cspus dh ckr ij gh isIlh dEiuh us vf/d tksj fn;kA Hkkjr ds dbZ
vU; fon'skh dEiuh ds ckjs eas ugha gv q k gAS lekpkji=kkas ,oa ehfM;k eas Hkh iIslh laxBuksa ,oa lekpkj i=kksa us ;g Mj O;Dr fd;k Fkk fd isIlh dksyk ,oa
dksyk ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN fy[kk x;kA laln esa Hkh isIlh dksyk ds ckjs esa dkd s k&dky s k tl
S h dEifu;kHkkjr ds cktkj eas ,dkf/dkj LFkkfir dj yxashA
dkiQh cglas gbqAaZ n'sk ds dbZ Hkkxkas eas Hkh iIslh dky
s k dk fojk/
s gvq kA v[kckjkas ;g Mj ckn esa lp lkfcr gqvk vkSj vkt cktkj eas iwjh rjg ls isIlh&dksdk
esa ftl rjg dh fjiksVZ isILkh dksyk ds ckjs esa Nih muds dqN mnkgj.k& dksyk dk ,dkf/dkj cu pqdk gSA isIlh dEiuh us ges'kk ls Hkkjr esa ;gh
1) Hkkjr dks bl rduhd dh (lkV fMad) dksbZ t:jr ugha gS] izpkfjr fd;k fd og rks [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx dh ,d dEiuh gS] ftlds
ftl rjg dh rduhd dks ysdj ;g vejhdh isIlh dksyk vk;h gSA lkV dqy 20]000 djksM+ : ds O;kikj dk nks frgkbZ [kk| izlaLdj.k ls gh vkrk
fMad ('khry is;) Hkkjr dk izkFkfed {ks=k ugha gSA 'khry is; ,slk {ks=k gSA^^ ysfdu ;g ljklj >wB gSA isIlh&dksyk ges'kk ls gh 'khry&is; dEiuh
ugha gS ftlesa fons'kh iwath fuos'k dh t:jr gksA isIlh dksyk dEiuh ds ikl jgh gS vkSj bldk iwjk cktkj 'khry is; dk gh gSA
laln esa bl fo"k; ij ljdkj dh dbZ ckj f[kapkbZ dh x;h fd esa jktho xka/h dh vkSj dkaxzsl ikVhZ dh pqukoksa eas ijkt; gq;hA mlds ckn
ljdkj viuh ?kksf"kr uhfr ds fo# tkdj isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa jktho xka/h us Lo;a laMs if=kdk dks fn, ,d lk{kkRdkj esa Lohdkj fd;k
cqyk jgh gSA blh lUnHkZ esa rRdkyhu iz/kuea=kh jktho xka/h dks ,d [kqyk fd isIlh izkstsDV cgqr cqjk gSA blh lk{kkRdkj esa jktho xka/h us dgk fd
i=k lkaln fpeuHkkbZ esgrk }kjk fy[kk x;k FkkA fpeuHkkbZ esgrk dks dkaxzsl tc ;g isIlh izkstsDV Lohr fd;k x;k Fkk] rc Bhd FkkA blh rjg 13
ls fuyfEcr dj fn;k x;k FkkA bl i=k easa dqN bl rjg ls fy[kk x;k & flrEcj 1986 esa bUnzdqekj xqtjky (tks ckn esa Hkkjr ds iz/kueU=kh Hkh cus)
^^fiz; Jh jkthoth] gkaykfd eq>s dkaxzsl ls fcuk fdlh vk/kj ds us ,d [kqyk i=k iz/kueU=kh ds uke fy[kk] tks VkbEl vkiQ bf.M;k
fuyfEcr dj fn;k x;k gS] fiQj Hkh esjk drZO; gS fd eSa dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds fgr lekpkj&i=k esa Hkh NikA bl i=k esa fy[kk x;k ^^Jheku~] vkt dy isIlh
esa fopkj d:A blfy;s ;g i=k vkidks fy[k jgk gwA bl i=k ds ek;e ls dksyk dEiuh ds leFkZu ,oa fojks/ esa cgqr lkjs rdZ&fordZ i<+us ,oa lquus
eSa ,d cM+h jktuSfrd Hkwy dh vksj ;ku fnykuk pkgrk gw] tks vkids }kjk dks fey jgs gSaA bu lHkh dks tkuus ls ,d fu"d"kZ rks t:j fudyrk gS fd
,oa vkidh ikVhZ ds }kjk dh x;h gSA eq>s yxrk gS fd O;fDrxr :i ls vki bl isIlh izkstsDV ds ihNs dqN fufgr LokFkZ Hkh dke dj jgs gSaA isIlh ds
us isIlh&dksyk izkstsDV dks leFkZu nsdj Hkkjh xyrh dh gSA vHkh Hkh cgqr leFkZu esa lcls cM+k rdZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr ds [kk| izlaLdj.k ,oa gkVhZdYpj
nsj ugha gq;h gS] ge bl xyrh dks Bhd dj ldrs gSaA gesa bl isIlh izkstsDV ds fy;s cgqr mi;ksxh gksxhA ysfdu esjk ;g ekuuk gS fd Hkkjrh; [kk|
dks ykxw djus esa nsjh djuh pkfg,] rkfd gesa fiQj ls bl izkstsDV ds ckjs izlaLdj.k m|ksx dk fodkl djus ds fy;s fdlh fons'kh dEiuh dh dksbZ
eas lkspus dk ekSdk feysA vkidks iatkc ;k=kk esa ;g crk;k x;k fd] isIlh t:jr ugha gSA isIlh dksyk dEiuh dh vksj ls tks iSdst Hkkjr ljdkj ds
dksyk izkstsDV dh ckr dkaxzsl ds fy;s ykHkdkjh gksxh] ysfdu vkidh igyh lkeus is'k fd;k x;k gS] mlh rjg ds izLrko nf{k.kh vejhdh ns'kksa dh
iatkc ;k=kk vPNh ugha jghA gesa bl isIlh izkstsDV ds dbZ igyqvksa ij fiQj ljdkjksa ds lkeus Hkh bu vejhdh dEifu;ksa ds }kjk is'k fd;s x;s FksA ysfdu
ls fopkj djuk gksxkA lcls egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd yksx ekurs gSa fd lHkh nf{k.kh vejhdh ns'k mu izLrkoksa dks Lohdkj djds cjckn gks x;sA bu
isIlh&dksyk izkstsDV ds ihNs vkidk iwjk gkFk gS vkSj vk'khZokn gSA dkaxzsl fons'kh dEifu;ksa us nf{k.k vejhdk ds fdlkuksa dks iwjh rjg ls cjckn dj
ikVhZ dks pquko ds le; bldk Hkqxrku djuk iM+sxkA gekjs ns'k ds yksx bl fn;k FkkA eq>s yxrk gS fd Hkkjr esa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx] iQy ,oa ckxokuh
isIlh izkstsDV dks jktho xka/h ds usr`Ro okyh dkaxzsl dh] vehjksa ds fgr esa m|ksx esa kafr gksuh pkfg,] ysfdu bl kafr ds fy;s fons'kh dEifu;ksa dh
cuk;h tkus okyh uhfr ds :i esa gh ns[ksaxsA ftl ns'k esa yksxksa dks ihus dk dksbZ t:jr ugha gSA bl kafr dh rduhd ij fdlh ,d dk lef/dkj ugha
ikuh ykus ds fy;s ehyksa iSny tkuk iM+rk gks] mlh ns'k esa isIlh dEiuh ds gAS nfqu;k eas dbZ NkVss n'sk tl
S ]s cYxkfj;k vkjS xhzl us Hkh bl [kk| il
z Ladj.k
'khry is; dk fcduk] yk[kksa&djksM+kas Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds fy;s (tks thou dh dh rduhd esa egkjr gkfly dh gSA ;g rduhd [kqys cktkj esa vklkuh ls
cfqu;knh lfqo/kvkas ls ofapr g)aS vieku tl S k gh gkxskA ftl rjg ckisQkls Z rkis miyC/ gSA isIlh dEiuh ds }kjk izLrkfor djkj gekjs Hkkjr ds fgr esa ugha
lkSns esa gekjh cnukeh gq;h gS] mlh rjg blesa Hkh gksxhA ftl fu;kZr ds vk/ gSA nqfu;k ds vR;Ur vfodflr ns'kkas esa rks isIlh izLrko dh dksbZ t:jr gks
kj ij vkius isIlh izkstsDV dks gjh >.Mh fn[kkbZ gS] og fu;kZr dk rdZ yksxksa ldrh gS] ysfdu Hkkjr esa bldh dksbZ t:jr ughaA isIlh dEiuh Hkkjr ds
dks Lohdkj ugha gksxkA vkus okys pqukoksa esa ;g isIlh izkstsDV yksxksa dh utj fdlkuksa dk cgqr uqdlku djsxh] D;ksafd isIlh tSlh lHkh vejhdh dEifu;ksa
esa [kVdsxk] vkSj gekjh ikVhZ dks ijkt; dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA isIlh dh vknr ,dkf/dkj ds lkFk O;kikj djus dh jgh gSA gekjs fdlku ,d
dksyk ,d egkdk; dEiuh gS] tks fdlh Hkh ljdkj dk lEeku ugha djrh fons'kh dEiuh ds jgeksdje ij fuHkZj gks tk;sa] ;g fcYdqy vPNk ugha gSA
gSA gesa bl isIlh izkstsDV dks iwjh rjg ls cUn djuk gksxkA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk Hkkjr esa vkuk ,d xyr 'kq#vkr gS ftlls] vkus
iwoZ lkaln fpeuHkkbZ esgrk }kjk fy[ks x;s bl i=k ds ckn lu~ 1989 okys le; esa vU; vejhdh dEifu;ksa ds fy;s Hkh Hkkjr esa ,d jkLrk [kqy
tk;sxkA Hkkjr esa cgqr NksVs mn~ns';ksa vkSj vius LokFkZ ds fy;s dke djus okys gks x;k gSA Hkkjrh; dEiuh îkjys* cktkj ls xk;c gks x;hA igys yksxksa dks
jktuhfrKksa dks ;s fons'kh dEifu;k vius fy;s ykWch cukus ds fy;s mi;ksx 300 feyh] 'khry is; dh cksry 3-50 :- rd esa feyrh Fkh tks c<+rs&c<+rs
djrh gSaA ;g ykWch Hkkjrh; uhfr;ksa dks tks le; fl [kjh mrjha gSa] cny 10 :- izfr cksry rd igqp x;hA isIlh dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ksa us
nsxh] ;g ns'k ds fy;s [krjukd gksxkA Hkkjr dh dbZ NksVh&NksVh LFkkuh; ckWVfyax dEifu;ksa dks [kjhn fy;k] ;k
isIlh dksyk dEiuh ds fojks/ esa tc bl rjg ds [kqys i=k "kM+;a=k djds can djk fn;kA isIlh dksyk dEiuh us ;g dke cgqr gh prqjkbZ
iz/kueU=kh dks fy[ks tkus yxs] rks fiQj bl dEiuh us ,d u;k rjhdk ls fd;kA e;izns'k ds ,d m|ksxifr ,oa ckWVfyax IykUV ds ekfyd ,e-ih-
viuk;kA bl dEiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa us iatkc ds dqN xkaoksa esa tkdj fdlkuksa t;iqfj;k ds usr`Ro esa isIlh dksyk ds leFkZu ls ,d laxBu cuk;k x;kA bl
dks cgyk&iQqlykdj vius leFkZu eas ,d gLrk{kj vfHk;ku pyk;kA yxHkx laxBu esa NksVs&NksVs ckWVfyax IykUVksa ds ekfydksa dks 'kkfey djk;k x;k vkSj
bl rjg ls 20]000 gLrk{kj Hkkjr ljdkj dks lkSais x;sA Hkkjr ljdkj ds iSls ds nckc esa bu lHkh us isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk nkeu idM+ fy;kA
lkeus ;g is'k fd;k x;k fd isIlh&dksyk dks Hkkjr esa fdlku Hkh pkgrs gSaA isIlhdksyk dEiuh ds izkstsDV dks Hkkjr esa eatwjh feyus esa yxHkx
ijks{k:i ls Hkkjr ljdkj dks ;g /edh Hkh nh x;h fd ;fn ljdkj us 2 lky yxsA bu iwjs 2 lkyksa rd vejhdh ljdkj dk nckc Hkkjr ljdkj
isIlh&dksyk izkstsDV dks eatwjh ugha nh rks iatkc eas fdlkuksa dk oksV dkaxzsl ij iM+rk jgkA vejhdh ljdkj ds rRdkyhu mijk"Vifr tktZ cq'k (tks ckn
ikVhZ (tks ml le; ljdkj esa Fkh) dks ugha feysxkA bl gLrk{kj vfHk;ku esa vejhdk ds jk"Vifr Hkh cus] vkSj vkt vejhdh jktuhfr{ks=k esa mUgsa
esa isIlh dksyk dEiuh ds vferkHk ik.Ms ,oa xksdqy iVuk;d uke ds cM+s&cM+s lhfu;j c'qk dgk tkrk g]S vFkkrZ oreZku vejhdh jk"Vifr tktZ c'qk ds firk
vf/dkjh 'kkfey FksA lhfu;j tktZ cq'k)] vejhdh ljdkj dh okf.kT; ea=kh dkykZ fgYl ,oa Hkkjr
isIlh dEiuh us Hkkjr ljdkj ij ncko Mkyus ds fy;s rRdkyhu eas vejhdh jktnrw dh vkjs ls Hkkjr ljdkj dks ncko Hkjs i=k vkjS lna'sk vkrs
iatkc esa py jgs mxzokn&vkradokn dk Hkh Hkjiwj iz;ksx fd;kA isIlh dEiuh jgAs vejhdh ljdkj dh vkjs ls Hkkjr ljdkj dks liqj&301 vkjS Li'sky&301
us viuh vksj ls ,d izpkj vfHk;ku pyk;k fd] iatkc dh lHkh dkuwuksa ds izko/kuksa ds vk/kj ij dk;Zokgh djus dh /edh nh tkrh jghA
vkfFkZd&jktuSfrd leL;kvksa dk lek/ku isIlh izkstsDV ds Lohr gks tkus isIlh dksyk dEiuh dk rRdkyhu eqf[k;k MksukYM dsaMy Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj
esa gh gSA isIlh dEiuh us ;g Hkh izpkj v[kckjksa ds }kjk djk;k fd ;fn vejhdh ljdkj ds chp esa fcpkSfy;s dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgkA Hkkjr ljdkj
isIlh izkstDV dks tYn Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;k rks iatkc dh vkfFkZd leL;k;sa dks ckj&ckj ;g dgk x;k fd ;fn isIlh izkstsDV dks eatwjh ugha feyh rks fiQj
Hkh c<+saxh vkSj bu leL;kvksa ds c<+us ls vkradokn Hkh c<+sxkA isIlh dh vksj Hkkjr esa fons'kh iwath fuos'k :d tk;sxkA bUgha lkjs nckoksa esa rRdkyhu
ls v[kckjkas eas il
S s nd
s j y[sk Niok;s x;s fd bl dEiuh ls Hkkjr ds 50]000 iz/kueU=kh jktho xka/h us isIlh izkstsDV dks eatwjh nhA
yksxksa dks jkstxkj feysxkA jktho xka/h ds eu esa isIlhdksyk izkstsDV dks ysdj ,d jktuSfrd
nwljh vksj isIlh dEiuh us Hkkjrh; 'khry is; dEiuh ikjys ds Hk; iSnk gks x;kA ,d vksj rks vejhdk dh ukjktxh dk Hk;] rks nwljh vksj
f[kykiQ ,d izpkj vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;kA ikjys ds fo: isIlh us cM+s&cM+s viuh ikVhZ esa lkalnksa dk Hk; jktho xka/h dsk lrkus yxkA dkaxzsl ikVhZ eas
iksLVj ,oa i=kd cuk;s] v[kckjksa esa foKkiu fn;sA buesa dgk x;k fd dbZ lkalnksa us vU; lkalnksa ds lkFk feydj jktho xka/h dks i=k fy[kus 'kq:
isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds Hkkjr esa vkus ij izfr;ksfxrk c<+sxh] yksxksa dks lLrh dj fn;sA nwljh vksj laln ds vUnj gjh".k 'kkL=kh (iwoZ iz/kueU=kh Jh yky
dher ij 'khry is; ihus dks feysxk] ikjys dEiuh dk ,dkf/dkj VwVsxk cgknqj 'kkL=kh ds cM+s csVs) us 52 lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj ls ;qDr ,d Kkiu isIlh
vkfnA ysfdu vkt isIlh&dksyk vkSj dksdk&dksyk tSlh vejhdh dEifu;ksa dksyk ds fojks/ esa jktho xka/h dks lkSaikA blds ckn isIlh dEiuh us vius
ds vkus ds ckn Hkkjrh; cktkj esa iwjk ,dkf/dkj bu nksuksa dEifu;ksa dk gh ,d vf/dkjh jes'k oaxy dks lkeus yk;kA jes'k oaxy us isIlh dksyk ds
leFkZu esa laln es vanj&ckgj ykWfcax djokuk 'kq: fd;kA iz/kueU=kh dEiuh us nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vMSdyjkt dks viuk Sapkblh cukus dk lkSnk dj
dk;kZy; esa isIlh us vius ,stsUV fu;qDr djk;s] tks gj iQSlys dh tkudkjh fy;kA cnys esa vMSdyjkt us nf{k.k Hkkjrh; lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj isIlh ds
isIlh ds ij rd ds vf/dkfj;ksa dks igqpk;k djrs FksA bUgha ,stsUVksa dh leFkZu esa tqVkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA bl izf;k esa dbZ ,sls lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj
enn ls mu lHkh lkalnksa dks isIlh dksyk ds i{k esa ykus dk dk;Z fd;k x;k] Hkh isIlh dEiuh ds leFkZu esa fy;s x;s] ftUgksaus iwoZ esa isIlh dEiuh ds
ftUgksaus isIlh dksyk ds fojks/ esa jktho xka/h dks Kkiu fn;k FkkA fojks/ esa gLrk{kj fd;s FksA rfeyukMq izns'k ds 48 lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj isIlh
gjh".k 'kkL=kh ds NksVs HkkbZ vfuy 'kkL=kh (iwoZ iz/kueU=kh Jh yky dEiuh ds leFkZu esa fy;s x;sA blesa ckn esa 8 vkSj ,sls lkalnksa us gLrk{kj
cgknqj 'kkL=kh ds NksVs csVs) dks isIlh dEiuh ds vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk izHkkfor fd;s] tks lHkh iwoZ esa isIlh dEiuh ds izkstsDV ds fojks/ esa gLrk{kj ;qDr
fd;k x;k] ftUgksaus ckn esa vius cM+s HkkbZ gjh".k'kkL=kh dks isIlhdksyk ds Kkiu jktho xka/h dks ns pqds FksA bl izdj.k ls ;g lkiQ gks tkrk gS fd
leFkZu ds fy;s rS;kj fd;kA /hjs&/hjs gjh".k 'kkL=kh us isIlh dk fojks/ gekjs lalnh; yksdrU=k dks bu LokFkhZ] vuSfrd] xSj ftEesnkj] vkSj Hkz"V
djuk can dj fn;k] vkSj ckn esa ,dne 'kkar gksdj cSB x;sA 'kkL=kh ds csVs lkalnksa us ,d rjg ls oSpkfjd os';ko`fk cuk fn;k gSA bl rjg isIlhdksyk
lat; us Hkh blesa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA lat; ml le; I;ksj fMaDl dEiuh ds leFkZu esa 54 lkalnksa us gLrk{kj dj fn;sA 15 vxLr 1986 dks ;s lHkh
ds fy, ckWVfyax dk dke djrs FksA ckn esa I;ksj fMaDl dEiuh ds lHkh 54 lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj isIlh dEiuh dks lkSais x;sA ckn esa bu gLrk{kjksa dks
ckWVfyax dk dke djus okys yksx ;k rks isIlh dksyk ds lkFk pys x;s ;k jktho xka/h dks fn;k x;kA blh 15 vxLr 1986 dks isIlh dksyk dEiuh us
dksdk dksyk ds lkFk pys x;sA lkaln vMSdyjkt ds lkFk ,d O;kikfjd le>kSrk fd;k (Franchise
isIlh dksyk dEiuh us vius fy;s lkalnksa dk leFkZu tqVkus ds fy;s Agreement), ftlds vk/kj ij nf{k.k Hkkjr esa isIlh dEiuh dk O;kikfjd
VkVk xqzi dh dEiuh oksYVkl ds vf/dkjh tkfgn csx dk mi;ksx fd;kA lkezkT; LFkkfir gqvkA
tkfgn csx dk HkkbZ dksdk&dksyk dEiuh dk cM+k vf/dkjh FkkA tkfgn csx isIlh dEiuh ds eq[; vf/dkjh jes'k oaxy us lkalnksa dks vius
ds ,d lg;ksxh ".ku us nf{k.k Hkkjrh; lkalnksa dks isIlh ds leFkZu esa leFkuZ eas djus ds ckn fiQj dbZ jkT;kas ds e[q;efa=k;kas dks vius iHzkko eas yusk
tqVkuk 'kq: fd;kA isIlh dEiuh dh j.kuhfr Fkh fd nf{k.k Hkkjrh; lkalnksa 'kq: fd;kA bl dM+h esa lcls igys tEew&d'ehj ds rRdkyhu eq[;ea=kh
ds gLrk{kj gh tqVk;s tk;as] D;ksafd isIlh ds fojks/ esa ftu lkalnksa us gLrk{kj iQk#[k vCcnqYyk rFkk fgekapy izns'k ds rRdkyhu eq[;ea=kh ohj Hknz flag dks
;qDr Kkiu jktho xka/h dks fn;k Fkk] os vf/dka'k lkaln mRrj Hkkjr ds FksA izHkko eas fy;k x;kA bu nksuksa eq[;ea=kh;ksa dh vksj ls iz/kuea=kh jktho xka/h
blh j.kuhfr ds rgr nf{k.k Hkkjr ds lkaln Mk- jkts'oju dks lcls igys dks isIlh izkstsDV dks leFkZu djus okys i=k fy[ks x;sA iatkc ljdkj ds dbZ
lEidZ fd;k x;kA isIlh dEiuh ds lHkh cM+s vf/dkjh jes'k oaxy] vferkHk vf/dkjh tks iIslh&dky s k ds fojk/
s eas Fk]s mUgas vejhdk dh ;k=kk djk;h x;hA
ik.Ms] tkfgj csx] ".ku rFkk rRdkyhu dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds lfpo vfuy'kkL=kh vejhdk dh ;k=kk ls ykSVrs gh bu vf/dkfj;ksa dk iwjk fopkj ,oa gn;
yxkrkj lkaln Mk- jkts'oju ds lEidZ esa jgsA Mk- jkts'oju rfeyukMq ls ifjorZu gks x;k vkSj ;s lHkh vf/dkjh tks iwoZ esa fojks/h Fks isIlhdksyk ds
lkaln Fks] tks fiQYeh nqfu;k ls jktuhfr esa vk;s FksA Mk- jkts'oju ds lg;ksx leFkZu esa vk x;sA dbZ ckj ,slk Hkh gqqvk fd isIlh dEiuh ds vf/dkjh jes'k
ls fr:fpjkiYyh ds dkaxzsl lkaln vMSdyjkt dks isIlh ds leFkZu ds fy;s oaxy }kjk fy[ks x;s i=kksa ij gh lkalnksa us gLrk{kj dj fn;s vkSj fQj og i=k
rS;kj fd;k x;kA vMSdyjkt rfeyukMq ds cgqr cM+s 'kjkc m|ksxifr gqvk iz/kueU=kh jktho xka/h ds ikl Hkstk x;kA jktho xka/h dks ;g iRkk Hkh ugha
djrs FksA pyk gksxk fd] tks Kkiu ;k i=k vkfn lkalnksa dh vksj ls isIlh ds leFkZu
isIlh dEiuh us ^fMuj fMIykseslh* dk Hkjiwj bLrseky djuk 'kq: esa mUgsa fn;s x;s] os okLro esa isIlh dEiuh ds eq[; vf/dkjh jes'k caxy }kjk
fd;kA vMSdyjkt us isIlh dEiuh ds lkFk lkSnsckth djuk 'kq: fd;kA isIlh gh fy[ks x;s FksA
19 flrEcj 1988 dks jktho xka/h us isIlh&dksyk ds izkstsDV dks 9) isIlh&dksyk dEiuh viuk lkV fMad ('khry is;) dk
vfUre :i ls et a jwh ns fn;kA gkykfd jktho xk/ a h ds e[q; lfpo xkish vjkjsk dalUVsV ('khris; cukus ds fy;s t:jh ?kksy) Hkkjr esa gh rS;kj djsxh] bls
us Hkh dkiQh fojks/ fd;kA mUgksaus jktho xka/h dks dkiQh le>kus dh dksf'k'k vejhdk ls vk;kr ugha fd;k tk;sxkA
fd bl izkstsDV dks eatwjh nsus ds ifj.kke dkiQh [kjkc gksaxsA ysfdu jktho 10) isIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk esa vf/dre iwth Hkkjrh; lg;ksxh tSls
xka/h us xksih vjksjk dh ckr dk Hkh ;ku ugha fn;kA ftl ea=kky; dh vksj oksYVkl ,oa iatkc ,xzks bUMLVht dkjiksjs'ku ds ikl jgsxhA
ls iIslhdkys k ikzt
s DsV dks et a jwh nh x;h ,oa ?kk"sk.kk dh x;h og eU=kky; [kk| 11) isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks vius fu;kZr ok;nksa dks 10 lky rd
,oa izlaLdj.k ea=kky; FkkA blesa ml le; eU=kh gqvk djrs Fks] txnh'k fuHkkuk iM+sxkA vFkkZr isIlh&dksyk ftruk ewY; dk mRiknu
VkbZVyjA 19 flrEcj 1988 dh 'kke 8 ctdj 40 feuV ij nwjn'kZu djsxh] mldk 50% yxkrkj 10 lkyksa rd fu;kZr djrh jgsxhA
lekpkjksa esa] ljdkj ds }kjk isIlh&dksyk dh ifj;kstuk eatwjh dk lekpkj 12) isIlh&dksyk dEiuh equkQk dek dj vius ns'k vejhdk rHkh
vk;kA ys tk ldsxh] tc fd og fu;kZr dh 'krkasZ dks iwjk djsA vFkkZr 5Mkyj dk
Hkkjr ljdkj us isIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk dks ftu 'krksZa ds vk/kj ij fu;kZr djds gh ;g dEiuh 1 Mkyj Hkkjr ls ys tk ldsxhA
eatwjh nh os 'krsZa bl izdkj Fkh % 13) isIlh dEiuh dks tks dqN Hkh vk;kr djuk gksxk] og cgqr
1) bl ifj;kstuk ls iwjs ns'k esa 50]000 yksxksa dks vkSj iatkc esa t:jh gkxsk rHkh gks ldxskA vFkkrZ~ dEiuh xjS t:jh vk;kr ugha dj ldxshA
25]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj feysxkA vFkkZr isIlh ifj;kstuk ls dqy feykdj vk;kr Hkh Hkkjr ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa ,oa dkuwuksa ds vk/kj ij gh gks ldsxkA
75]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj feysxkA 14) ifj;kstuk Lohr gksus ds igys gh lky esa isIlh dEiuh dks
2) iatkc izns'k eas iSnk gksus okys dqy iQy vkSj lfCt;ksa dk 25% 20 djksM+ :- dk lkeku Hkkjr ls fu;kZr djuk iM+sxkA
izlaLdj.k bl ifj;kstuk }kjk gksxkA 15) isIlh dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa [kk| ,oa f"k izlaLdj.k dk ,d
3) bl ifj;kstuk ls Hkkjr esa [kk| izlaLdj.k dh og rduhd yk;h 'kks/ dsUnz [kksyuk iM+sxkA ;g 'kks/ dsUnz Hkkjrh; f"k vuqla/ku dsUnz ,oa
tk;sxh tks ns'k eas miyC/ ugha gSA bl rduhd dh enn ls Hkkjr dk fu;kZr f"k fo'ofo|ky;] yqf/;kuk dh ns[k&js[k esa pysxkA
c<xs+kA 16) Hkkjr esa isIlh&dksyk dEiuh vius fdlh Hkh eky ij fons'kh
4) dqy ifj;kstuk ykxr dk 74% [kk| izlaLdj.k {ks=k esa gh (vejhdh) czkaM&uke bLrseky ugha djsxhA
yxk;k tk;xskA bu lHkh 'krksZa ds vk/kj ij gh isIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk dks Lohr
5) isIlh dEiuh ds dqy mRiknu dk 50% fu;kZr fd;k tk;sxkA fd;k x;kA ysfdu vkt 15 lky iwjs gksus ds ckn Hkh isIlh dEiuh us ,d
6) isIlh dEiuh vius dqy mRiknu ewY; ds 25% ds gh 'khry Hkh 'krZ iwjh ugha dh gSA isIlh dEiuh us iQjojh 1989 esa gksf'k;kjiqj esa tgwjk
is; dk mRiknu dj ldsxhA uked LFkku ij ,d iQSDVjh cukbZ ftlesa VekVj dh pVuh vkSj lkWl cukus
7) bl ifj;kstuk ls 174 djksM+ :- dk vfrfjDr jktLo (VSDl) dh ckr dgh x;hA fiQj twu 1989 esa isIlh dEiuh us iatkc esa NUuks uked
izfro"kZ ljdkj dks feysxkA LFkku ij ,d 'khry is; (lkV fMad) dh iQSDVjh yxk;hA
8) isIlh&dksyk dEiuh tc 5 Mkyj ewY; ds cjkcj dk Hkkjr ls tc iIslh&dky s k dEiuh dh ifj;kt
s uk dks Hkkjr eas et
a jwh nh tk jgh
fu;kZr djsxh rc 1 Mkyj ds cjkcj ewY; dk vk;kr dj Fkh ml le; dksdk&dksyk dEiuh [kkeks'kh ds lkFk ;g lc ns[k jgh FkhA bl
ldsxhA vFkkZr isIlhdks ftruk vk;kr djsxh] mldk ikap xquk dksdk&dksyk dks 1977 esa Hkkjr ls Hkxk;k x;k FkkA 1977 dh rRdkyhu
fu;kZr djuk iM+sxkA turk ljdkj us dksdk&dksyk dEiuh dk ykbZlsal fujLr dj fn;k FkkA
ysfdu ;gh dksdk&dksyk Hkkjr esa fiQj ls vkus ds fy;s jkLrk [kkstus yxhA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk izLrko [kk| izlaLdj.k ea=kky; }kjk Lohr fd;k
tSls gh isIlh ifj;kstuk dks izkFkfed eatwjh 1986 esa feyh] dksdk&dksyk x;k vkSj dksdk&dksyk dEiuh dk izLrko okf.kT; ea=kky; }kjk Lohr fd;k
dEiuh us vius fo'ks"kKksa dh ,d Vhe dks Hkkjr Hkst fn;kA dksdk&dksyk dh x;kA ysfdu dksdk&dksyk dEiuh ds izLrko dh fojks/ [kk| izlaLdj.k
Vhe us Hkkjr vkdj isIlh&dksyk ds Hkkjr ljdkj ls gq;s djkj dk v;;u ea=kky; txnh'k VkbZVyj }kjk dkiQh fd;k x;k] tcfd bUgha ea=kh] txnh'k
fd;kA blh djkj dks ;ku esa j[kdj dksdk&dksyk us Hkh vius fy;s ,d u;k VkbZVyj vkSj muds ea=kky; us isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk iwjh rkdr ls leFkZu
djkj Hkkjr ljdkj ls djus dk r; fd;kA blds fy;s dksdk&dksyk dEiuh fd;kA bl lUnHkZ eas okf.kT; ea=kh fnus'k flag ,oa [kk| izlaLdj.k ea=kh
us Hkkjr ljdkj dh fo'ks"k fu;kZr {ks=k (Export Prousing Zone) cukus dh txnh'k VkbZVyj ds chp i=kksa }kjk dkiQh fookn Hkh gqvkA
uhfr dk iQk;nk mBk;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjr dk] fu;kZr vk/kfjr fodkl
djus dk] iQSlyk fd;k FkkA blds fy;s fo'ks"k fu;kZr {ks=k cuk;s x;s] tgk isIlh dksyk dEiuh }kjk Hkkjr ljdkj dks fn;s x;s /ks[ks
ij yxus okyh vkS|ksfxd bZdkbZ;ksa dks 100% fu;kZr djus ds fy;s izksRlkgu iIslh&dkys k dEiuh us viuh ifj;kt
s uk dh et a jwh ds rjqra
fn;k tkus yxkA bu fo'ks"k fu;kZr {ks=kksa dk ,d fu;e Fkk] fd ;gkcuus okyh ckn gh Hkkjr ljdkj dks /ks[ks nsus 'kq# fd;sA lcls igyk /ks[kk ifj;kstuk
dksbZ Hkh oLrq Hkkjrh; cktkj esa ugha fcdsxhA ckn esa Hkkjr ljdkj us fons'kh ykxr dks c<k+dj fn;k x;kA tc ifj;kt s uk Lohr gbqZ Fkh] rc mldh ykxr
dEiuh dksdk&dksyk ds ncko esa bl uhfr dks FkksM+k cny fn;kA fiQj ,d 22 djksM+ #i;s j[kh x;h Fkh] ysfdu isIlh us bls c<+kdj 75 djksM+ #i;s dj
ubZ uhfr cuk;h x;h fd] fo'ks"k fu;kZr {ks=k esa bZdkbZ yxkus okyh dEiuh dks fn;k] vkSj bl rjg Hkkjr ns'k ls 53 djksM+ #i;s vejhdk Hkst fn;k x;kA
dqy mRikn dk 25% Hkkjrh; cktkj esa cspus dh NwV gksxhA tc bl ckjs eas Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk iIslh dEiuh ls iNw rkN dh x;h rks dEiuh
dksdk&dksyk us blh ljdkjh fu;kZr {ks=k dh ;kstuk ds vk/kj ij us fnlEcj 1989 esa crk;k fd le; chrus ds lkFk ifj;kstuk dh ykxr Hkh
uks;Mk fu;kZr {ks=k esa ,d vkS|ksfxd bZdkbZ yxkus ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj ds c<+ xbZ gSA isIlh dEiuh us vejhdk ls yk;h x;h e'khujh dh dherksa dks
lkeus izzLrko j[kkA blesa 25% mRiknu Hkkjrh; cktkj esa cspus ds fy;s vuki&'kuki c<+kdj gh bl ykxr dks c<+k;kA rduhdh Hkk"kk esa bldks
izLrkfor fd;k x;kA ftl rjg ls isIlh dksyk us jktuSfrd ncko Mkyus ds vksoj buok;flax dgk tkrk gSA vFkkZr vejhdk esa dksbZ e'khu dh
fy, lkalnksa dks vius leFkZu esa [kM+k djus dk] eq[;eaf=k;ksa dks viuh vksj okLrfod dher ;fn 1 djksM+ Mkyj gks rks mlss c<+kdj 3 djksM+ Mkyj dj fn;k
feykus dk dk;Z fd;k] Bhd mlh rjg ls dksdk&dksyk us Hkh djuk 'kq# tk; rks ml e'khu dks Hkkjr ykus esa 2 djksM+ Mkyj lh/s vejhdk dh isIlh
fd;kA vkSj Hkkjrh; lalnh; yksdrU=k ds Hkz"Vkpkj] LokFkZokn vkSj oSpkfjd dEiuh ds [kkrs esa ykHk ds :i esa tek gks tk;sxkA blh rjg isIlh&dksyk
o's;kof`k ds pyrs dkd s k&dky
s k dks Hkh Hkkjr eas et
a jwh fey x;hA dkd
s k&dky
s k dEiuh ls vk;kfrr e'khuksa dh dherksa dks c<+kdj 53 djksM+ :i;s Hkkjr ds
dks ftl vk/kj ij eatwjh feyh] mlh dks vk/kj cukdj ,d vkSj izLrko isIlh&dksyk ds [kkrs ls vejhdk dh isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds [kkrs esa Hkst
Hkkjr ljdkj ds lkeus isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us is'k fd;kA fn;As iIslh&dky s k dEiuh us lkekU; :i ls 200 ls 300 ifzr'kr rd vkosj
bl nwljs izLrko ds fy;s isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us rRdkyhu iatkc ds buok;flax fd;kA
jkT;iky flkFkZ 'kadj jk; dk lgkjk fy;kA flkFkZ 'kadj jk; us lu~ 1977 isIlh dEiuh dks Hkkjrh; foRrh; laLFkkvksa us 43 djksM+ :i;s dk
esa dksdk&dksyk ds ykbZlsal jn~n djus dk cgqr fojks/ fd;k FkkA flkFkZ dtZ fn;kA ;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd iwjs 75 djksM+ :- dh ykxr okyh
'kadj jk; Hkkjrh; laln esa ges'kk ls fons'kh iwth vkSj fons'kh dEifu;ksa ds ifj;kstuk dks Hkkjr esa gh 43 djksM+ :- dk dtkZ fey x;kA bl dtsZ dks
leFkZu djus ds fy;s e'kgwj jgsA dksdk&dksyk ds izLrko dks eatwjh okf.kT; fnyokus esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds rRdkyhu lfpo vfuy 'kkL=kh dh izeq[k Hkwfedk
ea=kky; ls feyh] ftleas ea=kh Fks fnus'k flagA ysfdu etsnkj ckr ;g gqbZ fd] jghA ;g dtkZ vkbZ-,iQ-lh-vkbZ- us fn;k FkkA ;g dtkZ isIlh&dksyk dEiuh
}kjk crk;h x;h lHakkfor fch ds vk/kj ij fn;k x;k] tks vius vki eas cgrq cSjsy iQwM~l dkjiksjs'ku ls lHkh e'khuksa dk vk;kr djsxhA ysfdu [kkst djus
gh gSjkuh dh ckr gSA okLrfodrk ;g jgh fd isIlh&dksyk us tks Hkh laHkkfor ij irk pyk fd Mykl esa ap cSjsy iQwM~l dkjiksjs'ku uke dh dksbZ
fch crk;h og xyr lkfcr gqbZA isIlh dEiuh us vius [kk| inkFkksZa dh dEiuh gh ugha FkhA isIlh dEiuh dh vksj ls bl mijkskQ dEiuh dk tks irk
fch dh laHkkouk yxHkx 13 djksM+ #- crk;h Fkh og okLro eas 2 djksM+ #- vkSj iQksu uEcj crk;k x;k] og iwjh rjg ls cksxl fudykA bl isIlh&dksyk
dh gh gqbZA tcfd bl 2 djksM+ #- dh fch esa 1 djksM+ #- rks foKkiuckth dEiuh us okLro esa tks Hkh e'khusa vk;kr dh os lc viuh gh vejhdh isIlh
esa gh [kpZ fd;s FksA blh rjg isIlh dEiuh us laHkkfor fch ds >wBs vkdMs+ dEiuh ls dhA blh ls vksoj buok;flax dk iQk;nk isIlh dEiuh dks gksrk
fn[kkdj Hkkjrh; cSadksa ,oa foRrh; laLFkkvksa ls dtkZ ysuk 'kq# fd;kA lu~ jgkA ysfdu ;g Hkkjrh; dkuwu ,oa fu;eksa ds f[kykiQ gSA Hkkjr ljdkj ds
1990 vkSj 1991 esa nksuksa gh o"kksZa esa isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us vius fu;kZr dh izoZru funs'kky; us blds ckjs esa tkp dhA fiQj isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us
'krksZa dks iwjk ugha fd;kA vFkkZr nks o"kksZa rd yxkrkj bl dEiuh us ,d Mkyj Lohdkj dj fy;k fd ap cSjsy uke dh dksbZ dEiuh ugha gS cfYd
Hkh Hkkjr ns'k dks dek dj ugha fn;kA igys lky isIlh ds laHkkfor fch ds isIlh&dksyk }kjk gh Hkkjr esa vk;kr djus ds fy;s ;g cuk;h x;h FkhA bruh
13 djksM+ #- c<+dj nwljs lky ds fy;s 25 djksM+ #- gks x;sA cM+h /ks[kk/M+h isIlh dEiuh dh idM+h x;h] fiQj Hkh Hkkjr ljdkj us dqN Hkh
isIlh dksyk dEiuh dh bl /ks[kk/M+h ds ckjs esa laln esa dbZ ckj ugha fd;kA
iz'u mBk;s x;sA [kkldj lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e-) ds lkaln nhisu ?kks"k us lcls isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us Hkkjr esa le>kSrk djrs le; Hkkjr ljdkj
vf/d loky bl ckjs esa fd;sA 52 lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj okyh ,d ;kfpdk dks ok;nk fd;k Fkk fd iwjs ns'k eas 75]000 yksxksas dks jkstxkj isIlh dEiuh
ljdkj ds lkeus is'k dh x;h] ftlesa isIlh dEiuh dh /ks[kk/M+h dh tkp ds dkj.k feysxkA blesa ls 25]000 yksxksa dks iatkc esa ,oa 50]000 yksxksa dks
djus ds fy;s dgk x;k FkkA iatkc ds iwoZ eq[;eU=kh vkSj dkaxzslh usrk njckjk iatkc ds ckgj jkstxkj nsus dh ckr isIlh&dksyk ds le>kSrs esa dgh x;h FkhA
flag us Hkh isIlh dh /ks[kk/M+h dh tkp djus ds fy;s ljdkj dks dgk] ysfdu vkt rd isIlh dEiuh us viuk ;g ok;nk iwjk ugha fd;kA vc rks
yssfdu dqN Hkh ugha gqvkA isIlh dEiuh ds vf/dkjh ;g Lohdkj Hkh ugha djrs gSa] fd 75]000 yksxksa
75 djksM+ #i;s okyh ifj;kstuk esa isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dh 'kq#vkrh dks jkstxkj nsus dk mUgksaus dksbZ ok;nk fd;k FkkA rRdkyhu [kk| izlaLdj.k
iwth (initial paidup Capital) Hkkx 10 djksM+ dh FkhA ysfdu igys gh lky m|kxs ds eU=kh txnh'k VkbVZyj us Hkh iIslh ifj;kt s uk dh ?kk"sk.kk djrs le;
eas iIslh dky s k dEiuh us 53 djkMs+ #i;s vejhdk dks Hkt s fn;As bl 75 djkMs+ 75]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj feyus dh ckr dgh FkhA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ls
dh ifj;kstuk esa 43 djksM+ #- Hkkjrh; foRrh; laLFkkvksa ls dtZ ds :i esa fy;s tc Hkh bl ckjs esa iwNk x;k] rks tokc feyk fd dEiuh dh vksj ls dHkh
x;sA ckdh ds cps gq;s esa oksYVkl dEiuh ,oa iatkc ,xzks b.MLVht dkjiksjs'ku Hkh dqN ugha dgk x;kA dHkh&dHkh isIlh dh vksj ls ;g dg fn;k x;k] fd
dh fgLlsnkjh FkhA oksYVkl ds fgLls esa 6 djksM+ #- rFkk iatkc ,xzks ds fgLls isIlh ds 'khry is; dh cksryksa dks cspus okyksa dks jkst+xkj rks fn;k gSA
esa 8 djksM+ #- dk izkFkfed iwath fuos'k jgkA okLrfodrk ;g gS fd isIlh dh cksryksa dks cspusokys yksx ;k rks iku] iku
iIslh dEiuh us ,d vkjS /k[skk/Mh+ e'khukas ds vk;kr djus eas fd;kA elkyk vkfn csprs gSa] ;k fiQj pk;] dkiQh vkfn csprs gSa] ftUgsa igys ls
lkekU; :i ls Hkkjr eas ;g fu;e gS fd tc dksbZ dEiuh ckgj ds ns'kksa ls pk;&dkiQh] iku&chMh+ vkfn cp s us ls jkts xkj feyk gh gv
q k gAS okLro eas iIslh
e'khusa ;k lkeku vk;kr djrh gS] rks dtZ nsus okyh laLFkkvkssa dks lcdqN dEiuh dh vksj ls ,d Hkh u;k jkstxkj fdlh dks ugha fn;k x;k gSA
crkuk iM+rk gSA fdl dEiuh ls] dgkls vkSj fdruk vk;kr fd;k tk jgk isIlh&dksyk }kjk jk;YVh fy;s tkus ,oa ml jk;YVh dks vejhdk
gS] blh fu;e ds rgr tc isIlh dEiuh us vkbZ-,iQ-lh-vkbZ- ls dtkZ fy;k Hkstus ds ckjs esa ,d isIlh vf/kdkjh uhy pVthZ }kjk crk;k x;k fd]
rks crk;k x;k fd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh Mykl (vejhdk) fLFkr dEiuh ap ^îsIlh&dksyk dh ,d sV cksryksa (24 cksry) dks Hkjus esa 8 #- dk lkUnz
?kksy (dUlUVsV& Concentrate) [kpZ gksrk gSA blesa 2 #- isIlh dEiuh dks isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us iatkc ds fdlkuksa lss VekVj] vke] phdw
tkus okyh jk;YVh gS rFkk 6 #-(dUlUVsV& Concentrate) lkUnz ?kksy dh vkfn iQyksa dks gtkjksa Vu esa [kjhnus dk tks ok;nk fd;k Fkk] og Hkh dHkh
vlyh dher gSA ;ku jgs fd isIlh dEiuh blh 6 #- ds lkUnz ?kksy dh ugha fuHkk;kA blds fy;s isIlh dEiuh dk eq[; vf/dkjh jes'k caxy dgrk
dher ij 24 izfr'kr mRikn dj (Exciseduty) Hkkjr ljdkj dks nsrh gSA jgk fd] paM+hx<+ ls cEcbZ ds chp iQyksa dks ykus ds fy;s [kpkZ] iQyksa dh
vFkkZr ,d sV (24 cksrysa) tc isIlh dh cudj rS;kj gksrh gSa rks mu lHkh dher ls vf/d gksrk gS] blfy;s ge iatkc ds fdlkuksa ls iQy ugha [kjhn
24 cksryksa ij 1 #- vkSj 44 iSls dk mRiknu dj yxkrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,d isIlh djrs gSaSA isIlh dksyk ds lkFk gq;s Hkkjr ljdkj ds le>kSrs esa ;g Li"V dgk
dh cksry ij 6 iSls ek=k gh mRiknu dj bl le; yx jgk gSA Hkkjr ns'k x;k fd rc rd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks vkS|ksfxd ykbZlsal (Industrial
esa bl le; (lu~ 2003 esa) isIlh vkSj dksdkdksyk dh dqy fch 7000 Licence) ugha feysxk\A ysfdu viQlksl dh ckr ;g gS fd vkt rd Hkh
djksM+ #- izfro"kZ gSA bl le; vkSlru isIlh&dksdkdksyk dh ,d cksry 10 isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us vius le>kSrs dh ,d Hkh 'krZ dks iwjk ugha fd;k vkSj
#- dh csph tkrh gSA vFkkZr yxHkx 700 djksM+ cksry izfro"kZ isIlh o bl dEiuh dks vkS|ksfxd ykbZlsUl Hkh fey x;kA tc Hkkjr esa pUnz'ks[kj
dksdkdksyk dh Hkkjr esa fcd jgh gSA ,d cksry ij 6 iSls dk mRiknu dj ljdkj vk;h Fkh] ml le; iIslh&dky s k dks vkn'sk fn;k x;k Fkk fd og vius
Hkkjr ljdkj dks feyrk gS] rks 700 djksM+ cksryksa ij yxHkx 42 djksM+ #- 'khry is; dk mRiknu vf/d ugha c<+k;sA ysfdu isIlh dEiuh us bl vkns'k
Hkkjr ljdkj dks mRikndj ds :i esa feyrk gSA Hkkjr ns'k dh dbZ jkT; dk Hkh mYya?ku fd;k vkSj vius BaMs is; dk mRiknu yxkrkj c<+k;kA iwoZ iz/
ljdkjksa us isIlh o dksdkdksyk ij fch dj esa 100 izfr'kr NwV nh gqbZ gSA kueU=kh pUnz'ks[kj us bl ij ,d tkp djk;hA blds fy;s rhu lnL;h; ,d
tSls xqtjkr ljdkj] mM+hlk ljdkj] dukZVd ljdkj vkfn us iwjh rjg ls lfefr cuk;h x;hA bl lfefr }kjk iwNs tkus ij Hkh isIlh dEiuh dh vksj
isIlh&dksd dks dj eqDr fd;k gqvk gSA vxj eku fy;k tk; fd isIlh o ls dgk x;k ^^tc gekjk 'khry is; Hkkjr esa bruk vf/d fcd jgk gS] rks
dksdkdksyk dEifu;ksa dk O;oLFkk [kpZ] foKkiu [kpZ vkSj djksa dk [kPkZ dqy ge blh ij ;ku dsfUnzr djsaxsa] uk fd fdlh vkSj O;olk; ijA yksd lHkk
fch dk 40 ls 50 izfr'kr gks rks gj lky ;s nksuksa dEifu;k3500 djksM+ ls ,d lnL; nhisu ?kks"k us bl ij dM+h vkifRr tkfgj dh vkSj lEcfU/r
#i;s Hkkjr ls equkiQs ds :i esa ywVdj vejhdk ys tk jgh gSaA isIlhdksyk ea=kh txnh'k VkbZVyj dks Hkh dbZ i=k fy[ks vkSj yksdlHkk eas iz'u mBk;s]
dEiuh ds ,d eq[; vf/dkjh jktho c['kh ds vuqlkj bu BaMs is;ksa ij ysfdu dqN ugha gqvkA bl rjg isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us Hkkjr ljdkj ds lkFk
foKkiu dk dqy [kpkZ] dqy fch dk 12% ds vkl&ikl gksrk gSA vFkkZr fd;s x;s le>kSrs dh ,d Hkh 'krZ dks dHkh iwjk ugha fd;kA fu;kZr djus ds
BaMs is;kas dh dqy (isIlh o dksdkdksyk) fch 7000 djksM+ #- rks foKkiu iz'u ij ges'kk gh isIlh us fdlh vU; dEiuh ;k O;fDr }kjk fd;s x;s fu;kZr
[kpZ gqvk 850 djksM+ #-A vFkkZr izR;sd cksry ij foKkiu [kpZ yxHkx 1-20 dks viuk fu;kZr crk;k] vkSj ljdkj dks /ks[kk fn;kA Hkkjr ds fdlkuksa ls
#-(1 #i;s]20 iSls) cSBrk gSA vc ;fn isIlh ;k dksdkdksyk dh ,d cksry vke] phdw] VekVj] ve:n] lsc vkfn [kjhndj fiQj izlaLdj.k djds mUgsa
dks cukus dk [kpkZ fudkyk tk; rks fglkc dqN bl izdkj cSBrk gS ,d fu;kZr djus dk tks ok;nk isIlh dk Fkk] mls Hkh dHkh iwjk ugha fd;k x;kA
cksry dks cukus esa lkUnz ?kksy (dUlUVsV& Concentrate) 30 iSls dk] ,d tc VkbZEl Vh-oh- }kjk isIlh&dksyk dh xfrfof/;ksa ij ,d iQhpj rS;kj fd;k
cksry ij mRikndj 6 iSls dk] ,d cksry ij foKkiu [kpkZ 1-20 #-] cspus x;k o ;g iwNk x;k fd os lc iQSDVfj;k dgk ij gSa tgka ls iQyksa dk
okys nqdkunkj dks equkiQk yxHkx 1 #-] dqy [kpkZ gqvk] 2-56 #- (2 # 56 izlaLdj.k djds fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gS] rks dEiuh ds vf/dkfj;ksa us dksbZ Hkh
iSls)A vc ;fn dqN jkT;ksa esa fch dj vkfn dk [kpkZ tksM+ ysa rks yxHkx tokc ugha fn;kA
,d cksry ij dEiuh dh vksj ls [kpkZ gksrk gS 3 #-A vkSj ;g cksry fcdrh tc Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj ehfM;k dh vksj ls isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ij
gS yxHkx 10 #- dh bl rjg ,d ckrsy ij dEiuh dks 7 #- dk euqkiQk gkrsk gAS ncko Mkyk x;k rks ,d fnu vpkud isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us tqykbZ 1991 esa
fnYyh esa ,d fo'ks"k i=kdkj ifj"kn~ dk vk;kstu fd;k ftlesa dEiuh dh vksj dks exkus esa Hkh dkiQh ?kksVkyk gqvkA bu e'khuksa dks rkts iQyksa dk jl
ls dgk x;k fd] isIlh dEiuh }kjk 9-62 djksM+ #- dk fu;kZr fd;k x;k gSA fudkyus okyh e'khuksa ds vk/kj ij vk;kr fd;k x;k] tcfd ;s lHkh e'khusa
ysfdu ;g fu;kZr Fkk pk;] pkoy] dkWVu ds rkSfy;s tSlh oLrqvksa dk uk fd 'khry is; (lkV fMad) ds fy;s gh FkhaA bu e'khuksa dks iQyksa ds jl okyh
isIlh }kjk mRiknu dh x;h oLrqvksa dkA ysfdu ljdkj }kjk ;g lc dqN e'khu dgdj] vk;kr dj esa NwV yh x;hA Hkkjr ljdkj dh vk;kr uhfr
tkuus ij Hkh dksbZ dB+ksj dk;Zokgh ugha dh x;hA Hkkjr ljdkj ds [kk| ds vuqlkj ckgj ds ns'kksa ls iQyksa dk jl fudkyus okyh e'khuksa dks vk;kr
izlaLdj.k ea=kky; ds lfpo vkj-ds-jFk }kjk tqykbZ 1991 esa ,d dM+k i=k djus ij vk;kr dj cgqr gh de yxrk gSA bl rjg ds vk;kr esa rRdkyhu
okf.kT; ea=kky; dks fy[kk x;kA ml i=k esa isIlh dEiuh dh lkjh iksy [kksyh iQsjk dkuwuksa dk cM+s iSekus ij mYya?ku fd;k x;kA
x;hA isIlh }kjk ljdkj dks /ks[kk fn;s tkus ds ckjs esa Hkh foLrkj ls fy[kk
x;k vkSj isIlh dEiuh ds f[kykiQ dkuwuh dk;Zokgh djus ds fy;s dgk x;kA
ysfdu bl ij Hkh dqN ugha gqvkA isIlh&dksyk dh Hkzked foKkiuckth
nf{k.k Hkkjr esa isIlh us vius iSj tekus ds fy;s rRdkyhu lkaln
vMSdyjkt dk Hkjiwj iz;ksx fd;kA blh lkaln vMSdyjkt us laln esa Hkh vejhdk esa dksyk dEifu;ksa dh liQyrk dk lcls cM+k dkj.k gS
isIlh&dksyk ds leFkZu esa lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj ysus dk Hkh dke fd;kA va/k/aq/ foKkiuckthA ges'kk u;s&u;s rjhdksa ls foKkiu cukdj yksxksa dks
vMSdyjkt rfeyukMq eas 'kjkc cukus okyksa esa lcls ij ekuk tkrk jgkA vkdf"kZr djuk] isIlh&dksyk dEiuh djrh jgh gSA Hkkjr esa vkdj Hkh bl
ysfdu dbZ ?kksVkyksa esa lh-ch-vkbZ- us mls fyIr ik;k FkkA dsjy ds ,d O;kikjh dEiuh us ;gh fd;kA Hkkjr esa isIlh dksyk dEiuh ds foKkiu dk [kpkZ bl
,e-lh-tSdc ds lkFk feydj vMSdyjkt us ,d lgdkjh lfefr LFkkfir dEiuh ds 'kks/ dk;Z ds [kpZs ls dbZ xquk vf/d gSA Hkkjr esa bl isIlh
fd;kA bl lgdkjh lfefr ds uke ij ,d djksM+ #- dk dtkZ ,d cSad ls dEiuh us foKkiukas ds ek;e ls ;qok oxZ dks vf/d ls vf/d iQlkus dk
fy;k x;kA vMSdyjkt bl lgdkjh lfefr dk funs'kd cukA lh-ch-vkbZ- us dk;Z fd;k gSA blds fy;s isIlh dEiuh us ekbdy tSDlu] eSMksuk] Vhuk VuZj
tc tkp fd;k rks ik;k fd ;g lgdkjh lfefr cksxl FkhA bl rjg ml cSad tSls vejhdh lqij LVkjksa dks djksM+kas Mkyj nsdj vuqcaf/r fd;kA Hkkjr ljdkj
dk ,d djksM+ #- Mwc x;kA isIlh us blh ?kksVkysckt vMSdyjkt dks nf{k.k ls g;qs djkj ds vul q kj iIslh&dky
s k dEiuh vius ckzMa uke dk bLresky Hkkjr
Hkkjr dh ftEesnkjh lkSaihA vMSdyjkt us ;g lkjk dk;Z] isIlh dks rfeyukMq eas ugha dj ldrh Fkh] yfsdu iIslh dEiuh us djkj dh bl 'krZ dks Hkh rkMsk+A
rFkk vU; nf{k.k jkT;ksa esa iQSykus dk] vius csVs foUlsUV tkslsiQ ds uke ij blds fy;s dEiuh us vius czkaM uke ds vkxs ^ygj* 'kCn yxkdj bLrseky
fd;kA vMSdyjkt us blh vfHk;ku ds rgr 2-5 djksM #- ,df=kr fd;kA djuk 'kq: fd;kA tSls& ^ygj isIlh*] ^ygj lsou vi*] ^ygj fefjUMk*]
;g /u mu yksxksa ls fy;k x;k] ftUgsa isIlh dksyk dEiuh dk forj.kdrkZ ^ygj Lykbl* vkfn yxk;kA bu foKkiuksa dk lcls vf/d iz;ksx isIlh
cuk;k tkuk FkkA ckn esa vMSdyjkt us vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ls Hkh blh rjg /u dEiuh us Hkkjr ds Lora=krk fnol ,oa x.kra=k fnolksa ij fd;kA Vsyhfotu
,df=kr djuk 'kq# fd;kA ;g lkjk /u ml le; ,df=kr fd;k tk jgk Fkk] pSuyksa ij yksdfiz; /kjkokfgdksa ds 'kq# gksus ds iwoZ bu foKkiuksa dks lcls
tc isIlh dEiuh dk fof/or dk;Z Hkh Hkkjr esa 'kq# ugha gqvk FkkA vfuoklh vf/d fn[kk;k tkrk jgkA dbZ fgUnh fiQYeksa dk Hkh isIlh dEiuh us vius
Hkkjrh;ksa ls fons'kh eqnzk ds dkuwuksa dk mYy?kau djds 1-5 djksM+ Mkyj ,df=kr izpkj ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;kA mnkgj.k ds fy;s fouksn ik.M+s dh fiQYe îfjank*
fd;s x;sA dks 60 yk[k :- nsdj isIlh us vius fy;s bLrseky fd;kA Hkkjrh; flusek ds
isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds 'khry is;ksa dks cksry esa Hkjus ds fy;s tks dykdkjksa twghpkoyk] jseksiQukZUMhl dks isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us foKkiu ds
e'khuksa dh t:jr gq;h] os lHkh vejhdk ls eax k;h x;haA ysfdu bu e'khuksa fy;s lcls igys vuqcaf/r fd;kA
Hkkjrh; dEiuh ikjys dk 'khry is; FkElvi dk foKkiu Hkh 1975 eas vkikrdky ykxw dj fn;kA bfUnjk xka/h ds bl yksdrU=k fojks/h
yxkrkj c<+us yxkA isIlh&dksyk vkSj ikjys esa fch ikjys dEiuh ds FkElvi dk;Z dk fojks/ djus ds fy;s izfl xka/hoknh ,oa loksZn; usrk Jh t;izdk'k
dh gh vf/d jgrh FkhA blh rjg cktkj esa ,d vkSj Hkkjrh; dEiuh dk ukjk;.k us lEiw.kZ kfUr vkUnksyu 'kq# fd;kA bl vkUnksyu dks Hkkjh
'khry is; dSEik dksyk miyC/ Fkk ftldh dkiQh fch gqvk djrh FkhA ;s liQyrk feyuk 'kq# gqbZ] tc yk[kksa ;qodksa us vius dSfj;j NksM+dj bl
lHkh 'khry is; 3 #- ;k 3-50 #- ds vkl&ikl dh dher ij fcdrs FksA nksuksa vkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gksuk 'kq: fd;kA bfUnjk xka/h dks Jh t;izdk'k ukjk;.k
gh Hkkjrh; 'khry i;s dESik dky s k ,oa FkEl vi dh fch ygj iIslh ls dkiQh ds bl lEiw.kZ kfUr vkUnksyu ls viuh lRrk ds fy;s [krjk eglwl gqvkA
vf/d FkhA fiQj isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us fdsV f[kykM+h dfiynso dks blfy;s Jh t;izdk'k ukjk;.k dks fxjrkj djds tsy esa Mky fn;k x;k] vkSj
foKkiu ds fy;s vuqcaf/r fd;kA dfiynso us bl dEiuh ds izpkj ds fy;s vkikrdkyhu fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk ns'k esa dj nh x;hA blesa yksxksa ls lHkh
?kj&?kj tkuk 'kq: fd;k yksxksa dks dgk x;k fd os vius ?kjksa ds vUnj isIlh ekSfyd laaoS/kfud vf/dkj Nhu fy;s x;sA bfUnjk xka/h ds bl dne dk
dh cksryksa dks j[ksa fiQj dfiynso fdlh ds ?kj vpkud igqpdj isIlhdksyk iwjs ns'k esa fojks/ gqvkA vUrr% 1977 eas vkikrdky dks okil fy;k x;k vkjS
dks ih;saxsaA ets dh ckr ;g Fkh fd dfiynso us FkksM+s fnuksa iwoZ rd Hkkjrh; puqko g;qAs bu puqkokas eas Jh t;id z k'k ukjk;.k ds ursRò eas cuh turk ikVhZ dks
dEiuh ikjys ds BaMs is; ^FkEl vi* dk foKkiu fd;k FkkA bl ij fookn Hkkjh cgeqr feyk vkjS turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj cuhA bl ljdkj eaas i/zkueU=kh Jh
gqvk vkSj isIlh dksyk vkSj ikjys ds chp esa eqdnesckth Hkh gq;hA bl ekjskjth nlskb]Z m|kxseU=kh tktZ iQukUZMhl] fon'sk eU=kh vVy fcgkjh okti;sh]
eqdnesckth dk ifj.kke ikjys dEiuh ds i{k esa vk;kA LokLF; eU=kh jktukjk;.k vkfn&vkfn ykxs 'kkfey g;qAs blh turk ikVhZ ljdkj
Hkkjrh; dEiuh ikjys us isIlh&dksyk dh rqyuk esa viuh cksryksa esa us dkd s k&dky s k dEiuh dk ykblUsl jnn~ djds Hkkjr ls ckgj fudkyus dk dk;Z
vf/d 'khry is; nsuk 'kq: fd;kA 6 #- eas 500 feyh- dh FkEl vi dh fd;kA mlh dkd s kdkysk dEiuh us iIslh&dkysk ds ihN&sihNs Hkkjr eas fiQj ls ioz'sk
cksry cktkj esa feyuh 'kq: gq;h] tcfd mu fnukas esa isIlh&dksyk dh 250 dj fy;kA
feyh- dh cksry 4 #- esa feyk djrh FkhA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk 90 lsdsUM dksdk&dksyk dEiuh us Hkkjr esa izos'k djus ds fy;s ogh jkLrk
dk foKkiu 60 yk[k #- esa cuk;k x;k Fkk] tcfd Hkkjrh; dEiuh ikjys dk viuk;k tks isIlh&dksyk us viuk;k FkkA dksdk&dksyk us Hkh Hkkjr vkus ds
FkEl vi foKkiu ek=k 4 yk[k #- eas cuk;k x;kA isIlh dksyk dEiuh us 700 fy;s vius dqy mRiknu dk 75% fu;kZr djus ,oa 25% dks Hkkjrh; cktkj
ls 750 fdeh- ds ifjo`r esa vius is; inkFkksZa dks cspus ds fy;s 15 dkj[kkus esa gh cspus dh ckr djuk 'kq# dj fn;kA blds fy;s dksdk&dksyk us viuh
yxk;s] rFkk dbZ vU; Hkkjrh; dkj[kkuksa dks vius fy;s iz;ksx djuk 'kq# ,d fo'ks"k dEiuh dks cukus dk ,syku Hkh fd;kA dksdk&dksyk us lcls igys
fd;kA fczVkfu;k dEiuh ds jktu fiYybZ ds lkFk feydj le>kSrk fd;kA mlds
cktkj esa vius 'khry is; dh [kir dks c<+kus ds fy;s isIlh&dksyk ckn viuk izLrko Hkkjr ljdkj ds ikl Hkst fn;kA jktu fiYybZ vkSj
dEiuh us vferkHk cPpu] lfpu rsanqydj] foosd vkscsjk;] ,s'o;Z jk; (iwoZ dkd s k&dky s k us feydj ,d vkiQ'kkjs dEiuh t-s,e-vkj-ih- ds uke ls cuk;kA
fo'o lUqnjh) tlSs e'kgjw ykxskas dk yxkrkj bLresky fd;k] vHkh Hkh dj jgh gAS bl dEiuh dk eq[; dk;kZy; gkaxdkax esa fn[kk;k x;kA bl dEiuh esa jktu
fiYybZ ds 60% 'ks;j ,oa dksdk dksyk ds 40% 'ks;j j[ks x;sA ckn esa ts-
dksdk&dksyk dk Hkkjr esa izos'k ,e-vkj-ih- dEiuh vkSj fczVkfu;k bUMLVht dh vksj ls la;qDr dEiuh ^fczVdks
lcls igys lu~ 1966&67 eas bfUnjk xka/h ds izFke ckj iz/kueU=kh iQwM~l izkbosV fyfeVsM* uke ls LFkkfir dh x;hA bl fczVdks dEiuh esa ts-
cuus ds le; dksdk&dksyk dEiuh us Hkkjr esa izos'k fd;k FkkA bfUnjk xka/ ,e-vkj-ih- dk fgLlk 66% ,oa fczVkfu;k bUMLVht dk fgLlk 24% j[kk
h us viuh lRrk dks cjdjkj cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s iztkrU=k dk xyk ?kksaVdj x;kA ckdh 10% fgLlk fdlh ljdkjh dEiuh ds fy;s NksM+ fn;k x;kA
jktu fiYybZ ,oa dksdk dksyk us 2 djksM+ Mkyj yxkdj bl /U/ fd;k gSA ySfVu vejhdh ns'k fpyh esa ,d pquh gq;h lYoknksj vysUns uke
s dks 'kq# fd;kA ujflagjko dh ljdkj dh mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr dk ykHk ds jk"Vifr dh ljdkj dk r[rk iyV isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us lh-vkbZ-,- dh
mBkdj dksdk&dksyk dks vkWVkseSfVd ykblsUl feykA dksdk&dksyk o jktu enn ls djk;kA vejhdh i=kdkj&y[skd ckcW oMqoMZ us viuh iLqrd lhVs
fiYybZ us Hkkjr ljdkj dks 10 lky esa 1002 djksM+ #- dk fu;kZr djus dk okj vkiQ lh-vkbZ ,- esa bl luluh[kst rF; dk mn~?kkVu fd;k FkkA ;g
ok;nk fd;kA yxHkx 26-85 djksM+ #- dh ifj;kstuk dksdk&dksyk ,oa jktu iqLrd lu~ 1981 ls 1987 ds chp esa lh-vkbZ-,- }kjk nwljs ns'kksa esa fd;s x;s
fiYybZ }kjk Hkkjr esa 'kq# dh x;hA Hkkjr ljdkj dks fn;s x;s izLrko esa jktuSfrd gLr{ksi dks mtkxj djrh gSA ftl le; isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk
dkd s k&dky s k dEiuh us 10 lky eas 280 djkMs+ #- fMCckcna Hkkt s u (Lud S iQMw) Hkkjr esa izos'k gqvk ml le; bl dEiuh dk eq[; vf/dkjh MksukYM dSaMy
vk;kr djus ,oa 151 djksM+ #- lkUnz ?kksy (Concentrate) vk;kr djus rFkk gksrk FkkA bl MksukYM dSaMy dh iwoZ vejhdh jk"Vifr fjpMZ fuDlu ls dkiQh
66 djksM+ #- ykHkka'k ds :i esa ys tkus dk mYys[k fd;kA vFkkZr dqy xgjh nksLrh jghA ftl le; lYoknksj vysUns dh ljdkj dk fpyh esa r[rk
feykdj 497 djksM+ #- Hkkjr ls ckgj tkus dh ckr bl izLrko esa dgh x;hA iyV fn;k x;k vkSj fiQj lYoknksj vysUns dh gR;k dh x;h] rc vejhdk esa
lHkh fon'skh dEifu;kfodkl'khy n'skkas dh yVw djus ds fy;s cnuke jgha fjpMZ fuDlu jk"Vifr Fkk] vkSj MksukYM dSaMy isIlh dEiuh dk eq[; vf/
gAaS bu dEifu;kas dk lcls cMk+ mnn~'s; /u dekdj viu&svius n'skkas eas ys tkus dkjh FkkA vejhdh jk"Vifr fjpMZ fuDlu us rRdkyhu lh-vkbZ-,- ds funs'kd
dk gh jgrk gAS /u dks ys tkus ds fy;s dbZ ?kkfs"kr&v?kkfs"kr jkLrs gv q k djrs vkj- gsYe dks vkns'k fn;k Fkk] fd fdlh Hkh dher ij fpyh dk jk"Vifr
gAaS dN q dkuuwh vkjS dN q xjSdkuuwh jkLrkas ls ;g /u ys tk;k tkrk gAS dkuuwh lYoknksj vysUns ugha jguk pkfg,A ftl le; fpyh esa lYoknksj vysUns
,oa ?kkfs"kr jkLrk /u ys tkus dk ykHkk'ak ds :i eas ;k 'k q euqkiQs ds :i eas gkrsk jk"Vifr cuk] ml le; isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk fpyh esa eq[; O;kikjh
gAS yfsdu xjSdkuuwh vkjS v?kkfs"kr jkLrk VklaiQj ikzbflxa (Transfer pricing) dk vkWxLVhu ,MokMZ FkkA lYoknksj vysUns vR;f/d ns'kHkDr ,oa Lons'kh leFkZd
gkrsk gAS lHkh fon'skh dEifu;kvk;kr vkjS fu;krZ dk O;kikj viuh gh dEifu;kas FkkA og vius ns'k fpyh dh ywV cUn djkus ds fy;s vejhdh dEifu;ksa ij
(Parents Companies) ds lkFk djrh gAaS tc Hkh dkbsZ fon'skh dEiuh] vk;kr f'kdatk dl jgk FkkA tc lYoknksj vysUns vius ns'k dks vejhdh dEifu;ksa
djrh gS rks ge'skk cktkj ds eYw; ls cgrq ps Hkko ij] viuh gh lg;kxsh dEiuh ds 'kks"k.k ls eqDr djkus ds iz;kl esa yxk gqvk Fkk] mlh le; vkWxLVhu
ls djrh gAS blh rjg tc Hkh dkbsZ fon'skh dEiuh fu;krZ djrh gS rks viuh gh ,MoMZ vejhdk x;k vkSj vejhdk ds fons'k eU=kh gsujh fdflaxj dks feykA
lg;kxsh dEiuh dks cktkj Hkko ls de eYw; ij nrsh gAS bl rjg nkuskas gh jkLrkas gusjh fdflxaj ls mldh ey q kdkr ds ckn og lh-vkb-Z,- ds fun'skd vkj- gYse
ls /u dks ys tkus dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gAS fon'skh dEifu;kftl n'sk eas tkrh dks feykA ;s nksuksa gh eqykdkrsa isIlhdksyk dEiuh ds eq[; vf/dkjh MksukYM
g]aS ogkdh LFkkuh; Lon'skh dEifu;kas ds lkeus ifzrLi/kZ eaas djkMsk+sa #- dk ud q lku dSaMy us djk;hA MksukYM dSaMy ebZ 1991 rd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk eq[;
mBkdj Hkh lLrh dher ij eky cps ldrh gSaA isIlh&dksyk us lu~ 1990&91 vf/dkjh jgkA lu~ 1970 esa lYoknksj vysUns fpyh dk jk"Vifr cuk vkSj lu~
esa ;gh fd;k vkSj yxHkx 24 djksM+ #- dk ?kkVk mBk;kA 1973 eas mldh gR;k dj nh x;hA gR;k ds iowZ vejhdk eas rRdkyhu jk"Vifr
fjpMZ fuDlu us] laln esa dgk fd fpyh dk orZeku jk"Vifr lYoknksj
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ksa }kjk vysUns vejhdh fgrksa ds fo: gSA ;gh ckr lh-vkbZ-,- funs'kd vkj- gsYe
}kjk ,oa isIlh dEiuh ds eqf[k;k MksukYM dSaMy }kjk Hkh dgh x;hA ftuds
jktuSfrd gLr{ksi nLrkost vkt Hkh miyC/ gSaA vejhdk dh lHkh dEifu;k] vejhdh
isIlh&dksyk dEiuh o vejhdh tklwlh laLFkk lh-vkbZ-,- (lsUVy lkezkT;okn dks nqfu;k ds reke ns'kksa esa iQSykus ds fy, dke djrh jgha gSaA
bUVsyhtsUl ,tsUlh) ds ?kksf"kr lEcU/ jgs gSaA bl dEiuh us vius O;kikfjd isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk dks vejhdh lkezkT;okn ds nks gkFk ekuk tkrk gSA
fgrksa dh j{kk djus ds fy;s lh-vkbZ-,- ds jktuSfrd izHkko dk Hkjiwj bLrseky
isIlh&dksyk dEiuh }kjk dbZ ckj ;g dgk x;k gS fd tc rd dksbZ O;kikjh btjk;yh laLFkk ekslkn djrh jgh gSA ekslkn ds vejhdh xqIrpj laLFkk lh-
gekjs fgrkssa dh iwfrZ djrk jgsxk] rHkh rd og O;kikj djrk jgsxk vkSj vkbZ-,- ds lkFk utnhdh lEcU/ gSaA isIlh&dksyk dks nf{k.k Hkkjr esa iQSykus
le`f'kkyh gksrk jgsxkA okys vMSdyjkt dh lgkuqHkwfr (LTTE) ds lkFk jgh gSA ;fn bl utfj;s ls
Hkkjrh; laln esa Hkh isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ,oa lh-vkbZ-,- ds vkilh jktho xka/h gR;kdkaM dh [kkstchu dh tk;s rks dqN vkSj lPpkbZ lkeus
lEcU/kas ij dkiQh dqN dgk x;kA 21 ls 27 tqykbZ 1991 ds lkIrkfgd vk ldrh gSA
v[kckj lUMs vkWCtcZj (Sunday observer) esa foLrkj ls bl ij fy[kk lksfo;r la?k eas tks Hkh dqN xr 10&15 o"kksZa esas jktuSfrd :i ls
x;kA blh vad esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd Hkkjr ds dqN usrkvksa ,oa 17 vf/ ?kfVr gqvk] og isIlh&dksyk ds lksfo;r la?k eas tkus ds ckn gh gqvkA blh
dkfj;ksa us isIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk dks Hkkjr esa ykus esa fj'or yh gSA rjg phu esa Hkh jktuSfrd mFky&iqFky isIlh&dksyk ds igqpus ds ckn
Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa Hkh iwoZ iz/kueU=kh jktho xka/h us vejhdk gh gq;hA
fojk/
s h :[k viuk;k FkkA tc [kkMh+ ; q gks jgk Fkk] rks jktho xk/
a h us vejhdh Hkkjrh; lekpkj&i=kksa ,oa if=kdkvksa eas isIlh&dksyk ds
gokbZ tgktksa esa rsy Hkjus ls badkj djk;k FkkA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks jksdus ckjss esa mn~?kkfVr lR;
dh Hkjiwj dksf'k'k dh Fkh ysfdu dqN lkalnksa ds ncko eas vkdj isIlh&dksyk
dks eatwjh nhA D;wck ds jk"Vifr iQhMsydkL=kks ,oa fiQfyLrhuh usrk ;klj
9 vxLr 1986] dks djaV (Current) if=kdk esa izdkf'kr%&
vjkiQkr us ml le; jktho xka/h dks lko/ku jgus ds fy;s lans'k Hksts FksA
Hkkjrh; laln ds bfrgkl esa dbZ o"kksZa eas igyh ckj lRrk i{k ,oa foi{k ds
D;ksafd bu nksuksa usrkvksa dks jktho xka/h dh gR;k fd;s tkus dk vans'kk gks
lkalnkas esa] isIlh&dksyk ds iz'u ij bruh ,drk fn[kk;h ns jgh gSA
x;k FkkA 21 ebZ 1991 dks ftl fnu jktho xka/h dh gR;k gq;h] mlh fnu
3 flrEcj 1989 dks fCyVt ~ (BLITZ) eas id
z kf'kr%& iIslh&dky
s k
VkbEl vkWiQ bfUM;k lekpkj i=k dks fn;s x;s vius lk{kkRdkj esa jktho xka/
ds vejhdh xqIrpj laLFkk lh-vkbZ-,- ds lkFk lEcU/ksa ds vfrfjDr vU; dbZ
h us dgk fd ,d egk'kfDr Hkkjr dks fLFkj gksrs ns[kuk ugha pkgrh gA
egRoiw.kZ eqn~ns gSa] ftu ij fopkj djus dh t:jr gSA isIlh&dksyk dks Hkkjr
tc jktho xka/h dks iwNk x;k fd og egk'kfDr dkSu gS\ rks mUgksaus tokc
ds cktkj esa ywVus dh [kqyh NwV ns nh x;h gSA
fn;k fd og egk'kfDr lksfo;r&:l rks ugha gh gSA vFkkZr~ og egk'kfDr
& ;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd lRrk i{k ds vUnj gh isIlh&dksyk
vejhdk gSA mlh nkSjku ^lUMs* (Sunday) uked lekpkj i=k esa Hkh jktho
dk fojks/ djus okys vf/d gSa ysfdu fiQj Hkh bl dEiuh dh ifj;kstuk dks
xka/h dk ,d lk{kkRdkj izdkf'kr gqvk Fkk] ftlesa mUgksaus isIlh&dksyk
eatwjh feyh gSaA
dEiuh dh dM+h vkykspuk dh FkhA mlesa dgk x;k fd ftl vk/kj ij
& Hkkjr esa vkyw dk fpIl cukus vkSj BaMs is; dh iwjh rduhd
isIlhdksyk dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa ykblsal fn;k x;k] mlesa rks [kk| izlaLdj.k
miyC/ gS] fiQj Hkh ,d fons'kh vejhdh dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa yk;k x;k gSA
dk {ks=k eq[; Fkk vkSj mlesa 50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj nsus dh ckr egRoiw.kZ
'kk;n gh dHkh ;g dEiuh vius fu;kZr ok;nksa dks iwjk djsxhA ,d ckj bl
FkhA ysfdu isIlh dEiuh us bldk ikyu ugha fd;k gSA jktho xka/h us oh-
dEiuh dk mRiknu dk;Z 'kq# gks x;k rks fiQj Hkkjr ljdkj Hkh ncko Mkyus
ih-flag ljdkj dh vkykspuk djrs gq;s dgk fd ;g ljdkj isIlh&dksyk
eas vleFkZ gkxshA vUrr% vius fu;krZ ok;nkas dks ijwk djus ds fy;s ;g dEiuh
dEiuh ds f[kykiQ dksbZ Hkh dk;Zokgh ugha dj jgh gS] cfYd isIlh dEiuh
igys ls fu;kZr gks jgs lkekuksa dk fu;kZr vius uke ls [kjhn dj] dj ysxhA
dks cpkus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh gSA
6 ebZ 1989 iQkbusfU'k;y ,Dlizsl eas izdkf'kr%& ^^ftu vejhdh
jktho xka/h dh gR;k Jhyadk eas fgalkoknh laxBu fycjs'ku VkbxlZ
dEifu;ksa ds O;kikfjd fgr Hkkjr ds cktkj esa gSa] os lHkh Hkkjr ds fo#
vkiQ rfey bZye (LTTE) us fd;kA bl laxBu dks izf'k{k.k nsus dk dk;Z
yxk;s tkus okys lqij&301] Lis'ky&301 ds izko/kuksa ds fojks/ esa gSaA bl
lUnHkZ esa isIlh dEiuh ds eqf[k;k MksukYM dSaMy us vejhdh O;kikj izfrfuf/ & ^îsIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk dks eatwjh nsdj jktho xka/h ljdkj
dks Hkh i=k fy[kk gS vkSj mUgsa lq>ko fn;k gS fd Hkkjr ij lqij&301 ds rgr us Hkkjh xyrh dh gSA vr% isIlh&dksyk ds fojks/ dk eqn~nk pquko dk eqn~nk
dk;Zokgh ugha djsaA 3 uoEcj 1988 dks n fgUn esa izdkf'kr%& ^^Hkkjr cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A ljdkjh nkoksa ds vuqlkj bl ifj;kstuk ds dkj.k
ds dbZ fgLlksa esa ;g vk'kadk O;Dr dh tk jgh gS fd [kk| izlaLdj.k ds {ks=k 50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj feysxkA ysfdu okLro esa 500 yksxksa dks Hkh blls
esa ,d fons'kh dEiuh dk vkuk Hkkjr ds fy;s vPNk ugha gksxkA bl dEiuh jkstxkj ugha feysxkA iwjs ns'k esa bl eqn~ns dks vkUnksyu dk vk/kj cukuk
dh Hkkjr dks dksbZ t:jr ugha gSA vPNk gksrk fd Lons'kh dEifu;ksa ,oa pkfg,A
Lons'kh rduhd dks bl {ks=k esa c<+kok fn;k x;k gksrkA 19 flrEcj 1988 ^n fgUnqLrku VkbEl esa izdkf'kr%&^^ turk
3 uoEcj 1988 dks ^^n fgUnLqrku VkbEl eas id z kf'kr%& ^îIslh&dkys k ny usrk tktZ iQukZUMhl us ,syku fd;k gS fd jktho xka/h ljdkj }kjk tks
ds le>kSrs ds fy;s dbZ fu;eksa dk mYya?ku gqvk gSA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks eatwjh nh x;h gS] og lekIr dj nh tk;sxh] ;fn
23 vDVwcj 1988 dks ^^n fgUnqLrku VkbEl esa izdkf'kr%& turk ny dh ljdkj cu tk;xshA tktZ iQukUZMhl ds vul q kj bl iIslh&dkys k
^îsIlh&dksyk dEiuh }kjk de ls de 50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj fn;k ifj;kstuk esa cgqr vf/d fj'or ysus&nsus dk dke gqvk gSA de ls de 5
tk;xskA djksM+ #i;s rks fj'or ds :i esa Hkkjr ds usrkvksa ,oa vf/dkfj;ksa dks fn;s gh
27 flrEcj 1988 dks ^^VkbEl vkiQ bf.M;k esa izdkf'kr%& x;s gSaA
^îatkc ds fdlkuksa dh ,d gsDVs;j Hkwfe ls yxHkx 7000 #- dh vkenuh egRoi.wkZ ckr ;g gS fd jktho xk/ a h dh ljdkj tkus ds ckn turk
gks jgh gS tks cgqr de gSA isIlh&dksyk dh ifj;kstuk vkus ds ckn iatkc ny rFkk vU; ikfVZ;ksa dh feyh&tqyh ljdkj Hkkjr esa cuhA bl ljdkj esa
ds fdlkuksa dh vkSlru vkenuh yxHkx 15000 #- izfrgsDVs;j ls 25]000 tktZ iQukZUMhl Lo;a ea=kh Fks] ysfdu bl turk ny ljdkj us Hkh isIlh&dksyk
#- izfr gsDVs;j rd c<+ tk;sxhA isIlh&dksyk dh ifj;kstuk esa iwjs iatkc esa dEiuh ds fo# dqN ugha fd;kA turk ny ljdkj ds le; esa isIlh&dksyk
iSnk gksus okys iQyksa dk 25% fgLlk [kir gksxkA dh ifj;kstuk ykxr 22 djksM+ #- ls c<+dj 75 djksM+ #i;s gks x;hA iwjh
isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us iatkc ds fdlkuksa dks VekVj iSnk djus ds ifj;kstuk dh mRiknu {kerk ugha c<+us ds ckn Hkh ifj;kstuk dh ykxr 75
fy;s ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk cht fn;k bl cht dks iatkc ds dbZ fdlkuksa us djksM+ #i;s gks x;hA ysfdu dHkh Hkh turk ny ljdkj us isIlh&dksyk ds
cks;kA bl cht ds pyrs tks Hkh VekVj iSnk gqvk og gjs jax dk cuk jgk vkSj f[kykiQ dqN ugha fd;kA bl ifj;kstuk ykxr [kpZ c<+us esa Hkh fj'or dk
yky ugha gqvkA ckn esa bl VekVj dks isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us ugha [kjhnk vkSj ysu&nsu gqvk gksxk] rHkh rks ljdkj us isIlh dEiuh dks dqN Hkh ugha dgkA
fQj fdlkuksa us cgqr gh lLrs nke ij ;g VekVj cktkj esa cspkA blesa fdlkuksa 7 vxLr 1986 dks ^^n VkbEl vkiQ bf.M;k esa izdkf'kr%&
dk ykxr [kpkZ Hkh ugha fudy ik;kA ykxr [kpsZ dh ,d pkSFkkbZ dher ij ^îIslh&dky s k dEiuh dh et a jwh ds ckn vc] Hkkjr n'sk eas iIslh&dky
s k ds eyw
;g VekVj fcdkA czkaM uke ds vk/kj ij uk rks 'khry is; cspk tk;sxk vkSj uk gh dksbZ nwljk
27 flrEcj 1988 ^^bdkuskfWed VkbEl eas id z kf'kr%& ^îIslh&dkys k mRiknd bl ewy czkaM uke ds vk/kj ij mRiknu dj ldsxkA tks Hkh lkUnz
dEiuh ds cktkj esa vkus ls izfr;ksfxrk c<+sxh ,oa xzkgdksas dks de dher ij ?kksy dh t:jr iMsxh] 'khry is; cukus ds fy;s og Hkkjr esa gh rS;kj fd;k
'khry is; ihus dks feysxkA tk;sxkA cgqr gh t:jh dqN jlk;u vk;kr fd;s tk;saxs tks Hkkjr esa miyC/
21 flrEcj 1988 ^^n fctusl LVS.MMZ esa izdkf'kr%&^^ rRdkyhu ugh gksaxsA
turk ny usrk tktZ iQukZUMhl us oh-ih-flag- dks ,d i=k fy[kk tks mi;qDr 13 iQjojh 1988 dks ^^n VkbEl vkiQ bf.M;k esa izdkf'kr%&
lekpkj i=k esa izdkf'kr gqvkA ^îsIlh&dksyk dEiuh vejhdh lkezkT;okn dk izrhd gSA ;g dEiuh nqfu;k
Hkj esa jktuSfrd gR;k;sa djkus vkSj mFky&iqFky djkus ds fy;s cnuke jgh [kk| ,oa izlaLdj.k ea=kky; dk ea=kh cuk;k tkuk Hkh 'kd iSnk djrk gSA pwfd
gSA ySfVu vejhdh ns'k fpyh vksj is: blds thrs&tkxrs mnkgj.k gSaA Hkkjr 'kq# eas m|ksxeU=kh ts-oasxyjko us bl isIlh ifj;kstuk dks udkj fn;k Fkk]
ljdkj dks ,slh dEiuh ds ckjs esa iwjh xaHkhjrk ls lksp&le>dj gh dksbZ blfy;s u;k eU=kky; cukdj isIlh&dkssyk dks eatwjh nh x;h gSA m|ksx lfpo
vfUre iQSlyk djuk pkfg,A D;k Hkkjr tSls ns'k dks fons'kh 'khry is; dh vksfrek cksjfn;k Hkh bl isIlh ifj;kstuk ds f[kykiQ jgs gSaA ysfdu m|ksx
t:jr gS\ vkSj og Hkh viuh lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks [krjs easa Mkydj] fons'kh ea=kky; ds jkT;ea=kh v#.kkpye isIlh&dksyk ds leFkZu esa jgsA D;kssafd
dEiuh dks cqykuk cgqr eagxk iM+ ldrk gS\ rfeyukMq ds gh v#.kkpye ds vMSdyjkt ds lkFk vPNs lEcU/ gaSA
11 iQjojh 1988 dks ^^n fgUnqLrku VkbEl esa izdkf'kr%& ^^Hkkjr (nf{k.k Hkkjr eas isIlh&dksyk dks iQSykus esa vMSdyjkt dh eq[; Hkwfedk
ljdkj us Lons'kh vkSj Lokoyacu ds jkLrs dks NksM+ dj isIlh&dksyk dEiuh jghA)
dks Hkkjr esa vkus dh vuqefr nh gS tks ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s ?kkrd 15) 21 flrEcj 1988 dks n bfUM;u iksLV esa izdkf'kr%&
fl gkxskA ;g c;ku iowZ i/ z kueU=kh pUn'zk[skj us fn;k FkkA tc 1990&1991 ^ôkeiaFkh ikfVZ;klh-ih-vkbZ- (,e-) vkSj lh-ih-vkbZ- nksukas us gh Hkkjr ljdkj
esa pkj ekg ds fy;s pUnz'ks[kj ns'k ds iz/kueU=kh cus rks mUgksaus isIlh&dksyk ls ekx dh gS fd isIlh&dksyk dks fn;k x;k ykbZlsal jn~n fd;k tk;A jktho
dEiuh ds ?kksVkyksa vkSj ok;nk f[kykiQh ds ckjs esa tkp djk;h vkSj dEiuh xka/h ljdkj dh mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr ds rgr bl isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks
dks uksfVl fn;k x;kA lkFk gh lkFk pUnz'ks[kj ljdkj us isIlh&dksyk }kjk Hkkjr esa vuqefr nsuk nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gSA ;g dne Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fons'kh
ijke'kZ 'kYqd (Consultancy Fees) ds uke ij Hkkjr ls /u vejhdk dEifu;ksa ds gkFkksa fxjoh j[kus tSlk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj fo'o cSad vkSj eqnzkdks"k
ys tkus ij ikcUnh yxk fn;kA lHkh dj olwyus okys foHkkxksa tSls mRikndj ds funsZ'kksa ij dke dj jgh gS] vkSj Hkkjr dks fons'kh dEifu;ksa dh ywV ds
funs'kky; ,oa vk;dj o dEiuhdj funs'kky;ksa dks isIlh&dksyk dss f[kykiQ fy;s [kksy fn;k x;k gSA
l[rh cjrus ds vkns'k fn;s x;sA ysfdu bu lHkh dk;Zokgh ij dksbZ Bksl 16) 21 flrEcj 1986 dks vkxuZkbtj eas id z kf'kr%& ^îIslh&dky
s k
iQSlyk ljdkj ys ikrh] mlds iwoZ gh pUnz'ks[kj ljdkj fxj x;hA iatkc ds dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa vkus nsuk fcYdqy Hkh le>nkjh dk iQSlyk ugha gSA
,d usrk cyoar flag jkewokfy;k us rRdkyhy iz/kueU=kh pUnz'ks[kj dks ,d isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk 'khry is; ,slh [kkl pht ugha gS vkSj uk gh bl
yEck i=k fy[kk FkkA bl i=k eas isIlh&dksyk dh /ks[kk/M+h ds ckjs esa foLrkj dEiuh dk vkyw fpIl ,slk [kkl gSA 1977 esa Hkkjr ls dksdk&dksyk dEiuh
ls fy[kk x;k FkkA dks Hkxk;k x;k Fkk] D;ksafd og dEiuh vius 'khry is; dk iQkewZyk crkus dks
14) 1 vDVwcj 1988 dks djaV (Current) if=kdk esa rS;kj ugha FkhA vkyw dk fpIl vkSj VekVj dh pVuh Hkkjr ds ?kj&?kj esa]
idz kf'kr%& ^^jktho xk/ a h ljdkj ds ckjs eas tks Hkh viQokgas mM+ jgh g]aS /hj&
s / xko&xko esa curk gSA vr% fpIl vkSj pVuh cukus ds fy;s vejhdh dEiuh
hjs os lc lp gksrh tk jgh gSaA vHkh gky gh esa jktho xka/h dh vejhdk dks ykus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA oSls rks isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us iwoZ esa dHkh
(okf'kxaVu) ;k=kk gq;h gSA bl ;k=kk ls ykSVus ds ckn gh Hkkjr ljdkj ds Hkh vkyw dk fpIl vkSj VekVj dh pVuh cukus dk dk;Z ugha fd;k gS] vkSj
m|ksx ea=kh ts- osaxyjko us isIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk dks vPNk dguk 'kq# fd;k uk gh [kk| izlaLdj.k dk dksbZ vuqHko bl dEiuh ds ikl gSA jktho xka/
gS] tcfd 'kq# esa os isIlh&dksyk dk fojks/ djrs jgsA ;g dSlk iQSlyk gS fd h ljdkj us bl isIlh ifj;kstuk dks tks eatwjh nh gS] mldk ,d Hkh vk/
isIlh ifj;kstuk dks eatwjh nsus ds fy;s ,d u;k ea=kky; [kk| ,oa izlaLdj.k kj Bksl ugha gSA ;g c;ku Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds usrk t; dk gS] tks ikVhZ
ds uke ls [kksyk x;k gSA okLro esa rks ;g ifj;kstuk m|ksx ea=kky; ds }kjk dh vkfFkZd uhfr cukus okys lewg ds izeq[k jgsA bl c;ku ds yxHkx 10
gh Lohr gks ldrh FkhA ysfdu vyx ls u;k ea=kky; [kksyuk 'kd iSnk lky ckn Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds usr`Ro esa ,d ljdkj cuh tks vHkh rd
djrk gSA txnh'k VkbZVyj tSls fons'kh dEifu;ksa ds leFkZd dks bl u;s vDVwcj&2003 rd py jgh gSA ysfdu vHkh rd bl ljdkj us Hkh
isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds f[kykiQ dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha fd;k gSA ea=kh fxfj/j xksekax }kjk fn;k x;k mRrj%&
^^gekjs ikl dksbZ fuxjkuh djus okyk ra=k ugha gSA gekjs ea=kky; dks
Hkkjrh; laln esa isIlh&dksyk ds ckjs esa iwNs x;s isIlh dEiuh }kjk ekfld Lrjij tks tkudkjh nh tkrh gS] mlh ds vk/kj
ij ge dk;Z djrs gSaA
iz'u ,oa ljdkj ds eaf=k;ksa }kjk fn;s x;s mRrj blh cgl eas Hkkx yrss g;qs lkl
a n gkjoUsnz flga gl
a iky }kjk fn;k x;k
c;ku%& ^êq>s irk pyk gS fd ;g dEiuh dqN leqnzh oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr dj
tc ls isIlh&dksyk dEiuh Hkkjr esa vk;h] rHkh ls ysdj jgh gS] ftldk iatkc ds fdlkuksa ds lkFk dqN ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA eq>s yxrk
vkt rd yxHkx 500 iz'u fofHkUu lkalnksa }kjk laln esa iwNs x;sA ftuessa gS fd ;g isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ljdkj ds lkFk feydj iatkc ds yksxksa dks
ls dqN izeq[k iz'uksa dks uhps fn;k tk jgk gSA /ks[kk ns jgh gSA eq>s ea=kh egksn; ls ;g vk'oklu pkfg, fd os bl dEiuh
dh /ks[kk/M+h dks jksdsaxsA
lkaln nhisu ?kks"k }kjk iwNk x;k iz'u & 29 vxLr 1991%& yksdlHkk v;{k dh fVIi.kh%& ^êa=khth] lkaln dk iz'u fcYdqy
lh/k gSA dEiuh dh vksj ls ok;nk fd;k x;k Fkk fd iatkc ds fdlkuksa dks
iz'u%& eSa ljdkj ls ;g tkuuk pkgrk gwfd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ykHk gksxkA ysfdu vHkhrd ,slk dksbZ ykHk iatkc ds fdlkuksa dks ugha gqvk
dks Lohr] ysVj vkiQ bUVsUV (Letter of Intent) esa tks 'kCn ^VuZ vksoj* gSA D;k vHkhrd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dh vksj ls iatkc esa ,slh dksbZ iQSDVjh
fy[kk x;k gS] mldk vFkZ D;k gS\ dkuwu ea=kky; dks bl 'kCn VuZ vksoj yxkbZ x;h g]S ftleas iQy ,oa lfCt;kas dk il z Ladj.k djds dkbsZ mRikn cuk;k
(Turn Over) dh O;k[;k djus ds fy;s D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
tk jgk gS\
iz'u%& yksdlHkk v;{k egksn;] ea=kh egksn; txnh'k VkbZVyj us lkaln gkjosUnz flag galiky dk oDrO;%& ^îsIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds
laln esa ckj&ckj dgk gS fd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa 'khry is; lkFk fd;s x;s djkj dh ;g 'krZ gS fd igys [kk| izlaLdj.k ds {ks=k esa
vius czkaM uke ls mRiknu djus ,oa cspus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk;sxhA bl dEiuh dkj[kkus yxkdj mRiknu dk;Z djxshA mlds ckn gh 'khry i;s cktkj
dEiuh dks fliQZ [kk| izlaLdj.k ds {ks=k esa gh vuqefr gksxhA ysfdu eq>s eas yk ldsxhA
yxrk gS fd ;g vejhdh dEiuh] Hkkjr ljdkj dh fdlh Hkh ckr ;k funsZ'kksa yksdlHkk v;{k dh izfrf;k%& ^^ysfdu D;k vHkh rd bl
dks ugha ekusxhA ;g dEiuh le; vkus ij 'khry is; dk mRiknu vkSj fch dEiuh us ,slh dksbZ iQSDVjh [kk| izlaLdj.k ds fy;s ugha yxk;h gS D;k\
nksuksa gh vius uke ls djsxhA xr 20 tqykbZ 1989 dks [kk| izlaLdj.k ea=kh lkaln gkjosUnz flag dk mRrj %& ughaA
txnh'k VkbZVyj }kjk laln esa vk'oklu fn;k x;k Fkk fd isIlh&dksyk yksdlHkk v;{k dh fVIi.kh%& ^êU=kh th vkidks bl lEcU/ esa
dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa 'khry is; mRiknu djus dh vuqefr rc rd ugha nh tYnh vkSj dM+h dk;Zokgh djus dh t:jr gSA ftldk dksbZ ifj.kke fudy
tk;sxh tc rd og dEiuh vius djkj dh lHkh 'krksZa dks iwjk ugha djsxhA ldsA
ysfdu vHkh&vHkh ljdkj dh vksj ls lwpuk nh x;h gS fd isIlh&dksyk lkaln nhisu ?kks"k dh fVIi.kh%& ^^;k rks isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks
dEiuh us vius dqy VuZ vksoj dk 25% 'khry is; mRiknu 'kq: dj fn;k djkj dh lHkh 'krksZa dks iwjk djuk pkfg, ;k fiQj bl dEiuh dks Hkkjr ls
gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ljdkj bl dEiuh dks jksdus ds fy;s dksbZ dk;Zokgh D;ksa ckgj fudky nsuk pkfg,A fxfj/j xksekaxks dk c;ku%& ^^tc isIlh&dksyk
ugha djrh gS\ ljdkj dks bl dEiuh dh ok;nkf[kykiQh ds fo# dk;Zokgh dEiuh dh Vhe Hkkjr vk;h Fkh] rc ,d ;wfuV dh dher 1200 #- crk;h
djus ls dkSu jksd jgk gS\ x;h FkhA ysfdu vc ;g dher c<+kdj 8058 #- izfr ;wfuV dj nh x;h gSA
geus bl lEcU/ esa isIlh dksyk dEiuh dks 19 vizSy 1991 dks dkj.k crkvks dEiuh us lh-vkbZ-,- ds lkFk feydj fpyh ns'k dh vysUns ljdkj dk r[rk
uksfVl tkjh dj fn;k gS vkSj dEiuh ls tckc ryc fd;k gSA iyV djk;k FkkA eq>s Mj gS fd ;g dEiuh Hkkjr esa Hkh ,slk gh jktuSfrd
yksdlHkk v;{k dk oDrO;%& ^êa=khth] lkaln egksn; vkils ;g gLr{ksi dj ldrh gSA
tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd vki isIlh dEiuh dh ok;nk f[kykiQh ds ckjs essa dksbZ 6 fnlEcj] 1988 dks laln esa gq;h cgl %&
dk;Zokgh tYnh djus tk jgs gSa ;k ugha\ t;iky jsM~Mh (lkaln) dk c;ku%& ^^bruh cM+h fons'kh dEiuh
ea=kh fxfj/j xksekaaxks dk c;ku%& ^îsIlh&dksyk dEiuh us tks Hkh isIlh&dksyk] nl lky rd fcuk 'kq equkiQs ds Hkh O;kikj dj ldrh gSA
djkj Hkkjr ljdkj ls fd;k gS] mldh lHkh 'krksZa dk ikyu djuk gh gksxkA D;ksafd bl dEiuh ds ikl vusdksa jkLrs gSa ftuds }kjk Hkkjr ls /u vejhdk
t;iky jsM~Mh dk c;ku%& ^^v;{k egksn;] isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us ys tk;k tk ldrk gSA blesa ,d jkLrk vksoj bUok;flax (Over
Hkkjr esa ftl rjg dk dke fd;k gS] og cgqr vkifRrtud gSA tc bl invoicing) dk gSA egRo dh ckr ;g gS fd vkyw fpIl ,oa ikidkuZ dks
dEiuh ds lkFk djkj fd;k x;k Fkk] ml le; laln ds nksuksas gh lnuksa esa rks fu;kZr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA rks ;s oLrq,a Hkkjrh; cktkj esa gh csph
cgl gq;h FkhA djkj dh 'krksZa ij Hkh ppkZ gq;h FkhA ysfdu bl fons'kh dEiuh tk;saxhA ea=kh egksn; D;k vkius bu ckrksa ij xEHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k gS\
us vius lkFk gq;s djkj dh ,d Hkh 'krZ dks ugha ekuk gSA ljdkj us Hkh djkj ea=kh egksn; vki gels dg jgs gSa fd isIlh dEiuh vius dqy mRiknu dk
Hkax ds vk/kj ij dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh gSA 25% gh 'khry is; cukdj cspsxhA ysfdu vkius vuqeku yxk;k gS fd ;g
yksdlHkk v;{k dh fVIi.kh%& ^^vkius tks Hkh dgk og lHkh dqN fdruk [krjukd gks ldrk gS\ ;fn isIlh dEiuh dk O;kikj LFkkfir gks x;k
lkfcr gks pqdk gSA rks ihNs&ihNs dksdk&dksyk dEiuh Hkh pyh vk;sxhA dksdk&dksyk dEiuh
t;iky jsM~Mh dk c;ku%& ^êa=kh egksn; us vius tokc esa ;g Hkkjr esa 100 izfr'kr fu;kZr djus ds cgkus ls izos'k djus tk jgh gSA uke
Lohdkj fd;k gS] fd dEiuh ds }kjk crkbZ x;h dherksa esa gsjkiQsjh gq;h gSA ds fy;s rks 100 izfr'kr fu;kZr fd;s tkus dh ckr gS] ysfdu mRiknu dk
bl ckr dks mRiknu dj foHkkx us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gSA 25% Hkkjrh; cktkj esa gh cspk tk;sxkA Hkkjr ds cktkjksa esa fiQj dksyk ;q
23 ekpZ 1990 dks laln (yksdlHkk) esa gq;h cgl%& 'kq# gksxkA tks vkfFkZd :i ls 'khr ;q ls Hkh Hk;adj gksxkA ;fn ljdkj
lnq'kuZjk; pk/
S kjh (lkl a n)%& ^ît
a kc ljdkj ,oa it
a kc ds ykxsksa dks pkgrh gS fd ns'k esa fLFkjrk ,oa le`f cuh jgs rks isIlh vkSj dksdk&dksyk
isIlh dEiuh us /ks[kk fn;k gSA u fliQZ iatkc cfYd iwjs ns'k dks Hkh /ks[kk dEifu;ksa dks dHkh Hkh Hkkjr esa O;kikj dh vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg,A
gqvk gSA gfjr kafr] iQy kafr vkfn dh lHkh ckrsa [kks[kyh lkfcr gq;h gSaA txnh'k VkbZVyj (ea=kh) dk c;ku%& ^îsIlh&dksyk dEiuh us Hkkjr
isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk vlyh mn~ns'; 'khry is; vkSj vkyw fpIl cspus dk ljdkj dks cSad xkjaVh vkSj dkuwuh xkjaVh nh gSA ;g dEiuh vius lHkh fu;kZr
gh Fkk] fdlkuksa dk Hkyk djus dk dksbZ] mn~ns'; ugha FkkA ok;nksa dks iwjk djsxh] ;g ge ns[ksaxsA ;g dEiuh iatkc esa iSnk gksus okys
lq/hj fxjh (lkaln dk c;ku)%& ^îsIlh dEiuh us cgqr lkjs ok;ns iQy&lfCt;ksa dk 25% fu;kZr djsxh] ;g cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA
fd;s Fks] ftlesa ls ,d Hkh ok;nk iwjk ugha fd;kA 3 uoEcj 1988 dks laln esa gqbZ cgl%&
Mk- jkepUnz Mkse (lkaln) dk c;ku%& ^îsIlh dEiuh us iatkc ds ,u- bZ- cyjke (lkaln) dk c;ku%& ^^vki isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks
fdlkuksa esa ,d vk'kk iSnk dh Fkh] fd nwljh gfjr kafr iatkc esa fiQj gksxhA vuqefr nsus tk jgs gSaA bl dEiuh ds }kjk fu;kZr djus ls lEcfU/r lHkh
isIlh ifj;kstuk ls 50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj feyus okyk FkkA ysfdu vkt ckrsa okLrfodrk ls cgqr nwj gSaA vki ea=kh egksn; lnu dks xqejkg ugha djsaA
okLrfodrk D;k gS\ laln esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd bl dEiuh dk vejhdh vki tkurs gSa fd bl dEiuh dk bfrgkl cgqr gh dkyk ,oa [kjkc jgk gSA
xqIrpj laLFkk lh-vkbZ-,- ds lkFk Hkh lEcU/ gSA lc tkurs gSa fd bl isIlh ;g cgqr gh dq[;kr ,oa cnuke dEiuh gSA bfrgkl dk gjsd fo|kFkhZ tkurk
gS fd blh isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us fpyh dh lYoknksj vysUns ljdkj dk isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dh vksj ls ugha fn;k x;k gSA dEiuh dh vksj ls bl
r[rk iyV fn;k FkkA ckjs esa >wB cksyk tk jgk gSA
nhisu?kks"k (lkaln) dk c;ku%& ^^D;k ea=kh egksn; nqfu;k esa ,d Hkh nhius ?kk"sk (lkl
a n) dk c;ku%& ^êaS oreZku ljdkj ls vihy djrk
,sls dkj[kkus dk irk crk ldrs gSa tgkisIlh&dksyk dEiuh iQyksa dk jl gwfd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks Hkkjr essa vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg,A D;ksafd
rS;kj djkrh gks] ,oa mldk fu;kZr djrh gks\ ;g dEiuh vius fdlh Hkh ok;ns dks iwjk ugha dj jgh gSA bl dEiuh dh
txnh'k VkbZVyj (ea=kh) dk c;ku%& ^îsIlh&dksyk }kjk fn;s x;s Hkkjr dks dksbZ t:jr ugha gSA bl dEiuh us ySfVu vejhdh ns'k fpyh esa
rF;ks ls irk pyrk gS fd bl dEiuh dk 60% O;kikj iQy mRiknksa ls tqM+k Hk;adj mRikr fd;k FkkA
gqvk gSA 27 ekpZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&
nhisu ?kks"k (lkaln) dk c;ku%& ^^vki ea=kh th xyr cksy jgs gSa [ksepUnz lksekHkkbZ pkoM+k (lkaln)%& ^îsIlh vejhdk dh cgqr cM+h
vkSj vkidks xyr tkudkjh nh x;h gSA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk iwjh nqfu;k cgqjk"Vh; dEiuh gSA bl dEiuh us Hkkjr esa vkdj lHkh fu;eksa dk mYya?ku
esa 'khry is;ksa dk gh O;kikj gSA fd;k gSA bl dEiuh us ok;nk fd;k Fkk fd 50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj fn;k
;'koar flUgk (lkaln jkT;lHkk) dk c;ku%& ^^v;{k egksn;] tk;sxk ysfdu ek=k 400 yksxksa dks gh vHkh rd jkstxkj fn;k x;k gSA dEiuh
isIlh&dksyk dk ekeyk cgqr gh laosnu'khy gSA bl iwjs ekeys esa vkdM+ksa dh us dgk Fkk fd iQyksa dk izlaLdj.k djds fu;kZr fd;k tk;sxk] ysfdu vHkh
ckthxjh dh x;h gSA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us ljdkj dks ,oa ns'k dks xqejkg rd dqN Hkh fu;kZr ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g dEiuh /ks[ksckt dEiuh gSA
fd;k gSA ;g dEiuh ns'k ds yksxksa dh ywV djus tk jgh gSA bl dEiuh us
vius djkj dh lHkh 'krksZa dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA bl le; ekuuh; iz/kuea=kh
lnu esa cSBs gq;s gSaA eSa ;g tkuuk pkgrk gw fd ljdkj bl dEiuh ds isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ksa esa
f[kykiQ D;k dkuwuh ,oa iz'kklfud dk;Zokgh djus tk jgh gS\ ;fn ea=kh
egksn; esjs iz'u dk mRrj ugha ns ldrs rks ekuuh; iz/kueU=kh bl iz'u dk
dhVuk'kd
mRrj nsaA
Mk- ;sykekapyh f'kokth (lkaln)%& ^^v;{k egksn;] iwjs ns'k esa yksxksa 5 vxLr] 2003 dks ^lsUVj iQkj lk;Ul ,UM ,uok;jesUV* laLFkk
ds chp ;g ppkZ gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj us isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks eatwjh nsus dh iz;ksx'kkyk }kjk tkjh dh x;h fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj isIlh&dksyk ,oa
ds fy;s gh ,d u;s ea=kky; ^[kk| izlaLdj.k* dk xBu fd;k gSA D;k vc dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ksa esas] fu/kZfjr ek=kk ls dbZ xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd
isIlh ifj;kstuk dks eatwjh ds ckn bl ea=kky; dks lekIr dj fn;k tkuk ik;s x;sA bl laLFkk ds rhu oSKkfudkssa izks- (Mk-) ,p-ch-ekFkqj] Mk- liuk
pkfg,\ tkWulu] ,oa vfouk'k dqekj us isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ksa ds lHkh
czkaM ukeksa ls fcdus okys is;ksa dk oSKkfud ijh{k.k fd;kA bl ijh{k.k esa ygj
2 ebZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&
isIlh] ygj lsou vi] ygj fefjUMk] dksdk&dksyk] FkElvi] fyEdk] flVk
dey ekjskjdk (lkl
a n)%& ^^v;{k egkns;] eaS iIslh&dky
s k ifj;kt
s uk
tSls djhc 12 czkaMks dks fy;k x;kA vkt dh izpfyr vUrjjk"Vh; ijh{k.k
ds vkfFkZd i{k ls lEcfU/r dqN xaHkhj vkifRr lnu ds lkeus j[kuk pkgrk
rduhd] xl S kesVskxskziQh dks byDSVku dISpj fMVDsVj (Electron Capture
gwA 'kq# esa tc bl ifj;kstuk dks ljdkj ds lkeus eatwjh ds fy;s j[kk x;k
Detector) ,oa ukbVkstu iQkWLiQksjl fMVsDVj (Nitrogen Phosphorus De-
Fkk] rc bldh ykxr 22 djksM+ #i;s FkhA vc bl ifj;kstuk dh ykxr
tector) dh enn ls ;s ijh{k.k fd;s x;sA bu ijh{k.kksa ls Kkr gqvk fd isIlh
c<+dj 75 djksM+ #- gks x;h gSA bl dher ds c<+us dk dksbZ Hkh dkj.k
vkSj dksdk&dksyk }kjk tks ikuh bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gS& 'khry is; cukus
ds fy;s& ml ikuh esa gh dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk cgqr vf/d gSA nqfu;k dh fefjUMk yseu 0-0352 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 70 xquk vf/d
fofHkUu laLFkkvksa tSls fo'o LokLF; laxBu] [kk| ,oa f"k laxBu (,iQ- ,- Cyw isIlh 0-0142 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 29 xquk vf/d
vks-) vejhdh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k laLFkk (USEPA) [kk| ,oa vkS"kf/ iz'kklu lsou&vi 0-0166 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 33 xquk vf/d
(F.D.A.) us dhVuk'kdksa dh [kk| ,oa is; inkFkksZa essa mifLFkfr ds fy;s dqN dksdkdksyk 0-0223 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 45 xquk vf/d
ekun.M r; fd;s gq;s gSaA ;wjksih; vkfFkZd vk;ksx (E.E.C) us ihus ds ikuh iQSUVk 0-0214 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 43 xquk vf/d
esa vf/dre dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk 0-0001 feyhxzke izfr yhVj r; dh gSA fyEdk 0-0148 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 30 xquk vf/d
vFkkZr ,d yhVj ikuh esa vf/d ls vf/kd 0-0001 feyhxzke dhVuk'kd dh LizkbV 0-0055 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 11 xquk vf/d
mifLFkfr gks ldrh gS tks euq"; dh lsgr ds fy;s T;knk [krjukd ugha ekuh FkEl&vi 0-0111 fe-xkz- 0-0005 AA 22 xquk vf/d
tkrh gSA vHkh ;wjksi ds lHkh ns'kksa esa 25 fnlEcj 2003 ls u;s ekud r;
fd;s tk jgs gSaA ftuds vuqlkj ihus ds ikuh esa ,d yhVj esa vf/dre 0- Hkkjr eas fcdus okys (ij nh x;h rkfydk ds vul q kj) iIslh&dky s k
00003 feyhxzke gh dhVuk'kd gks ldsaxsA bl ek=kk dks lqjf{kr ekuk tkrk esa dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk ;wjksih; isIlh&dksyk esa dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk ls 37
gSA lsUVj iQkj lk;Ul ,.M ,uok;jesUV ds oSKkfudksa us ;wjksi ds bUgha xuqk vf/d gAS blh rjg Hkkjr eas fcdus okys dkd s k&dkys k eas ;jwkish; ekudkas
ekun.Mksas dks vk/kj cukdj] Hkkjr esa fcdus okys isIlh&dksdk&dksyk ds BaMs dh rqyuk esa 45 xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd tgj gSA blh rjg Hkkjr esa fcdus
is;ksa dh tkp dhA bl tkap esa fyUMsu] DyksjksikbjhiQkl] Mh-Mh-Vh-] eSykfFk;ku okys FkEl vi esa ;wjksih; ekudksa dh rqyuk esa 22 xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd
tSls [krjukd dhVuk'kd isIlh o dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ksa esa ik;s x;sA tgj gSA Hkkjr esa fcdus okys lsou vi esa rks ;wjksih; ekudksa dh rqyuk esa
bl dk;Z ds fy;s isIlh vkSj dksdk&dksyk ds czkaM dh 36 cksrysa fnYyh ds 70 xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd tgj gSA Hkkjrh; fyEdk esa ;wjksih; ekudkssa dh
fofHkUu cktkjksa ls [kjhnh x;haA ebZ 2003 esa budk ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA blds rqyuk esa 30 xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd tgj gSA blh rjg isIlh ,oa
vfrfjDr vejhdk ls Hkh isIlh&dksdk dksyk ds BaMs is;ksa ds uewus Hkh ijh{k.k dksdk&dksyk ds vU; lHkh czkUMksa esa dbZ xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd tgj ik;k
fd;s x;sA fnYyh ds cktkjksa ls izkIr 'khry is;ksa esa tks Hkh [krjukd x;k gSA
dhVuk'kd] tgjhys jlk;u ik;s x;s mudh lwph vkSj ek=kk uhps nh x;h gS&
'khry is; dhVuk'kdksa dh

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feys gq;s
;wjksih; ns'kksa esa ;wjksih; ns'kksa dh dhVuk'kdksa dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkko
dk czkaM uke ek=kk izfryhVj esa isIlh&dksyk vkSj dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ksa esa pkj izdkj ds
dhVuk'kdksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa dhVuk'kd fyUMsu] DyksjksikbjhiQkl] Mh-Mh-Vh-] ,oa eSykfFk;ku ik;s x;sA bu
Hkkjr esa ek=kk izfryhVj esa] fdrus xquk vf/d dhVuk'kdksa dk 'kjhj ds LokLF; ij cgqr gh [kjkc vlj gksrk gSA fyUMsu uke
dhVuk'kd dk tgjhyk dhVuk'kd 'kjhj ds ikpurU=k ,oa 'olu rU=k }kjk 'kjhj ds
isIlh 0-0187 fe-xzk- 0-0005 fe-xzk- 37 xquk vf/d rdksas esa (Fattissues) tek gksrk jgrk gSA ;g fyUMsu yhoj] fdMuh rFkk
ekM.Vsu M&;w 0-0141 fe-xzzk- 0-0005 AA 28 xquk vf/d 'kjhj dh izfrjks/d rU=k dks cgqr uqdlku igqp krk gSA fyUMsu uked
MkbV isIlh 0-0071 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 14 xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd tgj] dSalj vkSj tUetkr 'kkjhfjd fofr;ksa ds fy;s Hkh
fefj.Mk vkjsUt 0-0196 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 39 xquk vf/d ftEesnkj gksrk gSA 'kjhj dh ,UMkskbu xzfUFk dks Hkh fyUMsu Hkkjh uqdlku
igqp krk gSA fodykaxrk dks Hkh iSnk djus dk dk;Z eSykfFk;ku djrk gSA ;g dhVuk'kh
fyUMsu dh 40 feyhxzke ek=kk fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh (efgyk ;k tgj i{kk?kkr dk Hkh dkj.k cu ldrk gSA
iq:"k) dh iztuu {kerk dks lekIr dj ldrh gSA iq:"kkssa ds o`"k.k rU=k egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds Hkkjr esa
(Testienlar system) dks cgqr cqjh rjg ls fyUMsu izHkkfor djrk gSA fcdus okys 'khry is;ksa esa gh ;s dhVuk'kh tgj eSykfFk;ku] DyksjksikbZjhiQkWl]
efgykvksa ds fu;fer ekfldp dks Hkh fyUMsu izHkkfor djrk gSA efgykvksa Mh-Mh-Vh-] ,oa fyUMsu ik;k x;kA ysfdu tc isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds
ds 'kjhj esas cuus okys ,LVkstksu ,oa izkstsLVksu gkeksZUl dh ek=kk dks fyUMsu vejhdk esa fcdus okys 'khry is;ksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k rks dksbZ Hkh
dkiQh de dj nsrk gSA pwgksa ij fd;s x;s ijh{k.kksa ls ;g fl gqvk gS fd dhVuk'kh tgj muesa ugha ik;k x;kA
fyUMsu ls yhoj dSUlj gksrk gSA fyUMsu fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds rfU=kdk rU=k
dks Hkh cqjh rjg ls izHkkfor djrk gSA gn; dks jDr igqpkus okyh ufydkvksa ekmaVsu M~;w esa dSiQhu Hkh gn ls T;knk % lh,lbZ
dks Hkh fyUMsu dkiQh {kfr igqpkrk gSA cgqjk"Vh; daiuh isfIldks ds ns'k esa fcdus okys lkV fMad
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa fyUMsu ds ckn nwljk [krjukd êkmaVsu M~;w* esa dSiQhu dh ek=kk varjjk"Vh; ekud ls cgqr T;knk gSA ;g
tgjhyk dhVuk'kd Mh-Mh-Vh- (Dichloro diphenyl trichlo roethane) ik;k [kqyklk lasVj vkWiQ lkbal ,aM buok;juesaV (lh,lbZ) dh v;{kk lquhrk
x;kA ;g Mh-Mh-Vh- euq"; ds oh;Z esa 'kqk.kqvksa dh la[;k de djus dk dk;Z ukjk;.k us fd;k gSA lqJh ukjk;.k ds eqrkfcd phu] dukMk] vkLVsfy;k]
,oa fL=k;ksa esas o{k dSUlj fodflr djus ds fy;s ftEesnkj ekuk tkrk gSA nf{k.k vhdk] gkySaM] Lisu vkfn ns'kksa esa dsoy dksyk is; esa dSiQhu feykus
fL=k;ksa ds 'kjhj ds fy;s lcls egRoiw.kZ ,LVkstu uked gkeksZu dks Mh-Mh-Vh- dh NwV gS] og Hkh izfr yhVj ek=k 150 feyhxzkeA Hkkjr esa lHkh rjg ds
de dj nsrk gSA bl dkj.k ls efgykvksa eas fcuk fdlh dkj.k xHkZikr gksus lkV fMad esa izfr yhVj 200 feyh xzke rd dSiQhu feykus dh NwV gSA blh
vkSj o{kLFky ds dSUlj gksus dk [krjk iSnk gks tkrk gSA yEcs le; rd cgqr dk iQk;nk mBkdj 'khry is; daifu;k dSiQhu feyk jgh gSaA
vYi ek=kk eas Hkh Mh-Mh-Vh- 'kjhj eas tk;s rks yhoj dUSlj gkuss dh lEHkkouk jgrh
gAS isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk D;k gSa\
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdks&dksyk esa rhljk [krjukd dhVuk'kd tgj
DyksjksikbjhiQkWl (Chloropyrifos) feykA ;g dhVuk'kh tgj euq"; 'kjhj ds
lkV fMad ,sls is; inkFkksZa dks dgk tkrk gS tks ikuh eas
efLr"d ,oa rfU=kdk rU=k (Nervous system) dks cqjh rjg ls izHkkfor
dkcuZ MkbvkDWlkbM xl S rFkk vU; jklk;fud nozkas tl S s ,fslM vkjS ehBk cukus
djrk gSA DyksjksikbjhiQkWl efLr"d dh dksf'kdkvksa dks cqjh rjg ls u"V dj
okys jlk;uksa dks feykdj cuk;s tkrs gSaA ysfdu buesa 'kjkc ;k ,Ydksgy ugha
nrsk gAS yxkrkj DykjskiskbjZhiQklW eu"q; 'kjhj eas cgrq gh vYi ek=kk eas Hkh tk,
gksrh gSA blfy;s bUgsa lkV fMad dgk tkrk gSA bu lkV fMaDl esa iQyksa
rks fnekxh fodkl dks jksd nsrk gSA 'kjhj dh ekalisf'k;ksa dks Hkh detksj djus
dk jl ugha gksrk gSA
dk dke DyksjksikbZjhiQkWl djrk gSA DyksjksikbjhiQkWl ls 'kjhj dk fodkl Hkh
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk dksyk&tSls BaMs is;ksa esa 86 ls 90% rd
#drk gS vkSj euq"; LoHkko esa Hkh fofr;kvk tkrh gaSA
ikuh gksrk gSA blesa Lokn dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s dSiQhu feyk;k tkrk gSA
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa pkSFkk dhVuk'kh tgj eSykfFk;ku
bldks ehBk cukus ds fy;s lShu dk ;k ,LijVse uked jlk;u dk iz;ksx
(Malathiyan) ik;k x;kA ;g tgj Hk;d a j dlaS jdkjd gAS ;g dhVuk'kh tgj
fd;k tkrk gSA blesa nzo :i esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM xSl dks feyk;k tkrk
'kjhj ds rfU=kdk rU=k ij Hkh cgqr cqjk izHkko djrk gSA efgykvksa eaas Lru
gSA ;g xSl ikuh esa thok.kqvksa dks iuius ls jkssdrh gSA bl xSl dh mifLFkfr
dl aS j Hkh fodflr djus dk dk;Z ;g ey S kfFk;ku djrk gAS tUetkr 'kkjhfjd
ls gh lkV fMaDl ihus ij eqg esa okLrfodrk ls vf/d BaMk gksus dk ,glkl
gksrk gSA 'kjhj ij cgqr vf/d nq"izHkko gksrk gSA nqfu;k Hkj ds vusd ns'kksa esa fd;s x;s
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa eq[; :i ls iQkWLiQksfjd ,sflM Hkh 'kks/ ds vuqlkj isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ihus ls eksVkik] e/qesg
feyk;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr flfVd ,sflM ,oa eSfyd ,sflM Hkh feyk;s (Diabetes), nar {k; (Tooth Decay)] gfM~M;ksa dk {k; (osteoporosis)]
tkrs gSaA bu vEyksa (Acids) dks feykus ls I;kl cq>us dk ,glkl gksrk gSA gn; jksx (Heart Disease)] ,oa dbZ ekufld jksx gksrs gSaA isIlh&dksyk ,oa
lkV fMaDl esa feyk;s x;s jlk;uksa dh vkil esa f;kvksa dks jksdus ds fy;s dksdk&dksyk tSls 'khry is;ksa esa iQkWLiQksfjd ,sflM] flfVd ,sflM] eSfyd
,Ldkjfcd ,sflM Hkh feyk;k tkrk gSA isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa jax ,sflM tSls dbZ vEy gksus ds dkj.k bls ihus ls 'kjhj esa vEyksa dh ek=kk c<+
nsus ds fy;s dSjkesy (Caramel) uked jlk;u dk iz;kssx fd;k tkrk gSA tkrh g]S ftlds dkj.k ,flfMVh dh chekjh gkrsh gAS iVs eas dbZ vU; chekfj;k
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dks yEcs le; rd lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s Hkh bl vEyrk ds c<+us ls gks tkrh gSaA vXuk'k; esa vEy vkSj {kkj dk ,d
iksVsf'k;e lkWjcsV uked jlk;u feyk;k tkrk gSA blds lkFk gh lksfM;e fuf'pr vkSj fu;fer vuqikr jgrk gS] ;g vuqikr ,sflM (vEy) dh ek=kk
csUtks,V (Sodium Bengoate) Hkh feyk;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr c<+us ls fcxM+ tkrk gSA bl dkj.k isV esa tyu] [kV~Vh Mdkjsa] isV nnZ] isV
isfDVu] ,YxhusV (Alginate) tSls vU; jlk;u dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA esa vYlj tSlh chekfj;kiSnk gksrh gSaA vXuk'k; esa o ikpuf;k esa Hkh [kjkch
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa ikuh ds vfrfjDr tks Hkh jlk;u vkrh gS ftlls vipu vkSj xSl dh leL;k Hkh gksrh gSA
iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa mudh lwph bl izdkj gSA 1) dSiQhu 2) ,sLijVse (lShu dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ,d fo"kSyh xSl gksrh gS] ftls gekjk 'kjhj ,d
ls 200 xquk vf/d ehBk) 3) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (nzo :i esa) 4) csdkj inkFkZ ;k vuqi;ksxh ekudj ckgj fudkyrk jgrk gSA ysfdu tc blh
iQkWLiQksfjd ,sflM 5) dSjkesy (Caramel) 6) lksfM;e csUtks,V 7) iksVsf'k;e xSl dks 'khry is;ksa ds ek/;e ls ge 'kjhj esa Mkyrs gSa rks gekjs iQsiQM+ksa ij
lkWjcsV 8) isfDVu 9) ,YxhusV 10) eSfyd ,flM cukus dh fof/ bldk cqjk vlj gksrk gSA dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ,oa iQkWLiQksfjd ,sflM rFkk
lkV fMaDl cukus ds fy;s lcls igys ikuh vkSj ehBk cukus okys ,LijVse dks lkFk feykdj tc 'khry is; ds :i esa fi;k tkrk gS] rks ;g
jlk;u ,LijVse ;k lShu dks feykdj ?kksy cuk;k tkrk gSA fiQj blesa 'kjhj dh gfM~M;ks ds fy;s t:jh iks"kd rRoksa dh deh djrk gS] blds dkj.k
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ksa dk fo'ks"k :i ls rS;kj lkUnz ?kksy tYnh gh gfM~M;ksa ds VwV tkus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA blh chekjh dks
(Concentrate) feyk;k tkrk gSA mlds ckn vEyksa dks feykus dh f;k vkWfLV;ksiksjksfll dgrs gSaA bl chekjh esa gfM~M;ksa ds vUnj ekStwn dSfY'k;e
lEiUu gksrh gS ftlesa iQkWLiQksfjd ,flM tSls vEy feyk;s tkrs gSaA bl f;k ,oa iQkWLiQksjl dk larqyu VwV tkrk gSA bl chekjh esa dSfY'k;e dh ek=kk
ls lhji tSlk cu tkrk gSA gfM~M;ksa esa cgqr gh de gks tkrh gSA
blds ckn ikuh dks vkDlhtu eqDr cuk;k tkrk gSA mlds ckn gekjs nkWrksa ds ij ,usey dh iVy gh nkWrksa dh lqj{kk dk dk;Z
mPp nkc (High Pressure) ij ikuh esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (nzo :i) djrh gSA fdlh 'khry is; esa ekStwn ,sflM ds dkj.k nkWrksa dh j{kk djus okyh
feyk;k tkrk gSA bl izf;k esa ikuh eas ls gok iwjh rjg fudy tkrh gSA vc ;g iVy detksj gksrh tkrh gSA bl rjg nar{k; 'kq# gks tkrk gSA
bl ikuh esa gh mi;qDr rjhds ls rS;kj lhji dks ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esa yDsVkcsl S hyl (Lactobacilius) ,oa ,DVhukeskbll s (Actinomyces) uke ds
feykdj cksryksa esa Hkjdj fch ds fy;s Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA nks cSDVhfj;k eqg ds vUnj cgqr rsth ls iSnk gksdj c<+rs gSa] tc lkV fMaDl
fi;k tkrk gSA bu nksuks gh cSDVhfj;k ds fy;s vEyrk (,sflfMd) ,oa ehBk
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feyk;s tkus okys okrkoj.k cgqr gh vuqdwy gksrk gSA ;s nksuksa cSDVhfj;k nar{k; rFkk vU; eqgs
jklk;fud inkFkksZa dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkko ds jksxksa ds fy;s Hkh ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA eqg ds vUnj 'khry is;ksa ls ,d vkSj
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feyk;s tkus okys lHkh jlk;ukssa dk cSDVhfj;k E;wVsUl LVsIVkslh (Mutans streptocci) iSnk gksrk gSA ;g cSDVhfj;k
lkV fMaDl esa feyk;s tkus okys ,LijVse (ehBk cukus ds fy;s) ds dkj.k bl rjg eksVkik c<+us yxrk gSA vejhdk esa vkt 70% yksx eksVkis ds
iSnk gksrk gSA ;g Hkh nar{k; dks cgqr c<+kok nsrk gSA f'kdkj gSa mldk dkj.k isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk dksyk gh gSaA
isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk tSls 'khry is;ksa esa dSiQhu Hkh feyk;k blh efsMdy tuy Z yUSlVs ds vul q kj ^îIslh&dky
s k ,oa dkd
s k&dkys k
tkrk gSA ;g dSiQhu gekjs 'kjhj ds dsUnzh; raf=kdk ra=k (Central Nervous esa feyk;k tkus okyk jlk;u ,LijVse ew=kuyh dk dSUlj Hkh dj nsrk gSA bl
System) dks cqjh rjg ls fcxkM+ ldrk gSA ;fn 'kjhj esa dSiQhu dh ek=kk jlk;u ds dkj.k czsu gsejst Hkh gks ldrk gSA isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk
vf/d gks tk;s rks vfunzk] fpM+fpMk+iu] vR;f/d fpark] volkn tSlh xaHkhj esa Mkyk x;k dSiQhu ,d mRrstd jlk;u gSA ;g 'kjhj dks FkksM+h nsj ds fy;s
chekfj;kiSnk gks tkrh gSaA dSiQhu ds dkj.k is'kkc esa tkus okys dSfY'k;e dh mRrsftr dj nsrk gSA fny dh /M+du dks c<+k nsrk gSA blls FkksM+s le; ds
ek=kk cgqr vf/d c<+ tkrh gS] bl dkj.k Hkh vkLVh;ksiksjksfll chekjh gks fy;s 'kjhj esa jDr lapkj rst gks tkrk gS vkSj ge FkksM+h nsj ds fy;s rjksrktk
tkrh gSA fdlh efgyk dks xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku ;fn isIlh&dksyk ;k eglwl djus yxrs gSaA ysfdu ckj&ckj ,slk gkssus ij 'kjhj dh thouh 'kfDr
dksdk&dksyk tSls is; fiyk;s tk;sa rks xaHkhj :i ls xHkZikr dk [krjk rFkk de gksus yxrh gSA dSQhu gekjh vkrksa dks rFkk vek'kk; dh nhokjksa dks Hkh
xHkZLFk f'k'kq dh 'kkjhfjd lajpuk esa fofr dk [krjk c<+ tkrk gSA vf/d uqdlku igqp krk gS] ftlds dkj.k vYlj gks tkrk gSA
ek=kk esa dSiQhu uiqaldrk Hkh iSnk djrh gSA lHkh 'khry is;ksa esa [kkldj isIlh dbZ oSKkfudksa us ;g fl fd;k gS fd dSalj dh dksf'kdk;sa
vkSj dksdk&dksyk esa xgjk yky jax nsus ds fy;s dSjkesy (Caramel) dk vkDlhtu dh mifLFkfr esa FkksM+s gh le; ftUnk jgrh gSa] tcfd ;gh dSalj
iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks vR;f/d dSaljdkjd gSA blh rjg isIlh vkSj dksf'kdk;sa dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbZM dh mifLFkfr esa Hkjiwj o`f djrh gSaA blds
dksdk&dksyk esa bLrseky gksus okys iksVsf'k;e lkWjcsV ,oa lkssfM;e csUtks,V Hkh vykok vf/d vEyrk dh fLFkfr Hkh dSalj dksf'kdkvksa dh o`f ds fy;s
dSaljdkjd gSaA ;s nksuksa jlk;u euq"; dh vkuqoaf'kd lajpuk eas Hkh Hkkjh vuqdwy gksrh gSA vr% dkcZu MkbZ&vkWDlkbM ,oa iQkWLiQksfjd vEy nksuksa dh
fofr iSnk dj nsrs gSaSA isIlh vkSj dksdk&dksyk esa uk rks izksVhu uk gh dksbZ mifLFkfr dSalj dksf'kdkvksa dh o`f djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA vf/d ek=kk
foVkfeu gksrs gSaA esa isIlh&dksyk ,ao dksdk&dksyk dk lsou lsfjczy iQkYlh uke dh [krjukd
vejhdk ls izdkf'kr Dyhfudy fjlpZ U;wt ysVj uked chekjh dks tUe nsrk gSA bl chekjh esa ekufld viaxrk iSnk gks tkrh gSA
oSKkfud if=kdk esa Mk- tkWMuZ fLVsUlu }kjk fy[ks x;s ,d ys[k esa crk;k fnekx dh raf=kdk;sa Hkh bl chekjh esa u"V gks tkrh gSaA isIlh&dksd ds vf/
x;k gS] fd dksYM fMaD l esa dqN Hkh iks"kdrk ugha gksrh gSA ;s dksYM fMaDl d losu ls yhoj&fljkfsll Hkh gks tkrk gAS lkekU; :i ls ;g yhoj&fljkfsll
nkWrksa dks lcls vf/d uqdlku igqp krs gSaA bu 'khry is;ksa ls nkrksa esa xM~Ms chekjh mu yksxksa dks gh gksrh gS tks 'kjkc dk lsou vf/d djrs gSaA
(Cavity) vkSj nkrks esa lM+u iSnk gksrh gSA fo[;kr esMhdy tuZy ySUlsV ds
vul q kj dkYsM fMDal ls ikzfrd Hk[wk yxus ds rU=k eas vfu;ferrk inSk gkrsh
gSA blls {kf.kd ,oa f=ke Hkw[k yxrh gS vkSj isIlh&dksd ihus okys dqN isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dh vEyh;rk (,sflfMVh)
uk dqN [kkrs jgrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k eksVkik c<+us yxrk gSA tSls gh ge
5 vxLr 2003 dks tkjh dh x;h lsUVj iQkj lk;Ul ,.M
dqN [kkrs gSa rks isV ls fnekx dks ,d lans'k igqp tkrk gS fd bruk Hkkstu
,uok;jesUV dh fjiksVZ esa isIlh&dkssyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dh vEyh;rk
isV esa vk pqdk gSA fiQj fnekx ls 'kjhj ds nwljs fgLlksa dks Hkkstu larqf"V
(Acidity) dh tkap fjiksVZ Hkh nh x;h gSA mi;qDr laLFkk ds oSKkfudksa us
dk lans'k igqp rk gSA ysfdu dksYM fMaDl ds :i esa ge tks Hkh ysrs gSa og
isIlh&dksyk rFkk dksdk&dksyk ds lHkh 12 czkaMksa dh 3&3 cksryksa dk ijh{k.k
rjy gksus ds dkj.k isV ls tYnh gh lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj larqf"V dk
fd;k FkkA vFkkZr~ dqy 36 cksryksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k FkkA buesas izR;sd
vuqHko ugha jgrk] blls fiQj Hkw[k yxus yxrh gS vkSj fiQj [kkuk [kkrs gSaA
cksry esa fdruk tgjhyk dhVuk'kd (fyUMsu] Mh-Mh-Vh] DyksjksikbjhiQkWl]
eSykfFk;ku) ik;k x;k vkSj izR;sd cksry dh vEyh;rk (Acidity) fdruh v;{k Mk- lqHkk"k 'kY;k dk dguk gS fd de O;k;ke] nw/ dk de lsou vkSj
Fkh] og foLrkj ds lkFk uhps dh lkfj.kh esa fn;k x;k gSA 'kq ihus ds ikuh lksMk dk vf/d lsou djus ls ;g fcekjh gksrh gSa
dh vEyh;rk 7 (7PH) gkrsh gAS 7 ls de PH eku dks vEy rFkk 7 Ph aekd czkaM uke isIlh cSp uEcj vEyh;rk dhVuk'kdksa dh
ls vf/d eku dks {kkj dgk tkrk gSA vEy ftruk vf/d rhoz gksrk gS vkSj dksdk&dksyk PH eku ek=kk fe-xzk- izfr
mldk Ph eku 7 ls mruk gh de gksrk gSA 7 Ph ls de eku 6] 5] 4] (Acidity)
3] 2] 1] Ph gksus ls vEyh;rk rhoz gksrh tkrh gSA vr% 6 Ph dk vEy] yhVj esa
5 Ph dk mlls vf/d vEy] 4 Ph dk vkSj Hkh vf/d vEy] 3 Ph 1 isIlh&1 PN-99 2-32 0-0209
dk vkSj Hkh vf/d vEyA tSls&tSls Ph eku ?kVrk tkrk gS] vEyh;rk 2 IksIlh&2 P-03-76-06%06 2-37 0-0170
(vEy dh ek=kk) vf/d ls vf/d c<+rh tkrh gSA 3 isIlh&3 P-03-54-01%50 2-33 0-0181
4 ekMUVsu M;w&1 MO.03-19-10%00 2-82 0-0134
gfM~M;ksa ls dSfY'k;e lks[k ysrs gSa 'khry is; 5 ekMUVsu M;w&2 MO.03-13-15%02 2-81 0-0093
ubZ fnYyh (,tsafl;ka)A 'khry is;ksa esa dhVuk'kdksa dh 6 ekMUVsu M;w&3 MO.03-26-17%12 2-79 0-0195
ekStwnxh ds oSKkfud izek.k feyus ds ckn vc u, v;;uksa us 'khry is; 7 MkbV isIlh&1 OP.03-11-18%21 2-47 0-0082
ds vf/d miHkksx ls gksus okys [krjs ds ckjs esa Hkh psrkouh nh gSA 8 MkbV isIlh&2 OP-09-9-14%25 2-50 0-0056
fo'ks"kKksa dk dguk gS fd cPpksa ds eu essa dSfY'k;e ls 9 MkbV isIlh&3 OP-03-11-20%21 2-50 0-0074
Hkjiwj nw/ ds izfr oSjkX; txkus eas 'khry is;ksa dk lcls cM+k gkFk gSA ;s 'khry 10 fefj.Mk vksjsUt&1 MO-03-24-22%08 2-49 0-0246
is; 'kjhj esa gfM~M;ksa ls dSfY'k;e dh ek=kk dks lks[k ysrs gSaA lksMk esa mifLFkr 11 fefj.Mk vksjsUt&2 MO-03-27-15%22 2-58 0-015
iQkLiQksfjd ,flM 'kjhj esa dSfY'k;e ls fey tkrk gS vkSj gfM~M;ksa dks dSfY'k;e 12 fefj.Mk vksjsUt&3 L3 2-58 0-0189
ugha fey ikrkA blds vykok dksyk esa mifLFkr dSiQhu ew=koZd dh Hkwfedk 13 fefj.Mk yseu&1 ML-03-9-21%21 2-47 0-0373
fuHkkrk gS ftlls 'kjhj ls vkSj T;knk ek=kk esa dSfY'k;e ckgj fudy tkrk 14 fefj.Mk yseu&2 ML-03-07-15%23 2-41 0-0311
gSA ;gkfLFkr th- ,e- eksnh vLirky ds ofj"B vfLFk 'kY; fpfdRld Mk- 15 fefj.Mk yseu&3 ML-03-13-17%43 2-38 0-0372
eukst efyd ds vuqlkj vkWfLV;ksiksjksfll ls 'kjhj esa dSfY'k;e dh deh ds 16 Cyw isIlh&1 PB-03-19-13%57 2-55 0-0117
dkj.k gfM~M;ksa dk ?kuRo ,oa vkfLFk eTtk cgqr de gks tkrk gSA lkFk gh 17 Cyw isIlh&2 PB-03-18-21%20 2-58 0-0187
gfM~M;kas dh cukoV Hkh [kjkc gks tkrh gS ftlls gfM~M;ka vR;ar HkqjHkqjh vkSj 18 Cyw isIlh&3 PB-03-19-21%28 2-62 0-0138
vfr loansu'khy gks tkrh gAaS bl dkj.k gfMM~;kas ij gYdk ncko iMu+s ;k gYdh 19 lsou vi&1 S-03-02-19%06 3-15 0-0163
pksV yxus ij Hkh os VwV tkrh gSaA 20 lsou vi&2 S-03-02-00%43 3-20 0-0178
vksfLV;ksiksjksfll dks [kkeks'k chekjh Hkh dgk tkrk gS 21 lsou vi&3 S-03-02-20%24 3-10 0-0156
D;ksafd blds xaHkhj :i ysus vkSj gfM~M;ksa ds vpkud iQSDpj gksus ls igys 22 dksdk dksyk&1 BN-724 2-30 0-0223
bldk rfud Hkh vkHkkl ugha gksrkA vesfjdh esfMdy ,lksfl,'ku ds 23 dksdk dksyk&2 BN-512 2-29 0-0174
v;;u esa ik;k x;k fd fiNys dqN o"kksZa ds nkSjku dSfY'k;e dh deh ds 24 dksdk dksyk&3 BN-738 2-39 0-027
dkj.k dwYgksa vkSj dykb;ksa esa iQSDpj ds ekeys yM+dksa esa 32 izfr'kr vkSj 25 iQSUVk&1 BN-780 2-58 0-0303
yM+fd;ksa esa 56 izfr'kr rd c<+ x, gSaA cksu ds;j iQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k ds
26 iQSUVk&2 BN-776 2-57 0-0187 isIlh] dksdkdksyk fcdrs gh jgs] vkxs Hkh fcdrs jgsaxsA yksxksa esa vius LokLF;
27 iQSUVk&3 BN-537 2-53 0-0152 ds izfr dqN tkx:drk iSnk gqbZ gS] ftlds dkj.k BaMs dh fch ?kVh gS] can
28 fyEdk&1 BN-747 2-65 0-0142 ugha gqbZ gSA tsihlh jiV ds ckn dqN vkSj yksx Mj dj ihuk can dj ldrs
29 fyEdk&2 BN-757 2-63 0-0157 gSa] ysfdu ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ;s daifu;kvius tcjnLr izpkjra=k ds
30 fyEdk&3 BN-753 2-55 0-0146 cwrs yksxksa dks ;g Hkjkslk fnyk nsa fd os vc varjjk"Vh; Lrj dk gh BaMk ;gk
31 LizkbV&1 BN-787 3-10 0-0044 Hkh csp jgs gSaA blfy, Mjus dh dksbZ ckr ugha gSA nksuksa gkykrksa esa ljdkjh
32 LizkbV&2 BN-796 3-00 0-0051 ekudksa ds ykxw gksus rd vkSj yk[kksa cksrysa ns'kokfl;ksa ds daB ls uhps mrj
33 LizkbV&3 BN-791 3-00 0-0070 tk,axhA tsihlh u, ekudksa ds ykxw gksus rd budh fch ij ikcanh dh
34 FkEl vi&1 BN-720 2-38 0-0110 fliQkfj'k Hkh dj ldrh FkhA ysfdu mlus ,slk ugha fd;kA cgqjk"Vh;
35 FkEl vi&2 BN-727 2-28 0-0107 daifu;ksa dks rks fliQZ equkiQs ls eryc gS] ysfdu tsihlh ds lnL; rks
36 FkEl vi&3 BN-525 2-46 0-0118 Hkkjrh;ksa ds tuizfrfuf/ gSaA mUgksaus ns'kokfl;ksa ds LokLF; dh fpark dh] cM+h
vPNh ckr gS] ysfdu ;g fpark v/wjh gSA vc tc ;g jiV ljdkj dks is'k
ikcanh D;ksa ugha \ gks pqdh gS] mls pkfg, fd u, ekudksa ds ykxw gksus rd bu 'khry is;ksa dh
varr% lkfcr gks x;k fd isIlh vkSj dksdkdksyk Hkkjr esa fch ij izfrca/ ykxw dj nsA og tgkgj fnu yksxksa ds Hkys ds fy, ?kks"k.kk,a
yksxksa dh tku ls [ksy jgs gSaA 'kjn iokj dh v;{krk okyh la;qDr lalnh; dj jgh gS] ;g t:jh ?kks"k.kk Hkh dj ldrh gSA
lfefr us lsaVj iQkWj lkbal ,aM ,Uok;jesaV (lh- ,l- bZ-) dh jiV dks lgh ysfdu] lansg dh dkyh Nk;k ;gk Hkh ekStwn gSA tsihlh
ekukA lp ;gh gS fd cgqjk"Vh daifu;kvU; ns'kksa esa ftl xq.kokk dk eky fjiksVZ LokLF; ea=kh lq"kek Lojkt }kjk laln esa isIlh ,oa dksd tSlh daifu;ksa
csprh gSa] Hkkjr esa oSlk ugha csprhaA Hkjiwj dhVuk'kd feykrh gSa vkSj tjk Hkh dks nh xbZ DyhufpV ls Hkh esy ugha [kkrhA Jherh Lojkt us lh- ,l- bZ-
,glkl ugha djrha fd Hkkjrh;ksa dh ftanxh Hkh mruh gh dherh gS ftruh fjiksVZ ij eps coky ds chp laln dks ;g tkudkjh nh Fkh fd ljdkj us tks
vU; ns'kksa dhA mudk utfj;k ;gh gS fd Hkkjr xjhc yksxksa dk ns'k gS blfy, tkp djkbZ gS] mlesa bu is;ksa esa dhVuk'kd dh ek=kk lh-,l-bZ- }kjk crk, x,
mls varjjk"Vh; lqj{kk ekudksa dks ikus dk gd ugha gS] laln dh dSaVhu esa Lrj ls dkiQh de gS vkSj ;s ekU; gSaA vc tsihlh fjiksVZ ls lq"kek Lojkt
bu cksrycan ,oa fMCckcan 'khry is;ksa dh vkiwfrZ ij jksd mlh fnu yxk nh dV?kjs esa gSa] ysfdu tkfgj gS fd ljdkj mudk cpko ;g dgdj gh ldrh
xbZ Fkh tc lh-,l-bZ us BaMs esa tgj dk inkZiQk'k fd;k FkkA ysfdu rc ls gS fd mlus gh tsihlh tkp djokbZA laHkor% tkp lfefr us Hkh bl ckr
vc rd eghuksa chrus ds ckn Hkh laln Hkou ds ckgj ns'k esa vke turk dk ;ku j[kk vkSj viuh fjiksVZ dh fn'kk cny nhA lfefr ds ,d lnL;
ds fy, bldh fch ij dksbZ ikcanh ugha yxkbZ xbZA tsihlh dh jiV esa Hkh ,oa f'kolsuk lkaln lat; fu#ie us dgk Hkh fd lh-,l-bZ- fjiksVZ lgh gS ;k
ikcanh dh dksbZ ckr ugha gSaA dsoy ;g dgk x;k gS fd cksryksa esa dhVuk'kdksa xyr ;g eqk ugha gS] eqk ;g gS fd 'khry is;ksa esa dhVuk'kd ekStwn gSaA
dh ek=kk vrajjk"Vh; Lrj ls cgrq T;knk g]S vkjS ;g vkifktud gAS diafu;kas 'kk;n ;g etcwjh dk Hkh ekeyk gSA dhVuk'kdksa dh ekStwnxh bruh T;knk gS
dks ekud lq/kjuk gksxkA jk"Vh; Lrj ij u, ekud cuk, tk,axs] mUgsa eatwjh fd fNikbZ ugha tk ldrh] blfy, eku yh xbZ] ysfdu ;g dcwyh lh-,l-
feysxh] os ?kksf"kr gksaxs] mlds ckn gh ykxw gksaxsA eghuksa dk ekeyk gS] ;k bZ- fjiksVZ ds cjkcj ugha gSA tsihlh us lh-,l-bZ- dh bl [kkst jiV ds fy,
'kk;n lky yx tk,] D;ksafd tsihlh jiV esa gh eghuksa yxs gSaA pquko dk rks iz'kalk dh] ysfdu mls fo'oluh;rk cuk, j[kus dh lh[k Hkh nh] [kkldj
fcxqy ugha ctrk rks 'kk;n blesa vkSj foyac gks ldrk FkkA brus fnuksa rd dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk ds ekeys esaA tsihlh us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk gS fd lh-
,l-bZ- dks viuh fjiksVZ tkjh djus ls igys fdlh iz;ksx'kkyk ls iqf"V djkuh
pkfg, Fkh] D;ksafd dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk mruh ugha feyh ftruh mlus dgh
FkhA okLro esa ftu ikp iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa vyx&vyx ijh{k.k djk, x,]
muesa dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk ds ckjs esa vyx&vyx Lrj gSaA fdlh Hkh nks
fjiksVZ esa dhVuk'kd dh crkbZ xbZ ek=kk leku ugha gSA gkykfd bldk ,d
eq[; dkj.k rks ijh{k.k ds le; dk rkieku ,oa vyx&vyx txgksa ls fy;s
x, uewuksa dks crk;k tk jgk gSA oSls Hkh tgkcksrycan is; j[ks gksaxs] ogkds
ok;qe.My dk izHkko rks ml ij iM+rk gh gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dguk dfBu
gS fd vjcksa #i, ds bl /a/s dks can djus dh ckr gksxhA
tsihlh }kjk 300 i`"Bksa esa izLrqr fjiksVZ dk eq[; tksj bl
ckr ij gS fd cksrycan is;ksa ,oa [kk| inkFkksZa ds fy, mi;qDr lqj{kk ekud
r; gksuk pkfg,A njvly] lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa vke vkneh ds LokLF;
dks vk/kj cukdj ;g dgk gS fd LokLF; ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dk f[kyokM+
ugha gksuk pkfg,A 'kjn iokj dh v;{krk esa xfBr la;qDr lfefr dh 16
flracj 2003 dh igyh cSBd esa gh bldk nk;jk c<+k fn;k x;k Fkk ,oa blesa
lHkh izdkj ds cksrycan is; inkFkZ 'kkfey dj fy, x, FksA bl lanHkZ esa
lfefr dk fu"d"kZ gS fd ekud r; ugha gksus ls gh lkjh leL;k,[kM+h gqbZ
gSa vkSj NksVh cM+h lHkh daifu;kbldk ykHk mBkrh gSaA rks isIlh vkSj dksdk
dksyk dks Hkkjr esa izfrcaf/r fd, tkus dk rks dksbZ loky ugha gS] ysfdu
mu ij vadq'k rks yx gh ldrk gSA mUgsa equkiQk[kksjh eas euekuh ls rks jksdk
gh tk ldrk gSA tsihlh us ns'k esa ,d ^vfuok;Z iQwM fjdky* iz.kkyh LFkkfir
djus dh fgek;r dh gS] rkfd ?kfV;k vkSj tksf[ke okys mRiknksa dks u fliQZ
cktkj ls okil ysus dh O;oLFkk gks] cfYd mUgsa lac vf/dkfj;ksa dh
ekStwnxh esa u"V Hkh fd;k tk,A lfefr dk ekuuk gS fd [kk| inkFkksZa ds
ekeys esa miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, fo'okl Hkjs mik; fd, tkus pkfg, vkSj blds
fy, t:jh gS fd izR;sd mRikn ij ,d ,slk ^yksxks* yxk gks] ftlesa mRikn
dh lqj{kk ds laca/ esa ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gks] lfefr dk lq>ko gS fd ;g ^yksxks*
reke [kk| inkFkksZa ij gksuk pkfg,] fiQj pkgs og rktk gks ;k izlaLr vkSj
bl ^yksxks* dks mRikn fuekZrk dh xkjaVh ds rkSj ij ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A ;s
fliQkfj'ksa Lokxr ;ksX; gSaA iQkLV iQwM ds bl nkSj esa ,slh lko/kfu;k csgn
t:jh gks xbZ gSaA laikndh;] yksder lekpkj
6 iQjojh 2004

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cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;ksa dk vlyh psgjk

ys[kd % jktho nhf{kr

izdk'kd % Lons'kh izdk'ku

lokZf/dkj izdk'kd ds ikl lqjf{kr

Lons'kh izdk'ku] lsokxzke] o/kZ }kjk

jktho nhf{kr eseksfj;y Lons'kh mRFkku laLFkk

5 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 6

7 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 8

9 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 10

11 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 12

13 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 14

15 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 16

19 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 20

25 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 26

mnkjhdj.k vkSj Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds u, nkSj esa fiQfyi ekSfjl bl ns'k as

[krjukd oSf'od lkft'k gksDLV

41 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 42

bafM;k us viuh nks yksdfiz; nokb;kcjkyxu vkSj isQLVy :l dks fu;kZr dh

45 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 46

49 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 50

53 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 54

bu nsonwrksa esa lcls vkxs Mkm dksfuZx dEiuh gSA ;g flfydku

57 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 58

59 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 60

63 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 64

ch ,p bZ ,y us Hkh ,slk batu cuk fy;k gSA fprjatu ds cus ,d batu

67 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 68

75 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 76

79 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 80

85 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 86

87 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 88

;g Hkkjh ?kkVs dk lkSnk FkkA

89 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 90

91 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 92

93 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 94

95 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 96

97 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 98

99 cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 100

'khry is; dhVuk'kdksa dh

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