Q2.

) Explain TCP/IP model

The TCP/IP, transmission control protocol/Internet protocol is the protocol that makes possible the communication
between different types of machines on different types of networks.

It was developed by the united states development of defence advanced research project agency (APPA). ARPA
originally created TCP/IP to connect military network together. It is the most widely used protocol for interconnecting
computers and it is the protocol of the Internet.

The operation of the Internet can be described in terms of a number of layers and protocols. The particular collection of
layers and protocols that describe the operation of internet is formally known as the TCP/IP reference model.

TCP/IP model is normally considered to be a four layer system. Layers of TCP/IP are:-

• Application Layer
• Transport Layer
• Internet Layer
• Host to network Layer

Application layer contains all the useful application protocols. This layer TCP/IP can be equated with the combination
of session, presentation and application layer of the OSI reference model.

The transport layer is primarily concerned with how to transfer information from application onto the internet.

Internet layer is also called network layer. This layer handles communication from one machine to the other ex, this
layer is concerned with determining how information can go from point A to point B. Routing of package takes place in
internet layer.

Use purpose and functions of various layers, in details, are given below :-

1. Application Layer:-

This is the highest-level layer in the TCP/IP model which is on the top of the transport layer. This layer includes all
process and services that use the transport layer to deliver data. The protocol contained in this layer are:-
a. TELNET:-
It is the network terminal protocol which allows a user on one machine to log onto a distance machine and
work there.
b. FTP:- File transfer protocol provides a way to transfer files efficiently from one machine to another.
c. SMTP:- simple mail transfer protocol delivers the electronic mail.
d. DNS:- Domain name system for mapping host name onto their network addresses.

Many other protocol have been added to these, over the year such as NNTP, HTP ect. NTP is the protocol for
moving USENET news articles around and HTTP for fetching pages on the World Wide Web.

2. Transport Layer:-
Transport layer provides end-to-end transfer services. It is the layer above the internet layer in the TCP/IP model. It
is designed to allow peer entities on sources and destination machines to communication with each other, just as in
the OSI transport layer.

Application programs send data to the transport layer protocol TCP and UDP. An application is designed to choose
 either TCP or UDP based on the services it needs.

a. TCP:-
TCP provides a reliable flow of data between two communication machine. It is a connection oriented
protocol.

It divides the data passed to it from application layer into suitable sized messages, which are passed down
one by one to the internet layer for transmission. At the destination side, the receiving TCP reassembles the
received data or message into the output format.
b. UDP:-
user datagram protocol is an unreliable, connectionless protocol for applications. It just sends packets of
data called datagram from one host to the other but without guarantying that the packet or datagram’s reach
the other end.

It is widely used when speed is most important or when the number of packets sent over the network must
be kept to a minimum.

3. Internet Layer :-
The internet layer provides the mean through which a host can send packets onto a network and then have them
travel independently to their destination.

The internet network level protocol IP ICMP handle machine to machine communications. These protocols provide
for transmission and reception of transport request and handle network level control.
4. Host to Network Layer:-
This layer is also called network interface layer. The task performed by this layer are matched with the tasks
performed by physical layer and data link layer of OSI model. Host to network layer cannot define any protocol. It
is responsible for accepting and transmitting IP datagram. It may consist device driver in operating system and
corresponding network interface card in the computer