Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
C. V. da Silva a, ABSTRACT
H. A. Vielmo b, This work presents the results of a numerical simulation of the combustion of
c natural gas (methane) and atmospheric air in an axissymmetrical cylindrical
F. H. R. Frana chamber. The simulations are performed assuming staged non pre-mixture
combustion process in two global steps, where the fuel is injected through a central
a,b,c
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
circular duct, and air is injected through an annular external duct, both in the same
plane. The mass, momentum, energy and chemical species conservation equations
Department of Mechanical Engineering are solved. Thermal radiation in the interior of the chamber is modeled by the zonal
Rua Sarmento Leite, 425 method, in which the wavelength dependence of the gas properties is resolved by
90050-170, Porto Alegre - RS, Brazil
the Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases-Model (WSGGM). Turbulent flow is described
a
by the model. For the chemical reactions the Eddy Breakup-Arrhenius model is
cristiano@mecanica.ufrgs.br employed. The resulting differential governing equations are solved by the Control
b
vielmoh@mecanica.ufrgs.br Volume approach. The results include all the flow regions, the chemical species
c
distributions, the velocity fields and the net heat transfer by radiation.
frfranca@mecanica.ufrgs.br
Keywords: Combustion, Radiation, turbulence model, Eddy Breakup-Arrhenius,
Finite Volumes.
uuuuur
NOMENCLATURE gg srk
uuuu Gas-to-surface directed-flux areas, W/m2
s j sk Surface-to-surface directed-flux areas, W/m2
r Radial direction, m qo Outgoing heat flux (radiosity), W/m2
x Axial direction, m a Gas absorption coefficient, m-1
v Average radial velocity, m/s
u Average axial velocity, m/s Greek symbols
k Turbulent kinetic energy, m2/s2
Cm Empirical turbulence model constant tw Shear stress in the wall, Pa
C1,e Empirical turbulence model constant r Density, kg/m3
C2,e Empirical turbulence model constant Y Empirical constant
p* Modified pressure, Pa m Dynamic viscosity, (N s)/m2
p Average pressure, Pa e Dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, m2/s3
D Mass diffusivity, m2/s b Temperature exponent
f Average mass fraction kg/kg Product symbol
I Turbulence intensity g Concentration exponent
Sct Turbulent Schmidt number h Stoichiometric coefficient, kmol
R Chemical reaction rate, kg/(s m3), universal ideal k Thermal conductivity, W/(m K)
gas constant 8314.5 kJ/(kmol K) s Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.678x10-8 W/(m2K4)
E Activation energy, J/kmol
Subscripts
A Empirical coefficient, (m3/s)/kmol, or area, m2
C Molar concentration, kmol/m3 a Chemical species
MM Molecular mass, kg /kmol k Chemical reaction, index or surface zone
K1 Empirical constant j Surface zone or index
K2 Empirical constant g Volume zone or index
h Average enthalpy of mixture, kJ/kg i Index
cp Specific heat, kJ/(kg K) t Turbulent
T Average temperature, K rad Radiation
Prt Turbulent Prandtl number bulk Mixture
S Source term, W/m3 ref Reference
0 CH 4
h Enthalpy of formation, kJ/kg Methane
y+ Dimensionless distance to the wall O2 Oxygen
u+ Dimensionless velocity N2 Nitrogen
u* Friction velocity, m/s CO2 Carbon dioxide
y Distance from the wall, m H 2O Water vapor
A Empirical constant CO Carbon monoxide
3
V ur Gas volume, m
uuuu Superscripts
2
suuuuuu
j gg r Surface-to-gas directed-flux areas, W/m
gg * gg Gas-to-gas directed-flux areas, W/m
2 * Represents the a-reacting component that leads to
a -th chemical species that are present in the k -reactions. where y = y (r C k mis ) the dimensionless distance to the wall,
+
1
m
4
1
2 -1
1000
800
concentration of oxygen decreases, leading to an increase
600 in the temperature, as shown in Fig. 3-a, and in the
400 concentration of carbon monoxide (Fig. 4-b), which is
200 formed by the first global reaction (see Eq. (1)).
0 In Fig. 4-a, it is shown that the concentration of
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 carbon dioxide obtained from the present modeling
Center line [m]
presents results that are coincident with the experimental
(a) data up to 1.1 m from the entrance, from where there is an
increase in its concentration.
1
0.9 Garrton and Simonin (1994)
CH 4 m asss fraction
Presente work
0.5 0.2
0.4
0.3 0.15
0.2
0.1
0.1
0 0.05
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Center line [m] 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
(b) Center line [m]
(a)
0.2
0.18
0.16
O 2 mass fraction
0.14
0.12 0.03
0.1 Present work
0.025
CO m ass fraction
(c) 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Center line [m]
Figure 3. (a) Temperature along the symmetry line; (b)
Fuel concentration along the symmetry line; (c) (b)
Oxygen concentration along the symmetry line.
Engenharia Trmica (Thermal Engineering), Vol. 5 - N 01 - July 2006 18
Tecnologia/Technology Silva, Vielmo and Frana et al. Numerical simulation ...
0.014 2000
0.012 1800 X = 1.312 m
X = 1.312 m
CO m ass fraction
1600
0.01
1400
0.008 1200
T [K]
0.006 1000
800
0.004
600
0.002 Present work 400 Garrton and Simonin (1994)
Garrton and Simonin (1994) Present work
0 200
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0
Radial direction [m] 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
(c) Radial direction [m]
Figure 4. (a) Concentration of carbon dioxide along the Figure 5. Radial temperature distributions at different
symmetry line; (b) Concentration of carbon monoxide distances from the entrance: (a) 0.312 m; (b) 0.912 m ;
along the symmetry line; (c) Concentration of carbon (c) 1.312 m.
monoxide along the radial position at 1.312 m from the
entrance.
In Fig 6-b, one observes that the results of the
present modeling have the same trend of the experimental
This is related to the increase in the rates of data. The discrepancies are related to the model's early
chemical reactions, which also causes an increase in the prediction of the combustion process, as mentioned before.
temperature that is shown in Fig. 3-a in this same region. The same behavior observed at the position of 0.312 m are
Figure 3-c shows that the consumption of oxygen becomes observed for the position of 0.912 m. Towards the chamber
a bit higher in this position, for the same reason. In Fig. 4-c, outlet, where the chemical reactions have practically
it can be seen that the concentration of carbon monoxide ceased, the magnitude of the temperature results from the
along the radius at 1.312 m from the entrance, albeit being gaseous combustion products flow. In Fig. 6 it can be
under predicted, shows the same trend of the experimental verified that the results obtained for the oxygen
data. This is also explained by the same explanation concentration follow the same trends of the experimental
involving the CO profile in the centerline. data at stations 0.312 and 0.912 meters.
Figures 5-a to 5-c show a drop in the temperature in
the region close to the cylindrical wall of the chamber. This
related to the heat transfer to the outside, by means of the
prescribed temperature condition of 393.15 K, according
to the experiment of Garrton and Simonin (1994). 0.25
Garrton and Simonin (1994)
0.2 Present work
O 2 mass fraction
1400 0.15
1200 X = 0.312 m
0.1
1000
T [K]
800 0.05
600 X = 0.312 m
0
400
Garrton and Simonin (1994) 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
200 Radial direction [m]
Present work
0 (a)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Radial direction [m]
(a)
1600 0.18
X = 0.912 m 0.16 Garrton and Simonin (1994)
1400
Present work
O 2 m ass fraction
0.14
1200
0.12
1000 0.1
T [K]
800 0.08
600 0.06
400 0.04
200 Garrton and Simonin (1994) 0.02 X = 0.912 m
Present work 0
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 Radial direction [m]
Radial direction [m]
(b)
(b)
0.25
0.24
Garrton and Simonin (1994) X = 1.312 m
0.2 0.2
CO 2 m ass fraction
Present work
O 2 m ass fraction
0.15 0.16
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.05 X = 1.312 m
0.04 Garrton and Simonin (1994)
Present work
0
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Radial direction [m] 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Radial direction [m]
(c)
(c)
Figure 6. Radial concentration distribution of O2 at
different distances from the inlet: (a) 0.312 m; (b) Figure 7. Radial concentration distribution of CO2 at
0.912 m; (c) 1.312 m. different distances from the inlet: (a) 0.312 m; (b) 0.912
m; (c) 1.312 m.
0.04 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
0.02 Garrton and Simonin (1994)
Present work The authors thank the financial support from
0 CNPq-Brazil through a doctorate scholarship grant.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Radial direction [m]
(a) REFERENCES
Carvalho, M.G., Farias, T. and Fontes, P., 1991,
Predicting radiative heat transfer in absorbing, emitting,
and scattering media using the discrete transfer method,
ASME HTD, Vol. 160, pp.17-26.
da Silva, C.V., Vielmo, H.A. and Frana, F.H.R,
0.16 2004, Simulao numrica de processos de combusto de
0.14 X = 0.912 m
gs natural em cmaras cilndricas usando o modelo
SCRS, in: 10th ENCIT, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABCM.
CO 2 m ass fraction
0.12
0.1
Denison M.K. and Webb B.W., 1995. The Spectral
line-based weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model in non-
0.08
isothermal non-homogeneous media. Journal of Heat
0.06
Transfer;117: 359-365.
0.04 Eaton, A.M., Smoot, L.D., Hill, S.C. and Eatough,
Garrton and Simonin (1994)
0.02
Present work C.N., 1999, Components, formulations, solutions,
0 evaluations, and application of comprehensive
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 combustion models, in: Energy and Comb. Science, Vol.
Radial direction [m]
25, pp. 387-436.
(b) Fluent Inc., 1997, Fluent user's guide, Fluent
Incorporated, New Hampshire.
Freire, A.P.S., Menut, P.P.M. and Su, J., 2002,
Turbulncia, ABCM, Rio de Janeiro BR, Vol. 1.