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LUCRARE DE ATESTAT PROFESIONAL DE LIMBA ENGLEZA

Promotia: 2015-2016

Candidat: Floarea Dumitru

Coordonator lucrare: Elekes Izabella

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Important Landmarks in London

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 London tourist attraction
Contents:
Introduction....Page 4

Chapter 1: Museum...Page 5

1.1 Natural History Museum...Page 5

Chapter 2: Famous Churches..............Page 6

2.1 Cathedral Southwark..Page 6

Chapter 3: Art Gallery.Page 7

3.1 The National Gallery.Page 7

Chapter 4: Famous Buildings . Page 8

4.1 London Eye.....Page 8

4.2 Buckingham Palace..... Page 9

4.3 House of Parliament.. Page 10

4.4 Tower of London.. Page 11

4.5 Tower Bridge... Page 12

4.6 Kensington Palace Page 13

4.7 O2 Arena Page 14

4.8 Tower of Big Ben. Page 15

Conclusion.. Page 16

Bibliography.. page 17

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Introduction

London has a well-deserved reputation as one of the most expensive cities in

the world. However, it is one of the most popular tourist destinations. This is
probably due to the fact that the city on the Thames has something to offer
for every tourist, regardless of budget.

From its beginnings as a simple Romanian pass over Thames up to the status
that it now occupies among the largest and most important cities in the
world, London has been through a lot. There have been attacks Vikings,
Saxons and Normans of several devastating fires or civil wars. Evidence of its
rich history can be found everywhere. From the remains of the wall built by
the Roman Empire that are still visible in the financial district and to the
Tower of London, from medieval streets to museums in the Victorian era or
Georgiana when Britain was a colonial empire giant all remember the history

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full of dynamism London.

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1.Museum
1.1 Natural History Museum
For parents, Natural History Museum, London Museum Antipas alternative in
Bucharest, is the perfect place to bring their children curious. The entire
museum offers a quiet atmosphere, allowing knowledge thirsty minds to
absorb every square meter of information.

Enter the front door and you will be immediately greeted by a skeleton of
Diplodocus, Jurassic herbivore with a ridiculously long neck and a powerful
tail. The distance between the last and lowest of the tail bone and skull flat is
a miracle in itself. Inside the museum, there is a whole section dedicated to
dinosaurs: the Blue Zone Blue Zone. Scheleturi waiting and more, as well as
realistic models that moves and howl when they are seen, terrifying the
audience.

A classic of the Natural History Museum is the room that adaposeste a whale,
gigantic. The largest animal in the world is hooked and supported by a
network of wires and visually dominates the entire space. It will only take a
minute and a half to go from one end to the other. There is an extraordinary
number of other animals, be in sight, the left and right paths museum are
arranged beautifully in showcases against the wall: elephants and their
ancestors, mammoths, rhinos, lions or tigers, to smaller animals such as
mice and pigs.

There are so many things to do and see in inciting Natural History Museum, it
is a shame not to take advantage of a visit here if you are in the British
capital. The place is an absolute joy to children, and adults the opportunity to
intoace in time and remembering childhood. However in one of the most
important buildings of London, an incredible visual decor, Museum of Natural

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History.

2.Famous churches

2.1 Cathedral Southwark

Southwark Cathedral is the oldest Gothic church in London, dating from

around 1220, and is part of the Diocese of Southwark.

According to the Doomsday Book, a place of worship has stood on this site at
the southern end of London Bridge since the time of William the Conqueror.

You'll love visiting this beautiful building in Bankside. Dont miss the
memorial window to William Shakespeare and the Harvard Chapel, a tribute
to university founder John Harvard who was born in the parish.

Alongside daily services, the cathedral runs a popular programme of organ

recitals and concerts. The cafe and gardens are popular with visitors and

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locals.

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3. Art Galleries
3.1 The National Gallery
Situated in Trafalgar Square the National Gallery houses the national
collection of Western European painting from around 1250 onwards. There
are masterpieces on display from Reubens, Van Gogh, Turner, Leonardo Da
Vinci, Monet, Rembrandt and many many more. These pictures belong to the
public so entrance to see them is free.

Unlike other art museums such as the Louvre, The National Gallery was not
formed by the nationalisation of royal or princely art collections and was
started when the British government bought 36 paintings from the banker
John Julius Angerstein in 1824.

For kids there are specially designed trails and these can be collected from
the Information Desks.

A portable audio guide is available with commentaries on over 1,000

paintings in the collection. Highlights tour available in eight languages:
English, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Chinese and Japanese.

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4.Famous Buildings
4.1 London Eye
The London Eye, also known as the Millennium Wheel, London Eye, a giant
wheel of 135 meters, weighing as 250 buses with two floors, is next to the
Gardens Jubilee, on the South Bank (Thames' south bank) between
Westminster and Hungerford bridges.

This ingenious carousel was opened in March 2000 and soon became a
symbol of modern Britain but also one of the most popular tourist attractions
with over 3.5 million visitors per year, thus revitalizing the whole area. This
wheel has 32 capsules, each weighing ten tons. The total weight of the wheel
and capsules is 2100 tonnes. In a suitable fit about 25 people. During
rotation - which is however very slow, about 30 minutes, can carry 800
people.

Originally designed by architects David Marks and Julia Barfield as an entry in

a competition for a hallmark of the millennium, the project required six years
and expertise of hundreds of people in five European countries to turn it into
reality.

Raised Millennium had to be dismantled in 2005, but was so successful that

has been converted into a permanent attraction of the city. One day with
good visibility surroundings can be seen up to 40 kilometers away. With
incredible views on most major attractions of London, and London geography

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opportunity to look ahead, is so mething that must be seen by all visitors.

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4.2 Buckingham Palace

Buckingham Palace is the principal residence of the British monarch in

London.

Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is used for state events and to
accommodate royal guests. It was the social center of the British people in
times of joy or crisis.

Originally known as the "Casa Buckingham" building which forms the main
part of the palace today was a house built for the Duke of Buckingham in
1705 on which King George III bought it in 1761 as a private residence for
Queen Charlotte and it was known as the "Queen's House". Throughout the
nineteenth century it was raised mainly by architects John Nash and Edward
Blore, forming the 3 corners around the central courtyard. official website

Buckingham Palace became the official royal palace of the British monarch
on the throne of Queen Victoria in 1837, the first monarch who had
permanent residence here. Last structural changes were made in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including the eastern faade of the
palace which includes the well-known balcony where the royal family
welcomes crowds in Victoria Square. However palace chapel was destroyed
German bombs in The Second World War (1940). Instead chapel at the
suggestion of Queen and Duke of Edinburgh, the building was recreated as a
gallery for the Royal Collection "Royal Collection" in 1962.

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4.3 House of Parliament

The Houses of Parliament, otherwise known as the Palace of Westminster,

symbolises Great Britain. Its image adorns everything from souvenirs to
sauce bottles. And the decisions made in its corridors of power have shaped
Britain, past and present.

The building that sits proudly on the banks of the Thames is the New Palace,
built between 1840 and 1870. But within its walls is the Great Hall (or
Westminster Hall), all that remains of the medieval Old Palace.

Built by William II between 1097 and 1099, it was the largest hall in England
at the time, its sheer scale designed to fill his subjects with awe.

The Palace was remodelled and extended by various royal residents until the
1500s, when its role as a royal residence abruptly ended. In 1512, fire gutted
the privy (or private) chambers and Henry VIII decided to move to a nearby
building in Whitehall. When the royals moved out, the lawyers moved in.
Parliament had convened regularly at Westminster since the reign of Henry
III. But Henrys break with the Holy Church in Rome, his various divorces and
subsequent changes to the line of succession, gave the lawyers and
politicians at Westminster plenty to do and its role as a centre for law and
governance was cemented.

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4.4 Tower of London

No wonder the Tower of London is one of the capitals most iconic buildings, attracting
more than two million visitors a year. But its role as a tourist attraction dates only from
the Victorian era. Before that, it served as a fortress, a royal residence, a home for the
Royal Mint and the Crown Jewels, a storehouse for military paraphernalia and weapons
and, of course, a notorious prison.

From the outset, the Tower was designed to invoke fear and awe. Over 27m tall and
built from luminous Caen stone, William the Conquerors White Tower must have looked
alien and forbidding to the newly-defeated English who were forced to build it in the
1070s. Williams successors most notably Henry III and his son Edward I - extended
and strengthened the fortress throughout the Medieval period. By 1350 the Tower had
taken on the impressive form we know today, complete with daunting defences, royal
accommodation, a major branch of the Royal Mint and even an exotic menagerie with
lions.

In 1483, 12-year-old Prince Edward and his younger brother Richard - The Princes in
the Tower - were imprisoned by their uncle, the Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III).
They were never seen again.

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4.5 Tower Bridge
Plans for the Tower Bridge were devised around 1876 when the east of
London became extremely crowded and a bridge across the Thames in that
area of the city seemed a necessity. It would take another eight years - and
lots of discussions about the design - before construction of the bridge
started.

The bridge, designed by city architect Horace Jones in collaboration with John
Wolfe Barry, would eventually be completed in 1894. Five contractors and
nearly 450 workers were involved in the construction of the 265 meter long
bridge. It took 11,000 tons of steel to build the framework. At the time many
people disliked its Victorian Gothic design, but over time the bridge became
one of London's most famous symbols.

Mechanic

Each deck is more than 30 meters wide and can be opened to an angle of 83
degrees. When opened the bridge has a clearance of almost 45 meters. It
used to open almost fifty times a day but nowadays it is only raised about
one thousand times a year. Bridge lifts are pre-scheduled (for cruise ships,
etc) so visitors can check the bridge's website to find out when it will rise and
lower.

In 2014 glass floors were installed in the walkways, giving visitors another,
unusual view from the bridge. The 11 meter (36 ft) long glass floors, more
than 40 meters above the river, allow you to observe the traffic over the
Tower Bridge from above. It is particularly fascinating to see the bridge open
and close below your feet.

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4.6 Kensigton Palace
King William and Queen Mary asked Christopher Wren, the architect of St
Paul's Cathedral, to turn Nottingham House into a palace. His extension is
largely what you see today.

The clerk of works, Nicholas Hawksmoor, was told to do the job quickly and
cheaply so that's why Kensington Palace was built with bricks, rather than
stone.

It was completed in six months and William and Mary moved in on Christmas
Eve 1689. Over the next few years, the couple added a gallery, the Queen's
Apartments and a new entrance. They opened the gardens to the public on
Sundays when they went to Richmond.

Mary didn't have long to enjoy her new palace because she died from
smallpox in 1694. In 1702, William fell off his horse, broke his collar bone and
died a few days later.

Queen Victoria was born at Kensington Palace and lived here until 1837.
Diana Princess of Wales had an apartment at the palace from 1981-1997.

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4.7 O2 Arena
The dome itself is one of the largest of its kind on earth but when the
Millennium Dome opened its doors for the first time, in the year 2000, it was
surrounded by controversy. Costing more than 800 million, it was felt to be
a waste of money by many people, who thought a permanent landmark
would serve the nation much better than a temporary structure.

Designed by the architect Richard Rogers and built by McAlpine and Laing,
the building was engineered very cleverly by Buro Happold, with a roof that
apparently weighs less than the air inside the building!

When the Dome millennium exhibition closed at the end of 2000 speculation
was rife. At one point it was proposed to be converted into a football
stadium, but the idea of a national entertainment venue took precedence
and soon took shape. After extensive indoor building work, overseen by
Meridian Delta Ltd, the transformation was completed and the impressive
new venue finally opened its doors in 2007, renamed the O2 Arena.

The O2 has flourished ever since, fast becoming one of the capitals best
loved venues for huge stage performances. These days it is bigger than the
Manchester Evening News Arena and Madison Square Garden in New York,
and has the honour of being the planets biggest-selling venue, with more
than two million visitors every year.

Much more than a simple venue, the O2 Arena is now surrounded by a huge
indoor street called Entertainment Avenue, packed with restaurants, cafes
and bars. While its probably best known and loved for staging superstar
gigs, it also hosts world class sports, stand-up comedy, movie premieres, ice
shows and a lot more. If its big, itll probably appear at the O2 Arena!

The building is so huge that its volume is thirteen times the size of the Albert
Hall and ten times that of St Pauls cathedral. Its as tall as the famous
London landmark, Nelsons Column. And, just to seal its fame for the future,
it starred in the opening scenes of the James Bond film, The World is Not

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Enough.

4.8 Tower of Big Ben

The clock inside the tower was the world's largest when it was installed in
the middle of the nineteenth century. The name Big Ben actually refers to the
clock's hour bell, the largest of the clock's five bells. The other four are used
as quarter bells.

Big Ben

There were two bells cast as the clock tower's hour bell. A first, sixteen ton
weighing bell was cast by John Warner and Sons in 1856. Since the Clock
Tower was not yet completed, the bell was hung temporarily in the Palace
Yard. The bell soon cracked so it was recast in 1858 in the Whitechapel Bell
Foundry as a 13.5 ton bell. Unfortunately soon after this bell was placed in
the belfry in July 1859, it cracked as well. This time, instead of yet again
recasting the bell, the crack was repaired and a lighter hammer was used to
prevent any more cracks.

The Clock

The clock was the largest in the world and is still the largest in Great-Britain.
The clock faces have a diameter of almost 25ft (7.5m). The hour hand is 9ft
or 2.7m long and the minute hand measures 14ft (4.25m) long.

The clock is known for its reliability, it has rarely failed during its long life
span. Even after the nearby House of Commons was destroyed by bombing
during World War II, the clock kept on chiming. The clock's mechanism,
designed by Edmund Beckett Denison, has a remarkable accuracy. The

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clock's rate is adjusted by simply adding small pennies on the shoulder of
the pendulum.

The Tower

The tower was constructed between 1843 and 1858 as tower of the Palace of
Westminster. The palace is now better known as the Houses of Parliament.

Conclusion

I wrote about London because I really want to get there and I

wanted to see what I could visit. As I wrote above Sun in London
you can visit many places, each with a special history. It is a very
nice place to be visited because each place has its beautifuls.

I recommend each person to go to London for a few days and

see its beauty and many other interesting places.

Personally I want to go on a trip to the place where I wrote my

book because I'm very interested in England's capital.

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Bibliography

1. Link: www.aviewoncities.com

2. Link: www.visitlondon.com

3. Link: www.wikipedia.com

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