CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Arredondo Tapia Csar Osvaldo

Len Len Jaime
Casas Barrn Jos Alberto
Briseo Delgadillo Alfredo
Flores Rangel Eduardo
 DEFINITION
The centrifugal pumps also called rotodynamic, are always rotating and are a type of hydraulic pump
that transforms the mechanical energy of an impeller. A centrifugal pump is a machine consisting of a set
of rotary vane enclosed within a box, carter, cover or shield. They are named this way because the level
of pressure that they create is extensively attributable to the centrifugal action. The vanes impart energy
to the fluid by the force of this same action. It is the machine that increases the energy of the fluid
velocity by an element rotating, taking advantage of the action of the centrifugal force, and transforming
it to potential energy as a result of the change of cross section where the fluid circulates in the static
part, which has form of volute or diffuser.
 CHARACTERISTICS
The main feature of the centrifugal pump is to convert the energy from a source of movement (the motor) first
in speed (or kinetic energy) and after in pressure energy.

There are centrifugal pumps of one or several stages. In the single stage pumps pressures of up to 5 atm, can
be achieved at various stages they can reach up to 25 atm of pressure, depending on the number of stages.

The centrifugal pumps are used for the transport of liquids containing solids in suspension, but little viscous.
Its flow is steady and high, they are low maintenance. This type of pumps have high performance for a small
range of flow but lower performance when carrying viscous liquids.
 This type of pump are those used in the chemical industry, provided that they do not handle fluids
very viscous.

Centrifugal pumps of a stage and monoblock, are ideal for movements of fluids in general, with a
maximum depth of aspiration of 7 meters or 9 meters.

These pumps are suitable for pumping clean water, without solid abrasive.
 ELEMENTS
Impeller wrenches
The impeller is a movable element, formed by divergent blades
attached to an axis that receives energy from the outside as we can
see in the figure that shows the exploded view of a centrifugal pump.
Depending on whether these blades are loose or attached to one or two discs,
the impellers can be
Open: when they are loose. They have the advantage that it allows
the passage of impurities, but has little effectiveness.
Closed: when they are joined laterally to two discs.
Semi-open: when joined to a disc.
Diffuser
The diffuser with the impeller, are enclosed in a chamber, called casing or pump
body. The diffuser is formed by a divergent vanes, that with increasing housing
section, speed Of the water will decrease, which helps to transform the kinetic
energy into pressure energy, improving the performance of the pump.
Depending on the shape and layout, the centrifugal pumps are of 2 types:
 Volute: The shell is snail-shaped, surrounding the impeller such that the water
flow area progressively increases towards the discharge pipe (Figure A).
Turbine: the housing is provided with fixed diffusers arranged in such a way
that the flow area progressively widens towards the outlet, (figure B).
Shaft
The pump shaft is a bar-shaped part of non-uniform circular cross section
which is fixed rigidly on the impeller and transmits the force of the motor
element, as can be seen in the figure.
PARTS OF A CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
Housing
It is the protective outer part of the pump and fulfills the function of
turning the power of the imparted velocity liquid by the impeller in
the power of pressure. This is carried out by reducing the speed by a
gradual increase of the area.
Impellers
It is the heart of the centrifugal pump. It receives the liquid and
imparts a speed on which the load produced by the pump depends.
Wearing rings
They fulfill the function of being an easy and inexpensive element to
remove in those parts where due to the closed clearances between
the impeller and the casing, the wear is almost sure, avoiding the
need to change these elements and remove only the Rings.
Gaskets and seals
The function of these elements is to prevent the outward flow of the
liquid pumped through the orifice through which the pump shaft
passes and the air flow into the pump.
Shaft
It is the axis of all the elements that rotate in the centrifugal pump,
also transmitting the movement that imparts the shaft of the motor.
Bearings
Support the shaft of the entire rotor in a correct alignment relative
to the stationary parts. They support radial and axial loads in the
pump.
Bases
They support the pump, holding the weight of it all.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TYPES,
AND CLASIFICATION
Radial flow
The flow at the output of the impeller has perpendicular direction
to the axis.
Axial flow
The direction of flow at the output is parallel to the axis.
Mixed flow
The energy is given to the liquid by the action of the centrifugal
force and the impulse exerted by the blades on the same.
CLASSIFICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS

RADIAL FLOW MIXED FLOW AXIAL FLOW

SIMPLE DOUBLE SIMPLE

SUCTION SUCTION SUCTION

PRIM BY
AUTOPRIM PASS SIMPLE MULTI PASS SIMPLE PASS MULTI PASS
EXTERNAL
 OPEN SEMI-OPEN CLOSED
IMPELLER IMPELLER IMPELLER
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The operation is based on rotating the shaft by means of a
motor.
The flow enters the pump through the center or eye of the
impeller.
 This acceleration produces an appreciable increase in
pressure energy and kinetic energy.
 The kinetic energy at the output of the impeller
becomes pressure head at the outlet.
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF THE PUMPS
It is important to have a graphical view of the relationships
between load, flow, efficiency and power required.

These properties are defined by the characteristic curves.

=onstant
Typical characteristic curve
The curves below can be considered typical and illustrate
the characteristics of a pump operating at a constant
constant speed.
 ADVANTAGES
Its construction is simple, its cheap.
The discharge line can be interrupted, or completely reduced, without harming
the pump.
It can be used with liquids that contains large amounts of suspended solids,
volatile and fluids till 850F.
Without adjusted geometric tolerance.
Economic and easy to maintain.
Dont reach high pressures even with the discharge valve closed.
Impeller and shaft are the only elements in movement.
 DISADVANTAGES
Discharge pressure relatively limited.
In general, doesnt work with viscous fluids.
At low capacities sometimes present unstable flows.
Without the use of a check valve in the line, the liquid return to the
suction container once the pump stops.
 PUMP SELECTION
It is unlikely that you can buy a centrifugal pump off the shelf, install it in an existing system and expect it to
deliver exactly the flow rate you require. The flow rate that you obtain depends on the physical characteristics of
your system such as friction which depends on the length and size of the pipes and elevation difference which
depends on the building and location. The pump manufacturer has no means of knowing what these constraints
will be. This is why buying a centrifugal pump is more complicated than buying a positive displacement pump
which will provide its rated flow no matter what system you install it in.

The main factors that affect the flow rate of a centrifugal pump are:

Friction, which depends on the length of pipe and the diameter.

Static head, which depends on the difference of the pipe end discharge height vs. the suction tank fluid surface
height.
Fluid viscosity, if the fluid is different than water.
The steps to follow to select a centrifugal pump are:

1. Determine the flow rate

To size and select a centrifugal pump, first determine the flow rate. If you are a home owner, find out which of
your uses for water is the biggest consumer. In many cases, this will be the bathtub which requires
approximately 10 gpm (0.6 L/s). In an industrial setting, the flow rate will often depend on the production level
of the plant. Selecting the right flow rate may be as simple as determining that it takes 100 gpm (6.3 L/s) to fill a
tank in a reasonable amount of time or the flow rate may depend on the interaction between processes.
2. Determine the static head

This a matter of taking measurements of the height between the suction tank fluid surface and the discharge pipe
end height or the discharge tank fluid surface elevation.

3. Determine the friction head

The friction head depends on the flow rate, the pipe size and the pipe length. This is calculated from the values in
the tables presented here. For fluids different than water the viscosity will be an important factor.
4. Calculate the total head

The total head is the sum of the static head (remember that the static head can be positive or negative) and the
friction head.

5. Select the pump

You can select the pump based on the pump manufacturers catalogue information using the total head and flow
required as well as suitability to the application.
Manufacturer: Dab - Water Technology