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1
Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
message
The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) has been at
the forefront in enabling local governments to adapt to climate change and
manage disaster risks. It works with local stakeholders in raising the level of
disaster preparedness n each community at all times.
Through its partners, DILG has trained local chief executives (LCEs) and
officers across the country in climate change adaptation and disaster
risk reduction and management (CCA-DRRM). It also rallied national
government agencies and development partners to work closely together
in harmonizing CCA-DRRM assistance for LGUs. The Department created
the necessary mechanisms and policies enabling CCA-DRRM mainstreaming
local governance.
This Handbook is a tool for local trainers and planners to use innovative
approaches; provide more accurate and relevant advice to their chief
executives and policy makers; and, mainstream CCA-DRRM in LGU policies,
plans, and programs in the local tourism industry.
message
When typhoon Yolanda hit the Philippines in November 2013, Canada was
already putting in place the pieces that made possible a rapid, life-saving,
whole-of-government response in support of the Philippine Government.
Canada was one of the first countries to respond to the crisis, providing
emergency relief items and deploying the Canadian Armed Forces' Disaster
Assistance Response Team (DART) to support relief efforts in the region,
distributing clean water, medical assistance and logistical support on Panay
Island. Through its Strategic Partnership with the Canadian Red Cross,
Canada supported the deployment of its field hospital based in Ormoc (Leyte
Province). In total, more than CAN$90 million was announced in response
to Typhoon Yolanda.
Since 2008, LGSP-LED has partnered with 134 LGUs (17 Provinces, 17
Cities, 100 Municipalities) to mainstream DRR-CCA in their economic
policies, plans, and programs, particularly for the tourism and agribusiness
industries. Canadian CCA-DRRM practitioners conducted planning missions
with selected LGSP-LED partner-LGUs. The results of these undertakings
contributed, among others, to the content and practicality of this CCA-DRRM
Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook.
Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
We are very hopeful that LGUs across the Philippines using the Handbook
will significantly contribute to building more competitive and disaster-
resilient local tourism industries that provide sustainable livelihood and
business opportunities to communities, and contribute to local and national
development. We are thankful for our LGU partners, DILG, and LGA for their
collaborative spirit and continuous support.
Government of Canada
Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
A Trainers Handbook Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning:
MESSAGE
In line with this, the Academy is proud to present the CCA-DRR Management
in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook, the first local governance
publication to apply CCA-DRR in tourism development.
The handbook features three (3) modules: The first of which focuses on
how to mainstream CCA-DRRM in the LGUs Comprehensive Development
and Land-Use Plans. The second module provides case studies on how local
tourism industries are responding to climate change. A complete, step-by-
step process of the CCA-DRRM Planning Process is provided in the third
module, where workshop tools and examples can be seen.
We encourage all local trainers and planners to use the Handbook to help
provide relevant advice to chief executives and councilors in updating
development plans, and creating a tourism industry that benefits a larger
number of Filipinos and communities.
A Trainers Handbook
Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
Acknowledgements
More than 30 CCA/DRRM focal persons, LED focal persons, and officers from
various local governments across the country actively participated in a series
of consultations and workshops to enhance and test the effectiveness of these
modules. We would like to thank Ivan Fadri, Al Fabon, Roseless Buenconsejo,
May Isabel Rosal, Ma. Josefa Arndt, Antonio Pasano, Clarence, Llorin, Eugene
Escobar, Christina Racelis, Giselle Gerial, Menchie Paniergo, Franco Anthony
Agudo, Ruth Prado, Broderick Train, Galo Ibardolaza, Ma. Lina Sanogal, Ammie
Marie Generale, Willie Jean Cabanag, Marvin Franics Apale, Nunilla Pinat, Mely
Labarehos, Bimbo Miraflor, Bleza Mae Omictin, Ma. Teresa Ortiz, Deogracias
Pernitez, Arvin Monge, Raoul Bacalla, Antonio Cinco, Edilberto Ranque, Nilda
Joyce Cirunay, Anita Juntilla, Ma. Theresa Bautista, Rogelio Acosta, Louie Pacardo,
and Julie Ann Amoroso.
We have been fortunate to work with two leading planning experts from Canada,
Beate Bowron and Gary Davidson, who provided insight and guidance as resource
persons for our workshops. Beate Bowron is a Fellow of the Canadian Institute
of Planners with over 30 years of experience in municipal governance, urban
planning, climate change planning, sustainable development and community
economic development. Gary Davidsons career of more than 30 years has
focused on building sustainable and resilient communities through community-
based planning approaches.
The staff of Local Government Academy (LGA), and of the Bureau of Local
Governance and Development of the Department of Interior and Local
Government (BLGD-DILG) deserve mention for their contributions to the manual.
Our thanks go to Alfonso Maralli, Elmo Dimaano, and Karl Abalos of LGA; and
Luzviminda Fortaleza, Edward Templonuevo, and Angela Mamuyac from BLGD-
DILG.
list of acronyms
AIP Annual Investment Plan
AWS Automatic Weather Stations
CC Climate Change
CCA Climate Change Adaptation
CCAP Climate Change Adaptation Plans
CDP Comprehensive Development Plan
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
CUI Canadian Urban Institute
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DFATD Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development
DILG Department of the Interior and Local Government
DOST Department of Science and Technology
DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction Management
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LCCAP Local Climate Change Adaptation Plan
LDIP Local Development Investment Plan
LED Local Economic Development
LGA Local Government Academy
LGSP-LED Local Governance Support Program for Local Economic Development
LGU Local Government Units
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau
NGO Non-Government Organization
NTDP National Tourism Development Plan
PAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration
PHILVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
PPAs Programs Plans and Activities
Project NOAH Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards
TDA Tourism Development Areas
UN United Nations
UNEP-WTO United Nations Environmental Plan- World Trade Organization
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
Contents
INTRODUCTION 1
TRAINING DESIGN 1
TRAINING CONTENT 22
Introduction
Planning for climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction
management (DRRM) are among the most important functions of local
governments. CCA and DRRM impact on various sectors such as agriculture,
infrastructure, and health, and can put the lives of people in peril. Planning
for CCA and DRRM is only one of many strategies that LGUs are mandated to
do. Given the risks that climate change and disasters pose to communities,
it is important that planning is done efficiently and effectively as possible.
Training using this handbook takes four days, although completing the entire
CCA/DRRM planning process can take within 12-18 months. This time frame
allows for important steps such as getting the support of local champions,
gathering relevant information, and securing the participation of the
grassroots communities.
The expected results of following the process can be used in integrating CCA
and DRRM in key LGU plans such as the Comprehensive Development Plan
(CDP) and Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP).
Training Design
Objectives of the training workshop
To provide an overview of CC adaptation planning, including risk
assessment
To offer a practical and participatory process that local planners
can follow in developing for tourism circuit plan
To provide guidelines in integrating CCA/DRRM into tourism circuit
planning
Target participants
This handbook is intended for training or those who will be tasked to facilitate
the local tourism development. It is a companion/supplement piece of the
LED for LGUs Course, developed for training its local government partners.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
A Trainers Handbook Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning:
Training overview
The training curriculum has three main modules. The first module lays
the groundwork for the need for CCA/DRRM and mainstreaming it in local
development plans, including those for specific sectors such as tourism. The
second module discusses key tourism concepts and the importance of CCA/
DRRM in tourism planning. Lastly, the third module takes the participants
through the six steps of the planning process using a learning and doing
approach.
Opening Session/Preliminaries
DAY 1
Module 2: Tourism and LED in the face of climate change
Session 1: Tourism, Climate Change, and LED
Session 2: Responding to Climate Change in the
Tourism Sector
Session 3: CCA/DRRM in Tourism Circuit Planning Case Study
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
Session Guides
The session guides indicate the length or duration for each session, which
will add up to three-and-a-half days of training. This schedule is ideal for
a class size divided into three to four workshop groups. If there are more
than four workshop groups, it is suggested that the schedule be adjusted to
allocate more time for reporting of workshop results. Suggested ideal size
per workshop group is six to eight participants.
Throughout the training, meta cards, pens, and ample display space will be
needed.
OPENING SESSION/PRELIMINARIES
DESCRIPTION This session will formally open the training workshop. It will
also provide participants with an overview of the training
objectives and what they can expect over the next four days.
DURATION 1 hour
PROCESS Depending on the preference of the overall facilitator or
organizers, the Opening Session can consist of the following:
o Prayer
o Opening Message/s
o Introduction of Participants
o House Rules
o Leveling of Training Expectations
o Overview of the Training Workshop Flow/Schedule
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Ask all the groups to sit together because these are the
groupings that will be followed for the rest of the training.
(40 minutes) 1. Ask participants to join their respective groups and dis-
cuss this focus question:
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
A Trainers Handbook Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning:
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
Risks Consequences
Climate
Change Impacts
Opportunities Prospects
Day 2
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
DURATION 2 hours
PROCESS
Input/Presentation Deliver the slides provided for Step 2, which discuss the
importance of getting information to develop climate
change scenarios and show some general projections on
climate change impacts in the Philippines
Workshop Conduct Workshop 2
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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PROCESS
Example:
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
Example:
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Example:
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
Day 3
DURATION 5 hours
PROCESS
Input/ Deliver the slides provided for Step 4, which explain the
Presentation importance of risk assessment. Often, DRRM efforts are
focused on emergency response, but assessing risks and
(15 minutes) opportunities is also very important to minimize cost of
damage and response.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Example:
Table 5. Risk Assessment
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Example:
Table 7. Opportunity Assessment
Reduced H H
transportation
costs
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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3. After the voting, ask the groups to tally and present the
results of the dotmocracy, noting if the communitys
priorities are different from the LGU teams priorities.
Example:
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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DURATION 4 hours
PROCESS
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Example:
PROSPECTS
Priority #1
Priority #2
(45 minutes) Purpose: Setting priorities for CCA/DRRM policies and actions
for LGU tourism sites
4. After the voting, ask the groups to tally and present the
results of the dotmocracy, noting if the communitys
priorities are different from the LGU teams priorities.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
Example:
Wrapping up Go through the last slide for Step 5, which discusses the
components of the CCA/DRRM strategy document that the
(15 minutes) LGU team will develop based on the results of the previous
steps and community feedback. At the end of Step 5, the LGU
team will have developed a CCA/DRRM strategy which can be
recommended for implementation.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Day 4
Input/ Go through the slides provided for Step 6, which discuss the
Presentation main actions and considerations in getting the CCA/DRRM
strategy approved and incorporated into relevant plans.
This portion also discusses the importance of identifying
indicators and milestones to be used in monitoring and
evaluating implementation progress.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
DURATION 2 hours
PROCESS
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
A Trainers Handbook Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning:
o Closing remarks
o Awarding of certificates
o Training workshop evaluation
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Training Content
This section contains more detailed discussions on the content of the
training modules. For easy reference, highlights of these discussions can also
be seen in the slide notes of the trainings Powerpoint presentations. Some
slides from the presentation will appear or will be referred to throughout
this section.
The figure below shows the recommended approach of the DILG Bureau of
Local Development in mainstreaming thematic concerns like climate change.
It identifies key work areas or processes where mainstreaming should take
place.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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The Climate Change Act and DRRM Act both recognize that LGUs are the first
line of defense or frontliners in CCA/DRRM. The sooner that CCA/DRRM is
mainstreamed in local development, the better off the LGUs constituents
will be in this era of climate change consequences.
Different national agencies have issued their own guidelines on CCA, DRRM,
tourism, and local planning. The purpose of this training is not to duplicate or
reinvent these guidelines, but to familiarize participants on the key concepts
and principles (e.g. assessing risks and consequences, devising adaptation
strategies) that are essential to developing effective local plans.
Preparatory Stage
Situation Analysis
Action/Devt Planning
Implementation
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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In all of these stages, entry points may be found for CCA/DRRM. In situation
analysis, for example, there should be climate change technical capability
within the planning team, or access of the team to technical assistance in
activities such as climate data/ projections, geohazard mapping, and risk
or vulnerability analysis. If this technical capacity is lacking, the planning
process should be able to recognize the situation and provide solutions.
Partnering with universities, working with nongovernment organizations,
and hiring consultants are some options that may be considered.
These steps help ensure that the specific climate change concerns of your
LGU are identified and analyzed, thereby allowing the formulation as well as
prioritization of specific CCA/DRRM activities. The results can then be used
as the main basis, guide, or framework in mainstreaming or including CCA/
DRRM in other development plans of your LGU such as CLUP and CDP.
Facilitators Notes
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Tourism Sites are the specific places that contain existing natural
or man-made attractions, or areas for potential development or
enhancement for tourism. The tourism site is the smallest and most
basic tourism development planning unit.
Tourism Development Areas (TDA) consist of one or more tourism
sites, located close enough to each other that they may be planned,
developed, and marketed collectively as a destination (you are
encouraging the people to go to the TDA the TDA becomes the
destination)
Tourism Destination Cluster (TDC) is made up of one or more TDAs
associated with a common regional gateway (airport).
Places with natural, cultural, and historic attractions become tourist sites
and destinations only when they are developed and made available for the
use and enjoyment of visitors. Tourism development focuses on building
or improving sites so that tourists can best experience the attractions of a
place.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
For example, the famous Taal Volcano is located in Batangas, but currently
most of the tourist activities and tourism sites are in Cavite. Batangas needs
to develop more tourist services, activities, and products so it can gain more
benefits from Taal Volcano.
Tourism circuits
Tourism service centers are the areas (usually in urbanized areas) where
there is a concentration of hotels, restaurants, and other basic facilities and
services tourists will need. For example, in the Metro Iloilo-Guimaras tourism
circuit, the tourism service center is Iloilo City because that is where the
hotels, restaurants, shops, and transportation terminals are concentrated.
It is the hub where tourists will go and use as a base in travelling to the
different tourist sites within the circuit.
The tourism circuit maps the TDA and identifies the places (i.e. geographic
focal points) for the LED activities and initiatives of the stakeholders. Below
are examples of the applications of using the tourism circuit concept.
Provides tour operators with the basis for developing tour packages,
or bundles of tourist services (e.g. lodging, transportation, guides,
activities, etc. marketed as an integrated product for tourists to
experience the destination).
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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The tourist is asking: where do I go? How do I get there? What should I do
after? Where else can I go? Tourism circuit development seeks to address
those questions in a way that generates local employment and contributes
to the local economy.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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CLIMATE is a key resource for tourism and the sector is highly sensitive
to the impacts of climate change. It is also estimated to contribute
some 5% of global CO2 emissions;
TOURISM will continue to be a vital component of the global economy,
an important contributor to the Millennium Development Goals and
an integral, positive element in our society
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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When talking about climate change planning, the two main directions/
actions are climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation.
Below are some mitigation and adaptation activities that may be done in the
tourism industry.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
A spa resort in Tagaytay City has made it its business to operate with
environmental sustainability in mind, implementing various sustainable
practices in areas such as waste management, water management, and
purchasing, as well as in the services that they offer to clients.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
These are the most important terms/concepts that you will encounter
throughout the planning process. It is important to understand the
differences between the concepts and their relationship to each other to be
able to go through the planning process effectively.
Risks Consequences
Climate
Impacts
Change
Opportunities Prospects
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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In following the planning process, you will be moving from the general to
the specific, and planning not for the current situation, but for the future.
Being specific is important because strategic CCA planning can only be done
around specific events or infrastructure.
The table below further shows some examples of climate change impacts,
the risks/opportunities that they bring about, and the consequences/
prospects that may arise from the risks/opportunities.
CC Risk /
CC Impacts Consequence / Prospect
Opportunity
Higher Drought Crop failure (-)
temperatures
Increase in pest & diseases (-)
Deaths (-)
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
Reduction Management in Tourism Circuit Planning: A Trainers Handbook
1
1.2 Identity champion copies of this
1.3 Create interdepartmental team illustration to
1.4 Determine stakeholders and engagement process all participants,
1.5 Get LGU commitment and/or print
Get Started 1.6 Notify departments and agencies a poster-
size copy
and display
2
2.1 Gather scientific knowledge prominently
2.2 Obtain community knowledge throughout the
2.3 Build climate change scenarios workshop
Analyze how local climate will change
3
3.2 Document consequences and prospects
3.3 Review inventory with community
3.4 Revise inventory
4
4.2 Assess opportunities
4.3 Prioritize risks and opportunities
4.4 Evaluate municipalitys adaptive capacity
5
5.3 Prioritize policies and actions
5.4 Prepare program gap analysis
5.5 Assign responsibility to act
5.6 Draft climate change action plan
Prepare adaptation plan
6.1 Obtain council approval of climate change action plan
6
6.2 Develop implementation strategy
6.3 Incorporate adaptation in plans, policies, and budgets
6.4 Establish key indicators and milestones
6.5 Review climate change action plan
Adopt, Implement, monitor, and review adaptation plan
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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1.1 Build public, political, and staff awareness
1.2 Identity champion
1.3 Create interdepartmental team
1.4 Determine stakeholders and engagement process
1.5 Get LGU commitment
1.6 Notify departments and agencies
Get Started
This step consists of gathering the essential players of the planning process
and ensuring that they are ready and committed to the process. It also
involves getting consensus on the process to be followed.
It may be safe to assume that LGU officials and members of the community
are already aware of climate change issues, especially in light of recent
disasters. It is also likely that your LGU has ongoing initiatives on climate
change. However, some form of message reinforcement may still be
necessary, especially among priority target audiences/stakeholders. It may
be useful to do a broad scan of the various CC initiatives already being done
or already done in the municipality, and identify ways by which you can build
on those efforts.
Your awareness raising efforts can also be more efficient if you first identify
priority target audiences/stakeholders and ranking them according to
their importance. These priority audiences may include barangay officials,
community leaders, religious leaders, communities in the most at-risk areas,
etc.
Aside from the general concepts of climate change and its impacts,
awareness raising efforts for these groups could include providing updates
on the localitys current CCA/DRRM efforts, communicating the gaps, and
reiterating the need for strategic action to address urgent concerns. The
bottom line goal of the awareness raising efforts is to get their involvement
in and support to the CCA/DRRM planning process.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Ideally, the mayor himself/herself should be the primary champion for the
planning process. It should be clear that CCA/DRRM is a priority and that the
planning process has the mayors support. However, since the mayor will
likely not have time to personally shepherd the process, another active
champion should also be involved. A champion is critical in pushing the
process along or eliminating certain hindrances. The champion may be a
local politician, official, or a respected member of the community. He/
She can be the face of the process, someone who can provide guidance,
or someone who can exert influence or mobilize resources to enable the
process to move along.
The Local Government Code, DRRM Act, and Climate Change Act all
emphasize the importance of multi-sectoral engagement in planning, as
well as provide for the involvement of the various sectors and LGU offices
through local development councils or local DRRM councils. It is also possible
to convene a planning team dedicated to CCA/DRRM, or a dedicated team
to look into CCA/DRRM in specific sectors like tourism. This team should
include representatives from the various LGU offices as well as from the
private sector, nongovernment organizations, peoples organizations, and
other concerned sectors. It is important to ensure that the sectors that stand
to be affected most by climate change are represented in the entire process.
For example, a CCA/DRRM council of a coastal municipality has to include
groups like fisherfolk organizations or resort owners associations.
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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Facilitators Notes
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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2
2.1 Gather scientific knowledge
2.2 Obtain community knowledge
2.3 Build climate change scenarios
Information on the kind and extent of climate change expected in the area is
the essential foundation towards knowing what type of actions can be done
to address them. Knowledge can come from various sources.
From the information gathered in Steps 2.1 and 2.2, climate change scenarios
can be developed. Climate change scenarios are predictions about what the
climate will be like, usually done in different timeframes (e.g., by 2020, 2050
and 2100).
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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that can be used for CCA/DRRM purposes. For example, Project NOAH is
completing a system that will use LIDAR technology to provide detailed
storm surge inundation maps to communities (http://www.rappler.com/
move-ph/44644-storm-surge-warning-system-project-noah).
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Training Workshop on Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
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All areas of the Philippines will get warmer, more so in the relatively
warmer summer months;
Annual mean temperatures (average of maximum and minimum
temperatures) in all areas in the country are expected to rise by 0.9C
to 1.1C in 2020 and by 1.8C to 2.2 C in 2050;
Substantial seasonal rainfall change are expected in some areas,
making the dry seasons drier and the wet seasons wetter, thus
increasing the likelihood of both droughts and floods;
The northeast monsoon season rainfall is projected to increase,
particularly for areas characterized by Type II climate with potential
for flooding enhanced;
During the southwest monsoon season, larger increases in rainfall is
expected in provinces in Luzon (0.9% to 63%) and Visayas (2% to 22%)
but generally decreasing trends in most of the provinces in Mindanao
in 2050;
However, projections for extreme events in 2020 and 2050 show that
hot temperatures (days with maximum temperature greater than
35C) will continue to become more frequent; number of dry days
(days with less than 2.5mm of rain) will increase in all parts of the
country, and heavy daily rainfall (exceeding 300mm) events will also
continue to increase in number in Luzon and Visayas.
The body of knowledge that will be generated from this step can also be
used in developing information materials, and in conducting climate change
awareness activities.
Facilitators Notes
"The warnings about global warming have been extremely clear for a long
time. We are facing a global climate crisis. It is deepening.
We are entering a period of consequences.
- Al Gore
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3.1 Develop inventory of climate change impacts
3.2 Document consequences and prospects
3.3 Review inventory with community
3.4 Revise inventory
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These are just some of the climate change risks anticipated on a broad,
national level. However, for the purposes of local CCA/DRRM planning,
impacts, risks, and consequences at the local level also need to be identified.
The impacts and extent of risks/consequences involved will also depend
on local conditions, e.g., type of ecosystems, infrastructure, and land uses
prevailing in the area.
In this step, the climate change scenarios drawn up in Step 2 are used to
determine the potential impacts that will be experienced in the municipality.
These impacts are then assessed to see if they pose risks or opportunities
to the community, or both. On the whole, however, it is likely that risks will
outweigh opportunities.
Risks
Climate
Change Impacts
Opportunities
Involved in this step are the members of the CCA/DRRM council or team,
the identified local champion/s, key community informants/leaders, and
partners from the scientific community (which may be government scientists,
academic partners, or civil society partners). The template provided in Table
1 may be used in drawing up risks and opportunities.
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Now that you have determined the risks and opportunities posed by
climate change impacts, the next step is to further fine-tune the analysis
by identifying the specific consequences of the risks and the prospects that
could arise from the opportunities.
For example, for the climate change impact of higher temperatures, one
identified risk to the community may be droughts. In turn, the risk of drought
may have several consequences, such as crop failure and increase in pests
and diseases. On the other hand, longer drier seasons may be favorable to
certain crop types, making it an opportunity rather than a risk and opening
up some prospects for farming those particular crops.
In coastal tourism, the climate change impacts of sea level rise or increased
rainfall could pose the risk of flooding, which in turn could lead to
consequences such as damage to resorts and other tourism facilities.
Risks Consequences
Climate
Impacts
Change
Opportunities Prospects
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3. a.
b.
c.
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Feedback from the community can further pin down details like the specific
location of the anticipated risks/consequences or the number of people who
may be affected. Community stakeholders may also be able to contribute
additional consequences or prospects.
Step 3 is a major part of the CCA/DRRM planning process, taking the general
scenarios of climate change impacts and translating them into very relatable
and relevant consequences that can be understood by people in the
community. Results of this exercise will guide the directions and priorities of
the adaptation actions that will be developed in Step 4.
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Facilitators Notes
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4
4.1 Assess risks
4.2 Assess opportunities
4.3 Prioritize risks and opportunities
4.4 Evaluate municipalitys adaptive capacity
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Table 4 provides a template that may be used for this substep. Each
consequence identified in Step 3 (and listed in Table 2) is assessed by
assigning a rating of high (H), moderate (M), or low (L) based on its frequency,
damage, and expected adaptation cost. Using H/M/L rankings instead of
numerical values keeps the RA straightforward and avoids the perception of
high accuracy.
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Stage 2 is the priority setting exercise. This can be done through a process
dubbed as dotmocracy. This is easily done and gives all the participants equal
voice in the process. In dotmocracy, the revised tables of consequences and
prospects are displayed prominently in the workshop area. Each participant
is given a certain number of small sticker dots. Participants place dots next
to the consequences and prospects that they think should be prioritized.
They can choose to place multiple stickers in just one consequence, or
distribute their votes across various consequences. Results are readily seen
at the end of the exercise; it is easy to spot the items with the most number
of dots. The order of consequences and prospects are then rearranged to
reflect these results.
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5
5.2 Specify adaptation policies and actions
5.3 Prioritize policies and actions
5.4 Prepare program gap analysis
5.5 Assign responsibility to act
5.6 Draft climate change action plan
Prepare adaptation plan
In this step, the planning group uses the lists of risks and opportunities
developed in Steps 3 and 4 as basis for identifying the specific actions or
policies needed to enable adaptation. These actions and policies are the core
of the adaptation plan and will cut across various sectors, so it is important
that all members of the multisectoral planning team are involved.
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Priority #2
PROSPECTS
Priority #1
Priority #2
This step, mostly done internally within the municipal CCA/DRR team,
involves going through the prioritized adaptation actions and policies to see
how they would fit into existing programs and how they can be funded or
implemented. The team should conduct a scan of ongoing initiatives at the
municipal, provincial, and local governments to identify opportunities for
partnerships or funding. Funding can also come from the private sector.
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6.2 Develop implementation strategy
6.3 Incorporate adaptation in plans, policies, and budgets
6.4 Establish key indicators and milestones
6.5 Review climate change action plan
Adopt, Implement, monitor, and review adaptation plan
The plan should be endorsed for formal approval by the municipal council
and submitted to the provincial government as well as national agencies like
the Climate Change Commission. The LGUs official approval will ensure that
the plan is endorsed as the main framework or guide in mainstreaming CCA/
DRRM concerns in other development plans.
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The CCA strategy should be integrated in the two major plans of the LGU,
namely Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) and Comprehensive Land
Use Plan, in order that CCA concerns are reflected in the medium-term
and long-term programs of the municipality. This will also pave the way for
securing funding in the LGUs annual investment plans.
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References/Suggested Readings:
Bowron, Beate, and Gary Davidson. 2011. Climate Change Adaptation
Planning: A Handbook for Small Canadian Communities. Canadian Institute
of Planners.
Kreft, Snke, David Eckstein, Lisa Junghans, Candice Kerestan and Ursula
Hagen. 2014. Global Climate Risk Index 2015 Who Suffers Most from
Extreme Weather Events? Weather-Related Loss Events in 2013 and 1994
to 2013. Germanwatch e.V. https://germanwatch.org/en/download/10333.
pdf.
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Parry, M.L., O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, and C.E. Hanson,
ed. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution
of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA:
Cambridge University Press. http://www.ipcc-wg2.gov/publications/AR4/index.
html.
Simpson, M.C., Gssling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C.M. and Gladin, E. (2008) Climate
Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Tourism Sector: Frameworks, Tools and
Practices. UNEP, University of Oxford, UNWTO, WMO: Paris, France.
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