Materi 2 - Radio Propagation and CW Test

Radio Propagation
and CW Test
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
Radio Propagation is the most basic knowledge of GSM
wireless communication.
CW test, which is used for radio propagation mode

calibration, It is very important for network planning.
Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Contents
1. Radio Link Propagation
2. Propagation Mode
3. CW Test
Radio Link Characteristic
Multi-path
Reflection, Diffraction, Absorption
Limited transmitting energy

The coverage is determined by the transmission power of
mobiles
Battery life-time
Limited spectrum
Set upper limitation for data rate (Shannons theorem)
Frequency Reuse -> Interference
Shannons theorem
C: capacity, or max transmission rate
W: channel bandwidth
SNR: signal noise ratio
C W log 2 (1 SNR)
GSM channel 200KHz BW, suppose SNR 10dB(10).
C is nearly 690kbits/s.
Shared by 8 users, every user about 85kbit/s.
Wireless Transmission
Antenna Propagation (Reflection, Receive

(Fading)
Diffraction, Absorption)
Diversity
Antenna Propagation Basics (Cont.)
Point Antenna A Transmission, Point Antenna B Receive
R
A B
For A, on spherical surface of transmission, energy density

is: PT / 4R 2
For B, effective
2 receive area of Point Antenna is:
/ 4
Antenna Propagation Basics
For B, Reiceive energy is:
PR PT ( 4R) 2
So Pathloss of free space by Omini antenna is:
LP (4R / ) 2
32.4 20 lg f MHz 20 lg Rkm (dB)
f MHz-> 2 f MHz, Lp increase 6dB

Rkm -> 2Rkm, Lp increase 12dB
Propagation
Building Reflection
Diffraction Wave
Incident Wave
Ground Reflection
Propagation Reflection (Cont.)
Reflection
Specula R.
Amplitude : A --> *A (< 1)
Phase : > - specula reflection
Polarization : material determining phase shift
Diffuse R.
Amplitude : A --> *A (<< 1)
Phase : random
Polarization : random
diffuse reflection
Propagation Diffraction
Diffraction occurs when un-transparent object is on the
propagation path.
When Diffraction, transmission direction changes.
Fresnel Region (Cont.)
Here Obstacle C changes transmission direction. Fresnel
Region is defined by:
( N 1) N
d AC B d A B
2 2
C 1st Fresnel Region
N=1: d AC B d A B / 2 1st Fresnel Region
Fresnel Region (Cont.)
In 1st Fresnel region, the path difference is less than half
wavelength.
The 1st Fresnel region is the main transmission region,

obstacle in this region counteracts the direct incident
wave.
No obstacle should appear in this region, by this way the

diffraction loss can be minimal.
Fresnel Region
The radius R of N th Fresnel Region can be calculated as
follows:
Nd1d 2
R
d1 d 2
C 1st Fresnel Region
d1 d2
R=5m, 1st Fresnel Region

d=2km, d1=100m, 900MHz
Propagation Diffraction (Cont.)
Wedge-model
Knife edge
Multiple knife edges
Propagation Diffraction
Diffraction loss F can be calculated with parameter V
v H 2 / (1 / d1 1 / d 2 )
v H 2 / (1 / d1 1 / d 2 )
F0 v v 1
1
20 lg
lg0.5 0.62v 00v
v 11
20 lg
lg0.5e 0.45v 11v
v 0
0
20 lg
lg0.4 0.12 0.1v 0.38 2 2.2.4
4 v
v 1
1
20 lg
lg0.225/v vv
2.4
2.4
Propagation Absorption
Absorption
A 5 to 30 dB
Heavy amplitude attenuation
Material determining phase shift
reinforced concrete wall, windows 17dB
concrete wall, no windows 30dB
concrete wall within building 10dB
brick wall 9dB
armed glass 8dB
wood or plaster wall 6dB
window glass 2dB
Receive Fading(Cont.)
power
Fast Fading
(Rayleigh Fading)
+20 dB
Slow Fading
(Lognormal Fading)
mean
value
- 20 dB
2M 4M 6M Distance
Receive Fading
Fast Fading Large Scale
Slow Fading (Lognormal)
(Raleigh) Fading
terrain & clutter

Multipath Shadowing or reflect by
Cause Propagation trees, building, cars
structure, Earth
curvature
Correlation < 10 ... 100m > 100m
Prediction unpredictable mostly predictable predictable
Digital Map and

Statistical Consider lognormal
Planning thresholds distribution around local
good
method (Diversity) mean (use =7-10dB)
Propergation
Mode
Receive Fading
(Raleigh) Fading
terrain & clutter

structure, Earth
curvature
Digital Map and

good
Propergation
Mode
Diversity
Diversity solve the problem of fast fading:
Time diversity -> Interleaving
Frequency diversity -> Hopping
Space diversity -> Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity -> Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity -> Equalizer
Diversity - Equalizer
Strong echoes can cause excessive transmission delay
No impact If the delay falls in the equalizer window
Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer

window
direct signal
strong reflected signal
amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

self-interference
delay time
equalizer window 20 s
Receive Fading
(Raleigh) Fading
terrain & clutter

structure, Earth
curvature
Digital Map and

good
Propergation
Mode
Lognormal Distribution(Cont.)
Variable x and probability y:
Range Probability
( x ) 2
1
(-, +) 68.3%
y e 2 2
2 (-2, +2) 95.4%
(-3, +3) 99.7%
68.3% 95.4% 99.7%
x x x
2 4 6
Lognormal Distribution
Many natural phenomenon accord with Lognomal Distribution, for
exmple, the distribution of human height:
Practical Distrib. Theoretical

Range(cm)
No. Portion(%) (%)
168.69-176.71 67 67.00 68.27
1.96 164.84-180.56 95 95.00 95.00
2.58 162.35-183.05 99 99.00 99.00
For Example:
Slow Fading 5dB2dB 95%
<7dB 97.5%%
Contents
2. Propagation Mode
3. CW Test
Propagation Mode
Fast Fading Statistic Threshold
Slow Fading Lognormal Distribution
Large Scale Fading Propagation Mode
Propagation Mode
Name Application
Okumura-Hata 150-1500 MHz macro cell
Cost231-Hata 1500-2000 MHz macro cell
Cost231 Walfish-Ikegami 900 MHz and 1800 MHz micro Cell
Keenan-Motley 900 MHz and 1800 MHz indoor
K Mode (U-net) 900 MHz and1800MHz macro cell
Okumura-Hata Model
Frequency: f:150~1500MHz
BTS antenna height: Hb:30~200m
Mobile station height: Hm:1~10m
Distance: d:1~20km
Lp 69.55 26.16 log f 13.82 log hb (44.9 6.55 log hb ) log d Ahm
Lp : Path loss (dB) f : Carrier frequency (MHz)

Ahm: MS correction factor (dB) d : Distance of BS and MS (Km)
Middle or small cities: Ah (1.1 log f 0.7)hm (1.56 log f 0.8)
m
Big cities: Ah
m
3.2(log 11.75hm ) 2 4.97
Cost231-Hata
Frequency range f:1500~2000MHz
BTS antenna height Hb:30~200m
Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
Distance d:1~20km
Lp 46.3 33.9 log f 13.82 log hb (44.9 6.55 log hb ) log d Ahm Cm
C m 0dB Large-size cities

C m 3dB Big cities
Walfish- Ikegami Model(Cont.)
Frequency range f:
800~2000MHz
BTS antenna height Hbase: 4~50m
Mobile station height Hmobile: 1~3m
Distance d: 0.02~5km
Urban environment, micro cell
Not applicable to suburban or rural environment
K Model (U-net)
Lp=K1+K2logd+K3log(Heff)+K4*Diffraction
+K5log(d)log(Heff)+K6(Hmeff)+Kclutterf(clutter)+K(hill,los)
K1: constant offset (dB).

d: distance between the receiver and the transmitter (m).
Heff: effective height of the transmitter antenna (m).
K4: multiplying factor for diffraction calculation.
Diffraction loss: loss due to diffraction over an obstructed path (dB).
Hmeff: effective mobile antenna height (m).
Kclutter: multiplying factor for f(clutter).
f(clutter): average of weighted losses due to clutter.
K Values
These values are typical in a medium-size city:
Clutter Attenuation
Inland water -3.0
K parameter Parameter value Watery land -3.00
name
Open areas -2.00
K1 (MHz) -52.92 Rangeland -1.00
Forest 13.00
K2 68.6
Industrial & commercial
5.00
K3 5.83 area
Village -2.90
K4 1
Parallel low buildings -2.50
K5 -6.55
Suburban -2.50
K6 0 Urban 0
Dense urban 5
High building 16
Model Comparison
Model Distance HBTS HMS Pathloss Frequency Condition

Okumura 3Km 144dB 900MHz Dense Urban
-Hata
5.8Km 30m 1.5m Suburban
Cost231- 1.19Km 142dB 1800MHz Dense Urban
Hata
3.17Km Suburban
Contents
2. Propagation Mode
3. CW Test
CW Test
To obtain the precise radio
propagation model accord
with the actual environment,
increase the correctness of
the coverage prediction, it is
essential to do propagation
mode calibration - CW test.
CW Test - Flow
Test Environment Default Propagation Mode
CW Data Collection Parameter Setting
Measured Pathloss Predicted Pathloss
Comparison
Difference
within Range
Finish
CW Test - Preparation
Transmisson: Signal Source, Antenna(Omni), Support, Cable
Receiving: CW Test Equipment, GPS, Software, Laptop
GPS
Antenna
Antenna CW
Signal Source Receive Laptop
Cable
CW Test Requirment(Cont.)
Site
Antenna height HAnt > 20m.
Avoid effect of obstacle, HAnt - Hobstacle > 5m.
The building of site should be higher the average height of

surrounding building.
5m
Obstacle
CW Test Requirment
Terrain: Including all the main terrains of the area.
Height: Including different height of the area.
Distance: Including different distance from the site.
Direction: Vertical and horizontal path both involves.
Length, Time, Points: >60km, >4hr, >10000Pts.
Overlapping: Different test path should be overlap as more as
possible.
Blocking: Signal not block by the buildings.
CW Test Drive Test(Cont.)
Receiving Signal is combination of Local mean value m(x) and
fast fading r(x):
Rx( x) m( x)r ( x)
Get m(x) through integration of different RxLevel sample
around: x L
1
m( x )
2L xL
Rx ( y )dy
Li Law: Scientist Mr.Li Jianye proved that: when 2L=40,

Sampling Pts = 50, the Precision of m(x) calculation is within
1dB.
CW Test Drive Test
Requirment
Within 40, at least sampling
50Pts.
Drive test Vmax < 0.8 / TSample,
TSample is the time interval of 2
continuous sample.
Not too close or too far. Too
close makes sample limited. Too
far makes the samples out of the
coverage area, be meaningless.
The calibration unprecise.
CW Test Data Processing
Filtering:
Sample with abnormal fading, for example, 30dB fading.
Sample with abnormal GPS information. For example, beneath
bridge, in tunnel, high building block.
Sample receiving level too low, because it is not stable. Usually
less than -100dBm.
Geographical Averaging:
GPS speed is not as high as RxLevel sampling, so maybe several
sample for one GPS point. Suppose car run in constant speed,
we can place samples averagely between two GPS points.
CW Test Calibration
Import data into specific software
Calibration
CW Test Check
If the Calibration result is not good, check from these four
aspects:
Import wrong information. Such as wrong antenan information.
Data processing error. For exmaple, filtering many good

samples or reserve bad samples.
Digatal Map is inaccurate.
Improper design of CW test leads to non-effective test data.

For example, bad DT path, not 50Pts in 40.
Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Characteristic of Radio Propagation
Technologies to improve Wireless Communication
Different Propagation Mode
Propagation Mode Calibration - CW test
Thank you
www.huawei.com

Materi 2 - Radio Propagation and CW Test

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Radio Propagation

Copyright 2009 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

CW test, which is used for radio propagation mode

Limited transmitting energy

SNR: signal noise ratio

GSM channel 200KHz BW, suppose SNR 10dB(10).

Shared by 8 users, every user about 85kbit/s.

Antenna Propagation (Reflection, Receive

For A, on spherical surface of transmission, energy density

f MHz-> 2 f MHz, Lp increase 6dB

Phase : > - specula reflection

Polarization : material determining phase shift

When Diffraction, transmission direction changes.

C 1st Fresnel Region

N=1: d AC B d A B / 2 1st Fresnel Region

The 1st Fresnel region is the main transmission region,

No obstacle should appear in this region, by this way the

R=5m, 1st Fresnel Region

Multiple knife edges

Material determining phase shift

reinforced concrete wall, windows 17dB

concrete wall, no windows 30dB

concrete wall within building 10dB

brick wall 9dB

armed glass 8dB

wood or plaster wall 6dB

window glass 2dB

terrain & clutter

Correlation < 10 ... 100m > 100m

Prediction unpredictable mostly predictable predictable

Digital Map and

terrain & clutter

Correlation < 10 ... 100m > 100m

Prediction unpredictable mostly predictable predictable

Digital Map and

Time diversity -> Interleaving

Frequency diversity -> Hopping

Space diversity -> Multiple antennas

Polarization diversity -> Dual-polarized antennas

Multi-path diversity -> Equalizer

Cause self-interference if the delay falls out of the equalizer

amplitude long echoes, out of equalizer window:

terrain & clutter

Correlation < 10 ... 100m > 100m

Prediction unpredictable mostly predictable predictable

Digital Map and

2 (-2, +2) 95.4%

(-3, +3) 99.7%

68.3% 95.4% 99.7%

Practical Distrib. Theoretical

Fast Fading Statistic Threshold

Slow Fading Lognormal Distribution

Large Scale Fading Propagation Mode

Okumura-Hata 150-1500 MHz macro cell

Cost231-Hata 1500-2000 MHz macro cell

Cost231 Walfish-Ikegami 900 MHz and 1800 MHz micro Cell

Keenan-Motley 900 MHz and 1800 MHz indoor

K Mode (U-net) 900 MHz and1800MHz macro cell

Lp : Path loss (dB) f : Carrier frequency (MHz)

C m 0dB Large-size cities

K1: constant offset (dB).

Model Distance HBTS HMS Pathloss Frequency Condition

CW Data Collection Parameter Setting