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Presentation Topic:

Bhutto era, its reforms and downfalls

Submitted to: Mr. Syed Imtiaz Ali


Submitted by:
Zeeshan Liaqat 12015056-083

Umar Farooq Aslam 12015056-088

Tahir Rehman 12015056-110

Touseef Zafar 12015056-086

Murtaza Zia 12015056-020

Course Name: Pakistan Studies

Program: BS (IT)

Department of Information Technology

University of Gujrat
Bhutto era, its major reforms and
downfalls

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto:


Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was born on 5 January 1928.He was a Pakistani
politician and statesman who served as the 9th Prime Minister of
Pakistan from 14 August 1973 to 5 July1977, and prior to that as the 4th
President of Pakistan from 20 December 1971 to 13 August 1973. He
was also the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as
its chairman until his execution in 1979. Bhuttos father name was Shah
Nawaz Bhutto and mothers name was Khursheed Begum. His father
was the prime minister of Junagadh State, and enjoyed an influential
relationship with the officials of the British Raj.

Educated at USC, Berkeley and Oxford, Bhutto trained as a barrister at


Lincoln's Inn. He entered politics as one of President Iskander Mirza's
cabinet members, before being assigned several ministries during
President Ayub Khan's military rule from 1958. Appointed Foreign
Minister in 1963, Bhutto was a proponent of Operation Gibraltar in
Indian occupied Kashmir, leading to war with India in 1965. After the
Tashkent Agreement ended hostilities, Bhutto fell out with Ayub and was
sacked from government. He founded the PPP in 1967, contesting
general elections held by President Yahya Khan in 1970. The Awami
League in East Pakistan won a majority of seats, but neither Yahya nor
Bhutto signaled yielding power. Subsequent uprisings led to the
secession of Bangladesh, and Pakistan losing the war against
Bangladesh-allied India in 1971. Bhutto was handed over the presidency
in December 1971 and emergency rule was imposed. By July 1972,
Bhutto had recovered 93,000 prisoners of war and 5,000 square miles of
Indian-held territory after signing the Simla Agreement. He strengthened
ties with China and Saudi Arabia, recognized Bangladesh, and hosted
the second Organization of the Islamic Conference in Lahore in
1974.Domestically, Bhutto's reign saw parliament unanimously approve
a new constitution in 1973, upon which he appointed Fazal Ilahi
Chaudhry President and switched to the newly empowered office of
Prime Minister. He also played an integral role in initiating the country's
atomic bomb programme. However, Bhutto's nationalization of much of
Pakistan's fledgling industries, healthcare, and educational institutions
led to economic stagnation. After dissolving provincial governments in
Balochistan was met with unrest, Bhutto also ordered an army operation
in the province in 1973, causing thousands of civilian casualties.
As a young boy, Bhutto moved to Worli Seaface in Bombay (now
Mumbai) to study at the Cathedral and John Connon School. During this
period, he also became a student activist in the social movement and
nationalist league, the Pakistan Movement. In 1943, his marriage was
arranged with Shireen Amir Begum (died 19 January 2003 in Karachi).
He later left her, however, in order to remarry. In 1947, Bhutto was
admitted to the University of Southern California to study political
science.

In 1949, as college sophomore, Bhutto transferred to the University of


California, Berkeley, where he earned a B.A. (honours) degree in
Political science in 1950.
In June 1950, Bhutto travelled to the United Kingdom to study law at
Christ Church a constituent college of the University of Oxford and
received an LLB, followed by another advanced LLM degree in Law
and M.Sc. (honours) degree in Political science. Upon finishing his
studies, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in the year 1953 (the
same school at which Muhammad Ali Jinnah studied law).
Bhutto married his second wife, the Iranian-Kurdish Begum Nusrat
Ispahani, in Karachi on 8 September 1951. Their first child, his daughter
Benazir, was born in 1953. She was followed by Murtaza in 1954, a
second daughter, Sanam, in 1957, and the youngest child, Shahnawaz
Bhutto, in 1958. He accepted the post of lecturer at the Sindh Muslim
College, from where he was also awarded an honorary doctorate
honoris causa in law by the then college President, Hassanally
Rahman before establishing himself in a legal practice in Karachi. He
also took over the management of his family's estate and business
interests after his father's death.

Bhutto era:
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was 4th President of Pakistan from 20 December
1971 to 13 August 1973. And he was 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan
from 14 August 1973 to 5 July 1977.

Bhutto era Reforms:


1.Land Reforms
The Land Reforms of 1972 have restricted the individual
holdings to 150 acres of irrigated and 300 acres of un-
irrigated land. The excessive land holdings were taken
over by the without paying compensation. Due to these
measures agricultural land resumed thus far is over
800,000 acres.
2.Labor Reforms
Comprehensive labor reforms were introduced by the
Government in July 1972 and further elaborated and
enlarged in August 1972 after threadbare discussions and
analysis at a Tripartite Labor Conference at
Islamabad. They guarantee to the workers their long
overdue fundamental rights of freedom of association and
collective bargaining, and assurance of greater security of
service; representation in management, group insurance,
old age pension, free education for children and housing
and medical facilities. These laws are now also operative
in the centrally Administered Tribal Areas. These reforms
have paved the way for a new workable relationship
between the employers and employees for the future.

3.Industrial and Corporate Reforms


Ten basic industries were immediately taken over by the
Government. These include iron and steel, basic metal
industries, heavy engineering, heavy electrical industries,
petro-chemical industries, cement industries, public
utilities and power generation, transmission and
distribution, gas and oil refineries.

4.Economic Reforms Order

An Economic Reforms Order promulgated in January 1972


removed the Boards of Directors and managing Agencies
of 20 big industries. A little later 11 industrial units were
added to the list. Again, very recently, to avoid hardship
and sufferings to the common man, the Government has
taken over the vegetable oil industry. Managing Agency
system has been done away with. To manage and control
the taken over units,
Board of Industrial Management was constituted, which
implements the policy directives of the Government and
has successfully put these industries on an even keel. At
present only about 18 per cent of industries are under the
public sector. There is thus still greater scope for the
private sector to participate and expand the national
economy.

5.Banking Reforms

The primary aim of the Banking Reforms is to subject the


commercial banks to an elaborate system of social
control. Specifically they aim at bringing about equitable
distribution of bank credit and also ensure greater social
accountability. To achieve this goal, a National Credit
Consultative Committee was formed which formulated a
Rs. 1,560 million bank credit plan for the private sector in
respect of small loans for low cost housing and advances
for agricultural production.

6.Exchange Reforms

Since 1959 multiple rates of exchange in the shape of


Bonus Vouchers Scheme had been followed in the country
on account of which the industrial sector thrived, whilst
the common man suffered. The Exchange Reforms
announced in May 1972 brought realism to the external
value of our currency and also made it impossible for big
business to obtain unearned income from foreign
exchange. Pakistani travelers and pilgrims have also
benefited from this and in 1972, 80,000 pilgrims
performed Hajj. Above all, Pakistan earned 33 million
dollars in foreign exchange with the result that her
balance of payments has shown remarkable signs of
improvement.

7.Education Reforms

On 15 March 1972, the New Education Reforms were


announced. They envisage universal and free education
up to class (x) throughout the country in three phases.
Under this scheme all educational institutions are to be
nationalized. These institutions are now open to gifted
students from all over the country without regard to their
financial status and social background. So far about 400
colleges and several schools have been nationalized in
the provinces of Sind and the Punjab. The college
teachers have also been given a respectable position in
society.

8.Health Reforms
This was the most neglected sector independence. No
health scheme could succeed because the common man
did not have the means to meet the cost of drugs. To
obviate this, it was necessary as a first step to make
medicines available within the reach of the common man
by bringing down the prices and rationalizing their
means. To achieve this goal, an act called the Drug act,
1972, was enacted which prohibited the manufacture and
import of any drugs under brand names after 23
December, 1972 and their sale after 31 March, 1973.

9.Law Reforms

In a historic declaration bringing to an end the notorious


and outdated British system conferring on District officers
the power of both judiciary and executive, Mr. Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto announced the separation of the judiciary from
the executive. Under these reforms the legal procedures
have been simplified, rights and duties have been clearly
defined and criminal litigation made more liberal which
meet the long felt needs and cherished desires of the
people.

Reference:
en.wikipedia.org

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