Académique Documents
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Passenger Terminal
Configuration
Passenger
Passenger
Terminal
Terminal
Concepts
Concepts
Major Design
Considerations
1
Terminal Configuration
Centralised processing building connected by
people mover system to satellites
Satellite
Buildings
Satellite Buildings
Terminal Building
2
Heathrow Airport Alternatives
Terminal Configurations
Terminal
Finger Piers
3
HONG KONG
INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT
SCHIPOL
INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT
Terminal Building
Finger Piers
Finger Piers
4
CHANGI AIRPORT
Finger piers
Finger piers
5
Passenger Terminal Concepts
1. Pier/Finger
2. Linear
5 Common
Terminal 3. Transporter
Concepts 4. Satellite
5. Compact Module
Unit Terminal
Strategic Airport Management Programme
9-13 April 2007
P
Nashville Baltimore - Washington
6
Passenger Terminal Concepts
1. Pier/Finger
Advantages Disadvantages
Centralized resources, Long walking distances
economies of scale (human,
facilities, amenities) Kerbside congestion
Facilitates pax management Limited expansion capability
Economical to build Reduced aircraft circulation &
Efficient use of land manoeuvrability
Limited compatibility of future
aircraft design development
P P
7
Passenger Terminal Concepts
2. Linear
Advantages Disadvantages
Shortest walking distances Duplication of terminal
facilities/amenities
Clear orientation
Longer minimum connecting
Simple construction time
Adequate kerb length Longer walking distances for
Shorter close-out times transfer pax
Lower baggage systems costs Special logistics for handling
(conveying/sorting) using of transfer bags
decentralized system Less flexibility in terminal and
apron for future changes in
operations eg aircraft design,
airlines
Strategic Airport Management Programme
9-13 April 2007
P
Dulles
International
8
Passenger Terminal Concepts
3. Transporter
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy compatibility of terminal/ Higher instances of pax delays
apron geometry and future
aircraft design development Early closed-out times
Ease of aircraft manoeuvrability High capital, maintenance &
operating costs
Ease of expansion capability for
aircraft stands Susceptible to industrial
disputes with vehicle drivers
Simple and smaller central
terminal Increased vehicular movements
on airside with aircraft
Cost savings
Kerbside congestion
Increased minimum connecting
times
Strategic Airport Management Programme
9-13 April 2007
9
Passenger Terminal Concepts
4. Satellite
Advantages Disadvantages
Centralized resources (human, Requires high technology,
facilities and amenities) underground transportation
system
Facilitates pax management
High capital, maintenance &
Additional satellites can be operating cost
designed to accommodate future
aircraft design developments Kerbside congestion
Limited expansion capability
at main terminal
Increases minimum
connecting times
Early closed-out times
P P
10
Passenger Terminal Concepts
5. Compact Module Unit Terminal
Advantages Disadvantages
Short walking distances Multi-compact module units
Late closed-out times require pax and bag transfer
systems between terminals
Longer kerb length than
conventional central terminal Duplication of facilities,
higher operating costs
Capital investment is
commensurate with demand
Simple pax & baggage
transportation/sorting
systems within each module
Low baggage mishandling
potential
Provide large
Provide large passengers
passengers processing
processingcapacity
capacity
Permit centralization
Permit centralization of
offacilities
facilities and
andamenities
amenities
Manpowersaving
Manpower savingin
in the
the centralization
centralization system
system
Facilitateflow
Facilitate flowand
andorientation
orientationof
of passengers
passengers
Reasonable check-
Reasonable check-in
check and close-
-in and close-out
close times
-out times
Higherlevel
Higher levelof
of service
service
11
Changi Airport Terminal 3
EXISTING RUNWAY 1
SOUTH PROPOSED RAPID
CROSS EXIT TAXIWAY
TAXIWAY RELOCATED
TAXIWAY LOCATION OF
MRT STATION
NEW PEOPLE
PROPOSED MOVER SYSTEMS
2ND SOUTH
CROSS
TAXIWAY
TERMINAL 3
TERMINAL 1
TERMINAL 2
NORTH NORTH
NEW PEOPLE CROSS 2 CROSS 1
MOVER SYSTEMS TAXIWAY TAXIWAY
RUNWAY 2
Major Considerations
Key for Management to first define its objectives
Type of airport operations: hub, point-
point-to-
to-
point, low cost, charters, general aviation
Demographics of pax:
pax:
international/domestic, business/tourists
Level of service
Establish key design criteria/parameters =
design brief: simplicity, clarity, efficiency,
minimum change in level, comfort, ambience,
architectural statement/icon, state-
state-of-
of-the-
the-art
technology, low operating costs
Prioritise design criteria/parameters
12
Major Considerations
What factors contribute towards a good terminal
building design?
Passenger Flow
Walking Distance
Level of service for passengers
Performance standards
Traffic peaking characteristics
Future growth
Sophisticated and costly airport systems
Ease of wayfinding
Processing times
Retail
Passenger Flow
Minimise level changes
Segregation of screened pax
DEPARTURES GATE LOUNGE
ARRIVALS CORRIDOR
DEPARTURES FLOW
ARRIVALS FLOW
13
Passenger Flow
Passenger Flow
14
Passenger Flow
CUSTOMS
TAXI
BAGGAGE RECLAIM
PICK-UP
IMMIGRATION
ARRIVALS
CARPARK
ARRIVALS FLOW
Walking Distance
A major quantifiable factor that
takes into account the psychology
of users and proportions of buildings
relative to human scale
15
Walking Distance
Walking Distance
Industry norms for walking distances :
16
Level of Service for Pax
17
Level of Service for Pax
LOS A LOS C
LOS F
A B C D E F
Check-in queue area 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 -
Wait/circulate 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.0 -
Hold room 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 -
Bag claim area 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 -
(excluding claim device)
Government inspection 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6
-
18
Performance Standards
Translate expectations of service standards
into quantifiable measures, differs from
airport to airport
Processing speed
- check-
check-in process
- immigration/customs clearance
- pax and baggage security
screening
- baggage delivery
Functionality standards
- Minimum connecting time
Availability
- Key operating systems eg flight
monitor, escalators, trolleys etc
Strategic Airport Management Programme
9-13 April 2007
Valleys
Time
0 3 6Strategic
9Airport12 15Programme
18 21 24 (Hour)
Management
9-13 April 2007
19
Future Growth - Expandability
Over or premature investment?
Support modular expansion?
Flexibility and constraints?
Lead time needed to add capacity?
Disruptions to existing operations?
Future Growth
20
Operating Costs - Maintenance
People mover
system
Baggage handling
and sorting
system
Ease of Wayfinding
21
Ease of Wayfinding
Ease of Wayfinding
22
Facilitating Processes
Centralised or decentralised?
decentralised?
Required number of units for each facility?
Accommodating changes in processing
methodology?
Use of technology vs resources?
Reliability and redundancy?
Retail
Airside or landside?
Prime location vs operational needs?
Increase dwell time vs efficiency?
Creativity vs clarity?
$$ Returns?
23
Is there a practical limit
to how large a
terminal building can be?
Seoul Inchon
Kansai Airport
27mppa
Shanghai Pudong
30mppa
20mppa
ASIA 42mppa
42mppa
21mppa
Suvarnabhumi Airport
25mppa
21mppa (T1)
23mppa (T2)
Sepang Airport Guangzhou Baiyun
Strategic Airport Management Programme
9-13 April 2007
Changi Airport
24
Heathrow T5
Schipol
32mppa
30mppa 30mppa
EUROPE
Optimal Geometry
Centralised terminal with finger piers
25
Strategic Airport Management Programme
9-13 April 2007
For 6 piers,
Number of Gates = 32 to 42
Use of
Planning Norms
26
Check walking
distances for
departing
Travellators passenger
travelling to the
nearest and
furthest gate
CHECK-
CHECK-IN
ISLAND
KERBSIDE
Check walking
distances for
departing passenger
travelling from
kerbside to the
furthest check-
Strategic Airport Management Programme
check-in
9-13 April 2007 island
Check walking
distances for
Travellators transfer
passenger
travelling
between the
furthest gates
CHECK-
CHECK-IN
ISLAND
KERBSIDE
27
Table 1 : Unaided Walking Distances
20 mppa 22 mppa 25 mppa
Kerbside to
195 m 205 m 235 m
furthest check-
check-in island
Furthest check-
check-in 265 m 275 m 300 m
island to nearest gate
Table 2 : Aided Walking Distances
20 mppa 22 mppa 25 mppa
Furthest check-
check-in island 495 m 515 m 550 m
to furthest gate
Furthest gate to gate 790 m 840 m 1,000 m
distance
28