GROWTH ADAPTATIONS, CELLULAR INJURY AND CELL o Mito membrane damage

DEATH Loss of ETC, cytochrome c leak activates apoptosis

o Lysosome membrane damage
Growth adaptations Release of hydrolytic enzymes
Hyperplasia is production of new cells from stem cells Cell Death
Pathologic hyperplasia (endometrial hyperplasia) can become
dysplasia and then cancer (except BPH)
Metaplasia
o Nonker squam epith nonciliated mucin producing columnar
o Is reversible
o Could become dysplasia (except apocrine metaplasia of breast)
o Vitamin A def could cause metaplasia
Dry eyes to keratomalacia
Dysplasia
o Prolif of precancer cells (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is a
precursor to cervical cancer)
o Occurs from chronic hyperplasia or metaplasia

Cell injury

Hypoxia
o artery perfusion (atherosclerosis)
o venous drain (Budd Chiari)
o Shock (generalized hypotension)
Methemoglobinemia
o Iron in heme is oxid to Fe3+, cant bind O2

Reversible and Irreversible cell injury

Reversible
o Cell swelling loss of microvilli and membrane blebbing
o RER swelling protein synth
Irreversible = membrane damage
o Plasma membrane damage
Enzymes (like troponin) leaked into serum
Ca2+ enters cell lysosome membrane damage