CHAPTER 3

Design for Torsion

Revised : 29
29-March-2009
March 2009

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember Surabaya

Kuliah Struktur Beton Bertulang I (PS 1334) Created By : Bambang Piscesa
 For design purposes, the center portion of a solid beam
can be
b conservativelyl be
b neglected.
l d Therefore
h f the
h beam
b is
idealized as a tube. Torsion is resisted through a constant
shear flow q ((Force p
per unit length
g of wall centerline)) actingg
around the centerline of the tube.
 When a concrete beam is subjected to a torsional
moment causing principal tension larger than 4 fc^0.5 ,
diagonal cracks spiral around the beam.
beam After cracking,
cracking the
tube is idealized as a space truss as shown in Fig. 15-2. In this
truss, diagonal members are inclined at an angle q.
 Inclination of the diagonals in all tube walls is the
same. Note that this angle is not necessarily 45 deg. The
resultant of the shear flow in each tube wall induces forces in
the truss members.
 A basic concept for structural concrete design is that
concrete is strong in compression, while steel is strong in
tension Therefore,
tension. Therefore in the truss analogy,
analogy truss members that
are in tension consist of steel reinforcement or tension ties.
 Truss diagonals and other members that are in
compression consist of concrete compression struts. Forces
in the truss members can be determined from equilibrium
conditions. These forces are used to proportion and detail the
reinforcement.
 Figure above depicts a free body extracted from the
front vertical wall of the truss of Fig. 15-2. Shear force V2 is
equal to the shear flow q (force per unit length) times the
height of the wall yo.
 Stirrups are designed to yield when the maximum
torque is reached.
 The number of stirrups intersected is a function of the
p spacing
stirrup p g s and the horizontal p j
projection yo cot of the
y
inclined surface. From vertical equilibrium:

As the shear flow (force per unit length) is constant over the
h i h off the
height h wall,
ll
Substituting for V2 in Eqs. (3) and (4),
 A free body y diagram
g for horizontal equilibrium is
shown in Fig. 15-4. The vertical shear force Vi in wall i is
equal to the product of the shear flow q times the length of
the wall yi.
yi Vector Vi can be resolved into two components: a
diagonal component with an inclination q equal to the angle
of the truss diagonals, and a horizontal component equal to:
 Force Ni is centered at the midheight
g of the wall since
q is constant along the side of the element. Top and bottom
chords of the free body of Fig. 15-4 are subject to a force Ni/2
each.
each
 Internally,
y it is assumed that the longitudinal
g steel
yields when the maximum torque is reached. Summing the
internal and external forces in the chords of all the space truss
walls results in:
 Torsion can be neglected if the factored torque Tu is
less than Tcr/4, where Tcr is the cracking torque.
torque The
cracking torque corresponds to a principal tensile stress of 4
fc^0.5. Prior to cracking, thickness of the tube wall t and
th area enclosed
the l d byb the
th wallll centerline
t li Ao
A are related
l t d to
t
the uncracked section geometry based on the following
assumptions:
 Eqs. (7) and (8) apply to the uncracked section. For
spandrel beams and other members cast monolithically with
a slab, parts of the slab overhangs contribute to torsional
resistance. Size of effective portion of slab to be considered
with
ith the
th beam
b i illustrated
is ill t t d in
i Fig.
Fi R13.2.4.
R13 2 4 Substituting
S b tit ti forf t
from Eq. (7), Ao from Eq. (8), and taking t = 4 fc^0.5 in Eq. (1),
the cracking torque for nonprestressed members can be
derived:

1 Acp2
Tcr = f 'c
3 P
cp
The design torsional strength should be equal to or greater
than the required torsional strength :

The nominal
Th i l torsional
t i l momentt strength
t th in
i terms
t off stirrup
ti
yield strength was derived above.

Ao = 0.85Aoh (this is an assumption for simplicity).

Aoh = area enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed

transverse torsional reinforcement as illustrated in Fig.
Fig 15-5.
15 5
The design torsional strength should be equal to or greater
than the required torsional strength :

The nominal
Th i l torsional
t i l momentt strength
t th in
i terms
t off stirrup
ti
yield strength was derived above.

= angle of compression diagonal, ranges between 30 and 60

deg. It is suggested in 11.6.3.6 to use 45 deg for
nonprestressed members and 37.5 deg for prestressed
members with prestress force greater than 40 percent of
tensile strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.
 Note that the definition of Ao used in Eq. (8) was for
the uncracked section.
section Also note that nominal torsional
strength Tn is reached after cracking and after the concrete
member has undergone considerable twisting rotation.

Under these large deformations, part of the concrete

cover may have spalled. For this reason, when computing
area Ao corresponding to Tn, the concrete cover is ignored.

Thus, parameter Ao is related to Aoh, the area

enclosed by centerline of the outermost closed transverse
torsional reinforcement. Area Ao can be determined through
rigorous analysis (Ref.
(Ref 15.3)
15 3) or simply assumed equal to
0.85Aoh. See 11.6.3.6.
 Substituting for T from Eq. (5) into Eq. (6) and
replacing 2 (xo + yo) with ph (perimeter of centerline of
outermost closed transverse torsional reinforcement), the
longitudinal reinforcement required to resist torsion is
computed
t d as a function
f ti off the
th transverse
t reinforcement:
i f t
 To reduce unsightly cracking and prevent crushing of
the concrete compression struts, the 1995 code prescribes an
upper limit for the maximum stress due to shear and torsion,
analogous to that due to shear only (11.5.6.8).
I solid
In lid sections,
ti stresses
t d to
due t shear
h actt over the
th full
f ll
width of the section, while stresses due to torsion are
assumed resisted by a thin-walled tube. See Fig. R11.6.3.1(b).
Thus, the 1995 code specifies an elliptical interaction
between stresses due to shear and those due to torsion as
follows:

2
3
 For hollow sections, the stresses due to shear and
torsion are directly additive on one side wall [see Fig.
Fig
R11.6.3.1(a)]. Thus, the following linear interaction is
specified:

2
3
When applying Eq. (11-19) to a hollow section, if the
actual all thickness t is less thanAoh/ph, the actual wall
thickness should be used instead of Aoh/ph (11.6.3.3).
 In general, to ensure ductility of reinforced and
prestressed concrete members, minimum reinforcement is
specified for flexure (10.5) and for shear (11.5.5). Similarly,
minimum transverse and longitudinal reinforcement is
specified
ifi d in
i 11.6.5
11 6 5 whenever
h T > Tcr/4.
Tu T /4 Usually,
U ll a memberb
subject to torsion will also be simultaneously subjected to
shear. The minimum area of stirrups for shear and torsion is
computed from :

75 f 'c bw s 1 bw s
Av + 2 At =
(1200) f yyv 3 f yyv
The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement is
computed from:

12
but At/s (due to torsion only) must not be taken less than
bw/6fyv.
 Maximum spacing of torsion reinforcement is 300 mm.
Torsion reinforcement should be more than (bt+d) outside
the area of torsion reinforcement is needed.
 Design of web reinforcement for combine Torsion and
Shear in a T Beam Section.
T-Beam Section T Beam Section has geometrical
T-Beam
dimensions shown in Figure below.

tf = 101.6 mm

3hf = 304.8 mm h = 635 mm

bw = 355.6 mm
 A factored external shear force acts at he critical
section, having a value Vu = 180 kN.
kN It is subjected to the
following torques :

((a).
) Equilibrium
E ilib i f t d external
factored t l torsional
t i l momentt Tu
T = 51.4
51 4
kN-m.

(b). Compatibility factored Tu = 7.3 kN-m.

(c). Compatibility factored Tu = 29.9 kN

kN-m.
m.
Bending reinforcement :
As = 2190 mm2
fc = 27.6 Mpa, normal weight concrete
fy = 414 Mpa

Design the web reinforcement needed for this section.

(a). Equilibrium Torsion :

Step 1 Factored torsional moment.

Assume that the flanges are not confined with ties.

Given equilirium torsional moment = 51.5 kN-m. The total
torsional moment mus be provided in the design.
design
Calculate required Tn,Acp and Pnp :
Tu51.5
Tn = = = 68.67 kNm
0.75
Acp = bw h = 355.6 635 = 225806mm 2
Pcp = 2( X o + Yo ) = 2(355.6 + 635) = 1981.2mm
If the flanges were confined with closed ties.
( )
Acp = (bw h ) + 2 t f 3t f = (355.6 635) + 2(101.6 304.8)
Acp = 287741.4mm 2
Pcp = 2(bw + h ) + 2(t f + 3t f ) = 2(355.6 + 635) + 2(101.6 + 304.8)
Pcp = 2794mm
Torsional moment for which torsion can be neglected is :
2
f 'c Acp 27.6 225806 2
Tcr = = 0.75 = 8.45kNm
12 Pcp 12 1981.2
H
Hence d i for
design f full
f ll torsion.
t i

Step 2. Sectional Properties

Ao = 0.85 Aoh, where Aoh is the area enclosed by the center

line of the outermost closed stirrups. Assuming 38.1 mm clear
cover and 12.7 mm stirrups.
x1 = 355.6 2(38.1 + 6.35) = 266.7 mm
y1 = 635 2(38.1 + 6.35) = 546.1mm
Continued :
Aoh = 266.7 546.1 = 145644.87 mm 2
Ao = 0.85(266.7 546.1) = 123798.14mm 2
d = 635 (38.1 + 12.7 + 6.35) = 577.85mm
Ph = 2( x1 + y1 ) = 2(266.7 + 546.1) = 1625.6mm

Use = 45, cot = 1.0

 Step 3 Check adequacy of section
For the section to be adequate.
adequate It should satisfy :
2 2
Vu Tu Ph Vc 2
+ 2
+ f 'c
w
b d 1 . 7 Aoh bw d 3

27.6 (355.6 )(577.85) = 179.920kN

1 1
Vc = f 'c b w d =
6 6

2
Vu Tu Ph
+

2

=
180,000
2

+
( )
51.4 10 (1,625.6 )
6

2

2
(355.6 )(577.85) 1.7(145,644.87 )
2
w
b d 1 . 7 Aoh
2 2
Vu Tu Ph
+ 2
= 2.48MPa
w
b d 1 . 7 Aoh
Step 3 Check adequacy of section
Vc 197714
f 'c = (0.75)
2 2
+ + 27.6
bw d 3 (355.6 )(635) 3
Vc 2
+ f 'c = 3.28MPa
bw d 3
2 2
Vu Tu Ph Vc 2
+ 2
+ f 'c
bw d 1.7 Aoh bw d 3
2.48MPa 3.28MPa
Hence the section is adequate.
adequate
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
At Tn 68666667
= = = 0.669mm 2 / mm / oneleg
s 2 Ao f yt cot (2 )(123798)(414 )(1)
Sh
Shear reinforcement
i f t
Vc = 2 f 'c bw d = 179.92kN
180
Vn = = 240kN
0.75
For minimum shear reinforcement. Hence, provided shear
stirrups.
Vs = Vn Vc = 240 179.92 = 60.079kN
Av Vs 60079
= = = 0.252mm 2 / mm / twoleg
s f yt d (414 )(577.85)
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
Avt 2 At Av
= + = 2(0.669 ) + 0.252 = 1.59mm 2 / mm / twoleg
s s s
T -10
Try 10 mm closed
l d stirrups.
ti A
Area off two
t l
legs = 157.08
157 08 mm2.
2
157.08
s= = 98.79mm
1.59
Maximum allowable spacing smax = smaller of 1/8 ph or 300
mm, where ph = 2(x1
2(x1+y1)
y1) = 1625.6 mm. From before 1/8 ph =
203 mm > 98.79 mm.
1 1
f 'c = 27.6 = 0.328 < 0.35
16 16
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
Hence, controlling minimum Avt.Avt
0.35bw s 0.35(355.6 )(90 )
Avt = = = 27.056mm 2
f yt 414
Avt less than 157.08 mm2. Hence use -10 mm closed stirrups
at 90 mm spacing.

Longitudinal Reinforcement.
At f yt
cot = (0.669 )(1625.6 ) (1.0) = 1087mm 2
414
Al = Ph 2

s fy 414
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement.
reinforcement
5 f 'c Acp At f yt 5 27.6 (225806 )
(0.669 )(1625.6 )
414
Al = Ph =
12 f y s fy (12)(414) 414
Al = 106.402mm 2
Where
At 0.175bw (0.175)(355.6 )
= = 0.15mm 2 / mm / oneleg < 0.669
s f yt 414
Ok
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement
Assume al hoes to top corners and al goes to the bottom
of the stirrups to be added to the flexural bars. The balance,
Al, would thus be distributed equally on the vertical faces of
th beam
the b webb cross section
ti att a spacing
i nott to
t exceedd 300 mm
c-c.
Al 1087
s 4
A = + As =
4
+ 2190 = 2462 mm 2

Use 55-D25
D25 longitudinal bars, As = 2454mm2 at the bottom, 22-
D16 at the top corners of the stirrups, As = 402 mm2, and 2-
D16 at vertical face of the web.
Step 4 Torsional Reinforcement

2-D16

2-D16

10-90mm
2-D16

5-D16