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Bernabe, Keith Jeronn C., Buen, Nicole Blanche Q., Candel, Camille Keith D., Co, Tricia Mae M.
College of Science
Biology Department
Overview
There are three important signals in the nervous systems namely receptor potential, synaptic
potential and action potentials. The main focus of this activity is the resting potential. Resting membrane
potential is the potential difference between the intracellular and the extracellular through the membrane.
The resting membrane potential depends on the resting permeability of the membrane because it follows
Objectives:
3. To determine how the resting membrane potential depends on the concentrations of potassium and
sodium.
4. To understand the ion conductances/ion channels involved in the resting membrane potential
Methodology:
Neurons
Voltage (mV)
Control Cell body extracellular 0
Control Cell body intracellular -70
Control Axon extracellular 0
Control Axon intracellular -70
High K+ Axon intracellular -40
High K+ Axon extracellular 0
High K+ Cell body extracellular 0
High K+ Cell body intracellular -40
Low Na+ Cell body intracellular -72
Low Na+ Cell body extracellular 0
Low Na+ Axon extracellular 0
Low Na+ Axon intracellular -72
Discussion:
Na+ and K+ are one of the most important ions in neurons. The proteins called Na+/K+ pump
transports Na+ and K+ ions. It moves from higher concentration to lower concentration. Increase in
extracellular K+ changes the membrane potential to be less negative due to the K+ ions leaving behind a
net negative charge by diffusion thus, making the resting membrane potential less negative. The Na+
channels are closed that is why the extracellular Na+ has not changed the membrane potential in the resting
neuron because of the less leakage of Na+ channels than K+ channels. Na+ has low membrane
permeability due to the short Na+ leakage channels. It diffuses down its concentration gradient inward. The
cause of inward leakage would greatly destroy the membrane potential. The Na+ goes into the cell
membrane and the K+ goes outside the cell membrane thus making the cell membrane more negative on
the inside rather than on the outside. The resting period potential is the distinction between intracellular and
extracellular across the membrane. It depends on intracellular and extracellular concentrations and on
Overview
When the sensory neuron are stimulated by the stimulus it can generate an impulse called receptor
potential by the help of sensory receptor that can be located at the end of the sensory neuron that contains
receptor proteins. The energy of the stimulus conducted can be converted into electrical response that
includes the cooperation of the membrane ion channels. The process involves in this conversion is called
sensory transduction that happens also at the end of the sensory neuron. Depolarization occurs when there
is change from negative resting potential to a lesser negative level causing the membrane to be less
polarized.
Objectives
1. To define the terms sensory receptor, receptor potential, sensory transduction, stimulus modality,
and depolarization.
Methodology:
Sensory
Sensory
Receptor
Receptor
Modality
Modality
Intensity
Intensity
Amplitude
Amplitude
Response
Response
Results:
Discussion:
The sensory neurons used are Pacinian corpuscle, olfactory receptor and free nerve ending. These
sensory neurons were stimulated to several stimulus modalities and paired with intensity. The modality,
which consists of pressure, chemical, heat and light. The intensity of the stimulus were low, moderate and
high. The sensory neurons were subject to different modality and intensity. As for the Pacinian corpuscle
obtain the highest peak of value that is -30 and an amplitude response of 40 in pressure at intensity of high.
In the olfactory receptor obtain its highest peak of value that is -45 and an amplitude response of -20 in
chemical at intensity of high. The free nerve endings responded to different modalities as shown in the
results due to the less specialized sensory end. All the sensory neuron is set to have the resting potential of
-70.
Overview:
Nerve are consists of axons. The action potential conducts signal from axons, axons are thought to
be long and thin. Axon hillock is the point where the cell body and the axon are connected. The junction
between initial segment and axon hillock is where the action potential is first initiated it is also called the
trigger zone. When the action potential is triggered it will then be conducted down to the axon. The
stronger the action potential initiated the longer it will travel through the cell body to the axon.
Objectives
1. To define the terms action potential, nerve, axon hillock, trigger zone, and threshold.
Methodology:
Neuron
Neuron
stimulus of 10
stimulus of 10
volts
volts
stimulus
stimulus of
of 20
20
volts
volts
stimulus
stimulus of 30
of 30
volts
volts
stimulus
stimulus of
of 40
40 volts
volts
stimulus
stimulus of 50
of 50
volts
volts
Action Potential
Action Potential
Results:
Stimulus Voltage (mV) Peak Value at R1 (V) Peak Value at R2 (V) Action Potential
10 0 0 No
20 100 100 Yes
30 100 100 Yes
40 100 100 Yes
50 100 100 Yes
Discussion:
Distinct membrane proteins provide basis for the threshold differences are found on each region of
the neuron. The influx of sodium regenerates the action potential, which establishes local currents that
depolarize difference adjacent sections of the membrane threshold. Adjacent sections of the membrane are
where the action potential must be regenerated. The action potential is not graded rather it is an all-or-none.
Therefore, the peak value of the action potential does not change.