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Algebra
9
Chapter 9 Systems of Linear Equations
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 1
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Theorem 9-1 Let A be a square matrix. If A is a non-singular matrix, i.e. det A 0 , then the system of
linear equations AX B has a unique solution given by X A 1 B .
Example 1 Use the method of inverse matrix to solve the system of equations
3x 2 y 4
x y 3
Example 2
Solve the system of equations
2x y z 4
4x 7 y z 11
4x y 7z 3
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 2
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
2x y z 4 0
Example 3 Solve 4 x 7y z 11 0
4x y 7z 3 0
Example 4 Discuss the number of solutions to the following systems of linear equations:
x 2y 3 x 2y 3
(a) (b)
2x 4y 4 2x 4y 6
Theorem 9.2 Let A be a n n matrix. If det A 0 , then the linear system Ax b has no solution
or infinitely many solutions.
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 3
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Determine the condition that the system has a unique solution.
If A 0, then
b1 a12 a13 a11 b1 a13 a11 a12 b1
b2 a 22 a 23 a 21 b2 a 23 a 21 a 22 b2
b3 a 32 a33 a31 b3 a33 a31 a32 b3
x1 x2 x3
A A A
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 4
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
4x y 2z 15
Example 6 Solve x 2y 3z 9
2x y z 0
5x 2y 13
Example 7 Solve
2x 3y 9
2x 5y 4z 2
Example 8 Show that the system x 9y 7z 5 has a unique solution if k 8 .
kx 3y 2z 2k
Hence, solve the system by the Cramer's rule.
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 5
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Elementary Transformation
The elementary operations ( or elementary transformations ) in the process of elimination are:
(1) Interchange of two equations;
(2) Multiplication of an equation by a non-zero scalar;
(3) Addition of a scalar multiple of any equation to another equation.
If the system of equations is written in matrix form, we have the following corresponding elementary row
operations for the matrices:
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 6
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
(1) Interchange of any rows;
(2) Multiplication of any row by a non-zero scalar;
(3) Addition of a scalar multiple of any row to another row.
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 7
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Definition An inconsistent system of equation is one for which the solution set is the empty set
x 0
x 2y 1
Example and y 0
x 2y 5 x
6
Definition A consistent system of equations is one for which there exists a non-empty solution set.
5x 4y 2
Example
x 2y 1.7
x 2y 1
Example has infinite many solutions
2x 4y 2
Definition If the solution set of a consistent system of equations contains one and only one element, the
system is said to have unique solution.
Definition If the solution set of a consistent system of equations contains more than one element, the
system is said to have non-unique solution set ( infinitely many solution )
4x 6y z 2
Example 11 Solve 2 x y 4z 3
3x 2y 5z 8
Determine whether the system is consistent.
If the system is consistent, solve it.
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 8
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
1 1 3 x 9
Example 12 Let A 1 3 11 , X y and B 7 .
1 13 21 z 53
(a) Find A . What conclusion can you make for the system AX B .
(b) Solve it.
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 9
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
x y z 5
Example 13 Solve 4 x 3y z 2
5x 3y z 11
x 2y 4z 1
Example 14 Solve 2 x 4y 8z 2
3x 6y 12 z 3
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 10
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
x 2y 3z 2
2x 3y 2z 5
Example 15 Solve
4x y z 2
4 x y 4z 1
x y 3z k
Example 16 Given the system 6 x 7y 5z 2 has infinitely many solutions .
4x 5y hz 1
Find h, k and the solution of the system.
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 11
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
px y z 6
Example 17 3x y 11z 6
2x y 4z q
(a) Find the condition of
(i) a unique solution
(ii) no solution
(iii) infinitely many solutions
x y z 6
3x y 11z 6
(b) Hence solve
2x y 4z 9
xz 6 0
From Theorem 9.1 and Theorem 9.2, the solution of non-homogeneous system of n linear equations in n
unknowns.
AX B
has 3 possibilities:
(1) If det A 0 , the system has a unique solution.
(2) If det A 0 , has no solution or infinitely many solutions.
For AX 0
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 12
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
a 11 x 1 a 12 x 2 a 13 x 3 0
a 21 x 1 a 22 x 2 a 23 x 3 0
a 31 x 1 a 32 x 2 a 33 x 3 0
x 1 x 2 x 3 0 is the solution of system.
x 1 x 2 x 3 0 is Trivial Solution
x y z 0
Example 18 3x y 2z 0
2x 2y z 0
x y z 0
Example 19 Find the non-trivial solution for
3x 2y z 0
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 13
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
x ky 3z 0
Example 20 If 3 x 2y 2z 0,
2x 3y kz 0
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 14
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
(b) Solve (*).
where c R .
Suppose (*) is consistent. Find c and solve (*).
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 15
Systems of linear equations
Advanced Level Pure Mathematics
Prepared by K. F. Ngai
Page 16