Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 19

2016 - 2017 CAPE Pure Mathematics Unit 1 Module 2: Trigonometry, Geometry

and Vectors
Trigonometrical Functions - Handout # 15
(A) Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations (all angles will be assumed to be in
radians unless otherwise stated)

Trigonometrical Functions
The figure shows a circle of unit radius (radius = 1 unit) with its centre at the origin of the xy-
plane. A rotating radius OP rotates through an angle from the x-axis. Note that is positive if it
is generated in an anticlockwise direction, and is negative in a clockwise direction.
y

B (0,1)
P (x, y)

C (1, 0) A (1,0)
x x
angle

D (0, 1)

Let (x, y) be the coordinates of the point P. Notice that


(a) x and y exist for every R and
(b) there is only one x and one y for each R.
We define two functions sine and cosine of the angle as follows:
opp y adj x
Simply sin = hyp = 1 = y and cos = hyp = 1 = x, where R.

Looking at the unit circle, it is clear that 1 x 1 and 1 y 1.


Thus, the ranges of sine and cosine functions are the same, given by [ 1, 1].
In terms of sine and cosine functions, we may define the tangent function as follows:
sin
tan = cos , R and cos 0.
Page 1 of 19
The corresponding reciprocal functions of sine, cosine and tangent functions are:
1 1
cosecant = sin i.e. cosec = sin , R and sin 0
1 1
secant = cos i.e. sec = cos , R and cos 0
cos cos
cotangent = sin i.e. cot = sin , R and sin 0
The signs of each trigonometrical function and its reciprocal in different quadrants are shown
below.

900 or rad
2

Second Quadrant First Quadrant

Sin (+ve)
All trigonometrical
cosec (+ve)
functions (+ve)
others (ve)
1800 or
00 or 2 rad
rad

Tan (+ve)
Cos (+ve)
cot (+ve)
sec (+ve)
others (ve)
others (ve)

Third Quadrant Fourth Quadrant

3
2700 or rad
2

Radian Measure
Two kinds of units commonly used for measuring angles are radian measure and degree
measure. At higher levels of mathematics and in many branches of science, the most satisfactory
unit for the measurement of an angle is the radian.
Page 2 of 19
A radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius.

O 1 rad

Since the circumference of the circle is 2r, the angle in the whole circle (3600) must be 2
radians.
i.e. when r = 1, C = 2
2 radians = 3600 turn
radians = 1800

radians = 900
2
3600 2
57.30 0.01745
Accordingly, 1 radian = 2
0
AND 10 = 360 radians

.
To convert degrees into radians, multiply by 180
180
.
To convert radians into degrees, multiply by

Length of an Arc & Area of a sector


Consider the sector of a circle, of radius r, which subtends an angle of at the centre.

L
O

X
Page 3 of 19
r
2r
The length of the arc is given by L = 360 180 where is measured in degrees.

2r
L is also given by, L = 2 = r, where is measured in radians.
r
r 2
The area, A, of the sector is given by, A = 360 180 , where is measured in degrees.

r 2
r 2
A is also given by, A = 2 2 where is measured in radians.

Recall: The Sine Rule


A
a b c

In any triangle ABC; sin A sin B sin c c b
Recall: The Cosine Rule
B C
In any triangle ABC; c2 = a2 +b2 2ab cosC a
and similarly we have
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cosA
and b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cosB

The EXACT value of some common angles


In Trigonometry, it is useful to memorize (or be able to determine) the values of these functions
of some frequently encountered angles.
A

Consider the equilateral triangle ABC

1 1
1
300

sin
2 1
sin 300 OR 6 1 2
3
3
2
2 3
cos 600 600

cos 300 OR 6 1 2 B
C
1 1
2 2Page 4 of 19
1


tan
2 1 3
or
0
tan 30 OR 6 3 3 3

2

3 1
3 2 1
sin 2 cos
sin 600 OR 3 1 2 cos 600 OR 3 1 2

3

2
tan 3
tan 600 OR 3 1

2

P
Consider the isosceles triangle PQR

1 2
sin or 2
sin 450 OR 4 2 2
1
1 2
cos or
cos 450 OR 4 2 2
1
tan 1 450
Q
tan 450 OR 4 1
R
1

Page 5 of 19
in degrees in radians sin cos tan

0 0 0 1 0

30 1 3 3 1
or
6 2 2 3 3
45 2 1 2 1 1
or or
4 2 2 2 2
60 3 1 3
3 2 2
90 1 0
2
120 2 3 1 3

3 2 2
135 3 2 2 1

4 2 2
150 5 1 3 3 1
or
6 2 2 3 3
180 0 1 0

210 7 1 3 3 1
or
6 2 2 3 3
225 5 2 2 1

4 2 2
240 4 3 1 3

3 2 2
270 3 1 0
2
300 5 3 1 3

3 2 2
315 7 2 2 1

4 2 2
330 11 1 3 3 1
or
6 2 2 3 3
360 2 0 1 0

Page 6 of 19
Practise Exercise 1
1) Sketch the following graphs for 2 2.
(a) f() = sin
(b) f() = cos
(c) f() = tan

1. Properties of the Sine Function


The function f()= sin is periodic, of period 3600. That is, sin ( + 3600) = sin .
The function f()= sin is an odd function since f( )= sin ( ) = sin = f().
In other words, the graph has rotational symmetry about the origin of order 2.
The maximum value of f()= sin is 1, and its minimum value is 1, i.e. 1 f() 1.

2. Properties of the Cosine Function


The function f()= cos is periodic, of period 3600. That is, cos ( + 3600) = cos .
The function f()= cos is an even function since f( )= cos () = cos = f().
In other words, the graph of f() is symmetrical about the y-axis.
The maximum value of f() = cos is 1, and its minimum value is 1, i.e. 1 f() 1.

sin( ) = cos
Note: 2



That is, if the graph of y = sin is translated 0 , we obtain the graph of y = cos .
2


cos( ) sin
Also, 2

3. Properties of the Tangent Function


The function f()= tan is periodic, of period 1800. That is, tan ( + 1800) = tan .
The function f()= tan is an odd function since f( )= tan = f().
In other words, the graph of f() = tan has rotational symmetry about the origin of order 2.
The function f() = tan is not defined when x = 900, 2700, 4500,

Page 7 of 19
Note that:

sin( )
(i) 2 = cos (Translation of sine graph; OR use compound angle formulae)
(ii) sin ( ) = sin (From sine graph or Quadrant diagram; OR use compound angle formulae)
Practise Exercise 2
2
1) Given that tan = k , determine expressions for

(i) cos (ii) sin ( 2 ) (iii) cos ( 2 )

Trigonometric Identities (Check Formula Sheet)


Consider

x z

y
x
( )
x y sin x
z tan
(i) sin = z , cos = z , therefore cos y y
( )
z
x y x2 y2
( )2 ( )2
(ii) sin2 + cos2 = z z z 2 ,by Pythagoras, x2 +y2 = z2, so sin2 + cos2 = 1

sin 2 sin 2
( )
(iii) From (i) tan 2 = cos cos2

sin 2 cos2 sin 2 1


1 = sec2
So 1+ tan =
2 cos
2
cos
2
cos
2

1 cos cos2

(iv) cot = tan sin , cot 2 = sin
2

cos2 sin 2 cos2 1


1 cos ec 2
So 1 + cot 2 = sin
2
sin
2
sin
2

Page 8 of 19
Note also that: a) sin2 2 + cos2 2 = 1 etc
b) sin2 3 + cos2 3 = 1 etc
c) 1+ tan 2 2 = sec2 2 etc
d) 1 + cot 2 2 = cosec2 2 etc

Compound Angle Formulae (Check Formula Sheet)

1. (a) sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin


(b) sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin
i.e. sin ( ) = sin cos cos sin

2. (a) cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin


(b) cos ( ) = cos cos + sin sin
i.e. cos ( ) = cos cos sin sin

Proof of the Addition Formulae using Rotation Matrices


The matrices which represent rotations about the origin through angles of and radians are,
cos sin cos sin
A B
respectively: sin cos and sin cos

Let us now find the matrix which represents the transformation AB, and describe this
transformation. This composite transformation is represented by
cos sin cos sin cos cos sin sin cos sin sin cos
AB
sin cos sin cos sin cos cos sin cos cos sin sin

where the last expression has been obtained by the usual rule for matrix multiplication.

AB represents a rotation about the origin through an angle of radians, followed by a rotation of
radians, i.e. represents a single rotation through an angle of ( + ) radians. In this case, the
order of the transformation is immaterial since it can be shown that this transformation is
commutative; the order of the two successive rotations does not matter.

Page 9 of 19
But, the rotation matrix which represents a rotation through ( + ) radians about the origin is:
cos( ) sin( )
K
sin( ) cos( ) . Since K and AB are the same matrix, we can easily deduce, by
comparing corresponding elements, that cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin , and
sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin , the addition formulae for the sine and cosine of compound
angles. The corresponding formulae for the sine and cosine of the difference of angles can then
be obtained by replacing everywhere with , and then using the fact that
cos ( ) = cos , and sin ( ) = sin .

tan tan

3. (a) tan ( + ) 1 tan tan
tan tan

(b) tan ( ) 1 tan tan

tan tan 1

i.e.(a) tan ( ) 1 tan tan ,( ) (k + 2 )

Multiple-Angle Formulae (or compound-angle formulae) (Check Formula Sheet)

1. Double-angle Formulae (use compound angle formulae), for any angle


(a) sin 2 = sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin = 2sin cos
(b) cos 2 = cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin = cos2 sin2
= cos2 (1 cos2 )
or = 2cos2 1
or = 2(1 sin2 ) 1
or = 1 2sin2
tan tan 2 tan

(c) tan 2 = tan ( + ) 1 tan tan 1 tan 2

Page 10 of 19
2. Half-angle Formulae (use compound angle formulae), for any angle

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(a) sin = sin 2 2 = sin 2 cos 2 + cos 2 sin 2 = 2sin 2 cos 2


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(b) cos = cos 2 2 = cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 = cos2 2 sin2 2

( ) ( )
= cos2 2 [1 cos2 2 ]

( )
or = 2cos2 2 1

( )
or = 2[1 sin2 2 ] 1

( )
or = 1 2sin2 2

tan( ) tan( ) 2 tan( )
2 2 2

( ) 1 tan( ) tan( ) 1 tan 2 ( )
(c) tan = tan 2 2 2 2 2
2t
Therefore, if t = tan 2 , then tan = 1 t
2

(d) Recall: sin 2 = 2sin cos


2 sin cos

cos2 sin 2
Divide both Numerator & Denominator by cos2
2 sin cos 2 sin
cos 2 tan
= cos2
2 2t
sin 2 i.e. sin 2 = , where t = tan
cos sin
2 2
sin 1 tan
2
1 t 2
1
cos2 cos2

2 tan
2 2t
sin i.e. sin = , where t = tan
1 t 2
2
Therefore, 1 tan 2
2

Page 11 of 19
(e) Recall: cos 2 = cos2 sin2
cos2 sin 2

cos2 sin 2
Divide both Numerator & Denominator by cos2
cos2 sin 2 sin 2
1
cos2 cos2 1 tan i.e. cos 2 = 1 t , where t = tan
2 2
cos 2 =
cos2 sin 2 sin 2 1 tan 2 1 t 2
1
cos2 cos2

1 tan 2
2 i.e. cos = 1 t , where t = tan
2
cos
1 t 2 2
Therefore, 1 tan 2
2

3. Triple-angle Formulae (use compound angle formulae), for any angle

(a) sin 3 = sin (2 + ) = sin 2 cos + cos 2 sin = (2sin cos )cos + (1 2sin2 ) sin
= 2sin cos2 + sin 2sin3
= 2sin (1 sin2 ) + sin 2sin3
= 2sin 2sin3 + sin 2sin3
= 3sin 4sin3

(b) cos 3 = cos (2 + ) = cos 2 cos sin2 sin


= (2cos2 1) cos (2sin cos ) sin
= 2cos3 cos 2sin2 cos
= 2cos3 cos 2(1 cos2 ) cos
= 2cos3 cos 2 cos + 2cos3
= 4cos3 3cos

Page 12 of 19
(c) tan 3 = tan (2 + )
tan 2 tan

1 tan 2 tan
Substituting for tan 2
2 tan
( ) tan
1 tan 2

2 tan
1 ( ) tan
1 tan 2
Writing both the Numerator & the Denominator as a Single Fraction
2 tan tan (1 tan 2 )
1 tan 2
(1 tan 2 ) 2 tan 2
1 tan 2
Inverting and Multiplying
2 tan tan (1 tan 2 ) (1 tan 2 )
[ ] [ ]
(1 tan 2 ) (1 tan 2 ) 2 tan 2

2 tan tan (1 tan 2 )



(1 tan 2 ) 2 tan 2

3 tan tan 3

1 3 tan 2
4. Note also:
(a) sin 4 = sin (2 + 2)
= sin 2 cos 2 + cos 2 sin 2
= 2sin 2 cos 2

(b) cos 4 = cos (2 + 2)


= cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2
= cos2 2 sin2 2
= cos2 2 (1 cos2 2)
= 2cos2 2 1
or = 2(1 sin2 2) 1
= 1 2sin2 2
Page 13 of 19
(c) tan 4 = tan (2 + 2)
tan 2 tan 2

1 tan 2 tan 2
2 tan 2

1 tan 2 2

SAMPLE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS I


1 cot 2

1) sec cos ec
(A) tan (B) cos (C) cot (D) cosec
2) Prove that (1 + sin A)(sec A tan A) = cos A.
3) Prove that, for sin 1 or 1,
1 1
2 sec2
(i) 1 sin 1 sin .
1 1
tan sec
(ii) 1 sin 1 sin
2
.
1 cos 2 x
tan 2 x
4) Show that 1 cos 2 x .
5) (i) Using sin2 + cos2 1 show that cosec2 cot2 1.
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, prove that cosec4 cot4 cosec2 + cot2 .
3
6) If cos A = 5 and A is acute, then sin 2A is equal to
6 8 12 24
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25 25 25 25
3 5
7) (a) Given that A and B are acute angles such that sin A = 5 and cos B = 13 , find,
without using tables or calculators, the EXACT values of
(i) sin (A + B) (ii) cos (A B) (iii) cos 2A.
x
tan( ) sec x tan x
(b) Prove that 2 4 .

Page 14 of 19
A
tan( )
8) Show that for A 2 , sec A tan A = 4 2 .
5
9) Using the identity sin (A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB, calculate the value of sin 12 .
1 cos 2 A sin 2 A
tan A
10) Prove that 1 cos 2 A sin 2 A .
1 tan 2
11) Prove that cos 2 = 1 tan .
2

sin 2 A
cot A
12) Show that 1 cos 2 A , for cos 2A 1.

( ) ( )
13) Prove that cos2 2 cos = sin2 2 .
2
14) Given that is an obtuse angle such that sin = 3 , find the value of cos 2.
3
15) In the diagram shown, BC = 4x and AC = 4 BC.
A

B C
D

(i) Show that AD = x 5 .


(ii) Find tan 2.
1
x
16) Given that is an acute angle such that cos = 4 , find the expression for sin 2
in terms of x.
3 A
17) (a) If cos A = 5 , find tan 2 .
(b) Prove that cos4 A sin 4 A + 1 = 2cos2 A.

Page 15 of 19
12 4
(c) Given that sin A = 13 and sin B = 5 , where A and B are acute angles,
find cos (A B) and sin (A + B).
18) (a) State in surd form, the values of tan 300 and tan 600.
(b) Express tan (A B) in terms of tan A and tan B.

(c) Hence, or otherwise, without the use of calculators, show that tan 150 = 2 3 .

(d) Given that tan ( 4 ) = x, express tan in terms of x.
1 tan 2
cos 2
19) (i) Prove that 1 tan 2 .

10
tan 67 1 + 2.
(ii) Hence show, without using calculators, that 2 .
20) (i) Prove that sin 2 tan cos 2 = tan .
(ii) Express tan in terms of sin 2 and cos 2.

(iii) Hence show, without using tables or calculators, that tan 22.50 = 2 1 .
21) (i) Show that cos 3 4cos 3 3cos .
1
t tan
22) (i) If 2 , express cos and sin in terms of t. [6]
1 11
tan
(ii) Hence, find 2 when cos + 2sin = 5 . [7]
1 cos 4
tan 2
23) Prove that sin 4

Page 16 of 19
FACTOR FORMULAE
Making sums and differences of sine and cosine as the product of two trigonometric functions.
(See Formula Sheet), for any angles and ,

2 sin( ) cos( )
(a) sin + sin = 2 2


2 cos( ) sin( )
(b) sin sin = 2 2

2 cos( ) cos( )
(c) cos + cos = 2 2


2 sin( ) sin( )
(d) cos cos = 2 2

2 sin( ) [ sin( )]
or = 2 2

2 sin( ) sin[( )]
= 2 2


2 sin( ) sin( )
= 2 2


2 sin( ) cos( )
(a) Proof that sin + sin = 2 2

Recall: sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B (i)


and sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B (ii)
Adding (i) and (ii) gives, sin (A + B) + sin (A B) = 2sin A cos B (iii)
Letting (A + B) = (iv)
and (A B) = (v)

A( )
Adding (iv) and (v) gives, 2A = + , therefore 2

B( )
Subtracting (v) from (iv) gives, 2B = , therefore 2

2 sin( ) cos( )
Substituting for A and B into (iii), sin + sin = 2 2

Page 17 of 19

2 cos( ) sin( )
(b) Proof that sin sin = 2 2

Subtracting (ii) from (i) gives, Recall sin (A + B) sin (A B) = 2cos A sin B (vi)

2 cos( ) sin( )
Substituting for A and B {as in proof (a)} into (vi), sin sin = 2 2


2 cos( ) cos( )
(c) Proof that cos + cos = 2 2
Recall: cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B (vii)
and cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (viii)
Adding (vii) and (viii) gives, cos (A + B) + cos (A B) = 2cos A cos B (ix)
As previously, substituting for A and B {as in proof (a)} into (ix),

2 cos( ) cos( )
cos + cos = 2 2


2 sin( ) sin( )
(d) Proof that cos cos = 2 2

Subtracting (viii) from (vii) gives, cos (A + B) cos (A B) = 2sin A sin B (x)
As previously, substituting for A and B {as in proof (a)} into (ix),

2 sin( ) sin( )
cos cos = 2 2


2 sin( ) [ sin( )]
OR = 2 2

2 sin( ) sin[( )]
= 2 2

2 sin( ) sin( )
= 2 2

Page 18 of 19
SAMPLE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS II

sin 3 sin
tan 2 .
1) Prove the identity cos3 cos
2) Express cos 6x cos 2x as the product of TWO SINES.

End of handout # 15

Page 19 of 19

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi