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Trigonometrical Functions - Handout # 15
(A) Trigonometric Functions, Identities and Equations (all angles will be assumed to be in
radians unless otherwise stated)
Trigonometrical Functions
The figure shows a circle of unit radius (radius = 1 unit) with its centre at the origin of the xy-
plane. A rotating radius OP rotates through an angle from the x-axis. Note that is positive if it
is generated in an anticlockwise direction, and is negative in a clockwise direction.
y
B (0,1)
P (x, y)
C (1, 0) A (1,0)
x x
angle
D (0, 1)
Sin (+ve)
All trigonometrical
cosec (+ve)
functions (+ve)
others (ve)
1800 or
00 or 2 rad
rad
Tan (+ve)
Cos (+ve)
cot (+ve)
sec (+ve)
others (ve)
others (ve)
3
2700 or rad
2
Radian Measure
Two kinds of units commonly used for measuring angles are radian measure and degree
measure. At higher levels of mathematics and in many branches of science, the most satisfactory
unit for the measurement of an angle is the radian.
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A radian is the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length to the radius.
O 1 rad
Since the circumference of the circle is 2r, the angle in the whole circle (3600) must be 2
radians.
i.e. when r = 1, C = 2
2 radians = 3600 turn
radians = 1800
radians = 900
2
3600 2
57.30 0.01745
Accordingly, 1 radian = 2
0
AND 10 = 360 radians
.
To convert degrees into radians, multiply by 180
180
.
To convert radians into degrees, multiply by
L
O
X
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r
2r
The length of the arc is given by L = 360 180 where is measured in degrees.
2r
L is also given by, L = 2 = r, where is measured in radians.
r
r 2
The area, A, of the sector is given by, A = 360 180 , where is measured in degrees.
r 2
r 2
A is also given by, A = 2 2 where is measured in radians.
1 1
1
300
sin
2 1
sin 300 OR 6 1 2
3
3
2
2 3
cos 600 600
cos 300 OR 6 1 2 B
C
1 1
2 2Page 4 of 19
1
tan
2 1 3
or
0
tan 30 OR 6 3 3 3
2
3 1
3 2 1
sin 2 cos
sin 600 OR 3 1 2 cos 600 OR 3 1 2
3
2
tan 3
tan 600 OR 3 1
2
P
Consider the isosceles triangle PQR
1 2
sin or 2
sin 450 OR 4 2 2
1
1 2
cos or
cos 450 OR 4 2 2
1
tan 1 450
Q
tan 450 OR 4 1
R
1
Page 5 of 19
in degrees in radians sin cos tan
0 0 0 1 0
30 1 3 3 1
or
6 2 2 3 3
45 2 1 2 1 1
or or
4 2 2 2 2
60 3 1 3
3 2 2
90 1 0
2
120 2 3 1 3
3 2 2
135 3 2 2 1
4 2 2
150 5 1 3 3 1
or
6 2 2 3 3
180 0 1 0
210 7 1 3 3 1
or
6 2 2 3 3
225 5 2 2 1
4 2 2
240 4 3 1 3
3 2 2
270 3 1 0
2
300 5 3 1 3
3 2 2
315 7 2 2 1
4 2 2
330 11 1 3 3 1
or
6 2 2 3 3
360 2 0 1 0
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Practise Exercise 1
1) Sketch the following graphs for 2 2.
(a) f() = sin
(b) f() = cos
(c) f() = tan
That is, if the graph of y = sin is translated 0 , we obtain the graph of y = cos .
2
cos( ) sin
Also, 2
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Note that:
sin( )
(i) 2 = cos (Translation of sine graph; OR use compound angle formulae)
(ii) sin ( ) = sin (From sine graph or Quadrant diagram; OR use compound angle formulae)
Practise Exercise 2
2
1) Given that tan = k , determine expressions for
(i) cos (ii) sin ( 2 ) (iii) cos ( 2 )
x z
y
x
( )
x y sin x
z tan
(i) sin = z , cos = z , therefore cos y y
( )
z
x y x2 y2
( )2 ( )2
(ii) sin2 + cos2 = z z z 2 ,by Pythagoras, x2 +y2 = z2, so sin2 + cos2 = 1
sin 2 sin 2
( )
(iii) From (i) tan 2 = cos cos2
1 cos cos2
(iv) cot = tan sin , cot 2 = sin
2
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Note also that: a) sin2 2 + cos2 2 = 1 etc
b) sin2 3 + cos2 3 = 1 etc
c) 1+ tan 2 2 = sec2 2 etc
d) 1 + cot 2 2 = cosec2 2 etc
Let us now find the matrix which represents the transformation AB, and describe this
transformation. This composite transformation is represented by
cos sin cos sin cos cos sin sin cos sin sin cos
AB
sin cos sin cos sin cos cos sin cos cos sin sin
where the last expression has been obtained by the usual rule for matrix multiplication.
AB represents a rotation about the origin through an angle of radians, followed by a rotation of
radians, i.e. represents a single rotation through an angle of ( + ) radians. In this case, the
order of the transformation is immaterial since it can be shown that this transformation is
commutative; the order of the two successive rotations does not matter.
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But, the rotation matrix which represents a rotation through ( + ) radians about the origin is:
cos( ) sin( )
K
sin( ) cos( ) . Since K and AB are the same matrix, we can easily deduce, by
comparing corresponding elements, that cos ( + ) = cos cos sin sin , and
sin ( + ) = sin cos + cos sin , the addition formulae for the sine and cosine of compound
angles. The corresponding formulae for the sine and cosine of the difference of angles can then
be obtained by replacing everywhere with , and then using the fact that
cos ( ) = cos , and sin ( ) = sin .
tan tan
3. (a) tan ( + ) 1 tan tan
tan tan
(b) tan ( ) 1 tan tan
tan tan 1
i.e.(a) tan ( ) 1 tan tan ,( ) (k + 2 )
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2. Half-angle Formulae (use compound angle formulae), for any angle
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(a) sin = sin 2 2 = sin 2 cos 2 + cos 2 sin 2 = 2sin 2 cos 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(b) cos = cos 2 2 = cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 sin 2 = cos2 2 sin2 2
( ) ( )
= cos2 2 [1 cos2 2 ]
( )
or = 2cos2 2 1
( )
or = 2[1 sin2 2 ] 1
( )
or = 1 2sin2 2
tan( ) tan( ) 2 tan( )
2 2 2
( ) 1 tan( ) tan( ) 1 tan 2 ( )
(c) tan = tan 2 2 2 2 2
2t
Therefore, if t = tan 2 , then tan = 1 t
2
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(e) Recall: cos 2 = cos2 sin2
cos2 sin 2
cos2 sin 2
Divide both Numerator & Denominator by cos2
cos2 sin 2 sin 2
1
cos2 cos2 1 tan i.e. cos 2 = 1 t , where t = tan
2 2
cos 2 =
cos2 sin 2 sin 2 1 tan 2 1 t 2
1
cos2 cos2
1 tan 2
2 i.e. cos = 1 t , where t = tan
2
cos
1 t 2 2
Therefore, 1 tan 2
2
(a) sin 3 = sin (2 + ) = sin 2 cos + cos 2 sin = (2sin cos )cos + (1 2sin2 ) sin
= 2sin cos2 + sin 2sin3
= 2sin (1 sin2 ) + sin 2sin3
= 2sin 2sin3 + sin 2sin3
= 3sin 4sin3
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(c) tan 3 = tan (2 + )
tan 2 tan
1 tan 2 tan
Substituting for tan 2
2 tan
( ) tan
1 tan 2
2 tan
1 ( ) tan
1 tan 2
Writing both the Numerator & the Denominator as a Single Fraction
2 tan tan (1 tan 2 )
1 tan 2
(1 tan 2 ) 2 tan 2
1 tan 2
Inverting and Multiplying
2 tan tan (1 tan 2 ) (1 tan 2 )
[ ] [ ]
(1 tan 2 ) (1 tan 2 ) 2 tan 2
3 tan tan 3
1 3 tan 2
4. Note also:
(a) sin 4 = sin (2 + 2)
= sin 2 cos 2 + cos 2 sin 2
= 2sin 2 cos 2
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A
tan( )
8) Show that for A 2 , sec A tan A = 4 2 .
5
9) Using the identity sin (A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB, calculate the value of sin 12 .
1 cos 2 A sin 2 A
tan A
10) Prove that 1 cos 2 A sin 2 A .
1 tan 2
11) Prove that cos 2 = 1 tan .
2
sin 2 A
cot A
12) Show that 1 cos 2 A , for cos 2A 1.
( ) ( )
13) Prove that cos2 2 cos = sin2 2 .
2
14) Given that is an obtuse angle such that sin = 3 , find the value of cos 2.
3
15) In the diagram shown, BC = 4x and AC = 4 BC.
A
B C
D
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12 4
(c) Given that sin A = 13 and sin B = 5 , where A and B are acute angles,
find cos (A B) and sin (A + B).
18) (a) State in surd form, the values of tan 300 and tan 600.
(b) Express tan (A B) in terms of tan A and tan B.
(c) Hence, or otherwise, without the use of calculators, show that tan 150 = 2 3 .
(d) Given that tan ( 4 ) = x, express tan in terms of x.
1 tan 2
cos 2
19) (i) Prove that 1 tan 2 .
10
tan 67 1 + 2.
(ii) Hence show, without using calculators, that 2 .
20) (i) Prove that sin 2 tan cos 2 = tan .
(ii) Express tan in terms of sin 2 and cos 2.
(iii) Hence show, without using tables or calculators, that tan 22.50 = 2 1 .
21) (i) Show that cos 3 4cos 3 3cos .
1
t tan
22) (i) If 2 , express cos and sin in terms of t. [6]
1 11
tan
(ii) Hence, find 2 when cos + 2sin = 5 . [7]
1 cos 4
tan 2
23) Prove that sin 4
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FACTOR FORMULAE
Making sums and differences of sine and cosine as the product of two trigonometric functions.
(See Formula Sheet), for any angles and ,
2 sin( ) cos( )
(a) sin + sin = 2 2
2 cos( ) sin( )
(b) sin sin = 2 2
2 cos( ) cos( )
(c) cos + cos = 2 2
2 sin( ) sin( )
(d) cos cos = 2 2
2 sin( ) [ sin( )]
or = 2 2
2 sin( ) sin[( )]
= 2 2
2 sin( ) sin( )
= 2 2
2 sin( ) cos( )
(a) Proof that sin + sin = 2 2
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2 cos( ) sin( )
(b) Proof that sin sin = 2 2
Subtracting (ii) from (i) gives, Recall sin (A + B) sin (A B) = 2cos A sin B (vi)
2 cos( ) sin( )
Substituting for A and B {as in proof (a)} into (vi), sin sin = 2 2
2 cos( ) cos( )
(c) Proof that cos + cos = 2 2
Recall: cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B (vii)
and cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B (viii)
Adding (vii) and (viii) gives, cos (A + B) + cos (A B) = 2cos A cos B (ix)
As previously, substituting for A and B {as in proof (a)} into (ix),
2 cos( ) cos( )
cos + cos = 2 2
2 sin( ) sin( )
(d) Proof that cos cos = 2 2
Subtracting (viii) from (vii) gives, cos (A + B) cos (A B) = 2sin A sin B (x)
As previously, substituting for A and B {as in proof (a)} into (ix),
2 sin( ) sin( )
cos cos = 2 2
2 sin( ) [ sin( )]
OR = 2 2
2 sin( ) sin[( )]
= 2 2
2 sin( ) sin( )
= 2 2
Page 18 of 19
SAMPLE EXAMINATION QUESTIONS II
sin 3 sin
tan 2 .
1) Prove the identity cos3 cos
2) Express cos 6x cos 2x as the product of TWO SINES.
End of handout # 15
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