Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

Shunt reactors
Ludvika Sweden
Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
World leading supplier

More than 1000 reactors

to all continents
Deliveries cover all commercial
transmission voltages including
800 kV in 50 and 60 Hz
Accumulated operating time
> 6000 years
High reliability,
extremely low failure rate
Low sound and vibrations
Testing facilities up to the largest
units in voltage and MVAr
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

Why shunt reactors?

Reactive power compensation,
ABB Reactors (oil immersed), Types and usage

Shunt reactors
Voltage control

Series reactors
Current control
Application of shunt reactors

1. Stability on long line transmissions

2. Voltage control during light load
conditions
X
Q
Q

U X
Voltage increase from
capacitive generation
X
Reactor restores voltage to
Q 1 specified value

X
Application of shunt reactors
Voltage profile

(R) + X
P2,
Q2
U1 U2
Q

At no or low load (P2), voltage profile, Ferranti effect

1,0 pu

U1 U2
Application of shunt reactors
Voltage profile

(R) + X
P2,
Q2
U1 U2
Q

At no or low load (P2), voltage profile with connected SR

1,0 pu

U1 U2
Application of shunt reactors
Voltage profile

(R) + X
P2,
Q2
U1 U2
Q

Increased load (P2), voltage profile with connected SR

1,0 pu

U1 U2
Application of shunt reactors
Fine tuning of the voltage with a variable shunt reactor

(R) + X
P2,
Q2
U1 U2
Reactor power less than
Q rated power.

Increased load (P2), voltage profile with connected VSR

1,0 pu

U1 U2

VSR = Variable Shunt Reactor

Application of shunt reactors

AC power cable is never loaded with its natural load

(losses, heating and cooling)

Always more reactive power is produced than what

is absorbed

Need for shunt reactors.

Cables are 20 times more

capacitive compared to over head
lines

ABB Group
May 20, 2013 | Slide 10
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

Shunt reactor Design

For High Performance and Reliability
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
The gapped core
The core segment

Large forces
Noise
Vibrations
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
The gapped core

Shunt Reactor design concept

1-phase 3-phase three limbs 3-phase five limbs

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
The gapped core

Forces in a three phase reactor

Forces in a reactor are high

A shunt reactor must withstand the load of 20 cars, applied
100 times per second in 30 years
Without rattling, high noise and vibrations
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
The gapped core
Overlapping Core Lamination Joints

Magnetic and mechanical joint

between side limb and yoke
Low losses Mechanical stability
Design
Winding arrangement
Neutral
HV line terminal

Winding centre entry

and ground potential
towards yokes reduces
overall size and losses

Earthed shield
no stress concentration
towards core or winding
Design
ABB unique flux control

Cross flux plate

The introduction of the cross flux plate makes
it possible to prevent mechanical resonance
in the core frame
Design
Low sound

Rigid gapped core limb for low sound level

1. Non-flexible grain oriented steel core sheet
2. Bounded with well proven stiff steatite spacers
3. Spacers are machined to exactly the same height
Precision crafted process ensures:
Small axial movements
Low vibrations & sound
Theory Sound generation

+Current -Current
B

Force
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
The gapped core
Optimised Core Eliminates Vibrations

Vibration
amplitude
Design
Long term stability

Field measurement
Seven 3-phase shunt reactors
150 MVAr, 400 kV
5-23 years in operation
Measuring sound levels
Results

Measured sound power level versus manufacturing year

Black column In the factory before delivery
Blue column On site in 2007
Design
Long term stability

10
Deviation from sound power
level measured in factory

5
[dB(A)]

-5

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Number of years in service

No correlation with number years in service!

Robust design, durable materials and precision in manufacturing
process important for long-term stability !
Options for sound reduction Typical sound levels

Internal noise control only:

Sound power level 80 95 dB(A)
Sound pressure level 65 75 dB(A)

With sound panels:

Sound power level 70 85 dB(A)
Sound pressure level 55 65 dB(A)

With sound enclosure:

Sound power level 65 80 dB(A)
Sound pressure level 50 60 dB(A)
Tank vibrations ABB 3-phase reactors

100

90

80

70

60
m peak

50

40

30

20

10

0
1997-01 1998-01 1999-01 2000-01 2000-12 2001-12 2002-12 2003-12 2004-12 2005-12 2006-12 2007-12 2008-12 2009-12

Limit according to IEC and ANSI/IEEE: 100 m peak

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Linearity & Maximum system voltage
Application of shunt reactors
Linearity

Operating voltages Overvoltage Linearity

HQ, China 1.5 pu
Sweden 1.3 pu

Max system voltage

Typically 1.1 pu

Voltage
Current
Design
Designed for each Customer demand

ETO
Voltage
MVAr rating
Insulation levels

Linearity
Noise level
Loss level P0 + Pk
Temperature requirements
Type of cooling normally ONAN
Need for current transformers S-C requirements N/A
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

Shunt reactor Design

Auxiliary power
Design
Auxiliary power

Example of single phase shunt reactor

with auxilary power equipment
Design
Auxiliary power

Powerlink Australia
36 Mvar, 362 kV, 3-phase Shunt Reactor with
auxiliary transformer 0,435 +- 5% kV.
Losses: 85 kW, Sound pressure level : 62 dB
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Three phase vs Single phase reactors

Three phase reactors provide several

advantages to single phase units
Around 25% lower cost
Smaller foot print
Around 20% lower total losses
Less S/S equipment

Three phase reactors up to

300 Mvar, 400 kV are today available

Full three phase testing up to

300 Mvar, 400 kV is today available
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

Shunt Reactor Testing

What is specific and important
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Gulf Grid reactors
17 shunt reactors for the GCC interconnection

HVDC Al Fadhili
6 x 400 kV GIS S/S
Ghunan Control Center

15 pcs of 125 MVAr 400kV 3 ph 50hz

2 pcs of 300 MVAr 400kV 3 ph 50hz

Largest 3 ph reactors ever built and 3 ph tested.

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Worlds most powerful 3-ph Shunt Reactor

300 Mvar, 400 kV, 50 Hz, GCC - Saudi Arabia 2009

Cooling : ONAN
Losses: 415 kW
Sound pressure level: 81 dB
Total mass : 275 tons (incl. oil)
Transport mass: 172 tons
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
New transformer for test purposes built 2007

Data: 780 MVA, 900 kV, 50/60 Hz, 3-ph

Mass: 546 tonnes
LxWxH: 16x7,6x12,8 m
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Test Hall extension new capacitor bank

New Capacitor bank

27 meters high
300 Mvar
146 / 73 kV
50 / 60 / 240 Hz

Old Capacitor bank

188 Mvar
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Shunt reactor testing

Winding resistance
Inductance
Loss measurement
Zero-sequence impedance
Accessories and small wiring
Applied voltage test
Switching impulse test
Lightning impulse test
PD-measurement
Audible noise test
Test of temperature rise
Linearity measurement
Insulation resistance measurement
Capacitance and power factor in insulation
Design
Capacity for full-scale 3-phase testing in Ludvika

Voltage Reactive Power

800 kV 200MVar

550kV 260Mvar

420kV 300MVar

300kV 245MVar
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

Variable Shunt Reactor (VSR)

Ludvika Sweden
VSR winding concept

An unconventional Reactor
built on conventional
technology
Design solutions taken from our
way of building Shunt Reactors
and Power Transformers
Variable shunt reactor

. Regulation made in a plus minus

HV middle entry
HV units
O Max no of turns in highest MVAr
HV
position
Higher losses
O
N
.
O
O
H
Regulation made in a course fine
V HV top entry
LV units
Min no of turns in highest MVAr position
Lower losses

O
HV-N
VSR

On-load tap changer ABB

Three-phase neutral point tap changer
of the diverter switch type
With conventional or vacuum current
interrupters
VSR

Complete dielectric stress analysis

Based on:
Highest service voltage
Tests and test voltages
VSR
The magnetic field pattern

Min Mvar Mid Mvar Max Mvar

VSR winding concept
Variable Shunt Reactor to Dominion, Virginia USA.
50-100 Mvar, 242 kV Active part
VSR feasible Mvar output ranges

Step size are not equal

Feasible regulation ratio, R,

versus operation voltage
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

Transmission applications with VSR

ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Variable Shunt Reactors (VSR)

Cooperation with Statnett Norway

Following the delivery of the 420 kV 120 to 200 MVAr

Stattnet wanted: Result:

A larger regulating range 120-200 90-200 Mvar
Less steps (quicker regulation) 33 29 Steps
Reduced losses
Min position 177 188 kW
Max pos 412 330 kW
75 72 dB
Reduced sound level

Losse reduced by (-20%), reduced weight by (-5%)

We got an order for 9 more VSR from Statnett

Variable Shunt Reactors (VSR) benefits

Statnett, Norway
Reduced voltage jump at switching on operation.
Coarse tuning of SVC equipment for best
dynamical operation.
Reduction of number of breakers. No parallel
fixed reactors.
Adjusting of seasonal related loads.
Adjusting of daily dependable loads.
Flexible spare unit possibility.
Flexibility for new load conditions in the network. 420 kV
At revisions for example. 90-200 Mvar
Flexibility to move reactor to other locations.
Dominion (VA)
Variable shunt reactor applications

A Substation Carson.
B Substation Garrysonville.
C Substation Yadkin.
D Substation Hamilton.
E Substation Jefferson street.
F Substation Idylwood.

Voltage stabilisation, Virginia state.

VSR 50-100 Mvar

242 kV
7 units
Variable Shunt Reactor to Dominion, Virginia USA.

Reactive power compensation from generators not longer reliable

Minimize number of breaker operations
Extended use of cables put higher demand on reactive power compensation
Eliminating air core reactors on transformer tertiary
Air core reactors take place and are spreading magnetic field
Tap changer used to keep voltage at constant value
Variable Shunt Reactor
50-100 Mvar, 242 kV
Variable Shunt Reactor
50-100 Mvar, 242 kV.

Equipped with sound

housing for sound level
environmental impact.
Thomas Freyhult ABB Transformers Ludvika Sweden

References and Service reliability

ABB VSR World wide references
Dest. Country End user Del. Year Qty Rating Voltage No. Phases Type
(MVAr) (kV)
Ghana Volta River 1989 4 9-18 161 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Germany GEW Cologne 1996 1 10-30 110 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
UK Channel Islands 1999 2 7-16 132 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Ghana Volta River 2001 1 9-18 161 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Burkina Faso Sonabel 2004 1 13 -30 225 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2008 1 120-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2009 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2009 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2009 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2010 2 80-150 300 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway E-CO Vannkraft 2010 1 120-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2010 2 120-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2010 2 120-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Sweden Svenska Kraftnt 2010 1 110-180 400 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Sweden Svenska Kraftnt 2010 1 120-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2010 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2010 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2010 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2010 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Denmark EnergiNet 2011 2 60-120 235 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2012 4 90-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2012 1 80-150 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Denmark EnergiNet 2013 3 50-110 400 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Denmark EnergiNet 2013 2 70-140 400 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Sharyland Utilities TX 2013 1 50-100 345 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2013 4 90-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
USA Dominion 2014 1 50-100 242 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Norway Statnett 2014 1 90-200 420 3 Variable Shunt Reactor
Reliability
Statistics, Shunt Reactors in service
ABB Reactors Ludvika, Sweden
Variable Shunt Reactors (VSR) benefits

Reduced voltage jump at switching in or out.

Adjusting of seasonal related loads.
Adjusting of daily dependable loads.
Flexibility for new load conditions in the network.
Coarse tuning of SVC equipment for best dynamical operation.
Reduction of number of Reactors. No parallel fixed reactors.
Smaller foot print. Less breakers arrestors etc.
Flexible spare unit possibility.
Flexibility to move reactor to other locations.
ABB Shunt reactors
Summary

SR is a voltage stabilising device that consumes

reactive power.
Robust design, manufacturing control and testing
critical to handle mechanical, thermal and
dielectrical stresses for long life time in service.
SR supplier must show service references.
Auxiliary power output possible with ABB design.
Electrical utilities already use the VSR for different
application advantages (Europe and USA).
Customers choose ABB VSR for the reliable
references.