18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012

Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

STATISTICAL CALIBRATION OF
SAFETY FACTORS FOR HEADED
STUD SHEAR CONNECTORS IN
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION
Stephen Hicks, Audsley Jones
*Heavy Engineering Research Association, New
Zealand

Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors

 18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012
Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

Standard push test

P 180 180 180
Cover 15
35

150
150

250 150

150 PRk

Load per stud P (kN)

250 100
35
30 recess
150 260 150 200 200 200 optional

Bedded in mortar or gypsum

Reinforcememt:
Ribbed bars 10 mm
resulting in a high bond u
with 450 f sk500
N/mm Slip (mm)
100 600 Steel section:
HE 260 B or
254 x 254 x 89 UC
uk = 6 mm

Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors

 18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012
Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

Resistance of headed stud connectors

1
= 1 [stud failure]

1
= 2 [concrete crushing]

where c1 and c2 are calibration factors based on the analysis of test results, Asc is
the cross-sectional area of the shank of the stud and fu is the ultimate tensile
strength of the shear connector material, fck is the characteristic compressive
concrete strength and Ecm is the secant modulus of elasticity of the concrete.

EN 1994-1-1 & AS 5100.6 & ANSI/AISC 360-10

EN 1994-2 (Eurocode 4) AS 2327.1
c1 0,80 0,63 1,00
c2 0,37 0,31 0,50

= 0,2 + 1 for 3 4; for = 1,00 for >4

Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors

 18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012
Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

Motive for study

In the development of Eurocode 4, the two key studies that consi
dered the performance of the equations for stud resistance were
undertaken by Roik et al. (1989) and later Stark & van Hove
(1991)
By removing suspect push test data, the Eurocode 4 equations ar
e based on reliability analyses of 75 results.
The present study was undertaken following the request by Stand
ards New Zealand to revise the Australian steel and composite bri
dge design Standard AS 5100.6 as a joint AS/NZS document.
The present authors expanded the sample size in this investigatio
n to include 82 results from a variety of international sources

Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors

 18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012
Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

Comparison of experimental data

with theoretical model
The data that is considered is the correction factor:
=
where rei is the experimental resistance for specimen i and rti is the theoretical
resistance predicted from the design model using a set of mean measured basic
variables that are included in a report from a laboratory test on specimen i.

= = 1 or 2
where b is the mean correction factor from a least-squares fit line through rei and rti
and is the error term

For a normal distribution = 1 = 1 ,

Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors

 18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012
Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

bi vs. stud height to diameter ratio

for concrete failure acc. to EC4

= 0,2 + 1 for 3 4

for

= 1,00 for > 4

Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors

 18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012
Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

Evaluation of partial safety factor M

If the coefficient of variation of the population is known, the fractile factor is
calculated from k n u p 1 n 1 , where up is the p fractile of the standardised
12

normal distribution and n is the size of the population.

If the coefficient of variation of the population is unknown, the fractile factor is

calculated from k n t p 1 n 11 2 , where tp is the p fractile of a Student t-
distribution (with v = n 1 degrees of freedom) and n is the size of the
population.

For a target reliability index = 3,8 and, for a dominant resistance, the FORM
factor R = 0,8.Aaccording to EN1990, the design value for resistance
corresponds to the product R = 0,8 3,8 = 3,04 (equivalent to a probability of
the actual resistance falling below the design resistance of 1 in 845 = 0,0012).

The characteristic value is based on a probability of 0,05.

Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors

 18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012
Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

Evaluation of partial safety factor M

For the design fractile factor kd,n as n , kd, = R = 3,04
For the characteristic fractile factor kn as n , kn, = 1,64

If log-normal distribution is taken (which is desirable as it falls to zero at the

origin, so there are no negative resistances)
rk bg rt X m exp k rt Qrt kn Q 0,5Q 2
rd bg rt X m exp kd , rt Qrt kd ,n Q 0,5Q2
where rt and is the weighting factor for Qrt, Qrt is a coefficient for variation of the
variables in the resistance function, is the weighting factor for Q, Q is a
coefficient for variation of the error term and Q is a coefficient for variation of
the resistance.

Corrected partial factor = =

where rn is the nominal resistance evaluated from the theoretical resistance
equation using nominal values for the basic variables and kc = rn / rk
Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors
 18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012
Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

Coefficients of variation for the

basic variables
Coefficient of va Eurocode 4 AS2327.1 & AS 51 NZS 3404.1
riation 00.6
Vd = 0,4/(1,64 dm) = 0,34/(1,64 dm)
Vfc = 8/(1,64 fcm) = 10.9% = 10.4%

VEc = 3 Vfc/ 10 = Vfc/ 2 = 3.71%

Vfu = 4%

Vrt V fu 4Vd
2 2

VAR g rt X
2 2
1 j
g rt j
g rt i
V
2
rt
g rt2 X m

g rt2 ( X m ) i 1 X i
i

X g ( X ) 1
i 1 m V 16Vd V fc VEc 2 V fcVEc
2 2 2
i rt
rt
2

Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors

 18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012
Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

AS 2327.1 and
Eurocode 4 NZS 3404.1 ANSI / AISC 360-10
AS 5100.6

Stud Concrete Stud Concrete Stud Concrete Stud Concrete

n 53 55 53 55 45 63 94 14

re 175,21 110,81 175,21 110,81 178,93 116,34 148,18 103,73

rt 134,06 88,54 134,42 94,65 137,26 104,78 118,40 105,35

0,882 0,798 0,882 0,798 0,847 0,777 0,804 0,696

b 1,31 1,23 1,31 1,15 1,31 1,10 1,26 0,973

Vrt 4,66% 11,54% 4,48% 8,49% 4,49% 6,94% 4,51% 8,20%

V 12,41% 13,33% 12,41% 13,33% 14,53% 13,70% 18,47% 14,07%

Vr 13,26% 17.63% 13,20% 15,80% 15,21% 15,36% 19,01% 16,28%

*M 1,15 1,28 1,15 1,28 1,19 1,41 1,27 1,33

Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors

 18th IABSE Congress, Seoul, 2012
Innovative Infrastructures - Toward Human Urbanism

AS2327.1 and
Eurocode 4 NZS 3404.1 ANSI / AISC 360-10
AS5100.6

c1 = 0,89 c1 = 0,89 c1 = 0,89 c1 = 1,33RgRp

Eq. (21)
V = 1,25 V = 1,25 V = 1,25 V = 1,25

c2 = 0,36 c2 = 0,37 c2 = 0,37 c2 = 0,41

Eq. (22)
V = 1,25 V = 1,20 V = 1,19 V = 1,23

12 MPa fck 16 MPa fck 80

fck 16 MPa fck 80 MPa
80 MPa MPa

Ecm 1.5 0,043 f cm 40 MPa

0.3
f
Ecm 22 cm
E 10 Eck 1.5 0,043 f ck
Ecm 1.5 0,024 f cm 0.12 > 40 MPa

fu fu 500 MPa fu 500 MPa fu 450 MPa

Safety Factors for Headed Stud Connectors