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The Study of Zero Frequency Complex Viscosity (ZFV) of Bituminous Material and

its Relationship With Zero Shear Viscosity (ZSV)

Viet H. Nguyen, Rawid Khan


Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre, Infrastructure Material Group, University of
Nottingham, NG7 2RD.

Abstract: The zero frequency complex viscosity from viscosity mixing equations is complicated
for mixture of virgin and recycled bitumen. Additionally there are exchangeable uses between 0
shear rate viscosity and zero frequency complex viscosity of bitumen. however, those values
aren't any suggest similar as 0 shear value viscosity offer the resistance to flow of bitumen and 0
frequency complex viscosity for the viscoelastic behaviour. To evaluate these values, 3 forms of
virgin bitumen, 70/100, 100/150, 160/220 Penetration (pen), one artificially aged binder, and 4
bitumen-filler mastics wer tested in viscometry and dynamic oscillation form at 20, 40, and 60oC.
3 unique viscosity blending equations were applied to test outcome at different temperatures for 0
frequency complex viscosity. Zero shear viscosity values (ZSV) were extrapolated from
viscometry and dynamic oscillation values by using Cross model in Matlab software. Comparable
outcomes were determined from all the chosen viscosity mixing equations. Values of extrapolated
ZSV from viscometry and dynamic oscillation are almost the same at high temperature. But, at
medium and low temperatures, these values are quite different. Particularly with stiff bitumen and
bitumen-filler mastics, ZSV from viscometry information is significantly high than that of from
dynamic oscillation test. That is due to the difference in test configuration. In oscillation test, the
strain is controlled to ensure material is in viscoelastic regime. On the other hand, unlimited strain
in viscometry test may result high rate of fluidity loss as the material behave as viscoplastic. This
results a high value of extrapolated ZSV.

Keywords: Zero shear viscosity, mixing equation, temperature, efficiency, recycling

1. Introduction

The use of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is increases because of reduced cost and less
environmental hazard [1]. While using RAP in new pavements, the accurate determination of
viscosity of recycled binder is necessary. There's limited work on viscosity mixing of virgin

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bitumen and binder from RAP [2, 3, 4]. Irving [5 ], after analyzing 50 different equations,
concluded that Grunberg and Nissan equation was the best mixing rule for estimation of binary
liquid mixture. This equation is expressed as [6]:
log mix x1 log1 x 2 log 2 x1 x 2 G12 (1)
where:
G12 : is a characteristic of the system of two binary liquids or interaction parameter; mix :

absolute viscosity of the mixture of two binary liquids; 1 , 2 : viscosity of both liquids
x1 , x 2 : volume percentages of both liquids [7]

The viscosity of recycled bitumen is also determined by using Arrhenius equation and is
expressed as [8]:
log mix x1 log1 x 2 log 2 (2)

The viscosity relationship of aged binder, virgin binder, and the final recycled blend is based
primarily on the double log dating [9]:

log log mix x1 log log1 x 2 log log 2 (3)

For accurate viscosities of recycled blends, the accurate individual viscosity of aged binder and
virgin binder is crucial. The absolutely viscosity can be determined by means of capillary
technique, however the time and calibrations requirements are more [ 10].Viscosity is also
determined with the help of dynamic shear rheometor (DSR). Researchers calculated the viscosity
from the three different mixing rules on bituminous materials [Error: Reference source not
found]. The dynamic viscosity ( * ) was measured at 60oC using angular frequency of 0.1
rad/second and 25 mm diameter plate with 500 m gap. Chaffin et al [Error: Reference source not
found] found that dynamic viscosity ( * ) at specific frequency and temperature have been low

frequency thus limiting complex viscosity ( o* ). And that dynamic viscosity is independent of
frequency or shear rate and can be used in preference to absolute viscosity. However, the
distinction between complex viscosity and absolute viscosity depends on the type of bitumen,
specifically in case of stiff bitumen, the difference might be significant.

2
In case of determining dynamic viscosity ( * ) from DSR, the angular frequency should be as
close to value of zero as possible because when frequency approaches zero, the complex modulus

will approach viscous value o* and the bitumen work as Newtonian liquid [Error: Reference
source not found]. However, in practice due to the limit capability of the equipment, it is

sometime impossible to obtain the o* for stiff bitumen [Error: Reference source not found].
Further, at high temperature, as an example at 60oC, the soft bitumen are not stable..

1.1 Zero Shear Viscosity (ZSV)


Generally the viscosity is the resistance to flow of liquid under circumstance of applied stress and
relation among stress and deformation of liquid is expressed as [Error: Reference source not
found]:


(4)
Where, : shear stress; : shear rate; : viscosity (or shear viscosity)

If percentage of stress and shear rate, or viscosity, is constant, the liquid is so-called Newtonian
liquid. Otherwise, the liquid offers non-Newtonian properties and the percentage of stress and
deformation is known as apparent viscosity. Experimental data suggests that with bitumen, the
viscosity is regular at low shear rate. The range of shear rates show that the relationship between
stress and stress is linear is referred to as Newtonian region and varied for different bitumen
[11].The viscosity in this region is named as zero shear rate viscosity or limiting viscosity at low
shear rate o. The apparent viscosity is then starts decreasing to the minimum value, or minimal
viscosity at infinite shear rate .

1.2 Zero Shear Viscosity Extrapolation By Cross Model


The idea of zero shear rate viscosity and 0 frequency complex viscosity are imaginary theories. In
practice due to limitation of equipment, it is not possible to find these values from latest
laboratory rotational viscometric and rotational dynamic rheometer. Therefore, Cross model is
applied for extrapolation of the zero rate viscosity and 0 frequency complex viscosity of pseudo-
plastic materials. This model describes the relation between shear rate and apparent viscosity as
[12]:

3
o

1 k
m

(5)
where, : viscosity, : shear rate; o : zero shear viscosity, : viscosity at infinite shear
rate; k : material constant with the rupture of linkages; m : dimensionless material constant

Sybilski[13]studied the relationship between rutting of bituminous mixture and zero shear rate
viscosity of binder. Because the rotational viscometer cannot cover various shear rates, the
assumption that was considered. Hence, the Cross model was simplified as:
o

1 k
m

(6)

Sybilski [Error: Reference source not found] considered the parameter m as the shear
compliance demonstrating the rate of apparent viscosity decrease while increasing shear rate. The
higher the m parameter is, the higher the decrease of viscosity with the increase of shear rate.

Despite the fact that Cross model was used initially to determine the zero shear viscosity of
pseudo plastic liquid based on relation among apparent viscosities and specific shear rate. There
have been also exchange uses of Cross model to determine the 0 shear viscosity of material based
on the relation among complex viscosities and different oscillation frequencies [ 14 , 15, 16].

Bitumen is visco-elastic material.and under applied stress condition, this exhibit both elastic and
viscous properties. The proportions of elastic and viscous components depend on many factors, as
an instance, temperature, loading time etc. [ 17]. For this reason, the use of Newton law for perfect
liquids and Hookes law for solids are inadequate to characterize the visco-elastic performance of
bitumen. Therefore, the complex shear modulus is used to explain each the elastic and viscous
characteristic of bituminous binders by using the following equation

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G G G
* ' 2 "2

(7)

" : the imaginary or


where G ' : the real or elastic component of complex modulus ;
G
viscous component of complex modulus

"
The relationship between G ' and
G is illustrated in figure. The phase angle reflects the

delay of deformation changes (in stress-controlled test) and delay of stress changes (in strain-
controlled test)

G"
tan
G'
(8)

The complex viscosity * is defined as the proportion of complex modulus and angular

frequency . Hence, the elastic (real part) ' and viscous


" (imaginary part) viscosity is

express as [Error: Reference source not found].

"
'
G
(9)
sin

5
G"
' cos

(10)
The zero frequency complex viscosity o is defined as complex viscosity * when the angular
*

velocity approaches the proximity of value 0 [Error: Reference source not found].

G* G"
0 or * "

But, there's no mean that 0 shear price viscosity and 0 frequency complex viscosity are
comparable. With using Cross model, this research focuses to evaluate the difference between
those theoretical values of straight run bitumen, synthetic aged bitumen, and bitumen filler
mastic at temperature of 20, 40, 60oC.

2. Material and Testing

2.1 Material

To study the effect of RAP on ZVS from blending equations, two mixes named blend 1 and mix 2
were selected. Mix 1 was blend of aged binder and Pen 160/220 bitumen and Mix 2 was blend of
aged binder and Pen 100/150. For every blend, the increments of 20% aged binder produced total
eight sets of aged/virgin binder.

For studying the relationship of zero shear viscosity with zero frequency viscosity, four bitumen
binders including three straight-run and one aged bitumen have been used. The aged bitumen was
extracted and recovered from artificial RAP [ 18 ]. RAP was produced from Dense Bitumen
Macam (DBM) with 10 mm maximum size of aggregate and 40/60 pen binder and target air void
of 8% [19]. The mixture was then conditioned at 85 oC for 120 hours for Long Term Oven Aging
(LTOA) [20]. The properties of bitumen are illustrated in Table 1.

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Table 1: Properties of bitumen

There were also four bitumen filler mastics selected. These mixtures were produced by mixing
cement, grit stone filler and 40/60 Pen bitumen with proportion of filler in turn of 35 and 65% by
mass of the bitumen. All the mixing process was carried out in high shear mixing machine. In
order to have a inform mixing of bitumen filler mastic, the bitumen temperature during mixing
was fixed as 160oC.

2.1 Testing
2.1.1.Viscometry
The apparent viscosities of straight run bitumen were measured at 20, 40, and 60 oC with 25 mm
plate and 1000 m gap. The shear rate levels from 6.25 10 -3 to 10 s-1 in by increasing order. In
term of bitumen filler mastic, the test temperatures were 40 and 60 oC.

2.1.2 Dynamic oscillation


The test geometry was the same as that of viscometry test. The dynamic complex viscosities were
measured at 20, 40, 60 oC for straight run bitumen and 40 and 60 oC for bitumen filler mastics. All
of the oscillation tests were applied under strain managed mode. The strain was chosen at 0.8% to
assure bitumen working in visco-elastic regime with range of frequencies from 0.1 to 10 Hz by
increasing order.

3. Results and Analysis

3.1 ZFV from viscosity mixing equations


The theoretical 0 frequency complex viscosity was extrapolated by using Cross model with the
help of Matlab software (Table 2a, Table 2b, Figure 1). The results show that the Cross model is
fitted with the experimental information besides for high temperatures, as an instance, higher than

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60oC. At those high temperatures, virgin binders and blends with low probabilities of aged binder
are smooth and the complex viscosity values are almost independent of angular frequencies.
Instead of Cross model, the linear polynomial relation between complex viscosity and frequency
was used for zero frequency viscosity extrapolation. This is because Cross model requires the
viscosity of material is dependent on frequency, or shear rate [Error: Reference source not found].
0 a (11)
where a: material constant ; : frequency

Results show that there is a uniform linear relation among double log of 0 frequency complex
viscosity of Mix 1 and Mix 2 (Figure 2).

3.1.1 Effects of temperature on k and m parameters of Cross model


The k parameter presents the horizontal shifting of the viscosity versus frequency from the zero
shear viscosity. The smaller the k parameter is, the larger the horizontal shifting. The k
parameter decreases with an increase in the testing temperature (Figure 3). The R-square from
regression analysis is nearly equal to 95%.
The value of m parameter was obtained through zero frequency complex viscosity extrapolation
from the experiment data (Tables 2a and 2b). The data shows that there is no clear relationship
between temperature and m value. This is due to the limitation of extrapolation. Using Cross

model, the assumption has been made that o and can be considered zero[Error:
Reference source not found].

3.1.2 Effect of RAP binder proportion on k and m parameters of Cross model


The increase of RAP binder proportion increases the value of k parameter (Figure 4). The Figure
shows the value of k versus different proportions of RAP binder at different temperatures. There
is no clear correlation between RAP proportion and m value. This is probably due to the
limitation of extrapolation.

3.1.3 Application of viscosity mixing equations


Three viscosity mixing equations named as Grunberg & Nissan, Arrhenius (ASTM 4887), and

Epps were used. For the Grunberg & Nissan equation, parameter G12 was determined by using
Matlab. The experiment data and predicted viscosity from mixing equations are shown in Tables
3a and 3b. Each pair of predicted and experimental data was compared using regression analysis.

8
Figure 5 illustrates the differences between experimental and predicted values. A relationship
between experimental and predicted results was evaluated by Residuals (R), Sum Square of Error
(SSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) indicators (Table 4 and 5). The tables show various
different values of R, SSE, and RMSE, though the three equations results have almost similar R
square values. The Residual represents the difference from the predicted to the experimental
values and is calculated by the following equation
Ri pi ei (12)

where Ri : Residual of data point I; pi : predicted value ; ei : experimental value

R is also presented by the percentage difference from the predicted and experimental value. The
Sum Square of Error (SSE) which is the total variability between the predicted and experiment set
of data was determined as:
n
SSE pi ei
2
(13)
i 1

The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) which is the standard deviation between predicted and
experimental data sets was determined as:
n

p ei
2
i
(14)
RMSE i 1

n
Where:
n : the number of data points evaluated

Results from regression analysis for Mix 1 and Mix 2 are shown in Table 4 and 5. Generally, the
SSE and RMSE generated by Grunberg and Nissan equation are smallest at almost every test
temperatures. At high temperature, for instance, higher than 65 oC, these values from the fit using
Epps and Grunberg & Nissan equation to experiment data are almost similar.

Table 2a: The parameters for Mix 1 at 20 and 40 degree temperatures obtained from Cross model
Temperature RAP a b k m R square
20 0% 8.295E-06 6.892E+04 0.6683 0.4402 0.9977
19.2 7.366E-04 1.536E+05 1.1730 0.4463 0.9926
42.01 1.679E-07 3.329E+05 1.5160 0.5725 0.9922

9
59.8 3.970E-07 6.153E+05 2.0360 0.6387 0.9877
80 4.437E-08 1.549E+06 3.9500 0.7170 0.9931
100 8.295E-06 2.760E+06 5.8910 0.8209 0.9997
0 9.999E-05 1.270E+03 0.1352 0.4157 0.9981
19.2 9.593E-05 2.520E+03 0.2241 0.4045 0.9990
42.01 9.976E-05 6.266E+03 0.5562 0.3281 0.9998
59.8 1.816E-06 1.369E+04 0.9191 0.3222 0.9998
80 8.192E-10 3.612E+04 1.4390 0.3460 0.9992
40 100 3.772E-07 7.721E+04 1.9430 0.3797 0.9974

Table 2b: The parameters for Mix 1 at 60 and 80 degree temperatures obtained from Cross model
Temperature RAP a b k m R square
0% 9.858E-05 6.404E+01 0.0030 1.4020 0.1454
19.2 1.000E-04 1.124E+02 0.0087 1.0720 0.9501
42.01 5.202E-07 2.145E+02 0.1022 0.4029 0.9917
59.8 9.974E-05 3.873E+02 0.1327 0.4608 0.9989
80 6.643E-06 8.500E+02 0.2280 0.4509 0.9934
60 100 2.567E-07 1.859E+03 0.5017 0.3847 0.9999
0 NA 7.903E+00 NA NA 0.4461
19.2 NA 1.165E+01 NA NA 0.6052
42.01 NA 1.831E+01 NA NA 0.7776
59.8 1.000E-05 3.111E+01 0.0070 1.1660 0.7221
80 4.661E-09 5.817E+01 0.0490 0.5244 0.7983
80 100 9.743E-06 1.016E+02 0.1329 0.4207 0.9972

Table 1a: Results from selected viscosity mixing Equations (20 and 40 degree temperatures)
Temperature (oC) % RAP Expt Data G&N ASTM Epps
20 0 6.9E+04 6.9E+04 6.9E+04 6.9E+04
19 1.5E+05 1.5E+05 1.4E+05 1.3E+05
42 3.3E+05 3.8E+05 3.2E+05 2.9E+05
60 6.2E+05 7.2E+05 6.3E+05 5.6E+05
80 1.5E+06 1.5E+06 1.3E+06 1.2E+06
100 2.8E+06 2.8E+06 2.8E+06 2.8E+06

10
80 8.9E+04 8.7E+04 9.0E+04 8.0E+04
100 2.0E+05 2.0E+05 2.0E+05 2.0E+05
0 1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.3E+03 1.3E+03
19 2.5E+03 2.7E+03 2.8E+03 2.5E+03
42 6.3E+03 6.9E+03 7.1E+03 6.0E+03
60 1.4E+04 1.4E+04 1.5E+04 1.2E+04
80 3.6E+04 3.3E+04 3.4E+04 3.0E+04
40 100 7.7E+04 7.7E+04 7.7E+04 7.7E+04

Table 2b: Results from selected viscosity mixing Equations (60 and 80 degree temperatures)
Temperature (oC) % RAP Expt Data G&N ASTM Epps
0 6.4E+01 6.4E+01 6.4E+01 6.4E+01
19 1.1E+02 1.1E+02 1.2E+02 1.1E+02
42 2.1E+02 2.2E+02 2.6E+02 2.2E+02
60 3.9E+02 4.0E+02 4.8E+02 4.0E+02
80 8.5E+02 8.4E+02 9.5E+02 8.4E+02
60 100 1.9E+03 1.9E+03 1.9E+03 1.9E+03
0 7.9E+00 7.9E+00 7.9E+00 7.9E+00
19 1.2E+01 1.2E+01 1.3E+01 1.2E+01
42 1.8E+01 2.0E+01 2.3E+01 2.0E+01
60 3.1E+01 3.2E+01 3.6E+01 3.2E+01
80 5.8E+01 5.6E+01 6.1E+01 5.5E+01
80 100 1.0E+02 1.0E+02 1.0E+02 1.0E+02

Table 3: Regression analysis of data from Mix type 1

Table 3: Regression analysis of data from Mix type 1

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Figure 1: Extrapolated ZSV of lend of grade 160/220 bitumen and RAP bitumen at 25 oC

Figure 2: Double log ZSV of Mix 1 versus temperatures

12
Figure 3: Parameter k versus testing temperature of Mix 2

Figure 4: Parameter k versus % of RAP binder at different test temperature (Mix type 2)

13
Figure 5: Results of predicted and experiment viscosities at 60oC (mix type 2)

3.2. Relationship of zero frequency viscosity and zero shear viscosity

The Cross model was used to extrapolate zero shear viscosity (ZSV) primarily based on data from
viscometry and dynamic oscillation test [ 21]. The calculation of Cross model parameters were
computed by Matlab software. The extrapolated ZSV values of straight-run bitumen at 60, 40,
20oC are illustrated in Table 6, 7, and 8. These values for bitumen filler mastics at 60 and 40 oC are
presented in Table 9 and 10. High R-square values show the goodness of fitting Cross model into
experiment data except the ZSV of 160/220 Pen bitumen at 60 oC. This is because 160/220 Pen is
generally soft binder so there's no trend of shear thinning in the testing range of shear rates.
Therefore, no Cross model but linear polynomial relation is used instead for extrapolation of zero
shear viscosity. For RAP bitumen under viscometry test mode at 20 oC, the extrapolation can't be
applied due to the abrupt stop of the test.

Table 6: The value of extrapolated ZSV for straight run binder at 60oC

14
Table 7: The value of extrapolated ZSV for straight run binder at 40oC

Table 8: The value of extrapolated ZSV for straight run binder at 20oC

Table 9: The value of extrapolated ZSV for bitumen filler mastics at 60oC

Table 10: The value of extrapolated ZSV for bitumen filler mastics at 40oC

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The results show there's no huge difference between ZSV values extrapolated from viscometry
and dynamic oscillation data for straight run bitumen at 20, 40, and 60oC (table 6, 7 and 8). In
term of bitumen filler mastic materials, the ZSV from viscometry are notably higher than that of
from dynamic oscillation, particularly with high proportion of filler. For example, the ZSV from
viscometry data is about 5 times better than that of from dynamic oscillation for mastic with 65%
cement filler and 6 times for mastic with 65% gritstone filler (table 9 and 10). That is due to the
difference in testing configuration.

In dynamic oscillation test, the stress of 0.8 % was selected to assure that all the bitumen in this
study working in viscoelastic regime under frequency range of 0.1 to 10Hz and temperatures
from 20 to 60oC. At low frequencies, the complex viscosity is approximately constant. The
increase of frequency concurrently increases the stress in the specimen till the stresses reaches the
critical value at which the flow will become not possible. Any stress higher than critical value
will bring about loss in fluidity. The material begins to slip hence reduce the complex viscosity
[Error: Reference source not found]. The same situation occurs in viscometry test. While the
stress caused in the specimen is higher than critical value, the material starts to slide and causes
loss of fluidity. But, unlike the oscillation test that the strain is controlled at 0.8% for viscoelastic
situation, the strain in viscometry test is unlimited.

In viscometry test, if the applied stress on the specimen is lower than the critical value, the
specimen will work in Newtonian region in which the viscosity is constant. Theoretically,
bitumen will work as Newtonian liquid or pure viscous when the shear rate approaches zero, and
the apparent viscosity at zero shear rate is so-known as zero shear viscosity. Similarly in
oscillation mode, once the frequency approaches the value of 0, the complex viscosity obtained is
composed of only viscous component, named zero frequency complex viscosity. If this could

16
happen, with the identical bitumen and testing temperature, the value of 0 shear viscosity and
zero frequency complex viscosity must be of the same value.

The end result of viscometry test is the relation between different shear rates and apparent
viscosities, or viscous component. Stress is applied until certain shear rate obtained and apparent
viscosity determined. Not elastic or plastic component is count in viscometry test. Oscillation
test, on the other hand, demonstrates the relation among different frequencies and complex
viscosities, the combination of elastic and viscous component. With the same bitumen and testing
temperature, the decreasing rate of viscous component must be the same as both shear rate and
frequency represent the relative movement of two plates. If this occurs, the lowering rate of
complex viscosity in oscillation test will be lower than the decreasing rate of apparent viscosity in
viscometry test. That is because the reducing rate of complex viscosity includes the increase of
elastic component when frequency increases.

But, in practice, it is not possible to get the viscosity value at zero shear rate or zero frequency. 0
shear rate viscosity and zero frequency complex viscosity are alternatively extrapolated from
viscometry and oscillation test data by using engineering model, for instance Cross model in this
study. The extrapolated values is considerably relied on the data of the test, especially the lower
rate of viscosity values while increase the shear rate or frequency.

With straight run bitumen in this research, at 20, 40 and 60oC, bitumen act as liquid. The
increasing rate of elastic component with increasing the frequency is not considerable. For this
reason, the extrapolation value of ZSV values using viscometry and oscillation data are
approximately the same. But, for those stiff bitumen or mastic, ZSV from viscometry is
substantially higher than that of from dynamic oscillation data. This tendency is substantially
clear for filler mastic, even at high temperature. for instance, at 60oC, ZSV from viscometry is
extremely higher than that of from oscillation data for sixty five% cement and grit stone filler
mastics. That is because the more stiff the bitumen, the greater increase rate of elastic component.
These results in the lower decreasing rate of complex viscosity compared to that of the apparent
viscosity.

At 40oC, ZSV from viscometry of 65% gritstone filler mastic is really lower than that of from
dynamic oscillation. That is due to the fact the viscometry test for filler mastic of 65% gritstone at
40oC is all at once stopped due to rotational over speed detected. The lack of data for

17
extrapolation causes misguided result. This demonstrates that stiff bitumen starts to perform as
viscoplastic liquid. As Malkin and Isayev [Error: Reference source not found] stated that the
overall performance of plastic liquid is combination of three stages: (1).A flow with high
viscosity at low shear rate, (2). A sudden extremely reduce of viscosity at some critical stress (or
shear rate), and (3). Start non-Newtonian flow again stress lower than critical stress. This
phenomenon occurs in all viscometry tests at 20oC. All tests are aborted at some shear rate
between 6.25x10-3 and 10 s-1 because of over speed detected. Figure 6 show the relationship
between shear rate, viscosity and shear stress of bitumen 70/100 Pen at 20oC. The test is aborted
at shear rate of 1.71x10-1 s-1 and shear stress of 6.52x104 Pa due to over speed detected.

Figure 6: Plot between shear rate and apparent viscosity and shear stress of 70/100 Pen at 20 oC

4. Discussion and Conclusions


.
o At high temperature, Epps and Grunberg & Nissan equations provide approximately
identical results.

18
o Despite the fact that the definitions of 0 shear viscosity from viscometry and dynamic
oscillation data aren't any mean similar, the theoretical values of these two viscosities are
the identical.
o There is no considerable difference between ZSV extrapolated from viscometry and
dynamic oscillation records for straight run bitumen at 20, 40, and C60 oC. For stiff
bitumen, particularly bitumen filler mastic, the ZSV from viscometry is notably higher
than those from dynamic oscillation. That is because of the reducing rate of apparent
viscosity even increasing shear rate is higher than that of complex viscosity whilst
increasing the oscillation frequency
o At low temperature, due to the configuration of viscometry test, some bitumen might
work as viscoplastic liquid. The unlimited of deformation for the duration of viscometry
test may bring about abrupt drop in viscosity and the equipment will automatically abort
the test because of over speed detected. The lack of data may result in misguided
extrapolation of ZSV values.

o The dynamic oscillation test should be used for ZSV extrapolation. The warrant that
materials perform in viscoelastic regime can produce a wide relation among complex
viscosity and oscillation frequency and hence more accurate the extrapolation.

Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Professor Gordon Airy of University of
Nottingham for his guidance in data analysis.

Author Information
Affiliations : University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD.

Contributions
V. H Nguyen, prepared methodology and implemented the experimental setup. R. Khan also
undertook some data evaluation and Figures preparation. Both contributed to writing the
manuscript.

19
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Corresponding author: Correspondence to Rawid Khan, email: rawid806@gmail.com

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20
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