INDIAN STANDARDS IN WASTEWATER

TREATMENT AN OVERVIEW

IFAT - 2014
October 9-11, 2014

By:
Prof. T. I. Eldho
IIT Bombay
Mumbai, India
1 October 11, 2014
 Outline
Introduction
Wastewater System
Indian Situation
Indian Standards for Wastewater Treatment (WWT)
Scope of CETP
Concluding Remarks

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Source:http://www.biosolids.com.au/what-are-biosolids.php

WASTEWATER SYSTEM
The system of pipes used to collect and carry rain, domestic
wastewater and industrial waste away for treatment and
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disposal is called the Wastewater system
 Wastewater production in India
Due to agricultural growth, industrialization and urbanization
wastewater generation increased in recent years which is emerging as
potential source for demand management after essential treatment

An estimated 38354 (MLD) sewage is generated in major cities of

India, but the sewage treatment capacity is only of 11786 MLD (~30%)
Similarly, only 60% of industrial waste water, mostly large scale
industries, is treated. (CPCB, 2009)

Likely to face twin edged problem to deal with reduced fresh water
availability and increased wastewater generation in coming decades
(Kaur et al, 2012)

Discharge of untreated sewage into water bodies has resulted in

contamination of 75% of all surface water bodies across India
(CPHEEO, 2012)
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 Waste water Challenges in Cities

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Waste Water Problems in Cities

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 Wastewater production in India

Performance of state owned sewage treatment plants, for

treating wastewater, is not complying with prescribed
standards. Thus, making effluent from these plants, often,
not suitable for household purpose and reuse of the waste
water is mostly restricted to agricultural and industrial
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 Wastewater production in India
The sludge removal, treatment and handling have been observed
to be the most neglected areas in the operation of the sewage
treatment plants (STPs) in India.
Due to improper design, poor maintenance, frequent electricity
break downs and lack of technical man power, the facilities
constructed to treat wastewater do not function properly and
remain closed most of the time (CPCB, 2007).
One of the major problems with waste water treatment methods
is that none of the available technologies has a direct economic
return. Due to no economic return, local authorities are generally
not interested in taking up waste water treatments (Trivedy and
Nakate, 2001).

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 Wastewater Disposal Options
The mode of disposal is:

indirectly into the rivers/ lakes/ ponds/

creeks in 118 cities;
on to the agriculture land in 63cities
directly into rivers in 41 cities.
in 44 cities, it is discharged both into
rivers and on agriculture land.

In many of the coastal cities, the

wastewater finds its way into estuaries,
creeks, bays etc. (Around 25% of total
wastewater)
 PARADIGM SHIFT IN RECENT PAST
In the past, wastewater was a problem
Zero Discharge
Now, it is considered as a resource
Example:Newater scheme in Singapore
Treated domestic wastewater for Industrial use
Zero Discharge norm for major industries
Recycled water for domestic use
Treated wastewater for groundwater recharge &
irrigation
ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED:
To develop tailor made treatment processes for various situations
Wastewater treatment, reuse and recycle
Life cycle analysis of wastewater treatment systems.
 Wastewater Treatment Options
Processes: (UNEP, 2004)
Physical Processes: Screening, Sedimentation, Flotation, Filtration,
Absorption, Adsorption, Centrifugation etc
Chemical Processes: Coagulation, Absorption, Oxidation-Reduction,
Ion-exchange, Disinfection
Biological Processes: Aerobic Treatment, Anaerobic Treatment

Primary Treatment Options

Screens, Traps, Grit Chambers
Septic Tanks, Imhoff Tanks
Sedimentation Tanks
Anaerobic Baffle Reactors/Filters (BORDA, 2009)

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 Wastewater Treatment Options
Secondary Treatment Options
Activated Sludge Process
Trickling Filters
Waste Stabilization Ponds
Aerobic Lagoons
Constructed Wetlands
Rotating Biological Contractors (MoUD, 2008)
Fluidised Aerated Bed (FAB) Reactor (MoUD, 2008)
Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) (MoUD, 2012)
Membrane Bio Reactors (MBR) (MoUD, 2012)
Moving Bed Bio Reactors (MBBR) (MoUD, 2012)

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 Wastewater Treatment Options
Tertiary Treatment Options
Chlorination
Ozonation
Membrane Filtration (CPHEEO, 2012)
Micro-filtration membrane
Ultra-filtration membrane
Nano-filtration membrane
Reverse Osmosis

Based on Cost-Benefit or Cost-Effectiveness and requirements, a system of

Wastewater Treatment can be designed from the above available options

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 Policies and Institutional set-up for WWTs
Presently there are no separate regulations/ guidelines for safe handling,
transport and disposal of wastewater in the country.
As per the Constitution of India (Item No. 5 & 6 of the 12 th Schedule of
Article 243 W), Water supply and Sanitation is a State subject
74th Constitution Amendment Act 1992, provides a framework and
devolves upon the Urban local bodies for providing Water supply and
Sanitation facilities in urban areas.
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), gives technical and
financial support schemes for treatment of effluents generated from SSI
units located in clusters.

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 Policies and Institutional set-up for WWTs
The existing policies for regulating wastewater management are
based on certain environmental laws and certain policies and legal
provisions like
Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Rules, 1975
National Environment Policy, 2006;
National Sanitation Policy, 2008
Hazardous waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
Municipalities Act; District Municipalities Act etc

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 Indian Standards in Wastewater Treatment
Design Principles:
In design sewer networks, major parameters to be considered are
population to be served, population density and water consumption. The
conventional sewers have a design period of 30 years whereas non-
conventional 15 years (CPHEEO, 2012).
90% of per captia water supply is assumed to be entering into sewerage
system. Flow calculations are based upon CPHEEO, 2012 estimates:
135 LPCD for Households.
Based on needs, physical conditions, available resources:
Separate sewer system
Combined system
Pressurized system
Solids-free system etc

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 Indian Standards (CPHEEO, 2012)

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 (CPHEEO, 2012)

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 (CPHEEO, 2012)

A. These standards shall be applicable only if such sewer leads to a secondary treatment including biological
treatment system; otherwise the discharge into sewers shall be treated as discharge into inland surface waters.
B. All efforts should be made to remove colour & unpleasant odour as far as practicable.
C. For process wastewater 100 mg/l
D. For cooling water effluent 10% above total suspended matter of influent.
E. Shall pass 850 micron IS Sieve
F. Floatable solids max. 3 mm
G. Settleable solids max. 850 microns
H. Shall not exceed 5C above the receiving water temperature
I. 90 % survival of fish after 96 hours in 100 % effluent
J. Desirable
19 K. Maximum permissible
 For Biological Treatment
(CPHEEO, 2012)

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 Efficiency of WWT systems
(CPHEEO, 2012)

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 Treated Sewage usage as Drinking water
(CPHEEO, 2012)

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 Solid Recovery Rate (CPHEEO, 2012)

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 In Sludge Treatment (CPHEEO, 2012)

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 Common Effluent Treatment Plant

Scope & Standards

(Ref: NEERI, Presentation, July 2012)

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 Common effluent treatment plant (CETP)
CETP is concept of treating effluents by means of a collective effort mainly for a
cluster of SMEs (Small & Medium Scale Enterprises) units.

Concept is similar to the Municipal Corporation of cities and towns treating sewage
of all the individual houses.

Objectives of CETP

The major objectives of CETP while protecting the environment include,

Achieving economy of scale in waste treatment, thereby reducing cost of
pollution abatement for individual industry.
Minimizing problem of lack of technical assistance and trained personnel.
Solving the problem of lack of space in the individual industry.
Homogenization of wastewater for heterogeneous industrial cluster.
Reducing the problems of monitoring by the regulatory bodies.
Organizing the disposal of treated effluent & sludge.
Improving the possibilities of recycle/reuse.
Improving public image & employer morale.

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 State wise operational CETPS in India*
Sr. no. State No. of CETP Flow, MLD
1. Andhra Pradesh 3 12.75
2. Delhi 15 133.2
3. Gujarat 28** 500.35
4. Himachal Pradesh 4 1.1
5. Haryana 1 1.3
6. Karnataka 9@ -
7. Madhya Pradesh 3 0.9
8. Maharashtra 23# 173.35
9. Punjab 4 57.7
10. Rajasthan 2 71.15
11. Tamil Nadu 36 44.4
12 Uttar Pradesh 2 70
Total 130 1066.20
Source: *Central Pollution Control Board Report on Performance Status of Common Effluent Treatment
Plants in India, October 2005.
**Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2010 .
@Karnataka Pollution Control Board, 2012.
#Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, 2012.

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 Methodology for designing CETP
Quantity of wastewater generated.

Characterization of wastewater.

Inlet feed water quality.

Wastewater treatability and

treatment option.

Low foot print.

Mode of disposal of treated

effluent.

Disposal of sludge.

Recycle/reuse of treated water.

Modular process, scalable and

flexible.

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Selection of technology based on influent quality for CETP

Wastewater Wastewater quality Treatment options

characteristics
Low TDS and low BOD Low organic Chemical treatment
Low TDS and high BOD Organic effluent Anaerobic + aerobic treatment
Low TDS and high COD Highly organic Chemical oxidation by hydrogen peroxide or
ozone or sodium hypochlorite
Chemical + biological treatment
Refractory Chemical oxidation + biological treatment
High TDS Inorganic salts Solar evaporation
Forced evaporation (after separation of
volatile organic matter)
Membrane separation
High TDS and high COD Highly organic effluent Incineration (based on calorific value)
+Secure landfill of incineration ash
Waste is not easily Thermal Decomposition
biodegradable but toxic Chemical oxidation (hydrogen peroxide,
ozone, etc.)
Evaporation + Secured landfill
Waste is not toxic but Chemical treatment (recovery, precipitation
mostly etc.)
inorganic salts Evaporation + secured landfill of evaporated
residue
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 Inlet effluent quality and discharge Standards for CETP
Parameters Inlet effluent quality Parameters Discharge Effluent Standards into ISW
pH 5.5-9.0
pH 5.5 - 9.0
SS 100
Temperature (oC) 45.0
TDS 2100
Oil and grease 20.0
COD 250
Cyanide 2.0
BOD (3d, 27C) 30
Ammoniacal-N 50.0
Oil & Grease 10
Phenolic compounds 5.0
Chlorides 600
Hexavalent Chromium 2.0
Sulphates 1000
Total chromium 2.0 Phosphates 5
Copper 3.0 Ammoniacal-N 50
Nickel 3.0 Fluoride 2.0
Zinc 15.0 Arsenic 0.2
Lead 1.0 Cyanide 0.2

Arsenic 0.2 Mercury 0.01

Mercury 0.01 Iron 3

Cadmium 1.0 Manganese 2

Chromium 2
Selenium 0.05
Copper 3
Fluoride 15.0
Zinc 5
Boron 2.0
Nickel 3
All values are expressed in mg/l, except pH and Lead 0.1
temperature.
Source: Selenium 0.05
The gazette of India: Extraordinary- Part II- Sec.3 (i) pp10 All values are expressed in mg/l, except pH
30Dt. 27th Feb 1991
ISW-Inland Surface Waters.
 Performance of CETPs
CETP :GETP, Palsana (Textile industry) CETP :Tirupur (Textile industry)
Discharge Discharge
Equalized Secondary Equalized Secondary
Parameter Standard into Parameter Standard into
effluent effluent effluent effluent
ISW ISW
pH 7.8-8 7.9-8.2 6.5-9.5 pH 7.1-8.6 8.2-8.6 6.5-9.5
SS 88-140 12-22 100 SS 120-675 26-62 100
COD 678-832 84-100 100 COD 550-950 270-475 250
BOD 272-310 26-30 30 BOD 210-342 92-210 30
TDS 1632-2036 1604-2036 2100 TDS 6010-6644 6534-6840 2100
CETP: Punjab (Electroplating industry) CETP:Ankaleshwar (Heterogeneous effluent
Dye & dye intermediates, Pharm., textiles
Discharge Parameter Discharge
Equalized Secondary Equalized
Parameter Standard into Tertiary effluent Standard into
effluent effluent effluent
ISW ISW
pH 2.1 7.5 6.5-9.5 pH 0.38-0.56 7.7-7.88 5.5-9.0
SS 36-48 26 100 SS 1776-1864 100-132 100

COD 368-376 224 250 COD 5107-8373 382-395 250

BOD 48-52 24 30 BOD 2200-2400 40-50 30

TDS 12720-12820 12684 2100 TDS 68200-68830 7532-11836 2100

All values are expressed in mg/l, except pH; Contd

ISW-Inland Surface Waters.

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Performance of primary, secondary and tertiary treatment
Performance Treatment option Efficiency (%)
High Chemical precipitationbio-oxidationchemical BOD : 84-93
precipitationsand filtration activated carbon COD : 80-90
adsorption SS : 77-98
Chemical precipitationbio-oxidationsand
filtrationdual media filtration
Chemical precipitation (3 stage)media
filtrationactivated carbon adsorption
Ozonationbio-oxidationsand filtrationactivated
carbon adsorption.
Moderate Electro-coagulationbio-oxidationchemical BOD : 68-79
precipitationsand filtrationactivated carbon COD : 60-73
adsorption. SS : 64-78
Low Bio-oxidationsand filtrationdual media
BOD : 56-70
filtrationactivated carbon adsorption
COD : 48-65
Chemical precipitationsand filtrationactivated
SS : 52-74
carbon adsorption
Catalytic oxidation BOD : 24-25
COD : 21-23
SS : 56-60
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 Issues & Constraints in CETP Operations

Consistency in compliance to the prescribed standards by the

CETPs.

Existing treatment schemes are unable to handle ever-increasing

hydraulic load, new pollutants, stringent regulatory norms.

Improper technological combination for wastewater treatment is

discouraging water reuse and recycling.

Poor management of treatment units.

No separate treatment units to deal with hazardous and toxic

effluents.

Dismal percentage of water reuse practice in industries.

Lack of access to capital investments and working capitals.

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 Process water (CPHEEO, 2012)
To keep treatment to a minimum and maximize the reuse as
process water, this is done by having a multiple quality water
supply system within the industry.
Indian standards for quality tolerances for a few industrial
uses are noted below:
IS: 201 Water quality tolerances for the textile industry
IS: 2724 Water quality tolerances for the pulp and paper
industry
IS: 3957 Water quality tolerances for ice manufacture
IS: 4251 Water quality tolerances for the processed food
industry
IS: 4700 Water quality tolerances for the fermentation industry

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 Additional Information
The following Indian Standards lay down tolerance limits for
industrial effluents :
IS : 2296-1974 extent of pollution of inland surface waters
permitted by discharge of effluents
IS : 2490 -1974Tolerance limits for industrial effluents
discharged into inland surface waters : Part I General
IS : 3306-1974Tolerance limits for industrial effluents
discharged into public sewers
IS : 3307-1977Tolerance limits for industrial effluents
discharged on land for irrigation purposes
IS : 7968-1976Tolerance limits for industrial effluents
discharged into marine coastal areas.

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 Water Cycle

36 Source: Chapter 4, NaWaTech Technologies to cope with water shortages in Urbanised India, Berlin
 Concluding Remarks

For wastewater treatment as per International norms specific

standards defined in India CPHEEO Manual authentic for all
designs
Basic principle - Maximum Efficiency in usage of water and avoiding
wastages
Indian Standards prescribe - Planned, strategic, safe and sustainable
reuse of wastewaters
Further There is a need for policy decisions and coherent programs
encompassing low-cost waste water treatment technologies and
modern sewage water application methods.
For successful implementation of any system, it is essential to take
care of Social, Institutional and Administrative, Financial,
Environmental and Technical challenges

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 Concluding Remarks

Waste water treatment norms state subject Central Govt.,

CPCB only advisory roles
WWT norms strict implementation issues!
In most of the cities WWT not implemented strictly
Scope of CETP
Untreated/ partially treated sewage enters to surface water/
Groundwater/ ocean
Most of the Rivers/ Lakes polluted - Major environmental
threat!
Ganga action plan started in 1986 still not reached
anywhere!!!

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 References
BORDA (2009), Decentralized Wastewater Treatments Systems and Sanitation in
Developing countries, Bremen
CPCB (2007), Advance methods for treatment of textile industry effluents, Resource
Recycling Series : RERES/&/ 2007. Central Pollution Control Board, India.
CPCB (2009), Status of water supply, wastewater generation and treatment in Class I cities
and Class II towns of India. Series: CUPS/70/2009-10. Central Pollution Control Board,
India.
CPHEEO (2012), Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, Part A: Engineering Final
Draft, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation, Ministry of
Urban Development, New Delhi
MoUD (2008), A Guide to Decision making: Technology options for Urban Sanitation in
India, , Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi
Kaur R, Wani SP, Singh AK and Lal K (2012),Wastewater production, treatment and use in
India, 2nd regional workshop on Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture, May 16-18,New
Delhi, India.
Trivedy RK, Nakate SS (2001), Treatment of hospital waste and sewage in hyacinth ponds.
pp. 132163. In: Trivedy, R.K., Kaul, S. (Eds.). Low Cost Wastewater Treatment
Technologies. ABD, Jaipur, India.
UNEP (2004), Water and Wastewater Reuse: An environmentally sound approach for
Sustainable Urban Water Management, Osaka, United Nations Environment Program

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 Thank You

Dr. T. I. Eldho
Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Email: eldho@iitb.ac.in
40 Phone: (022) 25767339; Fax: 25767302
http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in