1

AizXn
tZh-K-Ww. Zim-\m-Y tIXp. arKw IpXnc.

Fmbvtmgpw ssZhnIamb A`ypXn B{Klnph\pw, hn\oX\pw, kXytmsSmw

\nph\pw Bbn-cn-pw. GXpkwKXnbpw hfsc BtemNnpw _pn]qhpw sNpw. Imcy-
A]-{K-Ynp ]Tn-m\pw ka-Nn--X-tbmsS Xocp-am-\--sf-Sp-m\pw Akm-[m-c-W-amb Ign-hp--
Xm-bmWv ImW-s-Sp--Xv. Icp-X-temsS am{Xta Xocp-am-\--sf-Sp-q. Xocp-am-\--sf-Sp-m A]w
Xma-kn-sp hcmw. ]s FSp Xocp-am-\-n Ddp \np kz`m-h-amWv Chp--Xv.
_pn-ap-p-Ifpw I-\--fpw Dm-bmepw B Xocp-am-\-n \nv amdm Xm-dm-Imdn-. Fp
I\ hmepw sNp {]hrnbn\nv ]nXncnbp kz`mhw Chn. am-cp-sSbpw
k-n\v hg-m-dn-. Ch BcpsSbpw {]tem`\fnsv a\pamdmh\pw GXpImcyhpw
\nbZmVytmsS kss[cyw sNphcpamWv.
s]mXpsh kam[m\{]nbcmWv, kuayioecmWv, a\x-imn B{K-ln-p-Ibpw imX C-s-Sp-
Ibpw sNp hyn-bmWv. {]mtbW hfsc kw{`-a-P-\-I-amb kml-N-cy--fn t]mepw AXn-i-b-I-
c-amb imX ]pep-cpw, aphsc kam-[m-\-s-Sp-p--hcpw Bbn-cn-pw. Fm Chv
X-Xmb ImcWw sImv kam-[m-\-`w-K-ap-m-bm kam-[m-\-s-Sp-p-I {]bm-k-am-bn-cn-pw.
kvt\lw tXmp--hp-thn Fp XymKw sNm\pw k-X ImWn-pw. {]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-
-fn t]mepw ka-Nn-X ImWn-pw. B{inX hmeyhpw X kvt\lnphpthn
AhcpsS GXv B]Lnepw tkh\kXbpw Chp hnin KpWfmIpp.
A\yv D]-tZiw sImSp-m\pw ZpxJn-Xsc kam-[m-\n-n-m\pw Akm-[m-c-W-amb Ignhv Dm-
bncnpw. kv{Xo]pcpj t`Zsat\y Gh-tcmSpw kvt\lambn s]cpamdp kz`mhhpw
B]Lfn klmbnp kz`mhhpw Dmbncnpw. ]s kzw Imcy--fn A\y-cpsS
D]-tZ-i- kzo-cn-sp hcn-. Xs-p-dn-s--Xn-t\-mtfsd ap--h-sc-p-dnpw kaq-l-s-p-
dnpw Nnn-pw, Ahv {]m[m\yw sImSp-pw.
A\yv DpIn a\nemm\mIm amfneqsS clkyw tNmpt]mImsX
GXpImcyhpw t\Spw. kz`m-h-n hfsc imX tXmm-sa-nepw Bpw ]nSn-sIm-Sp-msX
Imcyw t\Sp-hm-\p kmay-hpw, Bcp-sSbpw \n_--nt\m _e-{]-tbm-K-nt\m hg-m
a\pw \n--b-ZmVyhpw Dm-bn-cn-pw.
ssZhhnizmkw Gdnbncnpsanepw AhnizmknIfmbncn n. BNm-c-a-cym-Z-I ]men-p-
-Xn {]tXyIw {in-pw. kzw Imcy--fn XnI bmYm-n-Xn-IXzw {]Zin-n-pw.
IpSpw_n bmYmnXnIXzhpw kplrpfn D]XnjvWp Xzhpw {]Zinnpw. m\-k-
-ZmZn kZvKp-W-fpw, ]pcm-W-{i-h-Wm-Zn-I-fn Xm]-cy-hpw, Cuiz-cm-\p-Iq-eyhpw Dm-bn-cn-pw.
{]mNo-\--fmb Imcy-v B[p-\n-I-cq]w sImSpv kan-p--Xn X]-c-\m-Wv. bpnp
\nc-m Hpw AwKo-I-cn-sp hcn-. Nnmioecpw Nnetm bpnhmZnIfpamb Ch
Bhiyanm ImcysfpdnpIqSnbpw Nnnp hnjanp hcmbncnpsa Xn\m
a\xpJw Ipdncnpw. \ncq-]W _pn-tbmsS Imcy- t\mn-m-Wm Hcp {]tXy-I-I-gnhv
{]I-Sn-n-pw. Bi-bpw BIp-e-Xbpw a\-ns\ Ftmgpw Ae-n-sm-n-cn-pw. kzXth A]w
ep_v[-m-cm-sW-nepw A`n-am-\n-I-fm-b-Xp-sImv henb sNe-hp-Im-cm-bn-mWv ]cn-W-an-p--Xv. Xn-
anw km-n-I-amb Db bYm-amb hc-hns IW-p-ambn Xnpt\mnbm hfsc
Ipdhmbn-cnpw.
Pohn-X-n ASppw Nn-bpw thW-sav \n_--ap-m-Ipw. Xmaknp hoSpw ]cnkchpw
Ftmgpw hrnbpw `wKnbpapXmbncnm {ianpw. Cm-\p-k-c-W-amb kpJ-t`m-Km-Zn-I A\p-`-
hn--sb-p-Xv Ch-cpsS {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb Dtiambn-cn-pw. D]-tbm-Kn-p km[-\--
sfmw hrnbpw Ipeo-\-X-bp-ap--Xm-bn-cn--W-sav Chv \n_--ap-v.
IpSpw_tan\mbn A{imw ]cn{ianpw, Fm-bvt]mgpw {]b-Xv\n-p-sImtbncn-pw. km-c-
ioew Dm-bn-cn-pw. Xo-bm-{X-I \S-m-\pw, hnt\m-Z-bm-{X-I \S-m-\pw, A\y--e-
kin-m\pw C-s-Spw. t\Xr-Xz-Kp-W-ap-m-bn-cn-pw. Iw ]d-bp--Xn Xm]-cyan-m--bmfpw
kXy-k--\p-am-bn-cn-pw. ]n-e--dn-I `n-p--Xn Xm]-cy-ap--bm-fm-bn-cn-pw. NqSpXpw
Fcn-hp--Xp-amb `-Ww Ign-m C-s-Spw.
AXn-Im-an-Ifpw elcn ]Zm-n A`n-hm--bp--h-cp-am-bn-cn-pw. Fn-cn-nepw kmam-
t\y\ Ch elcn ]Zm- D]-tbm-Kn-p ioew hfm-dn-. Fm A]qhw Nne
AizXn \-{X-Pm-X Ccw Imcy--fn \nb-{Ww hnv Gs-SpI \nanw PohnXw ]mgm-m-dp-
v. elcn--Sn-a-s-m AizXn \-{X-Pm-X Zphr-cm-bn-o-cm Ffp--apv. Fm a\-ns\
 2

in-bmbn kv]in-p Nne kw`-h- hp-tNm Hcn-epw Dt]--Wobw Asp Icp-

Xn-bn-cp GXp Zpxkz-`m-h--fn \npw Fs-t-p-ambn Ch- hnap--cm-Ibpw sNpw.
PohnXm\p`h
kaqls kvt\lnph\pw Xs hwin _lpam\nsSph\pw {][m\nbpw
A`nam\nbpw P\v {]nbsh\pw _lpam\y\pw Bbncnpw. IpSpw-_-nse tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-
c-\m-bn-cn-p-Itbm AYhm tPy-jvT-\p-Xpeyw D-c-hm-Zn-- Gs-Sp-p--bmtfm Bbn-cn-pw.
Fmhn[ kpfpw e`n-m\pw [\k\mbn Pohn-m\pw D tbmKw Dv. B`qjW
[cn-m C-s-Spw. km-\- kvt\l-k---cmbncnpw. IpSpw_mwKfpsS shdpnt\m
hntZzjnt\m ]m{Xo`hntmw. ]nXmhn\ntm ktlmZcfn\ntm th{X
klmbklIcW Dmsbp hcn. Fn-cn-nepw Ipe-k--n-sbpw aln-a-bp-sSbpw KpW-
tZm-j-^-e- A\p-`-hn-pw. IpSpw-_-n \npw amXm-]n-Xm--fn \npw Imcy-amb {]tbm-P\w
e`n-sp hcn-. Xs A`nhrn GdnbIqdpw kzambn Azm\np InpXp aptJ\bmbncnpw.
A\y-mcpw kp-lr-p-I-fp-amIpw hnj-a-L---fn klm-b-taIp-I. km-n-I-amb Db-Xm-gvN-I
A\p-`-h-s-Spw. sNehp \nb-{n-m {ian-p-sa-nepw AXn A[n-I-sampw hnP-bn-n-. CXp-
aqew ]cn-{i-a-n-\-\p-k-cn km-nI t\w Pohn-X-n Dm-sbp hcn-. ]s PohnXw
s]mXpsh kpJ-I-c-am-bn-cn-pw.
Zm-Xy-Po-hnXw s]mXpsh ktm-j-I-c-am-bn-cn-p-sa-nepw Nne Imcy--fn A]qW-X-bp--
Xm-bn-cn-pw. (hnhm-l-n\v Ime-Xm-a-kw, `mcyv tcmKw, ]ckv{Xo-_w, km\w Fn-s\
A]qWX GXp-Im-cynemsW-Xv PmXIw t\mn-bm-se Adn-bm-\mhq) Pohn-X-]-m-fn-bn \nv
{]Xo-n-p-{X kl-I-cWw ]e-tmgpw Inn-sbp hcn-. kp-cn-bmb `mcysb e`n-pw.
temlkw_amb {]h\ taJeIfnepw sshZyimkv{XmZn sXmgnepIfnepw \mbn
tim`npw. sshZy-im-kv{X-cw-K-tm, NnIn--bp-ambn _-s ikv{Xm-Zyp-]-I-c-W--fpsS \nm-
Wm-Zn-I-fp-ambn _-s cwKtm {]hr-n-m Ah-kcw e`n-p-I-bm-sW-n, {]tXy-Inpw
tim`n-pw. Irjn, bm{X, ss{UhnMv, hml\ \nm-Ww, \mm-en-Isf hf XpS-n-b-h-bp-
ambn _-s {]h\ taJ-e-I-fn hnfpw. kmln-Xyw, kwKo-Xw, Nn{X-sa-gp-v, hmtZym-]-I-c-
W--fpsS D]-tbmKw Fn-h-bn hmk-\-bp-m-Ipw. hym]m-cm-Zn-I-fn Gs-Sp-Xpw hnP-b-{]-Z-am-
Wv. PmX-I hoSp-hnv (an-hmdpw ]Sn-mdp Znn) t]mbn D]-Po-h\w \bn-pw.
GI-tZiw 30 hb-p-hsc Chv ]e-hn-[-n-ep {]Xn-_---sfbpw ti--sfbpw XcWw
sNt--Xmbn hcpw. AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv Chv kzX-{-amb A`n-hr-n-Imew XpS-p--Xv. CXv
GXmv 50-55 hb-p-hsc \op-\npw. AXn-\p-tijw anhmdpw Ch
{]h\cwKfn\np ]nmdn D]tZmtfm s]mXpmcy {]hItcm
IpSpw_`cWmtcm am{Xambn amdntbmw.
]pdsa Btcm-Ky-hm-m-cmbn tXmpw, Fnepw hnp-am-dm tcmK- Dm-bn-cn-pw. Btcm-Ky-
Im-cy-n {i-p-dhp ImWn-pw. Aiv, DZ-c-tcm-K-, hmX-tcm-Kw, intcmtcmK,
\mUokw_amb tcmK, lrZ-b-kw-_--amb tcmK- Fnh DmImhpXmWv. Huj-[-
D]-tbm-Kn-m aSn-Im-Wn-pw. {]Ir-Xn--\p-k-cnv Pohn-m\pw As\ tcmK-imn hcp-
m\pw {ian-pw. B-\n-b-{Ww sImpw Zn\-N-cy-sImpw tcmK-i-a\w hcp-m-sav hniz-kn-
pw. CXp {]tbm-K-n hcp-n-m-Wn-p-Ibpw sNpw.
Zim-^ew
GI-tZiw 31/2 hb-p-hsc tIXp-Zi. AizXn Hmw ]mZ-n P\n--hv {]tXy-Inpw _meym-
cn--X-I Dm-Im-hp Ime-am-Wn-Xv. Cm-ev IqSp-X tcmK-]o-V-I-fp-m-Imw. ico-c-t-i-hpw,
amXm-]n-Xm--mv _lp-P-\-hn-tcm-[hpw Zpcn-Xhpw kpJ-lm-\nbpw A\p-`-h-am-Ipw.
3 1/2 hb-p-ap-X 23 1/2 hb-p-hsc ip{I-Z-i. Cu Ime-Lw s]mXpsh sa-am-bncnpw. IpSpw-
_-kuJyw, Irjn-bn Xm]-cyw, ku`m-Ky-]qW-amb IpSpw-_-nse _mey-Iu-am-cmZn Ime-
Ch-sbmw Cm-ev A\p-`-h-am-Ipw. s]mXpsh ktm-j-{]-Z-amb Ime-am-Wv. amXr-Ip-Spw-_-n\v
[mcmfw Irjn-bpw, ]mc--cyhpw Dm-bn-cn-pw. ]nXm-hn-s\-p-dnv Htsd A`n-am-\n-m-\p-m-Ipw.
]nXm-hns {]uVnbpw A[n-Im-chpw PmX-I\v Fm-ehpw Hmn----Xm-bn-cn-pw. 45 hb-n
PmX-Is amXm-]n-Xm- ]pXnb hoSv shv Ahn-tSv amdn-Xm-a-kn-tmw. Cm-ev DZ-c-tcmKw
 3

A\p-`-h-s-Spw. PmX-Is 10-12 hb-n ]nXm-hn\v ku`m-Kyw, [\-em-`w, kpw Ion-bpw,

DtZym-K-kw-_--amb ta-b-hpw e`npw. IpSpw-_-n hnhm-l-tam ap awK-e-I-tfm
\Spw. _p-v km-\-em`w Dm-Ipw. PmX-I\v kpJ-I-c-amb hnZym-`ym-kw, km-lnXym`ncp-
Nn, Fnh {]Xo-n-mw. GI-tZiw 20 hb-tmsS hym]m-cm-Zn-I-fntem, hml-\fntem Xm]cyw
{]Zin-n-pw. amXm-hn\v `Xr-kp-J-lm-\n-tbm, `Xr-hn-c-ltam kw`-hn-mw. ]nXr-\miw kw`-hn-m-
hp--Xm-Wv. PmX-I IpSpw-_-nse D-c-hm-Zn-- Gs-Sp-t--Xmbn hcpw. _p-P-\--fpsS
hnhm-lmZn Imcy--fn Xm]-cy-tmsS ]s-Sp-pw, {]mb-n Ihn ]mIX {]Zin-npw.
GI-tZiw 20-23 hb-n DtZym-K-em-`hpw {]Xo-n-mw. hml-\-em-`w Dm-Im-hp--Xm-Wv. sNdp-{]m-b-
n Xs sXmgn e`n-pw.
23 1/2 hb-papX 29 1/2 hb-phsc BZn-Xy-Z-i. s]mXpsh Azm-\-q-Sp-Xepw Akz--
Xbpw \nd--Xm-bn-cnpw Cu Ime-L-w. ]s `mhn-Po-hn-X-n\v D]-I-cn-p ]eXpw Cu Imev
sNm Ign-bpw. ]pcp-j- k-m\tbmKw DmIpw. km-cw, km-cn \np-ap B\p-Iq-eyw,
hntZ-i-hmkw apX-em-bh A\p-`-h-am-Ipw. A[n-Imcw knn-pw. {]kn-n, DtZym-K-kw-_--amb
t{]mm-l-\w, kpJw, [\-em`w Fn-XymZn kZ-\p-`-h-fpw {]Xo-n-mw. hnZym-`ymkw XpS-cp-I-bm-
sW-n D-X-hn-Zym-hn-Pbw knn-pw. IpSpw-_-nse D-c-hm-Zn-- Gs-Spv \S-p-Ibpw
ktlm-Z-c-mbn AXy-[nIw {]b-Xv\n-p-Ibpw sNpw. amXm-hp-ambn \ _w ]pepw,
amXm-hns\ A\p-k-cn-p-I-bpw _p-P-\-sf Fmhn[-nepw klm-bn-p-Ibpw sNpw. A`n-{]m-b-
fn ZrV-Xbpw nc-Xbpw {]Zin-n-pw. kaq-l-n _lp-am-\yX hn-pw. hnhm-lw,
Btcm-Ky-em`w, ]p{X-em-`w, a\x-k-tmjw Fn-XymZn kZv ^e- A\p-`-hn-pw. GI-tZiw 24-26
hb-n `qan-kw-_--amb \w, Ae-k-X, kl-{]-h-I-cp-sStbm _p--fp-sStbm hntcm-[w,
m\-N-e-\w, amXm-hn\v tZl-kp-J-lm\n XpS-n-bh `hnpw. sXmgn-en AXn-bmb Xm]cyw
{]Zin-n-p-I-bpw, DX DtZym-K--cpsS bpw A[n-Im-c-m-\--fn-en-cn-p--h-cp-sSbpw A`n-\-\w
]nSnp-]-p-Ibpw sNpw. kqcy\v A\n--m-\-n-Xn-bp-s-n i{Xp-`-bw, \ncm-i, amXm-]n-Xm--
v Zpcn-Xw, [\-\m-iw, ktlm-Z-c-t-iw, kmtIm]w Fn-XymZn Zpcn-X-^-e- hp `hn-m-hp-
-Xm-Wv.
29 1/2 hb-papX 39 1/2 hb-phsc N{-Z-i. amXr-ku-Jyw, hnhm-lw, m\-e-_v[n, Krl-em-`w,
sFizcyw Fo-Kp-Wm-\p-`-h- A\p-`-h-s-Sp Ime-am-Wn-Xv. IpSpw-_-hoSv ]pXp-n--Wn-bpw. IqSp-
X Irjn-`qan (hb) kz-am-p-I-tbm, Irjn-bn Xm]cyw {]Zin-n-p-Itbm sNpw. 31-33
hb-n CSn Imv apX-emb {]Ir-Xn-tIm]w sImv Irjn-bnepw IpSpw-_-n\pw \mi-\- kw`-
hn-mw. [-tZ-hXm t{Xw ]p\-cp-o-hn-n-pw. IpSpw-_-tZ-h-X-I-sfbpw tZhn-sbbpw {]oXn-s-Sp-
pw. ]nXr-I- \njvT-tbmsS A\p-jvTn-pw. BNm-c-v th{X {]m[m\yw sImSp-pw.
A-bpsS B{K-l- ]qo-I-cn-pw. Cm-ev kpJ-I-c-amb IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw {]Xo-n-mw.
a\-n-\n-W-nb `mcy-tbm-sSmv P\n IpSp-_-n Xs Xma-kn-p-I-bpw, _p-sf Hsm-cp-
a-tbmsS \bn-p-Ibpw sNpw. kp-cnbpw Ima-io-ebpw a\-n-\n-W-n-b-hfpw Bb `mcy-tbm-sSmv
cmP-Xpeyw Pohn-pw. Abpw `mcybpw Xn Nne A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k- DSse-Sp-t-mw,
Fm PmX-I A-bpsS ]w ]nSn-p-Ibpw `mcysb kmz-\n-n-p-Ibpw sNpw. As\
{]iv\- ]cn-lr-X-am-Ipw. Fm N{ _e-lo-\\pw ]m]-bp-\pw BsW-n m\-{`w-iw,
[\-\m-iw, amXr-ZpxJw Fnh A\p-`-h-s-Spw.
39 1/2 hb-papX 46 1/2 hb-phsc sNmm-Z-i. Cm-ev [\m-`n-hr-n-bp-m-Ip-sa-nepw
BtcmKyw A{X sa-am-bn-cn-n-. ktlm-Z-c-m-cp-ambn Ie-ln-pw. Xm F{X-tmfw ktlm-Zco
ktlm-Z-c-mmbn {]b-Xv\n-pthm AXn\-\p-kr-X-amb \ntbm {]Xyp-]-Im-ctam Ah ImWn-n-.
IpSpw-_-n Ie-l- Dm-hp-Ibpw P\n IpSpw_-n \npw amdn Xma-kn-p-Ibpw sNpw.
sXmgn-en IqSp-X {i tI{o-I-cn-pw. Xs Ign-hp-Iv A\p-k-cn-v, X\nv Al-X-bp-{X
D-X-amb sXmgn A Inn-bXv F tXm-ep-m-Ipw. Fn-cn-nepw sXmgn-en Zn\w-{]Xn A`yp-
-Xnbpw kmayhpw hn-pw. ka-b-\n-jvTbpw {]hr-n-I-fn IrXy-\n-jvTbpw ]men-pw. Bbp-
[w, An, I-m, Fn-h-cn \np D]-{Z-h--fpw, kv{Xokw-_--amb Ie-l-hpw, A]-hm-Zhpw
{]Xo-n-m-hp--Xm-Wv. ]\n, lrZ-b-kw-_--amb Akp-J-, An-kw-_--amb Akp-J-
Fn-s\ \nc-h[n tcmKmZn {]bm-k- Dm-Im-hp--Xm-Wv. Fn-cn-nepw `qan-em-`w, DtZym-K-hn-P-
bw, ]pWy--e-k-i\w CXymZn KpW-^-e- A\p-`-h-am-Ipw. kz-ambn hosS-Sp-m Bcw-`n-
p-Itbm, AYhm hmS-I-ho-n-tev (tImt-gvkn-tev) amdn-Xm-a-kn-p-Itbm sNpw. sXmgn-entem
DtZym-K-ntem ASn--Sn-bp amyw, ASn--Sn-bp B]-p-I Fn-hbpw A\p-`-h-s-Smhp--Xm-
Wv. DZ-c-tcmKw Dm-Imw. Fn-cn-nepw Imcy-hn-P-bw, If-{X-kp-Jw, Ion, A[n-Imcw Fo KpWm-
 4

\p-`-h- PmX-I\v kzX-kn--am-Wv. Bpw Iog-S-p-I-bn-. A`n-am-\-t_m[w {]Zin-n-p-bpw,

_lp-am-\yX Imp-kq-n-p-Ibpw sNpw. GI-tZiw 44-45 hb-n `mcy-v Xosm-, CSn-an-
Fn-h-sIm-p `bw A\p-`-h-s-Sm-hp--Xm-Wv. `mcysb ]p{Xn-sb--t]mse kwc-n-pw,
kvt\ln-pw. kvt\l-io-e-s\-n-epw, tZjy-m-c-\mWv A Fp a A`n-{]m-b-s-Spw. hnP-b-I-c-
amb IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw \bn-pw. ]nip- Fp t]cp tIpw, Fm kXv Imcy-mbn
ssI-bp kw`m-h\ \Ipw, {]b-Xv\n-pw. I-]p-nbpw Hu-Xyhpw knn-pw. ]nSn-hm-in-m-
c, \nb-a--fn \npw ISp-InS hyXn-N-en-m--h, Zpm-in-m-c, Ak-Xy-n\v Iqp-\nm-
-h Fn-XymZn hnti-j-v ]m{Xo-`q-X-\m-Ipw. hoSp-]Wn ]qn-bm-m Ime-Xm-akw t\cn-
Spw. IpSp-_-ho-n \npw Xmakw amn-b-Xp-ap-X Gsd-mew ]Wn-]qn-bm-m hoSp-I-fn
Xma-kn-m-\mWv tbmKw. Zpm--fn-eqsS [\w km-Zn-m apXn-cp-I-bn F-Xn-\m Fn-
p Aw t]mse IrXy-ambn e`n-p hcp-am\w sImv Fm Imcy-fpw \nhr-n-t--Xmbn
hcpw. Ipn-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-kw, Pohn-X-s-e-hp-I, Krtlm-]-I-c-W-, sNe-hp-I F{X-sb-{X. Ch-
bvn-S-bn hoSp]Wn ]qn-bm-pI FXv \op \op t]mIpw. AYhm hoSp-I-fn \nv hoSp-
I-fn-tev amdn Xma-kn-pw.
46 1/2 hb-papX 64 1/2 hb-phsc cmlpZ-i. kpJ-lm-\nbpw m\-{`w-ihpw \oN-m-cn
\np D]-{Z-hhpw Cm-ev A\p-`-h-am-Ipw. sXmgn-ev i{Xp-X-I hn-pw. Fm
i{Xp- t]mepw t\cnv FXn-cn-Sm ss[cy-s-Sp-I-bn-. Fn-cn-nepw t{ijvT--fmb sFiz-cy-]-Z-
hn-I ssIh-cpw. cmlp-hn\v C-m-\-n-Xnbps-n km-n-I-t\--fpw m\-am-\-fpw
{]Xo-n-mw. Fm Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\- Nne-sXmw Ae-n-sm-n-cn-pw. km-\--fpsS
hnhmlw \S-pw, AYhm _p-P-\--pth-n hnhm-l-kw-_--amb Npa-X-e-I-fn ]p-sIm-
pw. am\yX hn-pw. Krl-ku-Jy-hpw, `mcym-ku-Jy-hpw, km-\-ku-Jyhpw knn-pw.
Ionbpw m\m-`n-hr-nbpw Dm-Ipw. t{X-Im-cy--fn Xm]cyw {]Zin-n-pw. In-n-I-
fn sk{I-dn apX-emb ]Z-hn-I Gs-Sp-pw. Ftmgpw Xnc-smSp Xncv Fm AXn-\-\p-k-cn
hcp-am\w C Fn--s\, IrjnsXm-gn--s]m-Xp-mcyw Fn-s\ ]e-hn[ hnj-b--fn {i-sN-
ep-pw. {]j hn-pItbm Ipd-bp-Itbm sNmw. sSj IqSpw. \mUo-kw-_--amb Akp-J-
fpw A\p-`-h-s-Sm-hp--Xm-Wv. GI-tZiw 6264 hb-n lmv Amv Dm-tbmw.
64 1/2 hb-papX 80 1/2 hb-phsc hymg-Z-i. s]mXpsh imhpw ktm-j-]qW-hp-amb
PohnXw \bn-pw. hymg-Z-i-bpsS BZy-]-IpXn \m-bn-cn-pw, cmw ]IpXn arXyp-{]-Z-am-Wv. hymg-Z-i-
bn k-Im-cy--fnepw hnP-bw, km-\--fpsS hnhm-lw, Zm-Xy-ku-Jyw, Fn-XymZn kZ-\p-`-h-
Dm-bn-cn-pw. `mcyv DZ-c-kw-_--amb Btcym-Ky-{]-iv\- A\p-`-h-s-Smw. Cuizc-tk-h-
bnepw ]pcm-W-{i-h-Wm-Zn-I-fnepw IqSp-X Xm]cyw {]Zin-n-pw. GI-tZiw 6566 hb-ntem
AYhm 76-78 hb-ntem arXyp-`-hn-pw. lrZ-bm-Lm-Xw, {]j, Iymk, A]-ISw Fn-XymZn Imc-
W--fm-te-sX-nepw Dm-Ip s]s-p arXyp-hmWv Dm-hp-I. I- A\p-jvTn-p-Xop
F Xr]vXn-tbm-sS-bp-, Pohn-Xm-kn \ne-\np Ime-p-X-s-bp-, kaq-l-{]-Xn-_--
Xbp AizXn-\--{X-Pm-Xs acWw kaqlw Iptd-\m-sf-nepw a\-n kqn-pw. km-\-
v B Pohn-Xhpw hyn-Xzhpw A`n-\--\obamb Hcp amXr-I-bm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw.
]mZ-^ehpw Iqdp-tZmjhpw
Aiz-Xn-bpsS Hmw ]mZ-n P\n-p--hv 3 hb-p-hsc Imew \-. arXyp-tZmjw
t]mepw kw`-hn-mw. AizXn Hmw ]mZn\v Km--tZm-j-ap-v. AXn-\m Cu \-{X-]m-Z-
n cm{Xn P\n-m 16 hb-n-\p-n A acn-p-t]m-Ipw, kypP\n-m 16 hb-n-\p-n
Xm acn-p-t]m-Ipw, ]I P\n-m 16 hb-n-\p-n A acn-p-t]mIpw. taS-ew IqSn tbmPn-
p-h-m Cu tZm-j-^ew \n-b-ambpw kw`-hnpw. {Iucyhpw [oc-Xbpw Zphm-inbpw D-h-\m-
Ipw. A\y-mv A\n-s sNpw. Nne-tm aZy-]m-\n-bm-Ipw. {]mtbW BtcmKyw Ipd--h-cpw,
aptIm-]n-I-fpw, h-I-m-cp-am-bn-cn-pw. Ifhp ]d-bm\pw {]hn-m\pw Chv {]tXyI hmk-\-
bp-m-bn-cn-pw. Hpw Bm-X-bp-m-b-cn-n-. Km--n P\n-p--h-cpsS PmX-I-n
ku`m-Ky-e--W- {]_-e-ambn Dm-bn-cp-m t]mepw A\p-`-h-kpJw Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-
pw. IpSpw-_-n\pw amXm-]n-Xm-pw Ch ti-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-cn-pw. Km--tZm-j-ap--h
amXm-]nXm--m-tfbpw IpSpw-_-sbpw th]n-cnp Xma-kn-p--Xm-bmWv Ip-h-cp--Xv. AizXn
BZy-\-hm-i-n P\n-p--h-cpsS apJ-n\v BSns apJ-tmSv kmZriyw Dm-bn-cn-pw. sNdnb
 5

aqpw ssIIfpw A]w AS-n-cn-p Ip-Ifpw NS ico-c-{]-Ir-Xnbpw Ch-cpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-

fm-Wv. hmNm-e\pw kv{XoPn-X\pw [mcm-fnbpw Bbn-cn-pw. kmap-{Zn-I-e--W-{]-Imcw apXp-In Npgn
Dv Fp hcmw.
cmw ]mZ-n P\n-pXv ip`-I-c-am-Wv. Fnepw At\z-jW X]-c-Xbpw kmayhpw
{]I-Sn-n-p--h-cpw, Iem-t{]-an-I-fpw, AXnYn km-c-{]n-b\pw Bbn-cnpw. XymKioe\pw, _p-
kvt\-ln-bpw, Krl-[m-\y-k--p--fp--h-\pw, hnZy-bp--h\pw, `mKy-hm-\pw Bbn-cn-pw. \
BtcmKyw Dm-bn-cn-pw. \o aqpw, I\w Ipd Imep-I-fpw, Zp-e-amb Ah-bh kn-I-fpw,
]Xp-s-bp hmpw Ch-cpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv.
Aiz-Xn-bpsS aqmw ]mZ-n P\n-p-hv aqe-tcmKw Dm-Im-hp--Xm-Wv. Fn-cn-nepw
ip`-I-c-amb \-{X-]m-Z-amWv CXv. {]k-X, Imhy-{]n-bXzw, k`m-jWw Fn-h-sbmw Ch-cpsS
{]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv. kp-c\pw, _p-v {]nb-s--h-\pw, Krl-[-\m-Zn-I-fp--h\pw BWv. km
tPmen Dm-bn-cn-pw. Ijn Dm-hm kmy-X-bp-v. H-a-m ssII-fpw, hmIv kmyhpw
Ch-cpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. XpSbpw Imappw IW-mepw kam-t\y\ Zp-e--fm-bn-cn-pw. apJ-
ku-cyw Dmbn-cn-pw.
Aiz-Xn-bpsS \memw ]mZn P\n--h kv{XoI-fn Aan-X-Xm]cyw {]Zin-n-pw. Fn-cn-
nepw Cu ]mZhpw ip`-Icw Xs. kXy\njvT, ssZh-`-n, \oXn-t_m-[w, DZm-cX Fn-h-sbmw
Ch-cpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fmWv. hnim-e-a-\-kvI-Xbpw BIm-c-`w-Knbpw Adnhpw Dm-bn-cn-pw.
s]mcp-w
AizXn \-{X-Pm-Xv, In-q-dn ]nd--h-cp-am-bp hym]m-cm-Zn-Ifpw sImSp- hm-ep-Ifpw
Ie-l-n Iem-in-pw. Fn-cn-nepw Aiz-Xn-\--{X-n ]nd ]pcp-j-m In-q-dn ]nd--
s]Ip-n-Isf hnhmlw Ign-p-Xv tZmj-I-c-a-. Fm AizXn \{X-n ]nd ]pcp-j
hrn-I-q-dn ]nd kv{Xosb hnhmlw Ign-m ]mSn-. Ie-lhpw hntcm-[hpw ac-Whpw Dm-
p jjvTmaw F tZmjw Dm-I-bm-, AXv Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-n\v Hpw
klm-b-I-am-bn-cn-n.