Académique Documents
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Culture Documents
October 2014
PIP STC01018
Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria
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In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
PUBLISHING HISTORY
March 2001 Issued
October 2006 Complete Revision
October 2014 Complete Revision
PIP STC01018
Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria
Table of Contents
1. Introduction............................. 2 4.4 Ancillary Items ............................ 21
1.1 Purpose ........................................ 2 4.4.1 Blast Doors............................. 21
1.2 Scope ............................................ 2 4.4.2 Windows................................. 22
4.4.3 Openings ................................ 22
4.4.4 Penetrations ........................... 22
2. References .............................. 2 4.4.5 Suspended Items ................... 22
2.1 Process Industry Practices ........... 2 4.4.6 Externally Mounted Items ....... 23
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ..... 2 4.4.7 Equipment and Internally
2.3 Other References ......................... 3 Mounted Items ....................... 23
3. Definitions ............................... 4
Appendix A: Commentary
4. Requirements.......................... 5
4.1 General Responsibilities ............... 5 Data Forms
4.1.1 Documentation Furnished STC01018-D - Blast Resistant Building
by Owner ................................. 5 Design Requirements (U.S. Customary
4.1.2 Engineer-of-Records Units)
Responsibilities........................ 5
4.2 Design Parameters ....................... 6 STC01018-DM - Blast Resistant Building
4.2.1 Building Performance .............. 6 Design Requirements (SI Units)
4.2.2 Building Configuration ............. 6
4.2.3 Blast Loads .............................. 7
4.2.4 Construction and Materials ...... 8
4.2.5 Material Properties .................. 8
4.3 Structural Design ........................ 11
4.3.1 General .................................. 11
4.3.2 Load Combinations ................ 11
4.3.3 Analysis Methods .................. 11
4.3.4 Deformation Limits ................. 13
4.3.5 Component Design ................ 16
4.3.6 Structural-Framing Design ..... 19
4.3.7 Foundation Design ................ 19
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1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides structural design criteria for blast resistant buildings.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes the minimum requirements for the design of permanent (non-
temporary) blast resistant buildings including requirements for selection of structural
systems, analysis methods, and design of ancillary items such as doors and openings.
This Practice also contains design criteria for non-structural items (e.g., suspended
architectural or electrical items, HVAC ductwork, etc.) that could pose a hazard to
the occupants of blast resistant buildings.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall
be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract
award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.
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ACI 318M-11 - Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary (Metric)
ACI 530/530.1 - Building Code Requirements and Specification for Masonry
Structures
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
AISC 360 - Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
AISI S100 / AISI S100-C - North American Specification for the Design of
Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members and Commentary
ASTM International (ASTM)
ASTM A36/A36M - Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A276 - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
ASTM A514/A514M - Standard Specification for High-Yield-Strength,
Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding
3. Definitions
angle of incidence: The angle between the direction of the blast wave travel and a line
perpendicular to the surface of a structure at the point of interest
blast loads: The transient dynamic loads from the blast effects of an explosion, usually stated
in terms of peak pressure and impulse or duration
Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF): A multiplier applied to the static strength of a material to reflect
the increased effective strength due to fast strain rates caused by rapidly applied blast loads
duration: The length of time from start of the initial positive phase of the blast pressure to the
return to ambient pressure
dynamic reaction: The support reaction of a structural component to the dynamic blast
loading, taking into account inertia effects
fragment resistant: The resistance to high-speed fragments that result from the breakup of
equipment or structures that are close to the explosion source
impulse: A measure used, along with the peak blast pressure, to define the ability of a blast
wave to do damage. Impulse is calculated as the integrated area under the positive pressure
versus duration curve and is shown in units of psi-ms (MPa-ms).
negative phase: The portion of the pressure-time history typically following the positive
(overpressure) phase in which the pressure is below ambient pressure (suction)
owner: Party who has authority through ownership, lease, or other legal agreement over the
site wherein the blast resistant building will be used.
positive phase: The portion of the pressure-time history in which the pressure is above
ambient pressure
rebound: The deformation in the direction opposing the initial blast pressure. This occurs
after a component has reached a peak deformation and returns in the direction of its initial
position.
reflected pressure: The rise in pressure above ambient produced by a shock wave or pressure
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response range: The degree of structural damage permitted for blast resistant buildings
side-on pressure: The rise in pressure above ambient produced by a blast wave sweeping
unimpeded across any surface (walls or roof) not facing the blast source
Strength Increase Factor (SIF): A multiplier applied to the nominal strength properties of a
material to reflect its actual strength above minimum specified values
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support rotation: The angle formed between the axis of a member loaded between its
endpoints and a straight line between one endpoint and the point of maximum deflection.
This value is a key measure of dynamic response.
ultimate capacity: The load applied to a structural element as the final plastic hinge, or
collapse mechanism is formed
4. Requirements
4.1 General Responsibilities
4.1.1 Documentation Furnished by Owner
4.1.1.1 Data for each facility (building or project) shall be specified by the
owner in the PIP STC01018-D or PIP STC01018-DM data sheet
included with this Practice and provided to the engineer-of-record as
a part of the job or project specifications.
4.1.1.2 The following blast design requirements information shall be
included in the data sheet:
a. Building performance requirements and acceptable response
range (low, medium, or high) (see Section 4.3.4.3, this Practice)
b. Performance categories (I - IV) for blast resistant doors (see Table
10, this Practice)
c. Blast loads specified as peak side-on positive pressure with
corresponding impulse or duration at the building (see
Section 4.2.3, this Practice)
4.1.2 Engineer-of-Records Responsibilities
4.1.2.1 ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings, Section 1.4 and Figure
1.1, delineate information to be provided by the owner and tasks to
be performed by the engineer-of-record. Items with overlapping
responsibility in the flowchart (see Appendix A, Figure A-2, this
Practice) shall be the ultimate responsibility of the engineer-of-
record.
4.1.2.2 The engineer-of-record shall be responsible for producing a design
using sound engineering principles that meet the requirements of this
Practice.
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4.2.4.5 Fragment Resistance
If fragment resistance is required in accordance with the
PIP STC01018-D or PIP STC01018-DM data sheet, reinforced
concrete or fully grouted reinforced masonry of appropriate strength
and thickness shall be used as cladding.
4.2.5 Material Properties
4.2.5.1 Dynamic Material Strength
Dynamic capacity of any structural element shall be determined in
accordance with plastic or load resistance factor design for structural
steel, and the ultimate strength design method for reinforced concrete
or reinforced concrete masonry, as provided by AISC 360, ACI 318 /
ACI 318M, and ACI 530/530.1 respectively, with the following
additions.
1. Dynamic yield stress, Fdy, shall be calculated as follows:
Fdy = Fy * SIF * DIF
where:
Fdy = Steel dynamic yield strength, concrete dynamic
compressive strength, or masonry dynamic compressive
strength
Fy = specified steel yield stress, concrete compressive yield
stress, or masonry compressive yield stress
DIF = dynamic increase factor
SIF = strength increase factor
2. Dynamic design stress, Fds, used to calculate the dynamic
capacity of structural components shall be in accordance with
Tables 1 and 2, this Practice, for structural steel and reinforcing
steel, respectively.
Structural Material SI F
Structural Steel - Yield Strength of 345 MPa (50 ksi) or Less 1.1
Concrete-Reinforcing Steel of Grade 60 (420 MPa) 1.1
Prestressed Reinforcement 1.0
Cold-Formed Steel Cladding Panels:
- Yield Strength of 228 MPa (33 ksi) or Less 1.2
- Yield Strength of 345 MPa (50 ksi) or More 1.1
Concrete and Masonry 1.0
Other Materials 1.0
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DIF
Stress Type Reinforcing Bars Concrete Masonry
(Fdy/Fy) (Fdu/Fu) (fdc/fc) (fdm/fm)
Flexure 1.17 1.05 1.19 1.19
Compression 1.10 1.00 1.12 1.12
Diagonal Tension 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Direct Shear 1.10 1.00 1.10 1.00
Bond 1.17 1.05 1.00 1.00
Where:
Fdy = dynamic yield strength of reinforcing bars
Fy = yield strength of reinforcing bars
Fdu = dynamic ultimate strength of reinforcing bars
Fu = ultimate strength of reinforcing bars
fdc = dynamic concrete strength
fc = concrete strength
fdm = dynamic masonry strength
fm = masonry strength
Table 5. Dynamic Increase Factors for Steel and Aluminum
DIF
Yield Stress Ultimate
Material Bending/ Tension/ Stress
Shear Compression
(Fdy/Fy) (Fdy/Fy) (Fdu/Fu)
ASTM A36/A36M 1.29 1.19 1.10
ASTM A572/A572M
ASTM A588/A588M 1.19 1.12 1.05
ASTM A992/A992M
ASTM A514/A514M 1.09 1.05 1.00
ASTM A653/A653M 1.10 1.10 1.00
Prestressed Reinforcement 1.00 1.00 1.00
Stainless Steel ASTM A276 1.18 1.15 1.00
Aluminum Alloy ASTM 1.02 1.00 1.00
B308/B308M
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U(t) = total applied time dependent load or its effect
D = static dead load
B(t) = time dependent blast load or its effect (horizontal and
vertical)
L = conventional static live load
a = reduction factor applied to conventional live loads to reflect the
portion of live load expected to occur simultaneously with the
blast load. Zero shall be used for the reduction factor if doing
so will result in a more severe condition.
4.3.2.2 The blast load combination shall consider either the direct loads or
their effects.
4.3.2.3 In combining blast load effects with those from static dead and live
loads, the time dependence of the blast loading shall be considered.
4.3.2.4 Wind, seismic, rain, and snow loads shall not be combined with blast
loading.
4.3.2.5 Rebound effects shall be calculated and combined with the effects of
negative phase blast loads, if any, based on time dependent response.
4.3.2.6 Ultimate strength design method shall be used with a load factor of
1.0 for dead, live, and blast loads in the blast load combination.
4.3.3 Analysis Methods
4.3.3.1 General
1. Analysis methods appropriate for the specific blast design shall
be used.
Comment: The degree of complexity of the structural
representation and analyses can vary considerably,
depending on the effort required to achieve a safe,
economical design. Except for the blast load
determination, each of the following methods could
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ultimate resistance of the supported members exposed to the blast pressure. See
ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings for additional details.
5. Sidesway limits for moment-resisting structural steel frames: low = (height)/50, medium
= (height)/35, high = (height)/25.
6. Panels must be attached on both ends with screws or spot welds.
7. Panels are not attached on both ends (for example standing seam roof panels).
8. Steel plate criteria can also be applied to corrugated (crimped) plates if local buckling
and other response modes are accounted for in the analysis.
9. Light gage refers to material which is less than 0.125 inches (3 mm) thick.
1
Table 8. Deformation Limits for Reinforced Concrete
2
Response Range
Element Type Low Medium High
Beams, Slabs, & Wall Panels
1 2 5
(no shear reinforcement)
Beams, Slabs, & Wall Panels
(compression face steel
reinforcement and shear 2 4 6
reinforcement in maximum
moment areas)
Walls, Slabs, and Columns
5 5
(in flexure & axial compression 1 2 2
3
load)
Walls & Diaphragms 3 3 3
Components (shear control,
1.3 1.3 1.3
without shear reinforcement)
Components (shear control, with
1.6 1.6 1.6
shear reinforcement)
4
Prestressed Concrete (wp 0.15) 1 1 2
Prestressed Concrete 0.25/ 0.29/
1 1 1.5
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4
(0.15 < wp < 0.3) wp wp
Notes:
1. Response limits are for components responding primarily in flexure unless otherwise
noted.
2. Response parameter: = ductility ratio, = support rotation (degrees).
3. Applicable when the axial compressive load is more than 20% of the dynamic axial
capacity of the member. Axial compression should be based on the ultimate resistance
of the supported members exposed to the blast pressure. See ASCE Design of Blast-
Resistant Buildings for additional details.
4. The reinforcement index, wp = (Aps / b dp) * (fps / fc)
Where,
Aps = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone
b = the member width
dp = the depth to center of prestressing steel
fps = calculated stress in prestressing steel at design load
fc = the concrete compressive strength
5. A support rotation of 4 degrees is allowed for components that have compression face
steel reinforcement and shear reinforcement in maximum moment areas.
1
Table 9. Deformation Limits for Reinforced Masonry
2
Response Range
Element Type Low Medium High
Reinforced Masonry 1 2 5
Walls & Diaphragms 3 3 3
Components (shear control,
1.3 1.3 1.3
without shear reinforcement)
Components (shear control, with
1.6 1.6 1.6
shear reinforcement)
Notes:
1. Response limits are for components responding primarily in flexure unless otherwise
noted.
2. Response parameter: = ductility ratio, = support rotation (degrees).
foundations.
4. Based on the results of the dynamic analysis, it shall be
determined whether the predicted maximum response is
acceptable for the permissible damage level of the building.
4.4.1.3 In buildings large enough to require more than one egress door in
accordance with local building codes, at least two doors shall be
designated as egress doors for the purpose of limiting the damage to
these doors if subjected to blast loads.
4.4.1.4 Designated egress doors shall not be located on the same side of the
building.
4.4.1.5 Doors, door-frames, and door hardware shall be designed for the
performance criteria and applied blast loads in accordance with the
PIP STC01018-D or PIP STC01018-DM data sheet.
4.4.1.6 Doors shall be outward opening and shall seat against the frame in
response to the positive phase blast wave.
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4.4.1.7 Blast door manufacturers calculations or test data shall be provided
to verify adequate blast resistance and door performance for the
design load conditions.
4.4.1.8 Manually operated exit doors shall meet the requirements of the local
building codes for the maximum opening force.
4.4.1.9 Power-operated doors shall be used for exit doors that exceed the
maximum opening force.
4.4.1.10 Reinforced conventional fire-rated metal doors can be used if
substantiated with a design calculation or with test data to verify
adequate blast resistance and door performance for the design load
condition.
4.4.2 Windows
4.4.2.1 Windows normally shall not be used in blast resistant buildings.
4.4.2.2 If windows are required, they shall be designed to provide protection
in response to the applied blast load consistent with the overall
building performance requirements specified in the contract
documents.
4.4.2.3 The design shall include the window frames and anchorage.
4.4.2.4 Properly designed laminated glass, tempered glass in accordance
with ASTM C1048, and polycarbonates shall be permitted for use in
windows.
4.4.2.5 Performance of window products shall be substantiated by design
and or test data.
4.4.3 Openings
4.4.3.1 Openings in the building envelope, such as intake ducts, shall be
designed to prevent entry of excessive blast pressures.
4.4.3.2 Blast valves, blast attenuators, or other devices shall be used to limit
excessive blast pressure entry into the structure.
4.4.3.3 Performance of the blast valve or attenuator shall be substantiated by
test data and/or calculations.
4.4.3.4 Blast valves shall be provided for openings greater than 150 inch2
(1000 cm2) in any surface in which the peak applied pressure is
greater than 10 psi (0.07 MPa).
4.4.3.5 Blast attenuators can be used for openings greater than 150 inch2
(1000 cm2) in any surface if the peak applied pressure is greater than
5 psi (0.035 MPa).
4.4.4 Penetrations
4.4.4.1 Wall and roof penetrations in reinforced concrete and masonry shall
be sleeved.
4.4.4.2 Sleeves shall be anchored with a minimum of two each 1/2-inch
diameter by 4-inch (12-mm diameter x 100-mm) long headed studs.
4.4.4.3 Penetrations in metal-clad structures shall be anchored with
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Table of Contents
A-1 Introduction......................... A-2
A-1.1 Purpose ................................. A-2
A-1.2 Scope .................................... A-2
A-1 Introduction
A-1.1 Purpose
PIP STC01018 focuses on the structural design of blast resistant buildings to be
performed by a structural engineering professional (engineer-of-record). It is
expected that the requirements for the conventional and the non-structural
(architectural, electrical, HVAC, etc.) designs of such buildings will be covered
separately by the owner.
This commentary to PIP STC01018 provides additional information regarding the
selection and application of the blast design requirements. The commentary is not a
part of the design requirements but is intended to assist the owner and engineer-of-
record in applying the criteria during the course of the design.
A-1.2 Scope
PIP STC01018 is meant to cover new facilities if the owner invokes it. It does not
specifically address existing facilities; however, the methods discussed are applicable
to analysis of existing buildings and the design of retrofits for such buildings. The
engineer-of-record should refer to the ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings for
specific guidance on analysis of existing facilities.
Some buildings may not require design for blast for a variety of reasons, including
negligible blast loads levels or non-essential functions, or they may not be occupied
according to the owners occupancy criteria. The owner should determine whether
blast design is required for each facility and specify this in the project or job
specifications.
A common issue related to design of structures at petrochemical facilities is the lower
limit of overpressure below which blast resistant design is not required. Many
companies have cutoffs ranging from 0.5 psi (3.4 kPa) to 1.0 psi (6.9 kPa) side-on
overpressure. This load level will produce damage to conventional buildings, with
damage ranging from cosmetic to moderate requiring repair for continued use.
The most rational approach is to design each building at a site for the predicted blast
load developed in hazard analysis studies. However, this may not always be practical,
in which case an acceptable lower bound overpressure level must be established for
conventional construction below which blast design need not be considered.
Building occupancy may be used in determining the need for blast resistance in new
or existing buildings. Although addressed in other industry guidelines such as API
RP 752 (commentary reference 1), PIP STC01018 does not cover occupancy criteria.
Application of PIP STC01018 for blast design may be influenced by future plant or
process unit development. A building may be at risk at some point in the future if a
process unit is modified or if a new unit is added that can produce higher
overpressures at a given structure. A master plan for facility siting is highly desirable
to address this issue.
A-2 References
PIP STC01018 is based primarily on the design methods and procedures provided in
ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings. However, other similar references and guidelines
may be used. There are a number of other applicable references for design of blast resistant
structures, including those developed for U.S. Department of Defense purposes. One of the
most widely used of these references, UFC 3-340-02, is also applicable to petrochemical
facilities. However, the ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings is a how to document,
which covers all aspects of blast design for buildings at petrochemical plants.
This commentary lists additional references relevant to blast resistant design that are not
included in the References Section of PIP STC01018:
12. Standard Specifications, Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Joist
Girders, Steel Joist Institute.
13. Structural Welding Code - Steel, AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2010, American Welding Society.
14. Design of Structures to Resist the Effects of Atomic Weapons, Technical Manual 5-856-1-
9 (nine volumes), Department of the Army, Washington, DC, January 1960.
15. Overturning and Sliding Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Protective Structures,
Technical Publication 4921, U.S. Army Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, NJ, 1976.
A-3 Definitions
The terminology used in this Practice is consistent with ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant
Buildings and other blast design manuals such as UFC 3-340-02 and ASCE Manual No. 42
(commentary reference 2). Some differences in definitions, especially for symbols, may exist
in blast load prediction manuals. The engineer-of-record should verify any conflicting
definitions.
A-4 Requirements
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A-4.1 General Responsibilities
A-4.1.1 Documentation Furnished by Owner
In addition to the need for blast resistance, PIP STC01018 requires that the
owner provide certain data and requirements to the engineer-of-record
performing the design in accordance with the PIP STC01018-D or
PIP STC01018-DM data sheet.
A-4.1.2 Engineer-of-Records Responsibilities
The engineer-of-record is responsible for designing a structure that
provides protection in accordance with the response criteria based on the
building performance requirements provided by the owner or defined in
accordance with PIP STC01018. In situations for which a particular blast
protection requirement is not covered in PIP STC01018, conservative
design assumptions should be made to ensure safety. The owner should
cover topics or issues not addressed. The engineer-of-record should bring
items requiring clarification to the owners attention as soon as possible to
avoid project delays.
The PIP STC01018-D or PIP STC01018-DM data sheet should completely
describe the design criteria, blast loads, structural system, and ancillary
equipment. Material and section properties should be tabulated to aid in
future evaluation of alternate blast loads.
A-4.2 Design Parameters
A-4.2.1 Building Performance
The required building performance is an important consideration by the
owner in establishing the building response range under the design blast
conditions. The building response range may be a function of many factors
related to the acceptable risk for a given facility. A building response range
should be selected, on the basis of the building performance required, and
included in the PIP STC01018-D or PIP STC01018-DM data sheet. Such
building performance requirements may be developed on the basis of the
occupancy and function classification of the building as shown in PIP
STC01018, Table 6.
The owner should decide what philosophy is to be adopted in setting the
response range for evaluating and retrofitting existing buildings for blast
resistance. In some cases because it is normally much less costly to
incorporate blast resistance into a new facility than to retrofit a structure to
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D
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Stress
Fdu
Fds
Fdy
Es
Strain
Figure A-1. Yield, Ultimate, and Design Stresses
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Process Industry Practices Page A-11
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Provided by IHS under license with PIP Licensee=PDVSA - Los Teques site 6/9986712011, User=ORTIZ, HUMBERTO
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 11/09/2015 13:12:06 MST
PIP STC01018 COMPLETE REVISION
Blast Resistant Building Design Criteria October 2014
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Figure A-2. Overall Blast Resistant Design Process (from ASCE Design of Blast Resistant
Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities)
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The portion of live load to be applied in combination with blast load should be
determined by the engineer-of-record on the basis of the amount of load that could
reasonably be expected to occur at the same time as the blast load. This should
include snow loads, roof live loads, and floor loads. The full floor live load should
not normally be used because of the low probability of blast occurring during
application of the full floor live load. It is not normal practice to combine blast loads
with extreme environmental loads such as wind or earthquake. In rare situations, it
may be appropriate to analyze structural response for the blast load following
application of seismic loads (for example, where an earthquake causes damage to a
process unit, which leads to an explosion).
Most conventional design codes specify load factors to be applied to provide a factor
of safety in the design. These load factors are typically set at 1.0 for blast design
because a blast load is an extreme event.
A-4.3.3 Analysis Methods
A-4.3.3.2 Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) - Numerical Integration
The numerical integration method is the most commonly used method for
blast resistant design. This method allows most structural components to be
modeled as a single, spring-mass system, which greatly simplifies the
analysis of the time-history response. This method can be used to model
non-linear resistance functions and the differences in resistance in the
positive and rebound phases. The numerical integration method can also be
used to model complex pressure-time histories including negative pressure
effects.
The time-varying end reactions can be calculated using the SDOF method.
These reactions can then be applied to supporting members to model
component interaction. Special consideration needs to be given to selection
of the appropriate mass to be applied to supporting members, based on the
relative time to maximum response of the member being supported.
Additional guidance is given in ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings
and in commentary references 10 and 11 for modeling and analyzing the
response of structural components as SDOF systems.
Pressure-impulse (P-I) curves, denoting lines of constant damage
corresponding to a particular response limit, may be used to evaluate the
response of a structural component to a number of blast loads. This
approach is described in ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings and in
other references (e.g., commentary references 3, 4, and 6).
The two key parameters for evaluating structural response are support
rotation () and ductility ratio (). Support rotation is a function of the
maximum deflection to span ratio. Commentary Figure A-3 illustrates
support rotation for a simple beam.
Ductility ratio is a measure of the degree of plastic response. A ductility
ratio of 2 means than the maximum deflection is twice the deflection at the
elastic limit. Steel members can achieve relatively high ductility ratios if
buckling and shear modes of failure are prevented. The limits on
deformation provide some conservatism for these effects.
Ductility ratio is an appropriate criterion for steel members, but it is a less
reliable performance indicator for reinforced concrete components.
Concrete members tend to be very stiff, which produces a very low elastic
deflection. Therefore, small dynamic deflections can produce large
ductility ratios. Support rotation is a more reliable measure of performance
for concrete or masonry.
1
Xm
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acceptable for concrete design. However, compressive strengths greater
than 5,000 psi (35 Mpa) have not been adequately tested to assure proper
dynamic performance under blast load conditions.
Reinforcing steel greater than Grade 60 (420 Mpa) should not be permitted.
Bar sizes greater than #10 (32 mm) should not be permitted because of
decreased ductility for large bars. Use of a greater number of smaller bars
is preferred to decrease development length requirements.
Time phasing of the interaction equation may be used; however, because of
inaccuracies in load-time phasing and response, it is important to apply
some conservatism to the design.
Prestressed concrete members are typically limited to roof members only.
Prestressed components are typically designed for load application in one
direction and do not provide adequate rebound resistance. If permitted
these elements require special attention to insure that they have sufficient
non-prestressed reinforcement added to the compression zone to prevent
catastrophic failure during rebound or negative phase loading.
Additionally, careful attention to the design and selection of precast
concrete connections is required to ensure constructability and sufficient
strength to transfer forces through the connections. Because of the relative
lack of ductility of prestressed concrete, conservative response limits
should be established. UFC 3-340-02 provides guidance for the design of
prestressed concrete.
Analysis of frame sidesway should include analysis with and without blast
overpressure on the leeward side of the building. Normally, excluding this load will
produce the maximum response; however, in some cases the load applied to the
leeward side may produce the maximum response if it occurs in phase with the
rebound response. Accurate calculation of time of arrival for the blast wave is
important for this part of the analysis.
Dynamic analysis of sliding and overturning effects requires judgment on allowable
deformations. Some guidance is provided in Design of Structures to Resist the Effects
of Atomic Weapons and Overturning and Sliding Analysis of Reinforced Concrete
Protective Structures (commentary references 14 and 15, respectively). Vertical
movement on the order of 1 inch (25 mm) is considered acceptable, while lateral
movement as much as 2 inches (50 mm) may be acceptable. Using static methods, it
is normally possible to show an adequate resistance to overturning and sliding.
However, multi-story structures and buildings with a large aspect ratio floor plan may
require dynamic analysis to show acceptable response.
ASCE Design of Blast-Resistant Buildings, UFC 3-340-02, and other references (e.g.,
commentary references 10 and 11) provide guidance for modeling and calculating the
dynamic response of structural systems to blast loading.
A-4.3.7 Foundation Design
Analysis of explosion accident data has shown that foundation failure is rare because
of the inability of the supported structure to transfer the entire blast load to the
foundation. Also, foundation members are typically massive compared with
superstructures and provide greater resistance to blast loads than does the supported
building. Usually foundation components are simply designed statically for the
capacities of the structural components they support. However, if this proves to be
too conservative or costly, a more accurate dynamic analysis of the
structure/foundation system can be performed.
A-4.4.4 Penetrations
Pre-manufactured multi-cable transits (MCT) for use in blast resistant buildings have
a frame that is anchored into the concrete or masonry. Flexible collars are placed
around pipes running through the MCT and are clamped down to prevent leakage of
the blast pressure into the structure. MCTs are available in a variety of sizes.
A-4.4.5 Suspended Items
Light fixtures in suspended ceilings can produce a serious hazard to occupants during
a blast. Ceiling grids, unless seismically rated, will not support fluorescent light
ballasts and ventilation dampers. These items should be anchored to the roof framing
with heavy gauge wire or threaded rod. Any item weighing more than 10 pounds (5
kg) should be independently anchored.
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P1 P1, T1
Pressure
Pressure
T1 T3 T2 T4
Duration Duration
P2, T2 P2, T3
Load Shape A
Load Shape B
Direction of Blast
Building
Plan View
PERFORMANCE
BUILDING FACE WHERE
BLAST DOOR ID CATEGORY- SEE PIP
DOOR IS LOCATED
OR NO. STC01018, TABLE 10
(N, S, E, W)
(I, II, III, IV)
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OTHER REQUIREMENTS:
BLAST VALVES BLAST ATTENUATORS
OTHER REQUIREMENTS:
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P1 P1, T1
Pressure
Pressure
T1 T3 T2 T4
Duration Duration
P2, T2 P2, T3
Load Shape A
Load Shape B
Direction of Blast
Building
Plan View
PERFORMANCE
BUILDING FACE WHERE
BLAST DOOR ID CATEGORY- SEE PIP
DOOR IS LOCATED
OR NO. STC01018, TABLE 10
(N, S, E, W)
(I, II, III, IV)
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OTHER REQUIREMENTS:
BLAST VALVES BLAST ATTENUATORS
OTHER REQUIREMENTS:
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