Assignment- 5

1. (I&D 6.6) The heat transfer rate per unit width (normal to the page) u, T
from a longitudinal section, x 2 x1 , can be expressed as
'
q12 = h 12 (x 2 x1 )(Ts T ) , where h12 is the average coefficient for
the section of the length ( x 2 x1 ) . Consider laminar flow over a
x = x1
flat plate with a uniform temperature Ts. The spatial variation of x=0 x = x2
the local convection coefficient is of the form h x = Cx 1 / 2 , where C
is a constant
(a) Beginning with the convection rate equation in the form
dq = h x dx (Ts T ) , derive an expression for h12 in terms of C, x1 and x2.
(b) Derive an expression for h12 in terms of x1, x2, and the average
coefficients h 2 and h 2 , corresponding to lengths x1 and x2, respectively.

2. (I&D 6.9) If laminar flow is induced at the surface of a disk due to rotation about
its axis, the local convection coefficient is known to be a constant, h=C,
independent of radius. Consider conditions for which a disk of radius ro=100 mm
is rotating in stagnant air at T = 20 oC and a value of C = 20 W/m2-K is
maintained. If an embedded electric heater maintains a surface temperature of
Ts = 50oC, what is the local heat flux at the surface of the disk? What is the total
electric power requirement? What can you say about the nature of boundary layer
development on the disk?
V, T
o
3. (I&D 6.35) Forced air at T = 25 C and V = 10 m/s is used to cool
electronic elements on a circuit board. One such element is a chip,
4mm by 4mm, located 120mm from the leading edge of the board.
Experiments have revealed that flow over the board is disturbed by
the elements and that convection heat transfer is correlated by an
expression of the form. 120 mm
0.85 1/ 3
Nu x = 0.04 Re x Pr
Estimate the surface temperature of the chip if it is dissipating 30 mW.

4. (I&D 6.39). The defroster of an automobile functions by discharging warm air on

the inner surface of the windshield. To prevent condensation of water vapor on the
inner surface, the temperature of the air and the surface convection
( )
coefficient T ,i, h i must be large enough to maintain a surface temperature Ts,i
that is at least as high as the dew point (Ts,i Tdp ) . Consider a windshield of length
L= 800mm and thickness t= 6mm and driving conditions for which the vehicle
moves at a velocity of V=70 mph in ambient air at T ,o = 15 o C . From laboratory
experiments performed on a model of the vehicle, the average convection
coefficient on the outer surface of the windshield is known to be correlated by an
expression of the form Nu L = 0.030 Re 0L.8 Pr 1 / 3 , where ReLVL/. Properties of
the ambient air may be approximated as k=0.023 W/m-K, = 12.5 10 6 m 2 / s ,
 and Pr=0.71. If Tdp=10oC and T,i = 50oC, what is the smallest value of h i
required to prevent condensation on the inner surface?
5. (I&D 6.43) As a means of preventing ice formation on the wings of a small, private
aircraft, it is proposed that electric resistance heating elements be installed within
the wings. To determine representative power requirements, consider nominal
flight conditions for which the plane moves at 100 m/s in air that is at a
temperature of 23 oC and has properties of k = 0.022 W/m-K, Pr = 0.72, and
=16.3 10-6 m2/s. If the characteristic length of the airfoil is L = 2 m and wind
tunnel measurements indicate an average friction coefficient of C f = 0.0025 for
the nominal conditions, what is the average heat flux needed to maintain a surface
temperature of Ts=5oC?
6. (I&D 6.44) A circuit board with a dense distribution of integrated circuits (ICs) and
dimensions of 120 mm by 120 mm on a side is cooled by the parallel flow of
atmospheric air with a velocity of 2m/s. From wind tunnel tests under the same
flow conditions, the average frictional shear stress on the upper surface is
determined to be 0.0625 N/m2. What is the allowable power dissipation from the
upper surface of the board if the average surface temperature of the ICs must not
exceed the ambient air temperature by more than 25 oC? Evaluate the thermo
physical properties of air at 300 K.
7. (I&D 6.51) A simple scheme for desalination involves maintaining a thin film of
salt water on the lower surface of two large (infinite) parallel plates that are
slightly inclined (but can be assumed horizontal for all practical purposes) and
separated by a distance L. A slow, incompressible, laminar airflow exists between
the plates, such that the x velocity component is finite while the y and z
components are zero. Evaporation occurs from the liquid film on the lower
surface, which is maintained at an elevated temperature To, while condensation
occurs at the upper surface, which is maintained at a reduced temperature TL. The
corresponding molar concentrations of water vapor at the lower and upper
surfaces are designated as CA,0 and CA,L, respectively. The species concentration
and temperature may be assumed to be independent of x and z.
(a) Obtain an expression for the distribution of the water vapor molar
concentration CA(y) in the air. What is the mass rate of pure water production
per unit surface area? Express your results in terms of CA,0, CA,L, L, and the
vapor-air diffusion coefficient DAB. (Hint: start from the general species
transport equation and assume that flow is steady and fully developed
C A 2C A
( =0, = 0 )).
x x 2
(b) Obtain an expression for the rate at which heat must be supplied per unit
area to maintain the lower surface at T0. Express your result in terms of CA,0,
CA,L, T0, TL, L, DAB, ,hfg (the latent heat of vaporization of water), and the
thermal conductivity k. (Treat as fully developed as in part (a))
8. (I&D 6.57) On a cool in April a scantily clothed runner is known to lose heat at a
rate of 500 W because of convection to the surrounding air at T = 10oC. The
runners skin remains dry and at a temperature of Ts = 30oC. Three months later,
the runner is moving at the same speed, but the day is warm and humid with a
temperature of T = 30oC and a relative humidity of 60% and has a uniform
surface temperature of 35oC. Under both conditions constant air properties may be
taken as, = 1.6 x 10-5 m2/s, k = 0.026 W/m. K, Pr = 0.70, and DAB (water vapor-
air)-2.3 10-5 m2/s.
(a) What is the rate of water loss due to evaporation on the summer day?
(b) What is the total convective heat loss on the summer day?
9. (I&D 6.67) In the spring, concrete surfaces such as sidewalks and driveways
are sometimes very wet in the morning, even when it has not rained during the
night. Typical nighttime conditions are shown in the sketch.

''
a. Determine the heat fluxes associated with convection, q conv ,
" "
evaporation, q evap , and radiation exchange with the sky, q rad .
b. Do your calculations suggest why the concrete is wet instead of dry?
Explain briefly.
c. Is heat flowing from the liquid layer to the concrete? Or from the
concrete to the liquid layer? Determine the heat flux by conduction
into or out of the concrete.

10. (I&D 6.71) A successful California engineer has installed a circular hot tub in
his back yard and finds that for the typical operating conditions (T = 290 K,
relative humidity =0.3) water must be added at a rate of 0.001 kg/s in order
to maintain a fixed water level in the tub. If the tub is well insulated on its
sides and bottom and the temperature of the makeup water is equal to that of
the tub water, at what rate must electrical heaters supply energy to maintain
the tub water at 310 K?

11. (I&D 6.72) It is known that on clear nights the air temperature need not drop
below 0 oC before a thin layer of water on the ground will freeze. Consider
such a layer of water on a clear night for which the effective sky temperature
is 30 oC and the convection heat transfer coefficient due to wind motion is
h= 25 W/m2. K. The water may be assumed to have an emissivity of 1.0 and to
be insulated from the ground as far as conduction is concerned.

(a) Neglecting evaporation, determine the lowest temperature the air can
have without the water freezing.
(b) For the conditions given, estimate the mass transfer coefficient for
water evaporation hm(m/s).
(c) Accounting now for the effect of evaporation, what is the lowest
temperature the air can have without the water freezing? Assume the air to
be dry.