Slide 1: Hello everybody thanks for being here today.

We are group 9 which include

3 members....Our topic to day one of the most important issue that people have to
pay attention to ....(protect their life... j j do). That is environmental toxicology. Now
let's begin by the definition of environmental toxicology,
Our environment has been changing dramatically in recent decades. Important
factors contributing to the changes include a growing world population, global
warming, expanding industrialization, and advancing technology and economics.
Some other changes are worsening air and water pollution, mounting solid waste,
acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer, and so on. These changes have profound
impacts on the health and well-being of living organisms. -- lead vo nh ngha
lun
Slide 2:
Environmental toxicology is a rapidly expanding area of environmental science
concerned with understanding the adverse effects of chemicals, physical, and
biological agents on living organisms. Organisms are continually exposed to and
challenged by chemicals in our environmentcompounds in air, water, soil, and
food and finding scientifically sound answers to these very important questions is
what toxicologists do: which chemicals are dangerous, what are their environmental
and biological fates, how much exposure will cause harm, and what are the
deleterious effects exposure to a particular chemical exposure?
Environmental toxicology is concerned with the effects of toxins, whether purposely
applied (such as pesticides) or derived from industrial processes, on health and the
environment. Environmental toxicology is a multidisciplinary science involving many
widely diverse areas of study such as
. chemistry, the characterization of toxins;
. pharmacology, the mode of entry and distribution of toxins in the body;
. biochemistry, the metabolism and interaction of toxins with cell components;
. physiology, the effect of toxins on body organs;
. biology, the effect of toxins on the environment;
. genetics, the effect toxins can have on the reproductive system and on future
generations by altering genetic codes;
. epidemiology, the effect on the population as a whole of chronic exposure to small
quantities of suspected agents;
. law, regulation of the use or release into the environment of toxic substances; and
. economics, evaluation of the environmental cost vs. benefit of economic
development and the determination of trade-offs among economy, health, and the
environment.
Environmental toxicology is a multidisciplinary field of science concerned with the
study of the harmful effects of various chemical, biological and physical agents on
living organisms
The study of environmental toxicology thus focuses on how environmental
toxicants, through their interaction with humans, animals, and plants, influence the
health and welfare of these organisms.
To give you more specific idea about this topic.
Consider: Pollutant Cycles
It is somewhat artificial to consider air, water, and soil pollution separately because
their effects are interchangeable. Chemicals emitted into the air eventually combine
with rain or snow and settle down to become water and land pollutants. On the
other hand, volatile chemicals from soil or those that enter lakes and rivers
evaporate to become air pollutants. Pesticides sprayed on land are carried by the
wind to become transient air pollutants that eventually settle somewhere on land or
water. For discussion purposes, however, some systematic division appears to be
advisable. Although the problems of air pollution have been recognized for many
decades, they were once considered to be only of local significance, restricted to
industrial urban areas. With the current recognition of the destruction of
stratospheric ozone, the greenhouse effect, worldwide forest destruction, and the
acidification of lakes and coastal waters, air pollution assumes global significance.
We divided this talk into 3 parts: Air, Water and Soil Pollution
Slide 3: The 1st one is air pollution
Slide 4: Air pollution is generally defined as the presence of substances in air at
such concentrations, duration, and frequencies that it causes negative effects on
the health of living organisms and the environment
Many of the rapidly growing cities in the world are experiencing growing air
pollution problems. Serious concerns have been voiced about the health hazards of
air pollution in a number of less-developed countries
Indias major cities are reportedly among the most polluted in the world, with
concentrations of several air pollutants well above the levels recommended by the
World Health Organization (WHO) (pics)
Air pollution is the introduction of harmful substances including particulates and
biological molecules into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies or
death in humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals
and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment.
Slide 5: Human activity and natural processes can both generate air pollution (may
be can combine slide 5 and 6 together)

Anything people do that involves burning things (combustion), using

household or industrial chemicals (substances that cause chemical reactions
and may release toxic gases in the process), or producing large amounts of
dust has the potential to cause air pollution

Forest fires, erupting volcanoes, and gases released from radioactive decay of
rocks inside Earth are just three examples of natural air pollution that can
have hugely disruptive effects on people and the planet.

Air pollution can result from both human and natural actions. Natural events that
pollute the air include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal,
evaporation of organic compounds and natural radioactivity. Pollution from natural
occurrences is not very often.

Human activities that result in air pollution include:

Natural forms of pollution are those that result from naturally-occurring phenomena.

Slide 6:

Slide 7:
This chapter discusses four of the major gaseous air pollutants: sulfur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) (ground-level), and carbon monoxide (CO). The
importance of these gaseous air pollutants is clear from the fact that they are four
of the six Criteria Air Pollutants regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).

EPA has established national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for six of the most
common air pollutants carbon monoxide, lead, ground-level ozone, particulate matter,
nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.

Primary pollutants are those that are emitted directly into the air from pollution
sources. Secondary pollutants are formed when primary pollutants undergo chemical
changes in the atmosphere. Ozone is an example of a secondary pollutant. It is formed
when nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are mixed and
warmed by sunlight. Ozone (O3) is a major component of what is often referred to as
smog. The ozone which is present in the troposphere, or the atmosphere that is close to
the ground, should not be confused with beneficial ozone that is located in the
stratosphere or upper atmosphere. This beneficial ozone in the stratosphere helps
protect the earth from harmful ultraviolet light from the sun.
 Slide 8:

Ozone at ground level is one of the major constituents of photochemical smog. It is

formed by the reaction with sunlight (photochemical reaction) of pollutants such as
nitrogen oxides (NOx) from vehicle and industry emissions and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) emitted by vehicles, solvents and industry. As a result, the highest
levels of ozone pollution occur during periods of sunny weather. It can also be emitted by
natural sources, particularly trees and other plants (7).
Ground-level ozone can pose risks to human health. Short-term exposure to ground-
level ozone can cause a variety of respiratory health effects, including inflammation of
the lining of the lungs, reduced lung function, and respiratory symptoms such as cough,
wheezing, chest pain, burning in the chest, and shortness of breath (8). Studies have also
found that long-term ozone exposure may contribute to the development of asthma,
especially among children with certain genetic susceptibilities and children who
frequently exercise outdoors.

Slide 9:

Particulate matter (PM) is a generic term for a broad class of chemically and
physically diverse substances that exist as discrete particles (liquid droplets or solids)
over a wide range of sizes. Particles originate from a variety of man-made stationary and
mobile sources, as well as from natural sources. Important sources include resuspended
dust (e.g., resuspended by cars, wind, etc.), industrial processes, construction and
demolition operations, residential burning, and wildfires (9).
Children, older adults, individuals with preexisting heart and lung disease
(including asthma), and persons with lower socioeconomic status are considered to be
among the groups most at risk for effects associated with PM exposures. Effects
associated with exposures to both PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than
or equal to 2.5 m) and PM 10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal
to 10 m) include premature mortality, aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular
disease, and changes in sub-clinical indicators of respiratory and cardiac function (9).
Such health effects have been associated with short- and/or long-term exposure to PM.
Exposures to PM2.5 are also associated with decreased lung function growth, exacerbation
of allergic symptoms, and increased respiratory symptoms.