13a55a0102 Project Civil

Project report on
COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF M25, M30

GRADES OF CONCRETE BY PARTIALLY REPLACEMENT OF FLY
ASH WITH NORMAL AND ACCELERATED CURING
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submiteed by
CH.HARANADH
13A55A0102
Under the esteemed guidance of
G.GOWRI SANKARA RAO M-Tech
Associate professor
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ADITYA INSTITUTE OF TEDCHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(affiliated to J.N.T.U Kakinada, A.P)
Tekkali, srikakulam -532201
April-2017
ADITYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, Approved by AICTE, Accredited by NBA & NAAC)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
The project report Comparison of Compressive Strength of M25, M30 Grades of

Concrete by Partially Replacement of Fly Ash with Normal and Accelerated Curing is
the bonafide work carried during the academic year 2016-2017 by CH.HARANADH
under the guidance of sri G.GOWRI SANKARA RAO ASSOCIATE Professor is submitted to
the Department of Civil Engineering, Aditya Institute of technology And Management,
Tekkali in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering.
Project Guide Head of the Department

G.GOWRI SANKARA RAO ( M-TECH) Dr. CH.KANNAM NAIDU
ASSOCIATE Professor, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly we would like to express our immense gratitude towards our institution ADITYA
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT which created a gate platform to
attain profound technical skills in the field of civil engineering thereby fulfilling our most
cherished goal.
Our sincerely thank to our Director prof. V.V.Nageshwara rao, for providing the necessary
resources for successfully accomplishing our project.
Our sincerely thank to our Principal Dr. K.B. Madhu Sahu, for providing the necessary
resources for successfully accomplishing our project.
The authors express heartfelt thanks to Dr. CH.KANNAM NAIDU and Head of the
department is the management for providing necessary facilities in the course of the project
work.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the unstinted help, motivation and enthusiastic guidance
of Sri G.GOWRI SANKARA RAO , ASSOCIATE Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering Aditya Institute of Technology And Management, Tekkali. His prudent advice
and instructions are chiefly responsible for this project work.
The authors express their sincere gratitude to Head of department of Civil Engineering, Lab
Technicians & Clerical staff of Civil Engineering Department for their support in doing this
project work.
The authors also thank all faculty members of Civil Engineering Department and friends who
helped them directly or indirectly in making this project work a success.
Last but not least the authors are thankful to their parents for their support to make this
project a success.
By,
CH.HARANADH
(13A55A0102)
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project report titled Comparison of Compressive Strength of
M25, M30 Grades of Concrete by Partially Replacement of Fly Ash with Normal and
Accelerated Curing is a bonafide original work done by us at Aditya institute of technology
and management, Tekkali affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada,
towards the partially fulfilment of the requirement for awarding the degree Bachelor of
technology in Civil Engineering, during the period 2013-2017 in AITAM, Tekkali.
By,
CH.HARANADH
(13A55A0102)
CONTENTS
Page
S. No Title no
Certificate i
Acknowledgement ii
Declaration iii
Abstract iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-5
1.1 Scope of the study of fly ash characteristics 2
1.2 Types of fly ash as per ASTM 3
1.3 Hydration reactions 4
1.4 The fly ash hydration reactions 4
1.5 Objectives 5
1.6 Organization of the Report 5
1.7 Summary 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6-9
2.1 General 6
2.2 Advantages of Fly Ash in Concrete 6
2.3 Summary 9
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 10-31
3.1 General 10
3.2 Material Selection 11
3.2.1 Cement 11
3.2.2 Aggregates 11
3.2.3 Water 11
3.2.4 Fly Ash 11
3.3 Method of Batching 11
3.3.1 Batching of Concrete 11
3.3.2 Weigh Batching 12
3.4 Material Preparation and Testing procedures: 12
3.4.1 Cement 12
3.4.2 Tests on Cement 12
3.4.2.1 Fineness of Cement 12
3.4.2.2 Consistency 13
3.4.2.3 Initial And Final Setting Time 14
a) Initial Setting Time 15
b) Final Setting Time 15
3.4.2.4 Specific Gravity of Cement 15
3.4.2.5 Soundness 16
3.4.3 Types of cements 17
3.4.4 Fly ash 17
3.4.5 Types of Fly Ash 18
3.4.6 Benefits of Using Fly Ash 18
3.5 Sand (Fine Aggregate) 19
3.5.1 Sand Types 19
3.5.2 Tests on Sand 20
3.5.2.1 Specific Gravity of Sand 20
3.5.2.2 Sieve Analysis of Sand 21
3.6 Aggregate 22
3.6.1 Coarse aggregate 22
3.6.2 Purpose & Uses 22
3.6.3 Tests on aggregate 22
35
40
41
43
56
57
58
ABSTRACT:
The advancement of concrete technology can reduce the consumption of

natural resources and lessen the burden of pollutants on environment. Presently large
amounts of fly ash are generated in thermal and steel industries with an important impact on
environment and human health. In recent years, many researchers have established that the
use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like fly ash (FA), blast furnace slag,
silica fume, metakaolin (MK) and rice husk ash (RHA) etc. can, not only improve the various
properties of concrete - both in its fresh and hardened states, but also can contribute to
economy in construction costs. The use of fly ash in concrete formulations as a
supplementary cementatious material was tested as an alternative to traditional concrete. This
project work describes the feasibility of Fly Ash in concrete world. Fly Ash was collected
from NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) which is located at paravada in
Visakhapatnam. The cement has been replaced by fly ash in various dosages such as 10, 20,
30 and 40 percentages by weight of cement for M25 and M30 mixes. Concrete mixtures were
produced, tested and compared in terms of compressive strength with the conventional
concrete. These tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties and compressive
strengths at various curing periods such as 3, 7 and 28 days. Tests conducted for fresh
concrete are workability tests like slump, vee-bee consistometer and compaction factor and
for hardened concrete compressive strength is done. The 28 Days Cured concrete cubes of all
proportions were cured in Accelerated Curing tank for 3hours in boiled water (at 100 0C) to
obtain 28 days curing strength at earlier stage. From the experimental investigations it has
been observed that the compressive strength of the concrete is optimum at 20% fly ash
replacement with cement.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Fly Ash is a mineral portion of coal consumed in a coal fueled power plant. The particles of
fly ash are spherical shaped, glassy and finer than cement particles. In recent years special
attention has been devoted to industrial sectors. The industry produces large volume of solid
wastes and therefore a huge problem of pollution is generated. The potential use of this waste
as a cementing material for concrete is essential. Fly ash in concrete reacts with the hydraulic
cement in the following ways: CH and alkali hydroxide, which are released into the pore
structure of the paste, combined with the pozzolonic particles of fly ash forming a cementing
medium. Heat generated by the hydration of hydraulic cement helps initiate the pozzolonic
reaction and contributes to the rate of the reaction. Fly ash is one of the residues generated in
coal combustion facilities, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases.
Fly ash is produced by coal-fired electric and steam generating plants. Typically, coal is
pulverized and blown with air into the boiler's combustion chamber where it immediately
gets ignites, generates heat and produces a molten mineral residue. Boiler tubes extract heat
from the boiler, cool the flue gases and cause the molten mineral residue to harden and form
ash. Coarse ash particles, called as bottom ash or slag, fall to the bottom of the combustion
chamber, and the lighter fine ash particles, termed as fly ash, remain suspended in the flue
gas. Fly ash is commonly used to supplement Portland cement in concrete production, where
it can bring both technological and economic benefits, and is increasingly finding use in
synthesis of geo polymers and zeolite .All Fly ash includes the substantial amounts of silica
( silicon dioxide) and lime (calcium oxide).
Fly ash is finely divided residue resulting from the combustion of powdered coal and
transported by flue gases and collected by electrostatic precipitation. Fly ash is most used
pozzolanic material all over the world.
In recent time, the importance and use of fly ash has grown so much that it has almost
become a common ingredient in concrete, particularly in making high strength and high
performance concrete. The use of fly ash as concrete admixture not only extends technical
advantages but also contributes to the environmental pollution control. Extensive research is
being carried out in most part of the world that could be accrued in the utilization of fly ash,
which is basically a waste product.
The volume of fly ash produced is about 75 million tons per year, the disposal of
which has become a major concern. Only about 5% of the total fly ash is utilized in India the
remaining of which has to be disposed. Instead of doing so, it can be utilized in a major way.
The role of it plays in the field of concrete technology. In this discussion it would be
interesting to discuss on fly ash from the point of concrete making.
There are two ways that the fly ash can be used: one way is to intergrind certain
percentage of fly ash with cement clinker at the factory to produce Portland pozzolona
cement (PPC) and the second way is to use the fly ash as an admixture at the time of mixing
the concrete at the site of work. But the main problem is that the fly ash produced in the 75
thermal power plants in India is not of the similar characteristics. The suitability of fly ash
used in the making of the concrete has to be further processed. The quality of fly ash should
be of the standard of IS: 3812-1981. For better utilization of fly ash it becomes important to
know the hydration reactions, pozzolanic activity evaluation, effect of fly ash on fresh and
hardened concrete, durability etc.
1.1 Scope of the study of fly ash characteristics:

The importance of fly ash cannot be exaggerated. It is no longer a cheap substitute for
cement, nor an extender or an addition to the mix. Fly ash bestows important advantages
upon concrete, and it is, therefore, essential to understand the role and influence of fly ash.
The variability of the properties of fly ash arises from the fact that fly ash is not a specially
manufactured product and cannot, therefore, be governed by strict requirements of a standard.
The power station which produces fly ash varies its operation in response to the power
demand. The variation in the fly ash are those in glass content, carbon content, particle shape
and size distribution, as well as in the presence of magnesia and other minerals, and even in
colour. It is possible to improve the size distribution of fly ash particles by classification and
by grinding.
As said earlier the fly ash is an artificial pozzolan and it exhibits different
characteristics with different compounds of cement. The cement might contain different
compositions of the above said Tri calcium silicate, Di calcium silicate, tri calcium aluminate
etc. hence it becomes necessary to study the reactions exhibited by the fly ash with each of
these compounds so that the necessary concrete can be obtained. Hence the cement should
match with the fly ash at the first instance. This becomes important because it might have an
affect on the strength and durability of the concrete.
India is a resourceful country for fly ash generation with an annual output of over 110
millions tones, but utilization is still below 20% in spite of quantum jump in last three to four
years. By replacing cement with a material of pozzolanic characteristic, such as the fly ash,
the cement and the concrete industry together can meet the growing demand in the
construction industry as well as help in reducing the environmental pollution. The abundant
production of fly ash from coal based thermal power plants as waste products becoming
problem for their disposal and it is also hazardous to the environment. The inclusion of fly
ash in glass fiber reinforced concrete reduces the environmental pollution and improves the
workability and durability properties of concrete. The use of fly ash in concrete at proportions
ranging from 35 to 60% of total cementitious binder has been studied extensively over the
last twenty years and the properties of blender concrete are well documented.
The replacement of fly ash as a cementitious component in concrete depends upon several
factors. The design strength and workability of the concrete, water demand and relative cost
of fly ash compared to cement. Therefore, it is dumped in land fill sites or discharged in pond
in mass quantity and is easily available with free of cost The disposal of fly ash will be a big
challenge to environment, especially when the quantum increases from the present level.
Hence Worldwide research work was focused to find alternative use of this waste material
and its use in concrete industry is one of the effective methods of utilization. India is a
resourceful country for fly ash generation with an annual output of over 110 millions tones,
but utilization is still below 20% in spite of quantum jump in last three to four years.
Availability of consistent quality fly ash across the country and awareness of positive effect
of using fly ash in concrete are pre requisite for change of perception of fly ash from a waste
material to a resource material. Technological efforts have been made to improve the quality
of fly ash.
1.2 Types of fly ash as per ASTM

ASTM broadly classifies fly ash into two classes.
Class F: Fly ash normally produced by burning anthracite or bituminous coal, usually has
less than 5% CaO. Class F fly ash has pozzolanic properties only.
Class C: Fly ash normally produced by burning lignite or sub-bituminous coal. Some class C
fly ash may have CaO content in excess of 10%. In addition to pozzolanic properties, class C
fly ash also possesses cementations properties.
1.3 Hydration reactions:

Hydration of Portland cement:
The setting and hardening of Portland cement occur as a result of the reaction between
the compounds of cement and water. The major compounds of cement that produce reaction
products and the products are shown in the equation below.
2C3S + 6H C3S2H3 + 3CH
Tri calcium silicate
2C2S + 4H C3S2H3 + CH
Di calcium silicate
C3A + 3CSH2+ 26H C3A (CS)3H32 C3ACSH12
Tri calcium gypsum ettringite monosulphoaluminate
Aluminate hydrate
1.4 The fly ash hydration reactions:
High calcium fly ash, which contains mainly of glass phase and some crystalline
phases, has self-hardening properties. Ettringite, monosulphoaluminate hydrate, and C-S-H
cause hydration of fly ash when mixed with water.
Low calcium fly ash, which has very little or no self-cementatious properties, hydrates
when alkalis and Ca (OH) 2 are added. As more Ca (OH) 2 is supplied, more of it is fixed by
silica and alumina in fly ash. The degree of hydration of fly ash is also increased in the
presence of gypsum.
1.5 OBJECTIVES:
To Compare the compressive strengths for M25 and M30 grade concrete with various
percentage replacements of fly ash
To identify the % increase in compressive strengths at replacement of fly ash for M25
and M30 grades.
To analyze the variation in compressive strengths at 3, 7 and 28 days cured samples for
normal curing and 28 days cured samples for accelerated curing for M25 and M30
grades.
To provide an Economical, Tough and Durable concrete for various civil structures.
To minimize the adverse effects of environment by partially replacing Fly Ash instead of
cement in various proportions to prepare concrete.
1.6 Organization of the Report:
The text and contents of the study are organized and presented in the form of following
chapters.
Chapter 1 on Introduction covers the general introduction, fly ash types and
objectives of the study in detail.
Chapter 2 on Literature Review covers the previous studies on replacement of fly
ash and its experimental results in compressive strengths and its workability results.
Chapter 3 on Methodology covers over view of adopted step by step procedure.
Chapter 4 on results and discussion covers the tested values were adopted for
compressive strength of cubes and workability values at different percentages of
replacement.
Chapter 5 summarizes the work with conclusions along with the further scope of the
present work.
1.7 Summary:
This Chapter is discussed about significance, availability, types of fly ash and project
objective.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL: This chapter discussed about advantages and past studies of fly ash
replacing in cement concrete and its experimental results.
2.2 Advantages of Fly Ash in Concrete
Fly Ash is a pozzolan. A pozzolan is a siliceous or aluminosiliceous material that, in finely
divided form and in the presence of moisture, chemically reacts with the calcium hydroxide
released by the hydration of Portland cement to form additional calcium silicate hydrate and
other cementitious compounds. The hydration reactions are similar to the reactions occurring
during the hydration of Portland cement. Thus, concrete containing Fly Ash pozzolan
becomes denser, stronger and generally more durable long term as compared to straight
Portland cement concrete mixtures Fly Ash improves concrete workability and lowers
water demand. Fly Ash particles are mostly spherical tiny glass beads. Ground materials
such as Portland cement are solid angular particles. Fly Ash particles provide a greater
workability of the powder portion of the concrete mixture which results in greater workability
of the concrete and a lowering of water requirement for the same concrete consistency. Pump
ability is greatly enhanced. Fly Ash generally exhibit less bleeding and segregation than
plain concretes. This makes the use of Fly Ash particularity valuable in concrete mixtures
made with aggregates deficient in fines. Sulfate and Alkali Aggregate Resistance.
Class F and a few Class C Fly Ashes impart significant sulfate resistance and alkali aggregate
reaction (ASR) resistance to the concrete mixture. Fly Ash has a lower heat of hydration.
Portland cement produces considerable heat upon hydration. In mass concrete placements the
excess internal heat may contribute to cracking. The use of Fly Ash may greatly reduce this
heat buildup and reduce external cracking. Fly Ash generally reduces the permeability and
adsorption of concrete. By reducing the permeability of chloride ion egress, corrosion of
embedded steel is greatly decreased. Also, chemical resistance is improved by the reduction
of permeability and adsorption. Significant quantities may be substituted for Portland cement
in concrete mixtures and yet increase the long term strength and durability. Thus, the use of
Fly Ash may impart considerable benefits to the concrete mixture over a plain concrete for
less cost.
There are various types of waste materials that can be considered for usage in concrete. .
Investigation on utilization of fly ash in cement mortar is carried out by many authors
reported in the literature. Several million tons of coal for generating the electricity is being
consumed in India out of which 40% of coal is accounted for generating of fly ash as a bye
product. By the year 2010 more than 180 million tons of fly ash would be generated every
year. The type of fly ash collected at the bottom of boiler furnace having lesser fineness &
high carbon content is called bottom fly ash. The finest fly ash is called dry fly ash, collected
from different electrostatic precipitators (ESP) in dry form. While the ash mixed with water,
forming slurry and drained out in ponds is referred as pond fly ash. Bottom ash has coarse
particle size, higher water absorption and usually no pozzolanic effect.
(Yogendran et al, 1987) investigated on silica fume in high strength concrete at a constant
water binder ratio (w/b) of 0.34 and replacement percentages of 0 to 25, with varying dosages
of HRWRA. The maximum 28 day compressive strength was obtained at 15% replacement
level.
According to Adepegba (1989), the annual cement requirement is about 8.2 million tones and only 4.6
million tons of Portland cement are produced locally. The balance of 3.6 million tons or more is
imported. If alternative cheap cement can be produced locally, the demand for Portland cement will
reduce.
Ramme et al (1989), presented two case histories wherein 70% cement was replaced by class
C fly ash to pave a 254 mm thick road way. To obtain high workability and durability a high
range water reducing agent and an air entraining agent was added to the concrete mix the
other case reported by the same authors involved placing of the same high performance
concrete in the construction of 138KV transformer foundations. No problems were reported
during or after construction in both projects and the use of high report during or after
construction in both projects and the use of high volume fly ash concrete, resulted in
considerable economy and technical benefits.
Langley et al (1990) reported two case histories where high volume fly ash concretes were
used with class fly ash constituting 55% of cementitious material along with a super
plasticizer. In one case, where columns, beams and floor slab in a building complex require
50mpa concrete at 120 days, the high performance concrete yielded concrete with 74mpa
compressive strength at 120 days, thus exceeding the strength requirement. No unexpected
problems were reported and the high volume of fly ash proved to be an economical solution
for the particular project.
Malhotra et al (1990), studied in detail the properties of concrete with a wide range of
Canadian fly ashes at 58% of the total cementitious materials. These concretes were tested for
compressive strength, creep strain and resistance to chloride ion penetration at various ages
up to one year.
(Hooten RDC, 1993) investigated on influence of silica fume replacement of cement on

physical properties and resistance to sulphate attack, freezing and thawing, and alkali silica
reactivity. He reported that the maximum 28 days compressive strength was obtained at 15%
silica fume replacement level, at a W/C ratio of 0.35 with variable dosages of HRWRA.
The results of study by Joshi et al (1994), indicated that with fly ash replacement level up to
50% by cement weight, concrete with 28 days strength ranging from 40 to 60 Mpa and with
adequate durability can be produced with cost saving of 16% by 50% replacement level.
Gopalakrishnan et al. (2000) reported from their work that the 7 day compressive strength of
concrete mixes, having fly ash as cement replacement material up to 25 percent is slightly
less than that of the control concrete mix at the age of 28 days.
Potha Raju and Janaki Rao (2001) mentioned that, the 28 day compressive strengths were
equal or slightly more in 20% fly ash replaced concrete at elevated temperatures up to 250oC
than in no fly ash concrete.
(Lewis et al, 2001) presented a broad overview on the production of micro silica effect of
standardization of micro silica concrete both in the fresh and hardened state.
(Mindess, et al., 2003) In the hardened state, fly ash contributes in a number of ways,
including strength and durability. While fly ash tends to increase the setting time of the
concrete. The pozzolanic reaction removing the excess calcium hydroxide, produced by the
cement reaction, and forming a harder CSH The present day world is witnessing the
construction of very challenging and aesthetic structures.
(Prasad et al, 2003), has undertaken an investigation to study the effect of cement
replacement with micro silica in the production of high strength concrete.
Bouzouboa et al (2004) at Canmet Canada have done studies on the mechanical properties of
concrete made with blended high volume fly ash cements. Physical properties of high volume
fly ash cements and mortars had also been studied. The use of the high volume fly ash
cements improves the resistance of the concrete to the chloride ion penetration. The present
study investigates the potential of fly ash as cement replacement in concrete.
(Morotta, et al., 2005). Research shows that adding fly ash to concrete, as a partial
replacement of cement (less than 35 percent), will benefit both the fresh and hardened states.
While in the fresh state, the fly ash improves workability. This is due to the smooth, spherical
shape of the fly ash particle. The tiny spheres act as a form of ball bearing that aids the flow
of the concrete. This improved workability allows for lower water-to-cement ratios, which
later leads to higher compressive strengths.
2.3 Summary
This chapter was discussed advantages of fly ash and investigation on experimental work on
replacing with fly ash.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 General: This chapter is discussed step by step procedure for entire project review.
Tests on cement, aggregates and
concrete
Tests on Tests on
Tests on cement aggregates concrete
a) Fineness test
b) Normal consistency Fine Coarse
Fresh concrete Hardened concrete
c) Initial and final setting Aggregates Aggregates
time
d) Soundness test % fly ash (0%, 10%,
e) Specific gravity test a) Specific
gravity 20%, 30% & 40%) +
b) Water cement +F.A+C.A
a) Sieve
analysis absorption
b) Specific
gravity
a) Slump Compression
b) Compaction test strength
c) Vee-bee
consistometer
test
M25 & M30
Cubes normal Cubes Accelerated

curing tank curing tank
Curing periods of 3 days, 7 Curing period of 28 days

days and 28 days
Compression testing machine
Test results and analysis
Conclusion
Fig no: 3.1 Shows the flow chart for project methodology
3.2 Material Selection
3.2.1 Cement:
When the quantity of cement to be batched exceeds 30% of scale capacity, the measuring
accuracy should be within 1% of required mass. If measuring quantity is less than 30% i.e.
for smaller batches then the measuring accuracy should be within 4% of the required
quantity.
3.2.2 Aggregates:
If the measurement is more than 30% of the scale capacity then the measuring accuracy
should be within 1%. If measurement is less than 30% then the measuring accuracy should be
within less than 3%.
3.2.3 Water:
Water is measured in volumetric quantity as 1 litre = 1kg. In case of water, the measuring
accuracy should be within 1%.
3.2.4 Fly Ash

Fly ash is finely divided residue resulting from the combustion of powdered coal and
transported by flue gases and collected by electrostatic precipitation. Fly ash is most used
pozzolonic material all over the world.
In recent time, the importance and use of fly ash has grown so much that it has almost
become a common ingredient in concrete, particularly in making high strength and high
performance concrete. The use of fly ash as concrete admixture not only extends technical
advantages but also contributes to the environmental pollution control. Extensive research is
being carried out in most part of the world that could be accrued in the utilization of fly ash,
which is basically a waste product.
3.3 Method of Batching:
3.3.1 Batching of Concrete
It is the process of measuring concrete mix ingredients either by volume or by mass and introducing
them into the mixture. Traditionally batching is done by volume but most specifications require that
batching be done by mass rather than volume.
3.3.2 Weigh Batching:

Weigh batching is the correct method of measuring the materials.
Use of weight system in batching, facilitates accuracy, flexibility and simplicity.
Large weigh batching plants have automatic weighing equipment.
On large work sites, the weigh bucket types of weighing equipments are used.
3.4 Material Preparation and Testing procedures:

3.4.1 Cement:
Cement is generally of two types. Ordinary Portland cement which is available in 33, 43 and 53
grades. The other variety is known as Blended cement which is available as PPC or slag cement. It is
necessary to use cement of appropriate grade and type for specific Applications and environment
conditions.
3.4.2 Tests on Cement
3.4.2.1 Fineness of Cement:
IS code provides for a minimum specific surface of 225m2/Kg except for Portland Pozzolana Cement.
Most of the Indian cement manufacturers resort to producing cement with increased fineness even
higher than 300 presumably to improve the compressive strength of cement. This is not desirable in
hot weather concreting. It is, therefore, necessary to lay down upper limit of fineness while ordering
cement or framing contract conditions for concrete works. The upper limit should be around 280.
Procedure to determine fineness of cement:
Weigh approximately 10g of cement to the nearest 0.01g and place it on the sieve. Agitate the sieve by
swirling, planetary and linear movements, until no more fine material passes through it. Weigh the
residue and express its mass as a percentage R1, of the quantity first placed on the sieve to the nearest
0.1%. Gently brush all the fine material off the base of the sieve. Repeat the whole procedure using a
fresh 10g sample to obtain R2. Then calculate R as the mean of R 1 and R2 as a percentage, expressed
to the nearest 0.1%. When the results differ by more than 1% absolute, carry out a third sieving and
calculate the mean of the three values.
Fig no: 3.2 90 micron sieve
3.4.2.2 Consistency:
The basic aim is to find out the water content required to produce a cement paste of standard
consistency as specified by the IS: 4031 (Part 4) 1988. The principle is that standard consistency of
cement is that consistency at which the Vi-cat plunger penetrates to a point 57mm from the bottom of
Vi-cat mould.
Apparatus:
Vi-cat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 1976, Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of
1000g should be +1.0g, Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 1982.
Procedure to determine consistency of cement:
i) Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of water. The
time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.
ii) Fill the Vi-cat mould with paste and level it with a trowel.
iii) Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface.
iv) Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.
v) Note the reading on the gauge.
vi) Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different quantities of
water until the reading on the gauge is 5 to 7mm.
Fig no: 3.3 Shows the vi-cat apparatus
3.4.2.3 Initial and Final Setting Time:
We need to calculate the initial and final setting time as per IS: 4031 (Part 5) 1988. To do so we
need Vi-cat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 1976, Balance, whose permissible variation at a load
of 1000g should be +1.0g, Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 1982.
Procedure to Determine Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement:
i) Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water required to give
a paste of standard consistency.
ii) Start a stopwatch, the moment water is added to the cement.
iii) Fill the Vi-cat mould completely with the cement paste gauged as above, the mould
resting on a nonporous plate and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with
the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared in the mould is the test block.
Fig no: 3.4 Shows vi-cat apparatus for initial and final setting time
a) Initial Setting Time:
Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle. Lower the needle gently in order to make
contact with the surface of the cement paste and release quickly, allowing it to penetrate the test block.
Repeat the procedure till the needle fails to pierce the test block to a point 5.0 0.5mm measured
from the bottom of the mould. The time period elapsing between the time, water is added to the
cement and the time, the needle fails to pierce the test block by 5.0 0.5mm measured from the
bottom of the mould, is the initial setting time.
b) Final Setting Time:
Replace the above needle by the one with an annular attachment. The cement should be considered as
finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an
impression therein, while the attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the time, water is
added to the cement and the time, the needle makes an impression on the surface of the test block,
while the attachment fails to do so, is the final setting time.
3.4.2.4 Specific Gravity of Cement:
Procedure:
Weigh a clean and dry Le-Chatelier Flask or Specific Gravity Bottle with its stopper (W 1). Place a
sample of cement up to half of the flask (about 50gm) and weight with its stopper (W 2). Add kerosene
(polar liquid) to cement in flask till it is about half full. Mix thoroughly with glass rod to remove
entrapped air. Continue stirring and add more kerosene till it is flush with the graduated mark. Dry the
outside and weigh (W3). Entrapped air may be removed by vacuum pump, if available. Empty the
flask, clean it refills with clean kerosene flush with the graduated mark wipe dry the outside and
weigh (W4).
Fig no: 3.5 Le- Chatelier flasks
3.4.2.5 Soundness:
Soundness of cement is determined by Le-Chatelier method as per IS: 4031 (Part 3) 1988.
Apparatus:
The apparatus for conducting the Le-Chatelier test should conform to IS: 5514 1969 Balance, whose
permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g and Water bath
Procedure to determine soundness of cement:
i) Place the mould on a glass sheet and fill it with the cement paste formed by gauging
cement with 0.78 times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency.
ii) Cover the mould with another piece of glass sheet, place a small weight on this covering
glass sheet and immediately submerge the whole assembly in water at a temperature of 27
2oC and keep it there for 24hrs.
iii) Measure the distance separating the indicator points to the nearest 0.5mm (say d 1 ).
iv) Submerge the mould again in water at the temperature prescribed above. Bring the water
to boiling point in 25 to 30 minutes and keep it boiling for 3hrs.
v) Remove the mould from the water, allow it to cool and measure the distance between the
indicator points (say d2).
vi) (d2 d1) represents the expansion of cement.
Fig no: 3.6 Shows Le- Chatlier apparatus

3.4.3 Types of cements:
1. Ordinary Portland cement: This is the common type of cement in use. It has adequate resistance
to dry shrinkage and cracking, but has less resistance to chemical attack. It should not be used for
construction work exposed to sulphates in the soil.
2. Rapid Hardening Portland cement: It is also known as high early strength cement. It is lighter
than ordinary Portland cement. Since the curing period for this cement is short, therefore it is
economical. It is used where high early strength is desired, for constructing road pavement, for
cold weather concreting and where form work is to be removed as early as possible. It should not
be used for massive concrete structures.
3. Low heat Portland cement: It contains a low percentage of tri-calcium silicate which hydrates
quickly and a higher percentage of dicalcium silicate which hydrates slowly. It contains less lime
than ordinary Portland cement. It possesses less compressive strength. This cement is widely used
in retaining walls. It should not be used for thin concrete structures.
4. Sulphate resisting Portland cement: In this cement, the percentage of tri-calcium aluminate is
kept below 5% and it result in the increase in resisting power against sulphates. It is used for
structures which are likely to be damaged by severe alkaline conditions such as canal linings,
culverts etc.
5. High alumina cement: It contains about 35% of alumina. It sets quickly and attains higher
ultimate strength in a short period. It is used for a structure subject to the action of sea water,
chemical plants and furnaces.
6. Blast furnace slag cement: It is made by inter-grinding of ordinary Portland cement clinker and
granulated blast furnace slag. It is cheaper than ordinary Portland cement. It develops low heat of
hydration and has less early strength. This cement is frequently used in dams, bridge abutments
and retaining walls.
7. Coloured cement: It is prepared by adding 5 to 15% of a suitable colouring pigment before the
cement is finally ground. The commercial term used for coloured cement is Colocrete. It is widely
used for finishing of floors, external surfaces etc.
8. Pozzolana cement: It is made by inter-grinding of ordinary Portland cement clinker and
pozzolana. The pozzolana is essentially a siliceous material containing clay up to 80%. In the
manufacture of pozzolana cement, about 30% of pozzolana material is added to the ordinary
Portland cement clinkers. It is widely used for hydraulic structures such as dams, weirs etc.
3.4.4 Fly ash

Fly ash, also known as "pulverized fuel ash, is one of the residues generated by coal
combustion, and is composed of the fine particles that are driven out of the boiler with the
flue gases. Fly Ash that falls in the bottom of the boiler is called bottom ash.
3.4.5 Types of Fly Ash

Class F: Produced from burning harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal. It
Contains less than 20% lime and cementing agent like PC, quick lime, hydrated lime
mostly used in high sulfate exposure conditions, structural concretes, HP concretes,
high sulfate exposure concretes and also useful in high fly ash content concrete mixes.
Class C: Produced from burning younger lignite and sub bituminous coal. It consists
of higher concentration of alkali and sulfate and contains more than 20% lime and
Self cementing properties. Does not require activator, air entrainer. Used in Primarily
residential construction and limited to low fly ash content concrete mixes.
Fig no: 3.7 Shows Class C fly ash Fig no: 3.8 Shows Class F fly ash
3.4.6 Benefits of Using Fly Ash

Concrete in its hardened state with fly ash shows improved performance
Greater strength: Fly ash increases in strength over time, continuing to combine with free
lime.
Decreased permeability: Increased density and long-term pozzolanic action of fly ash,
which ties up free lime, results in fewer bleed channels and decreases permeability.
Increased durability: The lower permeability of concrete with fly ash also helps keep
aggressive compounds on the surface, where destructive action is lessened. Fly ash concrete
is also more resistant to attack by sulphate, mild acid, and soft (lime hungry) water.
Reduced alkali silica reactivity: Fly ash combines with alkalis from cement that might
otherwise combine with silica from aggregates, thereby preventing destructive expansion.
Reduced heat of hydration: The pozzolanic reaction between fly ash and lime generates less
heat, resulting in reduced thermal cracking when fly ash is used to replace a percentage of
Portland cement.
Reduced efflorescence: Fly ash chemically binds free lime and salts that can create
efflorescence. The lower permeability of concrete with fly ash can help to hold efflorescence-
producing compounds inside the concrete.
The ball-bearing effect of fly ash in concrete creates a lubricating action when concrete is in
its plastic state. This means enhanced concrete workability:
Increased workability: Concrete is easier to place with less effort, responding better to
vibration to fill forms more completely.
Increased ease of pumping: Pumping requires less energy; longer pumping distances are
possible.
Improved finishing: Sharp, clear architectural definition is easier to achieve, with less worry
about in-place integrity.
Reduced bleeding: Fewer bleed channels decreases porosity and chemical attack. Bleed
streaking is reduced for architectural finishes. Improved paste to aggregate contact results in
enhanced bond strengths.
Reduced segregation: Improved cohesiveness of fly ash concrete reduces segregation that
can lead to rock pockets.
Reduced slump loss: More dependable concrete allows for greater working time, especially
in hot weather.
3.5 Sand (Fine Aggregate):
There are many different kinds of sand. Sand is defined as a rock material which occurs in the form of
loose or angular grains. These grains usually vary in size from 0.06mm to 2.0mm in diameter which is
smaller than the grain of a gravel but larger than that of clay. Sand is usually created through slow
weathering of rock where rock pieces are broken up little by little over time. Water and wind are the
primary source of this rock weathering which makes sense given that the largest deposits of sand are
usually in deserts or on beaches next to the ocean.
3.5.1 Sand Types:
i) River sand
ii) Pit sand
iii) Sea sand
3.5.2 Tests on Sand
3.5.2.1 Specific Gravity of Sand:
This lab is performed to determine the specific gravity of soil by using a pycnometer. Specific gravity
is the ratio of the mass of unit volume of soil at a stated temperature to the mass of the same volume
of gas-free distilled water at a stated temperature.
Procedure:
(1) Determine and record the weight of the empty clean and dry pycnometer, Wp.
(2) Place 10g of a dry soil sample (passed through the sieve No.10) in the pycnometer.
Determine and record the weight of the pycnometer containing the dry soil, Wps.
(3) Add distilled water to fill about half to three-fourth of the pycnometer. Soak the sample for
10 minutes.
(4) Apply a partial vacuum to the contents for 10 minutes, to remove the entrapped air.
(5) Stop the vacuum and carefully remove the vacuum line from pycnometer.
(6) Fill the pycnometer with distilled (water to the mark), clean the exterior surface of the
pycnometer with a clean, dry cloth. Determine the weight of the pycnometer and contents,
Wb.
(7) Empty the pycnometer and clean it. Then fill it with distilled water only (to the mark).
Clean the exterior surface of the pycnometer with a clean, dry cloth. Determine the weight
of the pycnometer and distilled water, Wa.
(8) Empty the pycnometer and clean it.
Fig no: 3.9 Shows pycnometer apparatus
3.5.2.2 Sieve Analysis of Sand:

Procedure for Sieve Analysis:
The following method for size reduction by quartering is outlined for use when a conventional
sample splitter is not available.
1. Distribute a shovel full of the aggregate as uniformly as possible over a wide, flat area on a
tight weave canvas or other smooth surface. Continue to distribute shovels full of material in
layers until all the sample is used to make a wide, flat pile that is reasonably uniform in
thickness and diameter. Do not permit coning of the aggregate.
2. Divide the pile cleanly into equal quarters with a square-ended shovel or straight piece of
sheet metal. When a canvas is used, the division may be conveniently made by inserting a
thin stick (or rod) under the canvas and raising it to divide the sample equally, first into
halves, then into quarters.
3. Remove two opposite quarters, including all fine materials, and set aside.
4. Repeat the foregoing procedure with the remaining portion of the aggregate until a test
sample of desired size is obtained.
5. If desired, store the portion that has been set aside for possible check testing.
Fig no: 3.10 Shows different sieves
3.6 Aggregate:
It is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed hydraulic-cement
concrete, or iron blast-furnace slag, used with a hydraulic cementing medium to produce
either concrete or mortar.
3.6.1 Coarse aggregate:
Those particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75 mm (No.4) sieve are
called coarse aggregate.
3.6.2 Purpose & Uses:
1. Increases the volume of concrete, thus reduces the cost.
2. Provide dimensional stability.
3. Influence hardness, abrasion resistance, elastic modulus and other properties of
concrete to make it more durable, strong and cheaper.
3.6.3 Tests on aggregate
3.6.3.1 Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregates & Water Absorption Test:
the specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength of the material .once
having low specific gravity are generally weaker than those with higher specific gravity values. The
specific gravity test helps in identification of stones
Procedure:
About 2 kg of the aggregate samples is washed thoroughly to remove fines drained and then
placed in wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22&32degree
centre grade and a cover of least 5 cm of water above the top of the basket. Immediately after
immersion the entrapped air is covered from the sample by lifting the basket containing it 25
mm above the base of the tank and allowing to drop 25 times at the rate of above one drop
per second. The basket and the aggregate should remain completely immersed in water for a
period of 24 hour afterward.
The basket and the sample are then weighed while suspended in water at a temperature of
23degree to 32degree c case it is necessary to transfer the basket and the sample to a different
tank for weighing, they should be 25 times as described above in the new tank to remove air
before weighing . The weight is noted suspended in water =W 1 g. the basket and the
aggregate are then removed from water and drain for a few minutes, after which the
aggregates are transferred to one of the dry absorbent is takes. the empty basket is then
returned to the tank of water , jolted 25 times and weighed in water =W2 .
The aggregates placed on the absorbent clothes are surface dried till no further moisture could
be removed by this cloth. Then the aggregates are transferred to the second dry cloth spread
in single layer, covered and allowed to dry for at least 10 minutes until the aggregates are
completely surface dry. 10 to 60 minutes drying may be needed. The aggregate should not be
exposed to the atmosphere, direct sunlight or any other source of heat while surface drying. A
gentle current of unheated air may be used during the first ten minutes to accelerate the
drying of aggregate surface. The surface dried aggregate is then weighed=W3g. the aggregate
is placed in a shallow tray and kept in an oven maintained at a temperature of 110degree c for
24 hours. It is then removed from the oven, cooled in an air tight container and
weighed=W4g.
Fig no: 3.11 Shows wire basket with weighing machine
sand, cement and water, which can be spread or poured into moulds and forms a stone-like mass on
hardening.
e.g.:- "slabs of concrete"
3.7 Properties of Concrete:
The concrete in plastic state (freshly mixed concrete) should have the following properties:
1. Workability: The concrete should have good workability. It is defined as the ease with which
it can be mixed transported and placed in position in homogeneous state. It depends upon the
quantity of water, grading of aggregate and percentage of fine materials in the mix.
2. Segregation: The concrete should be free from segregation. It is defined as the breaking up
of cohesion in a mass of concrete. It results I honey combing, decrease in density, and
ultimately loss of strength of hardened concrete.
3. Bleeding: The concrete should have no bleeding. It is defined as the separation of water or
water-cement mixture from the freshly mixed concrete. It causes the concrete porous and
weak.
4. Harshness: It is the resistance offered by concrete to its surface finishing. The surface of
harsh concrete remains rough and porous.
The concrete in the hardened state should have the following properties:
1. Strength: The hardened concrete should have high compressive strength so that it can resist
the heavy loads of structures. It should not be less than 15.5 N/mm 2.
2. Durability: The hardened concrete must be durable to resist the effect of rain, frost action etc.
this property is mainly affected by water-cement ratio.
3. Impermeability: The hardened concrete should have sufficient impermeability or water
tightness so that it can resist the entry of water inside the structure.
4. Shrinkage: The hardened concrete should exhibit minimum shrinkage this property is guided
by water-cement ratio.
5. Creep: The hardened concrete should be subjected to minimum creep. It is the continuous
strain, which the concrete undergoes due to application of external loads.
6. Thermal Expansion: The hardened concrete should have minimum thermal expansion so as
to provide good resistance.
3.7.1 Concrete mixing proportions and factors cosidered
The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of a concrete mix is
in terms of parts or ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For e.g., a concrete
mix of proportions 1:2:4 means that cement, fine and coarse aggregates are in ratio
1:2:4 or the mix contains one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and four
parts of coarse aggregates. The proportions are either by volume or mass. The water-
cement ratio is usually expressed in mass.
Factors to be considered for mix design:
The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete.
The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of
concrete.
Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used may be as large as possible within
the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000.
The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the
size and shape of section, quality and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for
transportation, placing and compaction.
3.7.2 Concrete Grades:
According to Indian standard specifications (IS: 456-1978) and (IS: 1343-1980), the concrete mixes
are designated into the following seven grades: M10, M15, M20, M25, M35, and M40.
In the designation of a concrete mix, the letter M refers to the mix and the number to the specified
characteristic compressive strength of a 150 mm cube at 28 days expressed in MPa (N/mm 2). For
example, a concrete mix of grade M25 means that the compressive strength of 150 mm cube at 28
days after mixing is 25 MPa (N/mm2).
3.7.3 Water Cement Ratio:
Water/cement=0.42
Water content=cement0.4=2.630.45=1104.6 ml
3.7.4 Workability Tests on Concrete:
3.7.4.1 Compaction Factor:
Compacting factor of fresh concrete is done to determine the workability of fresh concrete by
compacting factor test as per IS:11991959.
Procedure to Determine Workability of Fresh Concrete by Compacting Factor Test:
i) The sample of concrete is placed in the upper hopper up to the brim.
ii) The trapdoor is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower hopper.
iii) The trapdoor of the lower hopper is opened and the concrete is allowed to fall into the
cylinder.
iv) The excess concrete remaining above the top level of the cylinder is then cut off with the
help of plane blades.
v) The concrete in the cylinder is weighed. This is known as weight of partially compacted
concrete.
vi) The cylinder is filled with a fresh sample of concrete and vibrated to obtain full
compaction. The concrete in the cylinder is weighed again. This weight is known as the
weight of fully compacted concrete.
Fig no: 3.12 Shows the compaction factor equipment
3.7.4.2 Slump Test:
Slump test is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. Slump test as per IS: 1199 1959 is
followed. The apparatus used for doing slump test are Slump cone and tamping rod.
Procedure To Determine Workability Of Fresh Concrete By Slump Test:

i) The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light coat of
oil.
ii) The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface.
iii) The mould is then filled in four layers with freshly mixed concrete, each approximately to
one fourth of the height of the mould.
iv) Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod (strokes are
distributed evenly over the cross section).
v) After the top layer is smoothed, the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel.
vi) The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the vertical
direction.
vii) The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of
the subsided concrete is measured.
viii) This difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete.
Fig no: 3.13 Shows slump cone apparatus
3.7.4.3 Vee-Bee Consistometer Test:
To determine the workability of fresh concrete by using a Vee-Bee consistmeter as per IS: 1199
1959.
The apparatus used is Vee-Bee consistometer.
Procedure to determine Workability of fresh concrete by Vee-Bee Consistometer:

i) A conventional slump test is performed, placing the slump cone inside the cylindrical part
of the consistometer.
ii) The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is turned and placed on the top of the concrete
in the pot.
iii) The electrical vibrator is switched on and a stopwatch is started, simultaneously.
iv) Vibration is continued till the conical shape of the concrete disappears and the concrete
assumes a cylindrical shape.
v) When the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the stopwatch is switched off
immediately. The time is noted. The consistency of the concrete should be expressed in
VB-degrees, which is equal to the time in seconds recorded above.
Fig no: 3.14 Shows vee bee consistometer aparatus
3.7.5 Accelerated Curing Test of Concrete:

Objective:
Normally, the strength of concrete is found out after 7 days and 28 days. For some
construction activities, it may be too late and need to know the strength earlier.
Reference Standards
IS: 9013-1978 Method of making, curing and determining compressive strength
of accelerated cured concrete test specimen.
Equipment & Apparatus
Accelerated curing tank
Compression Testing Machine
Fig no: 3.15 Shows Accelerated Curing Testing Machine
Formula:
R28 (Strength at 28 days)= 8.09+1.64Ra

Where, Ra= accelerated curing strength in N/mm2
Procedure:
1. Prepare the specimen and store it in moist air of at least 90% relative humidity and at a
temperature of 27+2oC for 23 hrs + 15 minutes.
2. Lower the specimen, into a curing tank with water at 100 0C and keep it totally immersed
for 3 hours + 5 minutes
3. The temperature of water shall not drop more than 3oC after the specimens are placed and
should return to boiling within 15 minutes.
4. After curing for 3 hours + 5 minutes in the curing tank, the specimen shall be removed
from the moulds and cooled by immersing in cooling water 27+2 oC for a period of at
least one hour.
5. Read my post compressive strength test of concrete for further steps.
6. Safety & Precautions:
Use hand gloves, safety shoes, while removing containers from curing tank after
switching off the curing tank & place sample in machine properly.
Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing
3.7.6 Compressive Strength for Concrete Cubes:
When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial pushes, as a result of which the body tends
to decrease its length, the stress and strain induced is known as compressive stress and compressive
strain. In other words we can call it as compressive strength.
Procedure:
1. Representative samples of concrete shall be taken and used for casting cubes 15 cm x 15
cm x 15 cm or cylindrical specimens of 15 cm dia x 30 cm dia long.
2. The concrete shall be filled into the moulds in layers approximately 5 cm deep. It would
be distributed evenly and compacted either by vibration or by hand tamping. After the
top layer has been compacted, the surface of concrete shall be finished level with the top
of the mould using a trowel; and covered with a glass plate to prevent evaporation.
3. The specimen shall be stored at site for 24+ h under damp matting or sack. After that,
the samples shall be stored in clean water at 27+2 0C; until the time of test. The ends of
all cylindrical specimens that are not plane within 0.05 mm shall be capped.
4. Just prior to testing, the cylindrical specimen shall be capped with sulphur mixture
comprising 3 parts sulphur to 1 part of inert filler such as fire clay.
5. Specimen shall be tested immediately on removal from water and while they are still in
wet condition.
6. The bearing surface of the testing specimen shall be wiped clean and any loose material
removed from the surface. In the case of cubes, the specimen shall be placed in the
machine in such a manner that the load cube as cast, that is, not to the top and bottom.
7. Align the axis of the specimen with the steel plates, do not use any packing.
8. The load shall be applied slowly without shock and increased continuously at a rate of
approximately 140 kg/sq.cm/min until the resistance of the specimen to the increased
load breaks down and no greater load can be sustained. The maximum load applied to
the specimen shall then be recorded and any unusual features noted at the time of failure
brought out in the report.
Fig no: 3.16 Shows compressive testing machine
Safety & Precautions:

Use hand gloves, safety shoes & apron at the time of test.
After test switch off the machine.
Keep all the exposed metal parts greased.
Keep the guide rods firmly fixed to the base & top plate.
Equipment should be cleaned thoroughly before testing & after testing.
3.8 Summary:
This chapter is discussed about to determine the physical properties of cement conducting in
laboratory. And as well as discussing the design the M25 and M30 concrete mix for replacing
of fly ash in cement concrete.
CHAPTER 4
TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 General: This chapter discussed about analysis for increasing the percentage of
compressive strength in fly ash replacement with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% for M25 and
M30 grades.
4.2 Cement
The cement used for experimental purpose is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The
Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grade (Ultra Tech OPC) conforming to IS:8112-1989 is
used. The cement is in dry powdery form with the good quality chemical compositions and
physical characteristics. Many tests were conducted on cement; some of them are specific
gravity, consistency tests, setting time tests, compressive strengths, etc.
Table no: 4.1 Shows the physical properties of cement.
S. Physical properties of cement Values Requirement as per I.S Code
No (IS:8112-1989)
1 specific gravity 2.96 3.10-3.15
2 Fineness 3.33% < 10%
3 normal consistency 30% 30-35%
4 Initial setting time 70min 30 Minimum
5 Final setting time 440min 600 Maximum
6 soundness 1mm <10 mm
4.3 Aggregates
Aggregates are the chief constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete, decrease
shrinkage and achieve economy. One of the most significant factors for producing feasible
concrete is good gradation of aggregates. Good grading implies that a sample fractions of
aggregates in required proportion such that the sample contains minimum voids. Samples of
the well graded aggregate containing minimum voids require minimum paste to fill up the
voids in the aggregates. Minimum paste means less quantity of cement and less water, which
are further mean increased economy, inferior shrinkage and superior durability.
4.3.1 Coarse Aggregate
Crushed stone were used as coarse aggregates; the fractions from 20 mm to 4.75 mm are used
as coarse aggregate. The Coarse Aggregates from crushed Basalt rock, conforming to IS: 383
are used. The Flakiness Index and Elongation Index were maintained well below 15%.
4.3.2 Fine aggregate
Locally available Narmada River sand was used as fine aggregates. Those fractions from 4.75
mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregate. The river sand and crushed sand is used in
mixture as fine aggregate conforming to the requirements of IS: 383. The river sand is
washed and screened, to abolish deadly materials and over size particles.
Table no: 4.2 Shows the test results for fine aggregates and coarse aggregates.
coarse Aggregate
S.no Test Fine Aggregate
20 mm 10 mm
1 Fineness modulus 3.36 7.6 3.1
2 Specific Gravity 2.6 2.81 2.7
3 Water Absorption (%) 1.5 0.5 0.5
4 Bulk Density(gm/cc) 1753 1741 1711
4.4 Fly Ash
Properties of fly ash, various tests were done to find out the physical and chemical properties
of fly ash
Table no: 4.3 Shows the physical properties of fly ash.
SI. Tests Requirement Results

No
1 Fineness- specific surface in m2 /kg 320 Min 395
(Blaines permeability method )
2 Lime reactivity Average 4.5 Min 6.0

compressive strength in N /mm2
3 Compressive strength at 28days , Not less than 80% of 91
N /mm2 the strength of
corresponding plain
cement mortar cubes
4 Soundness by autoclave test 0.8 Max 0.11
Expansion of specimen %
5 Particles retained on 45 micron IS: 34 Max 31
Sieve (wet sieving ),% by mass
4.4.1 Types of Fly Ash

Class F: Produced from burning harder, older anthracite and bituminous coal. It
Contains less than 20% lime and cementing agent like PC, quick lime, hydrated lime
mostly used in high sulfate exposure conditions, structural concretes, HP concretes,
high sulfate exposure concretes and also useful in high fly ash content concrete mixes.
Class C: Produced from burning younger lignite and sub bituminous coal. It consists
of higher concentration of alkali and sulfate and contains more than 20% lime and
Self cementing properties. Does not require activator, air entrainer. Used in Primarily
residential construction and limited to low fly ash content concrete mixes.
Table no: 4.4 Shows the chemical properties of fly ash.
S. No Tests Requirement Results
1 Sio2 +Al2 O3 +Fe2 O2 , % by mass 70 Min 93.84
2 Silicon dioxide (SiO2 ) % by mass 35 Min 61.76
3 Magnesium oxide(MgO) % by mass 5.0Max 1.00
4 Total sulphur trioxide(SO3) % by 3.0Max 0.16

mass
5 Available alkalis as sodium 1.5Max 0.93
oxide(Na2O)% by mass
6 Total chlorides % by mass 0.05Max 0.017
7 Loss on Ignition % by mass 5.0Max 0.20
4.5 Concrete:
Concrete is a composite material and is a homogeneous mixture of cement aggregates and
water. The beauty of concrete is it is very simple to understand and at the same time throws
challenges at every stage.
Cement fly ash blends:
The fly ash is blended in cement at a rate of 10 to 40% by weight of cement in steps of 10%.
The
Cement - fly ash blends are then tested for following properties: consistency, setting time,
soundness, workability and compressive strength, as per IS 546- 2003.
4.5.1 Workability:
The concrete should have good workability. It is defined as the ease with which it can be fixed
transported and placed in position in homogeneous state. It depends upon the quantity of water,
grading of aggregate and percentage of fine materials in the mix. Slump test, compaction factor and
vee-bee consistometer are some of the workability tests conducted as shown below.
Table no: 4.5 Shows the variation between % of fly ash + cement and slump for M25
% fly ash +cement Slump (mm)
0% 85
10% 95
20% 75
30% 105
40% 75
slump
150
100
50
0
slump(mm) slump
0
4
03
0.
0.
0.
00
00
00
00
00
00
% flyash+cement
30
0.
Fig no: 4.1 Shows the graph for % of fly ash + cement and slump for M25
It is observed that the table no: 4.5 slump values are changing % of fly ash + cement for M25
grade. The above fig4.1 shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets the slump value as 75mm. The
slump value decrease 10mm at 20% of fly ash replacement.
Table no: 4.6 shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and compaction factor M25
% fly ash + cement Compaction factor (%)

0% 0.95
10% 0.92
20% 0.92
30% 0.91
40% 0.92
compaction factor(%)
0.96
0.94
compaction factor 0.92 compaction factor(%)

0.9
0.88
0 10 20 30 40
%fly ash+cement
Fig no: 4.2 Shows the graph for % of fly ash + cement and compaction factor for M25
It is observed that the table no: 4.6 the compaction factor values are changing with % of fly
ash + cement for M25 grade. The above (fig 4.2) shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets the
compaction factor value as 0.92. The compaction factor value decrease of 0.03 at 20% of fly
ash replacement.
Table no: 4.7 shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and vee-bee values for M25
% fly ash + cement vee-bee values(sec)

0% 4
10% 6
20% 17
30% 8
40% 8
vee-bee values(sec)
20
15
vee-bee values(sec) 10 vee-bee values(sec)

5
0
0 10 20 30 40
% flyash+cement
Fig no: 4.3 Shows the graph for % of fly ash + cement and vee-bee for M25
It is observed that the table no: 4.7 vee-bee values are changing with % of fly ash + cement
and for M25 grade. The above (fig 4.3) shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets the optimum
vee-bee value as 17 secs. The vee-bee value is optimum at 20% of fly ash replacement.
Table no: 4.8 shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and slump for M30
% fly ash + cement slump(mm)

0% 25
10% 20
20% 20
30% 17
40% 16
slump
30
20
Slump slump
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
cement+ % fly ash
Fig no: 4.4 Shows the graph for % of fly ash + cement and slump for M30
It is observed that the table no: 4.8 slump values changes with % fly ash + cement for M30
grade. The above (fig 4.4) shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets the optimum slump value as
20mm. The slump value decrease of 5 mm at 20% of fly ash replacement.
Table no: 4.9 shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and compaction factor M30
% fly ash + cement compaction factor(%)

0% 0.94
10% 0.95
20% 0.95
30% 0.92
40% 0.91
compaction factor(%)
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93 compaction factor(%)
compaction factor (% ) 0.92
0.91
0.9
0.89
0.88
0 10 20 30 40
Fig no: 4.5 Shows the graph for % of fly ash + cement and compaction factor M30
It is observed that the table no: 4.9 compaction factor values changes with % of fly ash +
cement and for M30 grade. The above (fig 4.5) shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets the
optimum compaction factor value as 0.95. The compaction factor value increase of 0.01 at
20% of fly ash replacement.
Table no: 4.10 shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and vee-bee M30
%fly ash + cement vee-bee(sec)

0% 12
10% 11
20% 10
30% 10
40% 11
vee-bee(sec)
12.5
12
11.5
11
vee bee (sec) 10.5 vee-bee(sec)
10
9.5
9
0 10 20 30 40
cement+ % fly ash
Fig no: 4.6 Shows the graph for % of fly ash + cement and vee-bee for M30
It is observed that the table no: 4.10 vee-bee values changes with % of fly ash + cement for
M30 grade. The above (fig 4.6) shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets the optimum vee-bee
value as 10secs. The vee-bee value decrease of 2 sec at 20% of fly ash replacement.
4.6 Compressive strength determination:

In this test sample of concrete is filled in the mould of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm and top of
mould is strike off. A total number of 20 cubes were casted. Fly ash is added in place of
cement in concrete in 4 different percentages starting from 0%, and raised mixing of fly ash
upto 25%, at an interval of 10%. The specimens are covered with in normal curing tank and
accelerated curing tank for 24 hours. Then after sample is removed from curing tank. At the
end of curing period sample is removed and tested immediately. The testing is done under
Compressive Testing Machine model no. CTM40. The load is applied smoothly and
gradually. The crushing loads are noted and average compressive strength for three specimens
is determined for M25 grade.
4.6.1 Compressive strengths (M25)
Table no: 4.11 shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and 3 days compressive
strength for M25
% Fly ash+ cement 3 days strength(Mpa)
0% 12
10% 14.3
20% 18
30% 15
40% 16
compressive strength (3 days)

20
15
10
5
0 compressive strength
compressive strength (N/mm)
3 days
00 0
2
03
00
00
00
cement +% fly ash
00
00
30
0.
Fig no: 4.7 Shows the graph for % of fly ash + cement and 3 days compressive strength for
M25
It is observed that the table no: 4.11 3 days compressive strength values changes with % of
fly ash + cement for M25 grade. The above (fig 4.7) shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets the
optimum 3 days compressive strength value as 18 Mpa. The 3 days compressive strength
value increase of 6 Mpa at 20% of fly ash replacement.
strength M25
% fly ash+ cement 7 days strength(MPa)

0% 22
10% 22.9
20% 23.12
30% 20
40% 19.5
compressive strength 7 days
24
22
20
18
00 0
2
7 days
03
00
00
00
00
cement + % fly ash
00
30
0.
Fig no: 4.8 Shows the graph for % of fly ash + cement and 7 days compressive strength
for M25
optimum 7 days compressive strength value as 23.12 Mpa. the 7 days compressive strength
strength for M25

% fly ash + cement for 28 days curing 28 days
strength(Mpa)
0% 31.36
10% 32.16
20% 35.74
30% 27.36
40% 22.87
compressive strength 28 days
40
30
20
10
28 days
00 0
2
03
00
00
00
cement + % fly ash
00
00
30
0.
for M25
optimum 28 days compressive strength value as 35.74 Mpa. The 28 days compressive
strength value increase of 4.38 Mpa at 20% of fly ash replacement.
4.6.2 Compressive strength (M30)
In this test sample of concrete is filled in the mould of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm and top of
mould is strike off. A total number of 20 cubes were casted. Fly ash is added in place of
cement in concrete in 4 different percentages starting from 0%, and raised mixing of fly ash
up to 25%, at an interval of 10%. The specimens are covered with in normal curing tank and
accelerated curing tank for 24 hours. Then after sample is removed from curing tank. At the
end of curing period sample is removed and tested immediately. The testing is done under
Compressive Testing Machine model no. CTM40. The load is applied smoothly and
gradually. The crushing loads are noted and average compressive strength for three specimens
is determined for M30 grade.
Table no: 4.14 shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and 3 days compressive strength for
M30
compressive strength
% fly ash+ cement (N/mm) for 3 days curing
0% 12
10% 13.5
20% 14
30% 13.8
40% 13.5
compressive strength (3days)
14.5
14
13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
11
2
03
(3days)
00
00
00
00
00
00
30
0.
cement + % fly ash
Fig no: 4.10 Shows the graph for % of fly ash + cement and 3 days compressive strength for M30
fly ash + cement for M30 grade. The above (fig 4.10) shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets
the optimum 3 days compressive strength value as 14Mpa. The 3 days compressive strength
strength M30
Compressive strength
0% 27.84
10% 28.54
20% 30.87
30% 26.33
40% 26.1
compressive strength (7 days)

35
30
25
(7 days)
00 0
2
03
00
00
00
cement + % fly ash

00
00
30
0.
Fig no: 4.11 Shows the graph for % of fly ash + cement and 7 days compressive strength for
M30
the optimum 7 days compressive strength value as 30.87 Mpa. The 7 days compressive
strength for M30
0% 32.33
10% 34.22
20% 36.45
30% 31.23
40% 32
compressive strength ( 28 days)

38
36
34
32
30
00 0
2
( 28 days)
03
00
00
00
00
00
cement + % fly ash

30
0.
for M30
the optimum 28 days compressive strength value as 36.45Mpa. The 28 days compressive
Table no: 4.17 Shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and compressive strength for
M25
% fly ash + curing period

3 7 28
cement compressive strength
0% 12 22 31.36
10% 14.3 22.9 32.16
20% 18 23.12 35.74
30% 15 20 27.36
40% 16 19.5 22.87
variation of ce me nt +%fly ash and compre ssive stre ngth for M25
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 3 days
0
4
compressive strength (N/mm2) 7 days
03
0.
0.
0.
00
28 days
00
00
00
00
00
30
0.
cement + % fly ash
Fig no: 4.13 Shows the graph for % fly ash + cement and compressive strength for M25.
It is observed that the table no: 4.17 compressive strength values changes with % of fly ash +
cement for M25 grade. The above (fig 4.13) shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets the
optimum compressive strength. The compressive strength value increases of 35.74 Mpa at
Table no: 4.18 Shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and % increase in
compressive strength of M25

7 28
cement % increase in compressive strength
0% 45.45% 61.73%
10% 37.55% 55.53%
20% 22.15% 49.64%
30% 25.00% 45.18%
40% 17.95% 30.04%
variation of ce me nt +%fly ash and % incre ase in compre ssive stre ngth for M25 grade
70.00%
60.00%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00% % of increment from 3 days
0.00%
to 7days
increement in percentage of strength
2
03
% of increment from 3days
00
to 28 days
00
00
00
00
00
30
0.
cement +% fly ash
Fig no: 4.14 Shows the graph for % fly ash + cement and % increase in compressive strength
for M25
It is observed that the table no: 4.18 % increase in compressive strength values changes with
% of fly ash + cement for M25 grade. The above (fig 4.14) shows the % fly ash + cement gets
the optimum compressive strength at 20% of fly ash replacement.
compressive strength for M25
curing % fly ash + cement
period 10% 20% 30% 40%
(days) % increase in compressive strength

3 16.08% 33.33% 20.00% 25.00%
7 3.93% 4.84% -10.00% -12.82%
28 2.49% 12.26% -14.62% -37.12%
variation in % of fly ash + ce me nt and % incre ase in compre ssive stre ngth for M25 grade
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
3 days
0.00%
% increases in compressive strength 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 7 days
-10.00%
28 days
-20.00%
-30.00%
-40.00%
-50.00%
% flyash +cement
Fig no: 4.15 Shows the graph for variation in % fly ash + cement and % increase in
It is observed that the table no: 4.19 variation in % increase in compressive strength values
with % of fly ash + cement for M25 grade. The above (fig 4.15) shows the 20% fly ash +
cement gets the optimum compressive strength. Percentage of increase in compressive
strength is 12.26% at 20% replacement of fly ash.
Table no: 4.20 Shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and compressive strength of
M30

3days 7 days 28days
cement compressive strength(Mpa)
0% 12 27.84 32.33
10% 13.5 28.54 34.22
20% 14 30.87 36.45
30% 13.8 26.33 31.23
40% 13.5 26.1 32
variation of ce me nt +%fly ash and compre ssive stre ngth
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5 3 days
0
compressive strength (N/mm) 7 days
4
2
03
0.
0.
0.
28 days
00
00
00
00
00
00
30
0.
cement +%fly ash
Fig no: 4.16 Shows the graph for % fly ash + cement and compressive strength for M30
It is observed that the table no: 4.20 compressive strength values varying with % of fly ash +
cement for M30 grade. The above (fig 4.16) shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets the
optimum compressive strength. The compressive strength value increase of 36.45 Mpa at
% fly ah+ curing period

7 days 28days
cement % increase in compressive strength
0% 56.90% 62.88%
10% 52.70% 60.55%
20% 54.65% 61.59%
30% 47.59% 55.81%
40% 48.28% 57.81%
variation of ce me nt +%fly ash and % incre ase in compre ssive stre ngth
80.00%
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
increement in percentage
% of increment from 3ofdays
strength
to 7 days (M30) % of increment from 3 days to 28 days(M30)
0
4
03
0.
0.
0.
00
00
00
00
00
00
ce me nt +%fly ash
30
0.
Fig no: 4.17 Shows the graph for % fly ash + cement and % increase in compressive
strength for M30
It is observed that the table no: 4.21 % increase in compressive strength changing with % of
the optimum compressive strength. The percentage increasing compressive strength value is
61.59% at 20% of fly ash replacement.
curing % fly ash + cement

10% 20% 30% 40%
period % increase in compressive strength
3 11.11% 14.29% 13.04% 11.11%
7 2.45% 9.82% -5.73% -6.67%
28 5.55% 11.30% -3.52% -1.03%
variation in % of fly ash + ce me nt and % incre ase in compre ssive stre ngth for M30 grade
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
% increases in compressive strength
3 days 5.00%
7 days 28 days
0.00%
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
-5.00%
-10.00%
% flyash +ce me nt
Fig no: 4.18 Shows the graph for variation in % fly ash + cement and % increase in
It is observed that the table no: 4.21 % increase in compressive strength changing with % of
the optimum compressive strength. The percentage increasing compressive strength value is
11.30% at 20% of fly ash replacement.
Table no: 4.23 Shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and compressive strength
for M25 and M30
compressive strength for compressive strength for M30

% fly ash + cement M25(Mpa) (Mpa)
0% 30.21 31.52
10% 30.66 33.45
20% 32.12 34.25
30% 28.16 29.17
40% 26.87 29.83
28 days acclerated curing for M25 and M30 grade

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
M25
0
4
compressive strength(Mpa)
03
0.
0.
0.
M30
00
00
00
00
00
00
30
0.
% flyash+ cement
Fig no: 4.19 Shows the graph for variation in % fly ash + cement and compressive strength
for M25 and M30.
It is observed that the table no: 4.23 % compressive strengths changing with % of fly ash +
cement for M25 and M30 grade. The above (fig 4.19) shows the 20% fly ash + cement gets
the optimum compressive strength. The percentage increasing compressive strength of 32.12
Mpa and 34.25 Mpa at 20% of fly ash replacement.
Table no: 4.24 Shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and compressive strengths of
normal and accelerated curing for M25 and M30
% fly ash +
28 days normal curing for M25 and 28 days accelerated curing for
cement
M30 grade M25 and M30 grade
compressive compressive compressive compressive
strength for strength for M30 strength for strength for M30
M25(Mpa) (Mpa) M25(Mpa) (Mpa)
0% 31.36 32.33 30.21 31.52
10% 32.16 34.22 30.66 33.45
20% 35.74 36.45 32.12 34.25
30% 27.36 31.23 28.16 29.17
40% 22.87 32 26.87 29.83
comparision of normal and accelerated curing perod for M25 and M30
40
35
30
25
20
15
10 normal curing(M25)
5 normal curing(M30)
compressive strengths(Mpa) 0 accelerated curing(M25)
0
4
1
2
03
0.
0.
0.
accelerated curing(M30)
00
00
00
00
00
00
30
0.
% fly ash + cement
Fig no: 4.20 Shows the graph for variation between % fly ash + cement and compressive
strengths of normal and accelerated curing for M25 and M30
From above table 4.24 shows the compressive strength of cubes with 28 days curing period.
And the above figure shows increasing the compressive strength changing with increasing the
percentage of fly ash and cement for grades M25 and M30. The maximum compressive
strength value gets 36.45 Mpa and 34.25 Mpa at 28 days normal curing.
Table no: 4.25 Shows the variation between % fly ash + cement and % loss of weights for
M25 and M30
% loss of
% fly ash + cement % loss of weights(M25) weights(M30)
0% 2.72 3.43
10% 3.09 3.17
20% 2.60 4.67
30% 5.50 4.73
40% 6.07 1.78
% loss of cube weights (M25 and M30) changing with % fly ash + cement
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%
1.00%
0.00%
% loss of cube weights
2
0
4
loss of cube weights (M25) loss of cube weights (M30)
03
0.
0.
0.
00
00
00
00
00
00
30
0.
% fly ash + cement
Fig no: 4.21 Shows the graph for variation between % fly ash + cement and % loss of weights
for M25 and M30.
It is observed that the table no: 4.25 shows % loss of cube weight changing with % of fly
ash(M25 and M30) fly ash + cement. And the above figure shows the changes in % of cube
weights with % fly ash + cement at the more weight loss of cube for M25 is 6.07% at 40% fly
ash and less weight loss of cube is 2.60 at 20% fly ash, similarly for M30 more loss of weight
is 4.73 at 30% fly ash and less loss of 1.78 at 40% fly ash.
4.7 Summary
In this chapter discussed about comparisons of compressive strengths, percentage increases
in compressive strengths at 3 days, 7 days and 28 days for normal curing and also accelerated
curing at 28 days for M25 and M30 grades.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS:
The optimum dosage of Fly Ash addition was decided as 20% Fly Ash + Cement for
both M25 and M30 grades of Concrete.
The maximum Compressive Strength obtained at optimum Dosage is 36.45Mpa.
It is concluded that normal cured concrete cubes have shown better results than
accelerated curing samples.
28 Days was considered as Optimum Curing period because maximum strengths were
obtained at this period for all proportions of mixes.
REFERENCES
1. IS: 8112-1989. Specifications for 43-Grade Portland cement, Bureau of Indian
Standards, and New Delhi, India.
2. I.S: 516-1959. Method of test for strength of concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi, 1959.
3. I.S:2386 (Part I, IV, VI)-1988. Indian standard Method of test for aggregate for
concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, Reaffirmed, New Delhi, 2000.
4. IS: 1199-1959. Indian Standards Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
5. Effect of partial replacement of cement with fly ash on the strength and durability of
HPC Gopalakrishna, S., Rajamane, N.P., Neelamegam, M., Peter, J.A. and
Dattatreya, J.K. 2001. The Indian Concrete Journal, pp. 335-341.
6. Nucleation and Pozzolanic Factors in Strength Development of Class F Fly Ash
Concrete, Gopalan, M. K. (1993), ACI Materials Journal, Vol.90, No.2, pp. 117
121.
7. Effects of water / powder ratio, mixing ratio of fly ash, and curing temperature on
pozzolanic reaction of fly ash in cement paste, Hanehara, S., Tomosawa, F.,
Kobayakawa, M., Hwang, K. (2001), Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.31, pp. 31
39.
8. Prediction model of compressive strength development of fly ash concrete, Hwang,
K., Noguchi, T., Tomosawa, F. (2004), Cement & Concrete Research, Vol.34, pp.
2269 2276.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

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Project report on

COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF M25, M30

G.GOWRI SANKARA RAO M-Tech

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

The project report Comparison of Compressive Strength of M25, M30 Grades of

Project Guide Head of the Department

The advancement of concrete technology can reduce the consumption of

1.1 Scope of the study of fly ash characteristics:

1.2 Types of fly ash as per ASTM

1.3 Hydration reactions:

1.6 Organization of the Report:

(Hooten RDC, 1993) investigated on influence of silica fume replacement of cement on

M25 & M30

Cubes normal Cubes Accelerated

Curing periods of 3 days, 7 Curing period of 28 days

Compression testing machine

Test results and analysis

3.2 Material Selection

3.2.4 Fly Ash

3.3 Method of Batching:

3.3.1 Batching of Concrete

3.3.2 Weigh Batching:

3.4 Material Preparation and Testing procedures:

3.4.2 Tests on Cement

3.4.2.1 Fineness of Cement:

Procedure to determine fineness of cement:

Fig no: 3.2 90 micron sieve

Procedure to determine consistency of cement:

Fig no: 3.3 Shows the vi-cat apparatus

3.4.2.3 Initial and Final Setting Time:

Procedure to Determine Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement:

a) Initial Setting Time:

b) Final Setting Time:

3.4.2.4 Specific Gravity of Cement:

Procedure to determine soundness of cement:

Fig no: 3.6 Shows Le- Chatlier apparatus

3.4.4 Fly ash

3.4.5 Types of Fly Ash

3.4.6 Benefits of Using Fly Ash

3.5.1 Sand Types:

3.5.2 Tests on Sand

3.5.2.1 Specific Gravity of Sand:

Fig no: 3.9 Shows pycnometer apparatus

3.5.2.2 Sieve Analysis of Sand:

e.g.:- "slabs of concrete"

3.7 Properties of Concrete:

3.7.3 Water Cement Ratio:

3.7.4 Workability Tests on Concrete:

3.7.4.1 Compaction Factor:

Fig no: 3.12 Shows the compaction factor equipment

3.7.4.2 Slump Test:

Procedure To Determine Workability Of Fresh Concrete By Slump Test:

Fig no: 3.13 Shows slump cone apparatus

3.7.4.3 Vee-Bee Consistometer Test:

The apparatus used is Vee-Bee consistometer.

Procedure to determine Workability of fresh concrete by Vee-Bee Consistometer:

3.7.5 Accelerated Curing Test of Concrete:

Fig no: 3.15 Shows Accelerated Curing Testing Machine

R28 (Strength at 28 days)= 8.09+1.64Ra

3.7.6 Compressive Strength for Concrete Cubes:

Fig no: 3.16 Shows compressive testing machine

Safety & Precautions:

Table no: 4.1 Shows the physical properties of cement.