Answers to Biology for IGCSE Chapter 10

Chapter 10 Summary Questions page 128.

(Suggested marks are given in square brackets)

1 (a) respiration - the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells
to release energy [1]

(b) aerobic respiration - the release of a relatively large amount of energy in cells by the
breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen [1]

(c) anaerobic respiration - the release of a relatively small amount of energy by the
breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen [1]

2 respiration is the release of energy from, food substances / nutrient molecules; breathing
is the movement of air into and out of the lungs [2]

3 muscle contraction; cell division; absorption of nutrients in the gut by active transport;
sending impulses along nerves; protein synthesis for making, enzymes / some hormones
(e.g. insulin and glucagon) / antibodies; making new, cell membranes / cell structures like
the nucleus, during growth; keeping the body temperature constant [7]

4 (a) glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy released [1]

(b) glucose carbon dioxide + alcohol + energy released [1]
(c) glucose lactic acid + energy released [1]

5 yeast in brewing
maltose (from barley); yeast breaks down maltose to glucose; yeast respires glucose
anaerobically; alcohol is produced (for the beer); carbon dioxide is produced (may be
collected and sold, e.g. for greenhouses see spread 6.5 on page 65) [3]
yeast in breadmaking
yeast is mixed with flour, sugar (sucrose) and water to form dough; yeast breaks down
sucrose to glucose; yeast respires glucose anaerobically; to produce carbon dioxide;
which is trapped inside dough forming bubbles; bubbles cause dough to rise; alcohol is
also produced (evaporates when bread is baked) [3]

6 thin walls (short diffusion distance); many capillaries; moist (so oxygen dissolves before
diffusion); (large number so) large surface area [4]

7 at rest, count the number of breaths per, 30 seconds / minute; repeat and calculate
average; take some light exercise (e.g. step-ups for short time); count number of
breaths every, 30 second / minute; until breathing rate returns to normal; repeat using
more intense exercise (e.g. step-ups for longer); repeat each type of exercise and take
 averages for the breathing after exercise [6]

8 parts (a) and (b) could be marked together to a maximum of 9 marks

points which could be in either (a) or (b) to a maximum of 3 marks
respiration in muscles; provides energy for exercise; oxygen is required for aerobic
respiration; carbon dioxide is poisonous if allowed to build up in, muscles / blood; if
not enough oxygen muscles respire anaerobically; produce lactic acid; causes
cramp / makes muscle feel tired; so they cannot continue to contract [3]
(a) volume of breaths increases; data quote, e.g. 500 cm3 at rest to 1200 cm3 at 50
step-ups per minute / increases by a factor of 4; breathe more deeply; to fill alveoli;
to allow more oxygen into the blood / more carbon dioxide out of the blood; increase
surface area for gas exchange / diffusion [3]

(b) number of breaths increases; data quote, e.g. 18 breaths per minute at rest to 34 at
50 step-ups per minute / increase by a factor of 1.9; increases total volume of air
into the lungs per minute; to allow, uptake of more oxygen / getting rid of more
carbon dioxide [3]

9 aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy released
1 mark for glucose and oxygen; 1 mark for products, 1 mark for energy [3]

anaerobic respiration in yeast

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy released
1 mark for glucose; 1 mark for products, 1 mark for energy [3]

anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue

C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + energy released
1 mark for glucose; 1 mark for lactic acid, 1 mark for energy [3]

10 no need to breathe during race if muscles use anaerobic respiration and not aerobic;
race is so short can hold breath for that length of time; after the race breathe deeply;
oxygen needed to repay oxygen debt; lactic acid is broken down; respired
aerobically [3]

11 rib cage is moved up and down (more than at rest); external intercostal muscles
contract; rib cage moved upwards and outwards; diaphragm contracts and flattens;
internal intercostal muscles contract; lower ribs downwards and inwards; diaphragm
relaxes [4]

12 tissues make more carbon dioxide; lowers pH of the blood; brain detects, increase in
carbon dioxide concentration / decrease in pH; brain sends (more) impulses to
diaphragm and intercostal muscles so contract faster and further; fewer nerve
impulses if/when carbon dioxide and pH return to normal; breathing volume and rate
returns to normal [5]
Chapter 10 Exam-Style Questions page 128-129.

Multiple Choice Questions (1 mark each)

1 A
2 B
3 C
4 C

Short Answer Questions

1feature 2photosynthesis 3respiration

4occurs only in plant cells 5 5
7produces oxygen 5 5
10consists of a series of 55 55
enzyme-catalysed reactions
13produces carbon dioxide 55 55
16releases energy 55 55
19takes place all the time 55 55
(night and day)

1 mark per row to max 5 marks [5]

6 (a) glucose ; + (oxygen) carbon dioxide ; + water ; + energy released ; [4]

(b) to the right / towards the tube; oxygen used by crickets; in aerobic respiration; carbon
dioxide given out by cricket; absorbed by soda lime; so volume of air in the tube
decreases; air pressure in the tube decreases; atmospheric pressure is greater than
air pressure in the tube; (drop of liquid moves to the right / towards tube) [4]

(c) to introduce air; with oxygen; so crickets continue to respire aerobically; [2]

(d) temperature; [1]

7 (a) (i) A larynx;

B trachea;
C alveolus / alveoli;
D bronchus; [4]

(ii) A speech;
B allows movement of air to the lungs and back;
C gas exchange / diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and
blood;
D allows movement of air between trachea and lungs; [4]

(b) drawing / description, of the apparatus in the practical box on page 120 (check that
tube A goes into the limewater and tube B is above the limewater); person breathes
through mouthpiece; limewater goes cloudy in B first; shows expired air has
 more carbon dioxide than inspired air; limewater in A goes cloudy after B; carbon
dioxide in atmosphere but at much lower concentration; [5]

8 (a) A sternum / breast bone; allow ribs as not easy to see on the diagram
B diaphragm;
C intercostal muscles;

(b)(i)

structure inspiration expiration

diaphragm contracts and, moves relaxes and moves upwards;
downwards / flattens;
external contracts to move the ribs relaxes (ribs move
intercostal muscle upwards; downwards under influence
of gravity);
internal relaxes; contracts (during forced
intercostal muscle breathing) to move rib cage
downwards and inwards;

[6]

(ii) inspiration
volume of lungs increases; air pressure in lungs decreases; atmosphere
pressure is greater than air pressure in the lungs (so air moves into the
lungs);

expiration
volume of lungs decreases; air pressure in lungs increases; air pressure
inside the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure (so air moves out of the
lungs); [5]