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Bonding Models
Bonding holds atoms together to form solids materials
Simple bonding models assume that the total bonding results from the
sum of two forces: an attractive force (FA ) and a repulsive (FR).
the net force F N = F A + F R
The repulsive force dominates at small distances, and the attractive
force dominates at larger distances. At equilibrium they are just equal.
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Bonding
Primary bonding:
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Ionic Bonding
Occurs between + and - ions.
Requires electron transfer.
Large difference in electronegativity required.
Example: NaCl
Nondirectional
3p
3s
3p
3s
Na Cl
( = 0.9) ( = 3.0)
Ionic Bonding
z1 z2 e 2
EA =
4 o r
Since z1 = +1 for Na+ and z2 = -1 for Cl-
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Ionic Bonding
E
B
ER =
rn
r
Bond
energy A
EA =
r
!+ !*
3 34 - $ +5 0 - $+ 3 34 ( 6 -5 /7 4 7
7 # 35 " 3 3 5 8 -7 )*"* 3 )* !5 " 3 3 8 -7 )*0! 8
9 8
0 :
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1s 1s
Example1: H2
H H
Atomic orbitals
H H
Example2: CH4
C: has 4 valence e, shared electrons
H
from carbon atom
needs 4 more CH 4
H: has 1 valence e,
H C H
needs 1 more
Electronegativities shared electrons
H from hydrogen
are same or comparable. atoms
3 34 - $ )!5 0
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y
x
sp3 hybridization for C in CH4
Hybridization
1s + 1p = sp-orbitals 1s + 2p = sp2-orbitals 1s + 3p = sp3-orbitals
z z z
60
y y
y
x x 60
x
$ $
3 3
$)
(
. 2
$
#
)! )' $' $! !
,- .
!* )$ )% "!
/ 1 #
!% )! )' )0 )% )% )% )0 )% $! $%
. . &
!% )! )% $'
# 6
!+ !* )% $$
!+ !* 3 34 - $ +5 0 - $+
3 34 ( 6 -5 /7 4 7 7 # 35 " 3 3 5 8 -7
)*"* 3 )* !5 " 3 3 8 -7 )*0! 8 9 8
0 :
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% ionic character
The covalent bond is directional.
j = electronegativity of atom j
Example problem
Order the following semiconductors from
most covalent to most ionic.
1) ZnS, GaP, CuCl
2) ZnS, ZnSe, ZnO
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Metallic Bonding
Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons
sea of electrons
3 34 - $ ))5 0
Metallic Bonding
Valence electrons are completely delocalized to form an electron
cloud, in which positive ionic cores are embedded.
Metallic bonding is found in the periodic table for Group IA and IIA
elements.
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-ex: polymer 3 8
3 -
Hydrogen bonding O
H H
O
H H
O H
H
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+ + -
- - +
secondary
Nonpolar bonding
polar
(e.g. atom)
Fluctuating dipoles
Constant vibrational motion can cause distortions of
electrical symmetry
8 <= 3 $
3 $ $
3 8 3 8
3 - 3 -
Adapted from Fig. 2.13, Callister 6e.
SUMMARY: BONDING
Type Bond Energy Comments
Variable Directional
Covalent large-Diamond (semiconductors, ceramics
small-Bismuth polymer chains)
Variable
large-Tungsten
Metallic Nondirectional (metals)
small-Mercury
Directional
Secondary smallest inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
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># 3 -85 ?
? -8
/
7 3 -7
- /
? @ / - 4? -
A 3 -8B
0 :
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> ?C
? -8
7 3 -7 ? - 4
-
0 :
? , 3
- ? , 3
, ; 3 -8
, 3 -= 3 /
3 ?
3
6 8 : 6
D . 3 8= . 3 8 3 -3
/
3 8 ?
3 -
-
0
:
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