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Lesson #1
Circuit Elements
Passive Devices
Active Devices
Circuit Analysis Tools
Ohms Law
Kirchhoffs Law
Impedances
Mesh and Nodal Analysis
Superposition
Examples
BME 372 Electronics I 4
J.Schesser
Characterize Circuit Elements
VR (t ) = I R(t)R where R is the value of the resistance associated with the resistor
dVC(t)
I C (t ) = C where C is the value of the capacitance associated with the capacitor
dt
dI L(t)
VL (t ) = L where L is the value of the inductance associated with the inductor
dt
a
Current Source: a device which supplies a current
Iab(t)
as a function of time out of its terminals which is
independent of the voltage across it, units: Amperes b
DC, AC, Pulse Trains, Square Waves, Triangular
Waves
Is(t) Rs Iab(t)
b
BME 372 Electronics I 11
J.Schesser
Circuit Elements - Active Devices
Continued
Independent vs Dependent Sources
a An independent source is one where the output
+
Vab(t) voltage or current is not dependent on other voltages
--
or currents in the device
b
A dependent source is one where the output voltage
or current is a function of another voltage or current
in the device (e.g., a BJT transistor may be viewed
as having an output current source which is
dependent on the input current)
Rs ii Ro io
+ + +
vs vi Ri Avovi vo RL
- - -
BME 372 Electronics I 12
J.Schesser
Circuit Elements - Active Devices
Continued
Non-Linear
Transistors: three or more terminal devices
where its output voltage and current
characteristics are a function on its input
voltage and/or current characteristics, several
types BJT, FETs, etc.
dI dI
Vac = Vab + Vbc = 25 + 100
dt dt
dI dI
= (25 + 100) = 125
dt dt
Capacitors a
5f
b
10f
c
1 5 10 50 10
CT = = = = = 3.33 f
1 1 5 + 10 15 3
+
5 10
1 1
5 10
Vac = Vab + Vbc = Idt + Idt
1 1 3
= ( + ) Idt = Idt
5 10 10
Capacitors a
10f
b
10f
c
1 10 10 100 10
CT = = = = =5f
1 1 10 + 10 20 2
+
10 10
1 1
Vac = Vab + Vbc = Idt + Idt
10 10
1 1 2 1
= ( + ) Idt = Idt = Idt
10 10 10 5
R1 R2 = ( 1 + 1 )V = V
b
R1 R2 RT
Iab
a
LL I ab = I1 + I 2 = 1 Vdt + 1 Vdt
LT = 1 = 1 2 L1 L2
I1 L1 I L2
Inductors 1 + 1 L1 + L2
= ( 1 + 1 ) Vdt = 1 Vdt
2
L1 L2 b L1 L2 LT
Iab I ab = I1 + I 2 = C1 dV + C2 dV
a dt dt
= (C1 + C2 ) dV = CT dV
Capacitors CT = C1+ C2 I1 C1
I2
C2 dt dt
b
BME 372 Electronics I 22
J.Schesser
Combining Circuit Elements
Kirchhoffs Laws
Kirchhoff Voltage Law: The sum of the
voltages around a loop must equal zero
Kirchhoff Current Law: The sum of the
currents leaving (entering) a node must
equal zero
I1+I2+I3=0 + I 2
V(t) R1 R2
I2=-V(t)/R1; I3=-V(t)/R2; -
I1-V(t)/R1 -V(t)/R2 =0
I1=V(t)/R1 +V(t)/R2=V(t)[1/R1 +1/R2]
RT = 20+ 50 = 70
dI (t ) 1
V (t ) = I (t ) R1 + L1 + I (t )dt + V(t)
I(t)
C1
dt C1 --
dV (t )
For a capacitor, let' s assume V (t ) = Ae st ; then I (t ) = C = CsAe st ;
dt
V Ae st 1
Z (s) = = =
I sCAe st sC
2a
1. x2+4x+3=0
x1, 2 = 4 4 2
4 3 = 4 16 12
2 2
= 4 4 = 4 2 = 1,3
2 2
2. x2+4x+5=0
x1, 2 = 4 4 2
4 5 = 4 16 20
2 2
= 4 4 ?????
2
x
Re{z}
x
Re{z}
Rectangular or Cartesian
BME 372 Electronics I 37
J.Schesser
Polar Form
j
z = re = r is a complex number where:
r is the magnitude of z
is the angle or argument of z (arg z)
z = r e j
Im{z}
y (r,)
r
x
Re{z}
Polar
z = x + jy = r e j
Relationship of Polar to the Rectangular Form:
x = Re{z} = r cos
y = Im{z} = r sin
Relationship of Rectangular to Polar Form:
y
r= x +y
2 2
and = arctan( )
x
BME 372 Electronics I 39
J.Schesser
Addition of 2 complex numbers
When two complex numbers are added, it is best to use
the rectangular form.
The real part of the sum is the sum of the real parts and
imaginary part of the sum is the sum of the imaginary
parts.
y1 + y2 Im
Example: z3 = z1 + z2 z3
z1 = x1 + jy1 ; z 2 = x2 + jy2 y1
z1
z3 = z1 + z 2 = x1 + jy1 + x2 + jy2 z2
y2
= x1 + x2 + jy1 + jy2 x2
x1
Re
x1 + x2
= ( x1 + x2 ) + j ( y1 + y2BME
) 372 Electronics I
40
J.Schesser
Multiplication of 2 complex numbers
When two complex numbers are multiplied, it is best
to use the polar form:
Example: z3 = z1 x z2 z = re ; z = r e j( 1) j( 2 )
1 1 2 2
z3 = z1 z 2 = r1e j ( ) r2 e j ( )
1 2
= r1r2 e j ( ) e j ( ) = r1r2 e j ( + )
1 2 1 2
r2
2
r3 = r1 r2 1
Re
BME 372 Electronics I 41
J.Schesser
Eulers Formula
e j = cos + j sin
Im{z}
1
Re{z}
We can use Eulers Formula to define complex
numbers
z = r e j = r cos + j r sin
=x+jy
BME 372 Electronics I 42
J.Schesser
Complex Exponential Signals
A complex exponential signal is define as:
z (t ) = Ae j ( o t + )
X=A e j
Im
A
Re
Re
For an inductor V= j L I
Z L = j L L ; Here we say the voltage across an inductor leads the current through it by 90.
2
1
For a capacitor V= I
j C
1 1
ZC = ; Here we say the voltage across a capacitor lags the current through it by 90.
j C C 2
For a resistor V= R I
Z R = R R0 ; Here we say the voltage across a resistor is in phase with the current through it.
Real Numbers
Resistor
1
(L1 )
A0 A0 A C1
I= = = tan 1[ ]
1 1 1 2 R1
R1 + jL1 + R1 + j (L1 ) R1 + (L1
2
)
jC1 C1 C1
Converting back to the time representation,
1
(L1 )
A C1
I (t ) = cos(t tan 1[ ])
1 2 R1
R1 + (L1
2
)
C1
R1
a
R2 R3
R8 R4 R5
R7
b
R6
R1 R3
a
R2
R4
R6
b
R5
5f C2
5f C4
C=1 R=1
a
L=1
b
a
L=1 C=1 R=1
b
C1 C2
1n 5n
CD 53n