Suicidal Teens

Updated: December 2016

 Suicidal Teens
December 2016

The proportion of high school students who report they have thought seriously
about attempting suicide continued to rise in 2015 (to 18 percent), after having
fallen substantially since the early 1990s (from 29 percent in 1991 to 14 percent in
2009).

Importance
Suicide was the second leading cause of death among teenagers ages 15-19 in 2014.1 Considering or
attempting suicide is often indicative of serious mental health problems, and may signal other traumatic life
events such as physical or sexual abuse. Youth are much more likely to think about and attempt suicide if
they are depressed.2 Other risk factors for suicide include co-occurring substance or alcohol abuse and
mental disorders; a family history of suicide; physical illness; relational, social, work, or financial loss; and
easy access to lethal methods, especially guns.3 Finally, youth who have experienced stressful life events,
who have poor levels of communication with their parents, and who have been exposed to the suicidal
behaviors of others are more likely to commit suicide.4

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Trends
The percentage of high school students who reported that they had thought seriously about committing
suicide in the last year declined from 29 percent in 1991 to 14 percent in 2009. However, the percentage
has increased since, reaching 18 percent in 2015. The proportion of students who reported having
attempted suicide remained relatively constant in the 1990s and early 2000s (between seven and nine
percent), but the percentage declined between 2005 and 2009, from eight to six percent. This trend
reversed in 2011, increasing to eight percent, and in 2015 increased again to nine percent. A much smaller
proportion, two to three percent of high school students, reported requiring medical attention as a result of a
suicide attempt, and this proportion remained constant between 1991 and 2009. However, the proportion
increased significantly between 2009 and 2015, from 1.9 to 2.8 percent. (Figure 1)

Figure 1
Percentage of Students in Grades 9 through 12 Who Report They Thought
Seriously About Attempting Suicide, Attempted Suicide, and That Their Suicide
Attempts Required Medical Attention1: 1991-2015
50

Thought Seriously about Attempting Suicide

40 Attempted Suicide
Suicide Attempt Needed Medical Attention

29.0
30
Percent

20
17.7
13.8

10 8.4
7.3 6.3 8.6

1.7 1.9
2.8
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

1
During the past twelve months
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). 1991-2015 High School Youth Risk
Behavior Survey Data. Accessed on 11/11/2016. Available at http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/.

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Differences by Gender
Females are much more likely than males to report seriously considering suicide (23 and 12 percent,
respectively, in 2015), attempting suicide (twelve and six percent, respectively), and requiring medical
attention (four and two percent, respectively). (Figure 2) However, males are far more likely to succeed in
committing suicide.5

Figure 2
Percentage of Students in Grades 9 through 12 Who Thought
Seriously About Attempting Suicide, Attempted Suicide, and Whose
Suicide Attempts Required Medical Attention,1 by Gender: 2015
50

40 Total Male Female

30
Percent

23

20 18

12 12
9
10
6
3 4
2
0
Thought Seriously About Suicide Attempted Suicide Suicide Attempt Required Medical
Attention

1During the past twelve months

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). 1991-2015 High School Youth Risk
Behavior Survey Data. Accessed on 11/11/2016. Available at http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/.

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December 2016

Differences by Race and Hispanic Origin6

In 2015, Hispanic females were more likely to seriously consider suicide than their white or black peers (26,
versus 23 and 19 percent, respectively), more likely to report attempting suicide (15, versus 10 percent,
each), and more likely to require medical attention for a suicide attempt (5, versus 3 and 4 percent,
respectively). (Figure 3) Among males, whites were less likely than blacks and Hispanics to attempt suicide
(4, versus 7 and 8 percent, respectively), and less likely to require medical attention for a suicide attempt (1,
versus 4 and 3 percent, respectively). (Appendices 2 and 3)

Figure 3
Percentage of Female Students in Grades 9 through 12 Who
Thought Seriously About Attempting Suicide, Attempted Suicide,
and Whose Suicide Attempts Required Medical Attention, 1
by Race/Hispanic Origin 2: 2015
50

White, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic

40

30
26
Percent

23
19
20
15

10 10
10

4 5
3

0
Thought Seriously About Suicide Attempted Suicide Suicide Attempt Required Medical
Attention
1
During the twelve months preceding the survey.
2 Estimates reported here include only respondents who selected one race category.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). 1991-2015 High School Youth Risk
Behavior Survey Data. Accessed on 11/11/2016. Available at http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/.

Differences by Grade
In 2015, twelfth-grade girls were less likely than ninth-grade girls to seriously consider or attempt suicide (19
versus 27 percent). Additionally, ninth-grade girls were more than twice as likely as their twelfth-grade
counterparts to attempt suicide (15 versus 7 percent), and to require medical treatment as a result of suicide
attempts (5 versus 2 percent). Refer to Figure 4.

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Figure 4
Percentage of Females in Grades 9 through 12 Who Thought
Seriously About Attempting Suicide, Attempted Suicide, and Whose
Suicide Attempts Required Medical Attention1: by Grade, 2015
50

40 Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12

30
27 26
Percent

22
20 19

15
13
10
10
7
5 4 3
2

0
Thought Seriously about Attempting Attempted Suicide Suicide Attempt Needed Medical
Suicide Attention
1
During the twelve months preceding the survey.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). 1991-2015 High School Youth
Risk Behavior Survey Data. Accessed on 11/11/2016. Available at http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/.

State and Local Estimates

2015 estimates of suicidal thoughts and attempts among high school students (Grades 9-12) are available
for select states and cities from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) at
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/ss/ss6506a1.htm. (Tables 26 and 28)

International Estimates
None available.

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National Goals
The Healthy People 2020 program has set a goal to reduce the proportion of adolescents who report they
required medical attention for an attempted suicide, from 1.9 percent in 2009 to 1.7 percent in 2020.

Additional information available at:

www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicId=28
(Goal MHMD-2)

What Works to Make Progress on This Indicator

See the Suicide Prevention Resource Centers list of evidence-based practices: http://www.sprc.org/bpr.
Also, see Child Trends review, What Works to Prevent or Reduce Internalizing Problems or Social-
Emotional Difficulties in Adolescents: Lessons From Experimental Evaluations of Social Interventions,
available at: http://www.childtrends.org/?publications=what-works-to-prevent-or-reduce-internalizing-
problems-or-socio-emotional-difficulties-in-adolescents-lessons-from-experimental-evaluations-of-social-
interventions

Also, see Child Trends LINKS database (Lifecourse Interventions to Nurture Kids Successfully), for
reviews of many rigorously evaluated programs, including the following which have been shown to be
effective at reducing suicide risk behaviors:

Care, Assess, Respond, Empower (CARE): www.childtrends.org/?programs=care-assess-respond-

empower-care

Coping and Support Training: www.childtrends.org/?programs=coping-and-support-training

Good Behavior Game: www.childtrends.org/?programs=good-behavior-game-gbg

Signs of Suicide Prevention Program: www.childtrends.org/?programs=signs-of-suicide-prevention-

program

Youth-Nominated Support Team: www.childtrends.org/?programs=youth-nominated-support-team

Related Indicators
Adolescents Who Feel Sad or Hopeless: www.childtrends.org/?indicators=adolescents-who-felt-
sad-or-hopeless

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Teen Homicide, Suicide, and Firearm Deaths: www.childtrends.org/?indicators=teen-homicide-

suicide-and-firearm-deaths

Young Adult Depression: http://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=young-adult-depression

Definition
Students were asked the following questions:

During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide?

During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide?

If you attempted suicide during the past 12 months, did any attempt result in an injury, poisoning,
or overdose that had to be treated by a doctor or nurse?

Students from Oregon, Washington, and Minnesota were not included in the survey in any year. Students
from California were included in the survey only in 2015. Additionally, students from, Indiana and
Pennsylvania were not included in the 2013 survey, and students from Utah, Kansas, Texas, New Jersey,
Iowa, Wisconsin, Louisiana, Ohio and Georgia were not included in the 2015 survey. Students from
Colorado, and Iowa were not included in the 2013 or 2015 surveys.

Data Source
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). 1991-2015 High School Youth Risk Behavior
Survey Data. Accessed on 11/11/2016. Available at http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/.

Raw Data Source

Youth Risk Behavior Survey

http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/yrbs/index.htm

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Appendix 1 - Percentage of High School Students1 Who

Report They Thought Seriously About Attempting
Suicide2: Selected Years, 1991-2015
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

All Students
29.0 24.1 24.1 20.5 19.3 19.0 16.9 16.9 14.5 13.8 15.8 17.0 17.7
Race/Hispanic
Origin3
Non-Hispanic
White 29.9 24.2 24.9 19.5 17.6 19.7 16.5 16.9 14.0 13.1 15.5 16.2 17.2

Non-Hispanic
Black 22.2 19.9 20.0 16.4 15.3 13.3 12.5 12.2 13.2 13.0 13.2 14.5 14.5

Hispanic 26.8 26.0 25.0 23.1 19.9 19.4 18.1 17.9 15.9 15.4 16.7 18.9 18.8
Grade
9 29.1 24.2 25.7 22.2 18.1 20.8 16.9 17.9 14.8 14.8 17.1 17.2 18.2
10 29.5 24.7 24.5 21.5 21.9 19.0 18.3 17.3 15.6 13.4 16.5 17.3 18.3
11 31.6 24.6 26.3 21.0 18.3 18.9 16.4 16.8 13.5 14.5 15.5 18.2 17.7
12 25.8 22.7 20.0 17.9 18.4 16.4 15.5 14.8 13.5 12.1 13.6 14.9 16.3
Male
20.8 18.8 18.3 15.1 13.7 14.2 12.8 12.0 10.3 10.5 12.5 11.6 12.2
Race/Hispanic
Origin3
Non-Hispanic
White 21.7 19.1 19.1 14.4 12.5 14.9 12.0 12.4 10.2 10.5 12.8 11.4 11.5

Non-Hispanic
Black 13.3 15.4 16.7 10.6 11.7 9.2 10.3 7.0 8.5 7.8 9.0 10.2 11.0

Hispanic 18.0 17.9 15.7 17.1 13.6 12.2 12.9 11.9 10.7 10.7 12.6 11.5 12.4
Grade
9 17.6 17.7 18.2 16.1 11.9 14.7 11.9 12.2 10.8 10.0 12.9 9.9 10.7
10 19.5 18.0 16.7 14.5 13.7 13.8 13.2 11.9 9.3 10.0 11.4 11.3 10.8
11 25.3 20.6 21.7 16.6 13.7 14.1 12.9 11.9 10.7 11.4 14.3 14.0 13.3
12 20.7 18.3 16.3 13.5 15.6 13.7 13.2 11.6 10.2 10.5 11.5 11.0 14.0

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1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

Female
37.2 29.6 30.4 27.1 24.9 23.6 21.3 21.8 18.7 17.4 19.3 22.4 23.4
Race/Hispanic
Origin3
Non-Hispanic
White 38.6 29.7 31.6 26.1 23.2 24.2 21.2 21.5 17.8 16.1 18.4 21.1 22.8

Non-Hispanic
Black 29.4 24.5 22.2 22.0 18.8 17.2 14.7 17.1 18.0 18.1 17.4 18.6 18.7

Hispanic 34.6 34.1 34.1 30.3 26.1 26.5 23.4 24.2 21.1 20.2 21.0 26.0 25.6
Grade
9 40.3 30.9 34.4 28.9 24.4 26.2 22.2 23.9 19.0 20.3 21.5 24.6 26.5
10 39.7 31.6 32.8 30.0 30.1 24.1 23.8 23.0 22.0 17.2 22.3 23.4 25.7
11 38.4 28.9 31.1 26.2 23.0 23.6 20.0 21.6 16.3 17.8 16.7 22.3 22.1
12 30.7 27.3 23.9 23.6 21.2 18.9 18.0 18.0 16.7 13.6 15.8 18.7 18.6
1
Estimates do not include youth who dropped out of school and therefore may not reflect total national values.
Students from Oregon, Washington, and Minnesota were not included in the survey in any year. California students
were included in the survey only in 2015. Additionally, students in, Indiana and Pennsylvania were not included in the
2013 survey, and students in Utah, Kansas, Texas, New Jersey, Iowa, Wisconsin, Louisiana, Ohio and Georgia were not
included in the 2015 survey. Students in Colorado, and Iowa were not included in the 2013 or 2015 surveys. Various

other states were not included in previous survey years.

2
During the last twelve months.
3
Race/ethnicity estimates from 1999 and later are not directly comparable to earlier years due to federal changes in

race definitions. In surveys conducted in 1999 and later, respondents were allowed to select more than one race when
selecting their racial category. Estimates presented only include respondents who selected one category when choosing
their race.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). 1991-2015 High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Data. Accessed on 11/11/2016. Available at http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/.

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Appendix 2 - Percentage of High School Students1 Who

Report They Attempted Suicide2: Selected Years, 1991-
2015
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

All Students
7.3 8.6 8.7 7.7 8.3 8.8 8.5 8.4 6.9 6.3 7.8 8.0 8.6
Race/Hispanic
Origin3
Non-Hispanic
White 6.7 7.7 7.6 6.3 6.7 7.9 6.9 7.3 5.6 5.0 6.2 6.3 6.8

Non-Hispanic
Black 6.6 8.4 9.5 7.3 7.3 8.8 8.4 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.3 8.8 8.9

Hispanic 7.9 13.6 13.4 10.7 12.8 12.1 10.6 11.3 10.2 8.1 10.2 11.3 11.3
Grade
9 9.1 10.1 10.7 10.5 10.0 11.0 10.1 10.4 7.9 7.3 9.3 9.3 9.9
10 7.6 9.4 10.0 8.5 10.0 9.5 9.1 9.1 8.0 6.9 8.2 8.6 9.4
11 6.3 8.3 8.5 7.6 6.1 8.3 7.3 7.8 5.8 6.3 6.6 7.5 8.0
12 5.8 6.7 5.6 4.8 5.6 5.5 6.1 5.4 5.4 4.2 6.3 6.2 6.2
Male
3.9 5.0 5.6 4.5 5.7 6.2 5.4 6.0 4.6 4.6 5.8 5.4 5.5
Race/ Hispanic
Origin 3
Non-Hispanic
White 3.3 4.4 5.2 3.2 4.5 5.3 3.7 5.2 3.4 3.8 4.6 4.2 3.7

Non-Hispanic
Black 3.2 5.4 7.1 5.6 7.1 7.5 7.7 5.2 5.5 5.4 7.7 6.8 7.2

Hispanic 3.6 7.4 5.8 7.2 6.6 8.0 6.1 7.8 6.3 5.1 6.9 6.9 7.6
Grade
9 4.4 5.8 6.8 6.3 6.1 8.2 5.8 6.8 5.3 4.5 6.8 4.8 5.1
10 3.3 5.9 5.4 3.8 6.2 6.7 5.5 7.6 4.9 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.7
11 4.1 3.4 5.7 4.4 4.8 4.9 4.6 4.5 3.7 4.7 5.9 6.2 5.8
12 3.8 4.5 4.7 3.7 5.4 4.4 5.2 4.3 4.2 3.8 5.0 5.1 5.2

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1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Female 10.
12.5 11.9 11.6 10.9 11.2 11.5 10.8 9.3 8.1 9.8 10.6 11.6
7
Race/ Hispanic
Origin 3
Non-Hispanic 10.
White 11.3 10.4 10.3 9.0 10.3 10.3 9.3 7.7 6.5 7.9 8.5 9.8
4
Non-Hispanic
Black 9.4 11.2 10.8 9.0 7.5 9.8 9.0 9.8 9.9 10.0 8.8 10.7 10.2

Hispanic 11.
19.7 20.9 14.9 18.9 15.9 15.0 14.9 14.0 11.1 13.5 15.6 15.1
6
Grade
9 13.
14.4 14.9 15.1 14.0 13.2 14.7 14.1 10.5 10.3 11.8 13.8 15.1
8
10 12.
13.1 15.1 14.3 14.8 12.2 12.7 10.8 11.2 8.8 11.6 12.0 13.0
2
11 8.7 13.6 11.5 11.3 7.5 11.5 10.0 11.0 7.8 7.8 7.4 8.8 10.2
12 7.8 9.1 6.5 6.2 5.8 6.5 6.9 6.5 6.5 4.6 7.7 7.2 7.2
1
Estimates do not include youth who dropped out of school and therefore may not reflect total national values.
Students from Oregon, Washington, and Minnesota were not included in the survey in any year. California students
were included in the survey only in 2015. Additionally, students in Indiana and Pennsylvania were not included in the
2013 survey, and students in Utah, Kansas, Texas, New Jersey, Iowa, Wisconsin, Louisiana, Ohio and Georgia were not
included in the 2015 survey. Students in Colorado, and Iowa were not included in the 2013 or 2015 surveys. Various
other states were not included in previous survey years.
2
During the last twelve months.
3
Race/ethnicity estimates from 1999 and later are not directly comparable to earlier years due to federal changes in
race definitions. In surveys conducted in 1999 and later, respondents were allowed to select more than one race when
selecting their racial category. Estimates presented only include respondents who selected one category when choosing
their race.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). 1991-2015 High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Data. Accessed on 11/11/2016. Available at http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/.

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Appendix 3 - Percentage of High School Students1 Who

Report Their Suicide Attempt Required Medical
Attention2: Selected Years, 1991-2015
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

All Students
1.7 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.9 2.3 2.0 1.9 2.4 2.7 2.8
Race/ Hispanic
Origin 3
Non-Hispanic
White 1.6 2.4 2.4 2.0 1.9 2.3 1.7 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.1

Non-Hispanic
Black 1.8 3.0 3.3 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.7 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.7 3.8

Hispanic 1.7 3.7 4.8 2.8 3.0 3.4 5.0 3.2 2.9 2.2 3.2 4.1 3.7
Grade
9 1.9 2.8 4.1 4.1 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.0 2.3 2.1 2.8 3.0 3.2
10 1.6 3.2 3.1 2.4 2.9 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.6 3.1
11 1.8 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.2 1.6 2.1 1.9 2.6 2.6
12 1.7 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.6 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.2 2.0 2.4 1.9
Male
1.0 1.6 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.4 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.8 1.9
Race/ Hispanic
Origin 3
Non-Hispanic
White 0.9 1.4 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.1 1.5 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.1 0.9

Non-Hispanic
Black 0.4 2.0 2.8 1.8 3.4 3.6 5.2 1.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 4.0

Hispanic 0.5 2.0 2.9 2.1 1.4 2.5 4.2 2.8 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.8 2.9
Grade
9 1.0 2.1 2.3 3.2 2.6 2.6 3.1 2.1 1.9 1.4 2.0 1.6 1.9
10 0.5 1.3 2.3 1.4 1.8 2.5 2.1 2.2 1.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 2.2
11 1.5 1.1 2.0 2.6 2.1 1.6 2.0 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.0
12 0.9 1.5 2.1 1.0 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.4

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1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Female
2.5 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.3 2.9 3.6 3.7
Race/Hispanic
Origin3
Non-Hispanic
White 2.3 3.6 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.9 2.4 2.7 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.8 3.4

Non-Hispanic
Black 2.9 4.0 3.6 3.0 2.4 3.1 2.2 2.6 2.1 2.5 2.4 3.2 3.6

Hispanic 2.7 5.5 6.6 3.8 4.6 4.2 5.7 3.7 3.9 2.7 4.1 5.4 4.5
Grade
9 2.8 3.5 6.3 5.0 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 2.6 2.8 3.7 4.5 4.7
10 2.6 5.1 3.8 3.7 4.0 3.6 3.2 2.4 3.1 2.3 3.4 3.7 3.9
11 2.1 3.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 1.7 2.6 2.0 2.9 3.4
12 2.4 2.9 1.3 2.0 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.2 1.8 1.0 2.3 3.0 2.3
1
Estimates do not include youth who dropped out of school and therefore may not reflect total national values. Students
from Oregon, Washington, and Minnesota were not included in the survey in any year. Students in California were
included in the survey only in 2015. Additionally, students in Indiana and Pennsylvania were not included in the 2013
survey, and students in Utah, Kansas, Texas, New Jersey, Iowa, Wisconsin, Louisiana, Ohio and Georgia were not
included in the 2015 survey. Students in Colorado, and Iowa were not included in the 2013 or 2015 surveys. Various

other states were not included in previous survey years.

2
During the last twelve months.
3
Race/ethnicity estimates from 1999 and later are not directly comparable to earlier years due to federal changes in race

definitions. In surveys conducted in 1999 and later, respondents were allowed to select more than one race when
selecting their racial category. Estimates presented only include respondents who selected one category when choosing
their race.

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2016). 1991-2015 High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Data. Accessed on 11/11/2016. Available at http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/.

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Endnotes
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS)
[Online]. (2014). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(producer). Available from: www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal.html

2
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Available at:
http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter3/sec5.html

3
Shaffer, D., & Craft, L., (1999). Methods of adolescent suicide prevention. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60 (Suppl. 2),
7074.

4
National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center. Teen Suicide.
http://www.counseling.org/Resources/Library/Selected%20Topics/Suicide/suicide_fact_sheet.pdf

5
Child Trends Databank. (2014) Teen Homicide, Suicide, and Firearm Deaths. Available at:
http://www.childtrends.org/?indicators=teen-homicide-suicide-and-firearm-deaths. Original data from the National Vital
Statistics System.

6
Hispanics may be any race. Estimates for whites and blacks in this report do not include Hispanics.

15