LECTURE PLAN

STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

TANKS
BINS AND SILOS
COMPLEX STEEL STRUCTURES BIBLIOGRAPHY

Steel shell structures

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES = STANDARDS:
= STRUCTURES MADE OF STEEL PLATES
PN-EN 1991-4:2003 Eurocode 1. Action on structures. Action on
TYPES OF STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES: silos and tanks
- tanks
- vertical PN-EN 1993-4-1:2007 Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures.
- horizontal Part 4-1. Silos
- sphere PN-EN 1993-4-2:2007 Eurocode 3. Design of steel structures.
- tower Part 4-2. Tanks
- underground
- silos PN-EN 14015 Specification for the design and manufacture of site
built vertical, cylindrical, flat-bottomed, above ground, welded, steel
- bins/containers tanks for the storage of liquids at ambient temperature and above
- pipelines
API 650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

STANDARDS: CYLINDRICAL VERTICAL STORAGE TANKS
PURPOSE:
PN-B-03210:1997 Konstrukcje stalowe. Zbiorniki pionowe walcowe - Storage of liquids like water, oil, petrol, etc.
na ciecze. Projektowanie i wykonanie
PN-B-03211:1997 Konstrukcje stalowe. Zbiorniki kuliste cinieniowe.
Projektowanie i wykonanie CAPACITY: up to 100 000 m3

PN-B-03202:1996 Konstrukcje stalowe. Silosy na materiay sypkie.

Obliczenia statyczne i projektowanie

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
CYLINDRICAL VERTICAL STORAGE TANKS CYLINDRICAL VERTICAL STORAGE TANKS

FIXED ROOF FLOATING ROOF

rdo [2]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

CYLINDRICAL VERTICAL STORAGE TANKS - DIMENSIONS LOADS OF TANKS HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

FLUID DENSITY (kN/m3):

petrol:
- aviation 7,0
- car 7,5
Fuel oil (heavy) 9,5
Molasses 13,6
Kerosene 8,2
Oil:
- mineral 9,5
- organic 9,3
Petroleum (crude oil) 8,5
Water 10,0

rdo [1]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

LOADS OF TANKS WIND ACTION LOADS OF TANKS WIND ACTION

rdo [2]

rdo [6]

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
LOADS OF TANKS WIND ACTION LOADS OF TANKS OVER AND UNDERPRESSURE

For analysis characteristic values

can be taken:
overpressure: n = 2,5 kPa
underpressure: p = 0,5 kPa
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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

LOADS OF TANKS TEMPERATURE LOADS OF TANKS TEMPERATURE
Risk of brittle fracture in low temperature
Storage temperature:
- asphalt procucts 140 170oC
- heavy oil 70 - 90oC

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

CALCULATION OF TANK SHELL / WALL CALCULATION OF TANK SHELL / WALL
where:
Shell plate thickness - design conditions
ec the shell thickness required for design conditions, [mm]
et the shell thickness required for test conditions, [mm]
{98 W ( H c 0,3) + p}+ c
D (3)
ec = D tank diameter, [m]
20 S S allowable design stress, [N/mm2]
St - allowable test stress, [N/mm2]
Shell plate thickness - test conditions W maximum design density of the contained liquid under storage
conditions , [kg/l]
Wt maximum design density of the test medium, [kg/l]
{98 Wt ( H c 0,3) + pt }
D
et = (4) p is the design pressure, [mbar]
20 S t pt is the test pressure, [mbar]
c - corrosion allowance (can be taken as C1=0,04 - 0,06 mm / year)

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
CALCULATION OF TANK SHELL / WALL - EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF TANK SHELL / WALL
DATA:
Shell plate thickness - design conditions
Tank capacity: 2000 m3
{98 W ( H c 0,3) + p}+ c =
h = 4 x 2000mm + 1 x 1000 mm = 9000 mm D
ec =
D = 18000 mm 20 S
steel: S235
18
= {98 0,83 (7,00 0,3) + 25}+ 3 = 3,29 + 3 = 6,29 mm
p = 25 mbar (overpressure) 20 156
pt = 0,0 mbar
Shell plate thickness - test conditions
Hc = 7,00 m (plate ring no. 1)
{98 Wt ( H c 0,3) + pt } =
c = 0,06 x 50 years = 3 mm D
W = 1,1, x 0,75 = 0,83 kg/l (car petrol)
et =
20 S t
Wt = 1,1 x 1,00 = 1,10 kg/l (water)
rdo [2] 18
S = 0,667 x 235 = 156 N/mm2 = {98 1,10 (7,00 0,3) + 0,0} = 3,69 mm
St = 0,75 x 235 = 176 N/mm2 20 176
max(ec ; et ) = max(6,29 ; 3,69) = 6,29 mm t = 7,0 mm

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

CALCULATION OF TANK SHELL / WALL TANK SHELL / WALL - PLATE CONNECTION

rdo [1]

rdo [2]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

SHELL / WALL TO FIXED ROOF CONNECTION SHELL / WALL TO FIXED ROOF CONNECTION
Cross section area of a stiffener must satisfy two conditions:

r2 f q
A (3)
2 f dT tg

10 fn nz r 2
A (4)
f dT tg

where:
fq vertical loads with partial factors (snow and self weight), kPa,
nz overpressure in a tank, kPa,
- slope angle of a roof.
rdo [2]

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
FLOATING ROOF TANKS WIND STIFFENER FLOATING ROOF TANKS WIND STIFFENER
Minimum section modulus Z, in [cm3] of the primary stiffening ring
shall be determined by the equation:
2
Vw
Z = 0,058 D 2 H f [cm3] (7)
452
where:
D tank wall diameter, m,
Hf tank wall heigth, m
Vw the wind gust velocity, m/s (not less then 45 m/s)

Secondary stiffening rings must be provided if necessary (see PN-EN

rdo [2] 14015:2004 section 9.3.3.).
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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

PIPELINE CONNECTION SHELL NOZZLES PIPELINE CONNECTION AND COMPENSATOR

rdo [1]
a) tank with an internal corrosion protection,
b) tank without an internal corrosion protection,
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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

MANHOLES CLEAN-OUT DOORS

Shell /wall manhole min. 600 mm

Roof manhole - min. 600 mm (for rescue)

- min. 500 mm (for ventilation)

rdo [1]

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
FOUNDATIONS TANK BOTTOM

rdo [2]
rdo [2]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

TANK BOTTOM WALL TO BOTTOM CONNECTION

rdo [2]

rdo [1]

rdo [2] rdo [2]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

FLOATING ROOF FLOATING ROOF LOADS
- single deck (Fig. a)
- double deck (Fig. b) The minimum pontoon volume shall be sufficient to keep the roof
floating on a liquid having a spacific gravity of 0,7, if:

a) any two adjacent compartments of the pontoon and the central

diaphragm are punctured and the main roof drain is considered to be
inoperative or,

b) it carries a load of 250 mm of rain water, calculated on the total

roof area and the main roof drain is considered to be inoperative,

Rib stiffener arrangement The roof must be designed, so it can carry self load, life load, climatic
for deck membrane. loads, etc., when it rests on the support legs.

rdo [2]

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
FLOATING ROOF

rolling ladder

ladder rail

membrane deformation

Rib stiffener made of angle

(L) rdo [3] Pontoon-membrane floating roof with a rolling ladder

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

FLOATING ROOF SUPPORT LEGS FLOATING ROOF SUPPORT LEGS

rdo [3]
rdo [www.astanks.com]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

FLOATING ROOF MECHANICAL SEAL FLOATING ROOF RUBBER SEAL

rdo [2]

rdo [2]

rdo [5]
rdo [2]

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
FIXED ROOF FIXED ROOF EQUIPMENT
- self supporting (cone or dome)
- column supported

Flame protection Pressure valve

rdo [2]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

FLOATING COVER

rdo [5] Fire of a tank

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

rdo: W. Gorgolewski [www.gorpol.pl]

Fire at Czechowice-Dziedzice Refinery (26.06.1971)

37 people killed and 105 injured. A tank after fire
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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

rdo [www.straz.szczecin.pl]
Sprinkler installation (red) for cooling and i foam installation (yellow)
Action of sprinklers
for fire extinguishing on a storage tank

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

TANK EXAMPLES TANK EXAMPLES

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS
PUROPSE:
- storage of water, petrol, oil, gases etc. Gdaski LPG Terminal
- overpressure up to 60 [kPa] - 16 tanks:
length: 70,5 m
diameter: 5,6 m
DIMENSIONS: capacity: 1652 m3
diameter: 1,40 3,20 m
length: 3 20 m total capacity of tanks:
13 200 t
capacity: 3 150 m3

rdo [7]

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
HORIZONTAL UNDERGROUND CYLINDRICAL TANKS HORIZONTAL UNDERGROUND CYLINDRICAL TANKS
- DRY SOIL - WET SOIL (GROUND WATER UNDER THE HALF OF TANK DIAMETER)

rdo [3]
rdo [3]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

HORIZONTAL UNDERGROUND CYLINDRICAL TANKS HORIZONTAL UNDERGROUND CYLINDRICAL TANKS
- WET SOIL (GROUND WATER OVER THE HALF OF TANK DIAMETER) - TANK IN RC BASIN

rdo [3]

rdo [3]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

HORIZONTAL UNDERGROUND CYLINDRICAL TANKS HORIZONTAL UNDERGROUND CYLINDRICAL TANKS
- GROUND PRESSURE - INSIDE STIFFENERS

rdo [3]

rdo [3]

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
HORIZONTAL ABOVEGROUND CYLINDRICAL TANKS HORIZONTAL ABOVEGROUND CYLINDRICAL TANKS
- SUPPORTS

rdo [3]
rdo [2]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

TOWER TANKS TOWER TANKS

PURPOSE:
-storage of water for municipal or industry needs

CAPACITY: up to several thousand m3

rdo http://wiezecisnien.w.interia.pl

rdo [2]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

SPHERE TANKS SPHERE TANKS

PURPOSE:
- storage of products that easy evaporate (eg. LPG),
- overpressure up to 4000 [kPa]

CAPACITY: 100 32 000 (50 000) m3

rdo [4] rdo [2]

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
BINS AND SILOS BINS AND SILOS

PURPOSE:
- Storage of grain, coal, sand, cement, etc.

rdo [2]

BINS:
a) Bin - rectangular shape (above)
- angle of internal friction b) Silo rdo [2] - cylindrical (beside) rdo [2]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

BINS AND SILOS - LOADS BINS AND SILOS - LOADS

LOADS ON SILO WALL:

1. Static pressure
2. Dynamic pressure rdo [2]
rdo [2]

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STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES

BINS AND SILOS - DETAILS BINS AND SILOS - DETAILS
CONNECTION OF WALLS
WALL / HOPPER STIFFENERS:

rdo [2]

rdo [2]

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 STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES STEEL SHELL STRUCTURES
BINS AND SILOS - DETAILS BINS AND SILOS EXAMPLES

CONNECTION OF WALL
AND HOPPER

rdo [4]

rdo [4]

rdo [2]

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. PN-B-03210:1997 Konstrukcje stalowe. Zbiorniki walcowe pionowe na ciecze.

Projektowanie i wykonanie
2. M. ubiski, W. towski Konstrukcje metalowe. Cz II Wydawnictwo Arkady,
Warszawa 2007
3. J. Ziko Zbiorniki metalowe na ciecze i gazy, Wydawnictwo Arkady, Warszawa 1986
4. Materiay edukacyjne ESDEP
5. Materiay reklamowe grupy VACONO (Aluminium Rheinfelden GmbH)
6. PN-77/B-02011 Obcienia w obliczeniach statycznych. Obcienie wiatrem
7. Materiay reklamowe GASPOL SA

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